Lansdowne, Lord, peace speech (1917), 232

Lansing, Robert, Secretary of State, 58, 153-54; Wilson and, 13, 271; proposes ceasing to arm merchantmen, 58; on Peace Commission, 249; in Council of Ten, 268, 269

Latin America, United States' relations with, 35

League to Enforce Peace, Wilson's speech before, 95; Taft president of, 96; Wilson and, 283

League of Nations, 281 et seq.; refusal to discuss (1916), 102; Wilson and, 238, 353; Taft and Root pledged to, 249; Wilson heads commission working on, 275, 276; incorporation in treaty, 286, 287-88, 327; Covenant completed, 290; mechanism, 290-92; revised Covenant adopted, 309; Germany excluded from, 317; opposition to, 330 et seq.; reservations suggested by Senate, 334; in operation, 359

Lever Act, 161, 167

Leviathan, Vaterland rechristened, 179

Lewis machine gun, 137

Liberty Bonds, 183, 184-186

Liberty Motor, 140

Lloyd George, and Balfour, 13; signs plea for American troops, 210; and separate peace with Austria, 231; outlines terms of peace (1917), 232-33, 236; and indemnity, 244, 281, 300, 301; and Wilson's peace programme, 252; at Peace Conference, 258; in Council of Ten, 269-70; on Council of Premiers, 277; on committee to formulate armistice policy, 278; delays opening of Peace Conference, 285; and League of Nations, 287; and "mandatories," 289; change in attitude toward Wilson, 295; opposes French annexation of Saar region, 302; and Fiume, 313; on modification of treaty terms, 318, 319

Lodge, H. C., reservation on Article X of League Covenant, 15; opposition to treaty and League, 330, 333, 335, 339, 342, 344, 345, 347, 348; personal conflict with Wilson, 340, 346

Lorraine front, Americans on, 211

Loucheur, financial expert, 300

Louvain library burned, 73

Ludendorff, General Erich von, German leader, 230, 232, 239, 240

Lusitania, Germans sink, 49; effect on America, 50-51, 114; notes, 53, 54, 56; German pledge, 56-57; Germany does not disavow, 57

McAdoo, W. G., Secretary of Treasury, 153; Director-General of Railroads, 172; concessions to labor, 174; and taxation, 183

McCormick, Vance, Wilson and, 15; heads War Trade Board, 180; at Peace Conference, 259, 276

McCumber, Senator, spokesman in Senate for middle-ground Republicans on treaty, 336, 337, 344

McKinley, William, and declaration of war on Spain, 51; begs for Republican Congress (1898), 246

McLemore, Jeff, introduces House resolution concerning armed merchant vessels, 59

Magyars, and Wilson, 229; prevent separate peace with Austria, 232

Maine, sinking of (1898), 51

"Mandatories," 288

Mangin, General, supports Foch, 208

Mantoux, interpreter for Council of Ten, 272-73

Marne, Foch at battle of the, 207; Germans reach, 210

Martin, F. H., on Council of National Defense, 155

Masaryk, T. G., President of Czecho-Slovak Republic, on Wilson, 10

Max, Prince, of Baden, German Chancellor, 241

Merchant vessels, submarine warfare against, 45-46, 57-58; British arm, 57; question of ceasing to arm, 58; question of warning Americans from, 59-60; Wilson asks authority to arm, 110

Meuse-Argonne drive, 124; Browning machine guns used in, 138; see also Argonne

Mexico, United States orders French army from, 29; problem in 1912, 35; relations (1916), 86; expedition against Villa, 87-88, 123; German intrigue, 106, 111

Miller, D. H., legal expert, 290

Milwaukee, Wilson speaks at, 83

Minnesota, election (1916), 92

Monroe Doctrine, 30-31, 32, 103-04, 309, 334

Montagu, financial expert, 300

Munitions, Ministry of, proposed, 188

Muensterberg, Hugo, 37

National Army, 128; cantonments built, 129-30 (note)

National Guard, 189

National Industrial Conference Board, 182

National Security League, 81, 82

National War Labor Board, 182

Navy, preparedness, 143-45; expansion of, 145-46; convoy troop ships, 197; hunt submarines, 197; Ordnance Bureau manufactures mines, 200; and mine barrage, 200

Nebraskan, submarine attack on, 56

Neutrality, 27 et seq., 352-53; bibliography, 362

New Jersey, Wilson as Governor of, 5-7, 21

New Mexico, promised by Germany as bribe to Mexico, 106

New York (State), election (1916), 92

New York City, German press bureau in, 72; Wilson's speech, 294-95

New York Times, and election (1916), 92

Nivelle, General R. G., plans French offensive, 192-93

"Non-intervention," policy of, 30

North Sea, American battleships in, 199-200

Notes, protest to British Government, 43; warning to Germany of American rights on high seas, 46; Lusitania notes, 53-57, 61; to Germany (April 19, 1916), 61, 107

Officers' training camp, 130-131

Olney, Richard, on American foreign policy, 33

Orduna, submarine attack on, 56

Oregon, question of initiative and referendum in, 15

Orlando, V. E., signs plea for American troops, 210; in Council of Ten, 272; on Council of Premiers, 277; and Fiume claim, 312; retires from Conference, 313; resumes place in Conference, 314

Overman Act, 149, 157, 189, 190

Pacifists, Wilson as pacifist, 39-40; organizations, 73; Ford's "Peace Ship," 74; oppose preparedness, 81; and Liberty Loans, 187

Paderewski, I. J., and Council of Ten, 274

Panama Canal, question of tolls, 35

Papen, Franz von, German military attache, 75, 76; letter to his wife, 77; dismissed, 78

Paris, fears capture (1918), 210; see also Peace Conference

Peace Conference, 254 et seq.; Wilson at, 23; American Commission, 248-50; delay in opening, 256-57, 285; lack of organization, 257; atmosphere, 257-58; meets (Jan. 18, 1919), 261; commissions, 275-76; German delegates at, 317; bibliography, 364-65

"Peace Ship," Henry Ford sends to Europe, 74

Pennsylvania, battleship, precedes George Washington out of New York harbor, 253

Peronne, capture of, 192

Pershing, General J. J., Mexican expedition, 87, 88; commands American Expeditionary Force, 122, 123-24, 148; personal characteristics, 123; calls for replacements, 130; insistent on offensive spirit, 131; and Browning guns, 138; plea for troops, 194, 196; policy, 205; policy shattered, 208-09; confidence in American troops, 211, 222; on Americans at Soissons, 216; and armistice, 244; ready for invasion of Germany, 320

Petain, General H. P., Pershing compared with, 123; supports Foch, 207

Philippines, and American foreign policy, 32; problem in 1912, 35; Pershing's experience in, 123

Pichon, Stephane, French Foreign Minister, Council of Ten meets in study of, 264; in Council of Ten, 267

Pittsburgh, Wilson speaks at, 83

Plattsburg (N. Y.), civilian camp at, 82

Plebiscites, 326; see also Self-determination

Poland, Austria and Poles, 232; claims, 282; nationalistic ambitions aroused by treaty, 322; independence recognized, 324; outlet to sea, 326; and League, 328

Politics, insignificant role in Great War, 226; see also Democratic party, Republican party

Pomerene, Atlee, proposes committee of conciliation for treaty, 345

Portugal, Germany ranks American army with that of, 117

Preparedness, 71 et seq.; Wilson and, 15, 58, 117, 118; Wood on, 80-81; of army when war declared, 117

Princeton University, Wilson at, 3-5

Progressive party, 92

Propaganda, German, 44, 65, 71-74, 186

Punch, cartoon on Wilson's patience, 56

Quai d'Orsay, Peace Conference held at, 261, 310

Queenstown, destroyers sent to, 145, 197, 199

Raggi, Salvago, on territorial commission of Peace Conference, 276

Reading, Lord, refuses mission for separate peace with Austria, 231

Red Cross, American help for, 67

Reparations Commission, 305-306; see also Indemnities

Republican party, and Wilson, 1, 5-6; and election of 1916, 89-92; success (1918), 247

Revertata, Austrian emissary, 231

Rheims cathedral shelled, 73

Rintelen, Franz von, German agent, 80

Roebling wire-rope shop, suspected German plots in, 79

Roosevelt, F. D., Assistant Secretary of Navy, 144

Roosevelt, Theodore, Wilson contrasted to, 16-17, 18; as peacemaker between Russia and Japan, 34; on America's policy of non-intervention in Europe, 39, 53, 69; Republicans refuse as candidate (1916), 90-91; Wilson refuses volunteer command, 122-23; attack on Wilson's war policies, 188; plea for Republican Congress (1898), 246-47; on making of the peace, 251

Root, Elihu, popular demand for membership on Peace Commission, 249

Rosenwald, Julius, on Council of National Defense, 155

Rumania, enters war, 99; defeat, 100; demand for territory, 282; nationalistic ambitions aroused by treaty, 322; boundaries extended, 327

Russia, Alaska purchased from, 31; Roosevelt as peacemaker between Japan and, 34; in 1916, 100; wheat supply cut off from Europe, 159; Bolshevik revolution, 193; Brusilov attack, 193; negotiations with Germany, 232; Brest-Litovsk treaty, 239; problem unsettled, 322

Ruthenians complain of treaty, 322

Ryan, J. D., director of aircraft production for army, 142

S. O. S., see Service of Supply

Saar, "The Inquiry" gathers facts concerning, 260; French claim, 302, 325; and the League, 328

St. Louis, Wilson speaks at, 83

St. Mihiel, battle, 124, 134, 211, 218, 219-20

St. Nazaire, port allotted to American Expeditionary Force, 202

St. Quentin, American engineering units at, 211; Hindenburg line broken at, 224

Scheidemann, Philipp, German premier, 317

Schwab, C. M., in charge of Emergency Fleet Corporation, 176, 178

Selective Service Act, 122, 127; see also Draft

Self-determination, principle of, 325; see also Plebiscites

Serbia, relief, 67; demand for territory, 282; treaty term concerning, 327

Service of Supply, 202-05

Shadowlawn, Wilson's speech at, 98

Shantung, Japan's claim, 315-317; Chinese resent settlement, 321

Shipping Board, see United States Shipping Board

Sims, Admiral W. S., commands destroyer flotillas, 145, 197; personal characteristics, 198; international reputation, 198-99

Smith, James, Democratic boss of New Jersey, Wilson and, 6

Smuts, General, mission to Switzerland in behalf of peace with Austria, 231; and League of Nations, 289, 290; signs treaty, 321

Soissons, American troops at, 216

Somme front, Hindenburg's retreat, 192

Sonnino, S. C., Baron, Italian Peace Commissioner, 251; opposed Wilson's programme, 252; in Council of Ten, 271-72; languages, 272; and Fiume, 312

Spain, war with, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 51; agent of General Purchasing Board in, 204

Springfield rifle, 138

Stone, W. J., approves embargo on munitions, 44; supports resolutions concerning armed merchant vessels, 59

Students' Army Training Corps, 131

Submarine warfare, 45, 47 et seq., 105, 106-07, 109-10, 193

Sumner, British financial expert, 300

Sussex, torpedoed without warning, 60, 80; pledge, 62, 97; feeling in America regarding, 99; withdrawal of pledge, 106

Switzerland, agent of General Purchasing Board in, 204

Taft, W. H., attitude toward America's entering war, 53; president of League to Enforce Peace, 96; on National War Labor Board, 182; popular demand for membership on Peace Commission, 249; for compromise on treaty, 346

Tardieu, Andre, in Council of Ten, 267; on territorial commission, 276; assists House in reconciling Wilson and Allied leaders, 304

Tauscher, Captain Hans, and German plots, 76

Teschen, "The Inquiry" gathers facts concerning mines in, 260

Texas promised by Germany as bribe to Mexico, 106

Times, London, Wilson sanctions Britain's position on seas in, 323

Treaty, flaws in, 321-22; Senate and, 330 et seq.; see also League of Nations, Peace Conference

Treaty of London, 310-11, 312, 313, 314

Tumulty, J. P., Wilson and, 18

Turkey, collapse, 224, 228

Tyrol, Italian claim in, 288, 311; Italy granted territory, 326

Underwood, O. W., motion for ratification of treaty, 344

United States, foreign policy, 30-36; material change due to war (1914-16), 66-68; blindness to war issues, 68; reasons for entering war, 114-15

United States Shipping Board, 175

Vanceboro (Maine), German plot to destroy bridge at, 75

Vaterland rechristened Leviathan, 179

Venezuelan crisis, 30

Venizelos, Eleutherios, and Council of Ten, 273-74; member of League of Nations commission, 289; on League, 328

Vera Cruz, occupation of, 86

Vickers machine guns, 137

Vigilancia torpedoed, 111

Villa, Francisco, expedition against, 87, 123

War Industries Board, 156, 188

War Labor Policies Board, 182

War Trade Board, 179, 259

Washington, George, warns against entangling alliances, 28

Welland Canal, German plot to destroy, 75-76

Wesleyan University, Wilson as professor at, 3

White, Henry, at Algeciras Conference, 34; on Peace Commission, 249

Wilhelmina, British seize, 43

Willard, Daniel, on Council of National Defense, 155

Wilson, Woodrow, as an executive, 1 et seq.; elected President, 1, 8; age, 2; early life, 2; personal characteristics, 2-3, 8 et seq.; Congressional Government, thesis, 3; Professor at Princeton, 3; graduate work at Johns Hopkins, 3; President of Princeton, 4; enters politics, 5; Governor of New Jersey, 5-7; Presidential nomination, 7-8; Cabinet, 13-14, 153-54; appointments, 13-15; social relations, 17; tactical mistakes, 18, 19-20, 247-48, 292; speeches, 19; as phrase-maker, 19, 51-52; unpopularity, 19-20, 68-70, 89, 245-46, 253, 332, 337-38; political principles, 20-23; religious convictions, 23-24; and foreign affairs, 25-26, 35; and neutrality, 39-41; and mediation, 41-42, 99, 100; and proposed embargo on munitions, 44; answer to German submarine proclamation, 46; and House, 47, 48; diplomatic struggle with Germany, 52-57; and right of merchantmen to arm for defense, 58-60, 110-11; Sussex note to Germany, 61-62; change in foreign policy, 63-65; on German-Americans, 79-80, 90, 91; and preparedness, 81, 82, 84-85, 90, 117-118, 151; speech-making tour (1916), 83-84; and Mexico, 86-88; political strength, 88-89; reelection (1916), 88-93, 99; development of international ideal, 94-97; speech at Omaha, 98; speech at Shadowlawn, 98; peace note (Dec. 18, 1916), 100, 101-03; demands definition of war aims, 101; speech in Senate (Jan. 22, 1917), 103-05; severs diplomatic relations with Germany, 107-08; speech in Congress (Feb. 3, 1917), 107-09; demand that Congress recognize state of war (April 2, 1917), 111-113; idealism, 113-14, 115, 280; policy of centralization, 119-120, 147-49, 152-53, 188-91; and Pershing, 122, 226; and Roosevelt, 122-23; and draft, 126; proclamation (May 18, 1917), 150-51; on cooeperation of people, 156; and Hoover, 160, 161; and Garfield, 167; and revolt in Senate against war policies, 188-189, 190-91; supports appointment of generalissimo, 207; receives plea for troops from Allies, 210; distribution of speeches in Central Empires, 228; Flag Day address, 229; reply to Pope's peace proposals, 230-31; and question of separate peace with Austria, 231; formulates Fourteen Points, 233-38; appeals to peoples of Central Empire, 239-40; Germany requests armistice of, 241; negotiations with Germany, 242; responsibility for armistice, 243; power in situation, 245; appeal for Democratic Congress, 246, 247; appointment of Peace Commission, 248-50; decision to go to Paris, 250, 251-53; Roosevelt on, 251; arrival in Europe, 254; in Paris, 254; in England, 255; in Italy, 255; stands for justice, 255-256, 282; popularity wanes, 256; use of experts, 260; in Council of Ten, 268; and Lloyd George, 270; heads League of Nations commission, 275, 276; on Council of Premiers, 277; and Council of Four, 279, 280; difficulties of task, 281, 284; and indemnities, 281, 296-97; and demands of smaller nationalities, 281-82; and League of Nations, 282-84, 286, 289-90, 310, 343-44, 346, 348-49, 353; on disposition of German colonies, 284, 288; original treaty plan, 285; and Clemenceau, 286-287; British delegates support, 287, 288; and "mandatories," 288; returns to United States, 290, 292-95; failure to convince America of League's value, 293-95; speech in Metropolitan Opera House, New York City, 294-295; returns to Paris, 295; opposes French annexation of Saar region, 302; French attacks on, 303-04; threatens to leave Conference, 304; compromises, 304-08, 309; and Fiume, 312-13; and Shantung claim, 315, 316-17; on modification of treaty, 318-19; cheered upon Germany's acceptance of treaty, 320; returns to United States, 329; inability to negotiate with Senate, 333-35; conference at White House, 336-37; lack of popular support, 337-38; speech-making tour in West, 339-40; breakdown, 341; and treaty reservations, 341-42, 348; blame for defeat of treaty, 350, 351; phases of administration, 352-53; estimate of achievement, 353-59; bibliography, 361-62

Wood, General Leonard, on unpreparedness of army, 80-81; at Plattsburg, 82; on failure of American airplane production, 142

Works, J. D., introduces Senate bill prohibiting sale of munitions, 73

World, New York, admits Wilson's defeat (1916), 92

Yarrowdale, German cruelty to American prisoners on, 111

Yser, battle of the, Foch at, 207

Zeebrugge, naval work at, 200

Zimmermann, A. F. M., German Secretary of Foreign Affairs, 106, 114

THE END