805 : Any small article : zapu (fish-hook, etc.) : -. 806 : Anger, rage : kerket : -. 807 : Body of any creature : gamu : -. 808 : Cold : sumein : ekanba (? to shiver). 809 : Cough : kobaki : ulgene. 810 : Crack : pis : -. 811 : Dance : kaba : -. 812 : Dirt : tumit : -. 813 : Dream : piki : -. 814 : Dust in the eye : - : lopicha. 815 : Food : aidu* : -.

(*Footnote. As examples of various forms of this word, I may give, ana pibur aidu = give me (some) food: ina aio? = is this eatable? ai = it is eatable.)

816 : Greediness : ubi : -. 817 : Hole : tarte : apandya. 818 : Joke : sagul : -. 819 : Laughter : gi (641) : -. 820 : Lie : lalkai : -. 821 : Name : nel : -. 822 : Noise : nur : -. 823 : Shame : ajir : -. 824 : Sharpness : gizu : -. 825 : Sleep : ute : -. 826 : Smell : ganu : -. 827 : Taste : mita : -. 828 : Weight : mapu : -.

12. NAMES OF PERSONS.

Males, Number 1 : Piaquai : Paida. Males, Number 2 : Manu : Tumagugu. Males, Number 3 : Wagel (626) : Waga. Males, Number 4 : Salalle : Kuri. Males, Number 5 : Boruto : Chamida (444). Males, Number 6 : Gabua : Puroma. Females, Number 1 : Aburde : Mamulla. Females, Number 2 : Seibai : Ganulle. Females, Number 3 : Yeza : Baki.

...

NATIVE NAMES OF PLACES IN TORRES STRAIT AND NEIGHBOURHOOD OF CAPE YORK.

Mount Adolphus Island : Morilaga. Mount Adolphus Hill : Begunkutche. Small island to northward : Quiquichaga. Island North-West from Mount Adolphus, larger : Wagilwane. Island North-West from Mount Adolphus, smaller : Budye. Rock South-East from ditto : Akoine. Rock a : Kolapitchum. The Brothers : Kurobi. North Brother : Tarakar. Albany Island : Pabaju. Albany Island, north point : Tarung-i. Bush Island : Marte. Tree Island : Moebamunne. North-East Point of Albany Island : Tolodinya. Albany Rock : Manurre. Albany Rock, islet East by South : Takunya. Albany Rock, South-East : Eikoa. York Island (Cape York) : Wamilag. Eborac Island : Dyara. Mount Bremer : Charua. Evans Point : Maodinya. Sextant Rock : Delua. Beach at Evans Bay : Podaga. Bramble Hill : Duyemil-pada. South-East point of Evans Bay : Chechuri. Ida Island : Robumo. Beach East from Mew River : Paiera. Beach East from Mew River, hill behind : Pochinya. Bishop Point : Qualulga. Osnaburg Point : Kalalurri. Beach West from Cape York : Eintrang-o. Islet West by South : Purang-i. Peak Point : Karubowra. Possession Island : Bedanug. Woody Island, larger : Kei' Yellubi. Woody Island, smaller : Muggi' Yellubi. Entrance Island : Juna. Entrance Island, islet to North-West : Cheruko. Entrance Island, islet to West-South-West : Pipa. Islet on East side of Port Lihou : Tarilug. Islet off Port Lihou : Dumaralug. West Prince of Wales Island : Muralug. Cape Cornwall and neighbourhood : Morurpure. Beach on West side of Port Lihou : Daaka. Creek opposite Pipa and vicinity : Yet. Beach on North-East side of Muralug : Marin. Thursday Island : Gealug. Black Rock : Gi'omanalug. Green Island : Piwer. Goode Island : Peilalug. Goode Island, rocks on reef near this : Ipile. Hammond Island : Keiriri. Hammond Island, Rock : Adi. Friday Island : Weibene. East Prince of Wales Island : Narupai. Horned Hill : Dyugubai. Wednesday Island : Mowrurra. Strait Island, larger : Kei Kudulug. Strait Island, smaller : Muggi Kudulug. Travers Island : Mukunaba. Double Island : Nellgi. Mount Ernest : Nagir. Mount Ernest, islet next this : Pinakar. Pole Island : Getullai. Burke Island : Suaraji. Banks Island, high portion : Mua. Banks Island, low : Ita. Mulgrave Island : Badu. Hawkesbury Island : Warara. Tobin, or North Possession Island : Kulbi. Sue Island : Waraber. Murray Island, largest : Mer. Murray Island, middle : Dowar. Murray Island, smallest : Wayer. Darnley Island : Errub. Nepean Island : Eddugor. Stephens Island : Ugar. Campbell Island : Zapker. Dalrymple Island : Dzamud. Keats Island : Umagur. York Island, larger : Massid. York Island, smaller : Kudala. Bourke Isles, westernmost : Owrid. Bourke Isles, northernmost : Purem.

...

APPENDIX 2.

COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY OF THREE OF THE LANGUAGES OF THE SOUTH-EAST COAST OF NEW GUINEA AND THE LOUISIADE ARCHIPELAGO.

The materials composing the following Vocabulary are arranged in three columns, according to the localities where they were obtained.

1. Redscar Bay (on the South-East coast of New Guinea, in latitude 9 degrees 17 minutes South and longitude 146 degrees 53 minutes East) and its neighbourhood.

2. Brumer Island (on the South-East coast of New Guinea, in latitude 10 degrees 45 minutes South and longitude 150 degrees 22 minutes East) and its neighbourhood; also Dufaure Island (about 40 miles to the westward). When the same word was given at both these places, I have indicated this circumstance by the letter b placed after the word; those procured at Dufaure Island only are marked by the letter D.

3. Brierly Island (Louisiade Archipelago, in latitude 11 degrees 20 minutes South and longitude 153 degrees 9 minutes East); also a few words, distinguished by the letter D, procured at the Duchateau Isles from natives of some neighbouring islands of the Calvados Group.

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH. COLUMN 2: REDSCAR BAY. COLUMN 3: BRUMER ISLANDS. COLUMN 4: LOUISIADE.

1. NATURAL OBJECTS.

Sky : - : garewa : buru-buru. Sun : diina* : mahana (b) : parai, parei.

(*Footnote. Since reading Dr. Latham's remarks, I am inclined to suppose that in this vocabulary the common termination na is often no part of the word, but merely a contraction of the relative pronoun = this (is).)

Cloud : - : budi-budi : -. Moon : - : nowarai : -. Wind : - : - : wiego. Salt water : dawara, davara : arita (b) : soga. Surf : - : bagodu : -. Fresh water : ranu : goila (b) : wawei (D). Sand : - : gera-gera : kera-kera. Earth : - : batan : -. Stone, rock : nati : weu, veu (b) : pak. Cliff : - : padi-padi : -. Quartz : - : karitao : -. Obsidian : - : nabuka (b) : -. Fire : lahi, rahi : kaiwa (b) : hiwo.

a. Mammalia.

Tail (of a dog) : - : derena : -. Dog : sisia : wanuhe, daiasi : geiwo. Pig : buroma : tuana, bawa (D) : bobo. Opossum (Cuscus) : mowra, bowra : - : -.

b. Birds.

Bird : - : - : maan. Wing : - : mabena, pepena : -. Bill : - : esuna, kawana : -. Feather : iduar : daguri : sao-sa. Hornbill : pawporo : - : -. White cockatoo : karai : rorowa : -. Nicobar pigeon : - : korauto : -. Cassowary : - : tyuaburo : -. Noddy : - : maga : -.

c. Reptiles.

Green turtle : matabudi : wawnu : -. Eggs : momo : - : -. Shell : nakeme : - : -. Hind flipper : ai : - : -. Tortoise-shell : kipore, gebore : koma-koma : -. Large lizard : - : makara : -. Water-snake : - : mata : -.

d. Fishes.

Fish : - : yama : yeimai. Bone : - : - : bebai. Fry of a Caranx : - : - : muwota. Mailed-perch : - : beirawa : -.

e. Insects, etc.

Sand-crab (Ocypoda) : - : gagaruki : -. Small crab (Grapsus etc.) : - : karagi : wallo-quallo. Fly : - : wuro-uro : -. Butterfly : - : bebi : bebi (= moth).

f. Shells, etc.

Cuttle-fish bone : - : - : weinaga. Nautilus : - : were-werigwa : -. Ear-shell : - : woka-woka : -. Snail : - : nin-nu : -. Scarabus : - : wadiwa : -. Small cowrie : - : - : dinga-dinga. Small cowrie, white : - : mawto : -. Egg-cowrie : lokol : dunari (b), dunai : du-ong-a. Cypraea mauritiana : - : guna : -. Arca : - : - : emoyamo. Cyrena : keva : kiwai : -. Cockle : - : kasepin. Donax : - : bogadob (D) : -. Pearl-oyster : meili : kepo, immaro : kepo. Barnacle : - : - : tuwaraga. Coral : - : puduri, buduri : sangoken = branched.

g. Vegetable Productions.

Wood : au : kaiwa : hiwo. Charcoal, black paint : uma : dum : -. Leaf : - : - : taiyu = yam leaf. Grass : - : yawa-yawada : wirmwir. Sea-weed : - : - : baan. Tree : - : madyu : -. Scented-herb : mura-mura : mura (b), kamura : -. Yellow-flowered plant : - : - : tao-ta. Erythrina indica : - : yowra : -. Casuarina : - : - : dai. Mangrove : - : - : tu-onga. Coconut and tree : niu : niu (b) : pogia, niu (D). Pandanus : - : duya : elegeli. Areca-nut : - : beda (b) : ereka. Banana : ani : kassaig, betu and beta (D) : pai-pai (D). Bread-fruit : kunune : -. Calladium esculentum ? : - : abaiya : piya = plant, poya = tuber, pihia (D). Yam : - : quateya : daha. Nodulated tuber : - : - : saiwe. Small yam-like tuber : - : nare : -. Betel pepper : - : gugu, rugu = fruit, peipai = leaf (D) : -. Mango : waiwai : gishoa : -. Yellow plum : - : baowyobi : -. Fig : - : baware : -. Sugar-cane : - : garu : mon-mon (D). Ginger : - : monewa : -. Amaranth : - : popori : -. Flax : - : yimone, taoc (D).

2. ARTICLES OF FOREIGN ORIGIN.

Iron : - : ropo-ropo (b) : kellumai. Clothing : - : quama : -.

3. UTENSILs, ORNAMENTS, WEAPONS, ETC.

Catamaran : - : daow, raow : -. Catamaran, lashing : - : owisu : -. Canoe : wanagi : waga (b) : waga. Bow : kura-kuro : - : hebagi. Figure-head : - : - : tabura. End-board : - : - : baragai, baragaiwi (D). Stern : tareiya : - : waga-pakena. Sides : - : - : badai, badaha (D). Outrigger float : darima : sarima (D) : sama. Diagonal supports : - : tuturi (D) : patuma. Outrigger poles : ilava : sai-ira, and saeya (D) : maga, hemaga (D). Lashing of poles : - : mamadi (D) (twisted) : wari (plain). Pole along gunwale : eiwara : - : -. Platform : - : - : piri-piritele. Mast : aiwar (= masts) : - : mamarang. Poles supporting mast : - : - : tuowo, towa (D). Sticks across sail : - : - : pokiwi. Sail : geda : doro : badiara, tun (D). Rope (of bark) : panaow : barrai, barawara (D) : baiawa. Streamers of pandanus leaf : - : - : kevara. Paddle : hawte, hawta : wosi, reha (D) : patoma and lewa (D). Bailer, wooden : dihu : aruma : -. Bailer, shell : - : heko = ? melon shell (D) : -. Hut : mahuta : maia : yuma. Posts : - : - : kawkola. Shelves on posts : - : - : gaga-gila. Wooden pillow : - : unua (D) : -. Earthen pot : uro : gudawa : uya. Earthen saucer : nau : - : -. Netted bag : vaina : hiwa : -. Basket, round : - : kira-kira (b) : -. Basket, small : - : - : nabo. Petticoat : erua : noge (b) : -. Breech-cloth, mat : - : daam : -. Cloth of bark : - : - : watu : -. Girdle, common : siehi (of tapa cloth) : turi-turi, toru. Girdle, rattan : barikue, ue (D) : -. Comb : tuari : suari (b) : sugo. Nose-stick : mukora : wanipa : bubusi-yana. Earring : - : kuratana (b) : puritana. Plug in lobe of ear : - : beya : batiwan. Queue : - : doyo : -. Armlet, woven : kaana : sia-sia, harimani (b) : -. Armlet, shell, solid : - : akassi : hiwe = Trochus niloticus. Armlet, shell, of 3 pieces : popo (b) : -. Armlet, rattan : - : wewessi : -. Breast ornament Number 1 : kawko : - : -. Breast ornament Number 2 : koiyu : - : -. Necklace of small seeds : - : digo-digota : -. Necklace of black seeds : - : ganogar, gudu-gudu (b) : -. Necklace of dog's teeth : - : gugadoi : -. Necklace of teeth and seeds : - : moka-moka : -. Paint, black : - : garoka, garoa : -. Paint, red : pai-ira : sabe : -. Lime for betel-chewing : - : harigyu (b) : hawi. Spatula : - : gahi : giang. Bamboo knife : katiwa : - : -. Stone-headed axe : kiram (also kelam* green jade) : -.

(*Footnote. Also the stone which heads it—probably the origin of kelumai, understood to mean iron, or any iron implement, as an axe.)

Fish-hook : - : aowri (b) : - : -. Seine : - : nine, tine : puakan. Floats : - : uyawa : kuoto. Wooden sword : - : kerepa (b) : kirapa. Snout of saw-fish : - : gari-gari : -. Shield : - : rigoane : -. Club, wooden : - : putu-putu : -. Club, stone-headed : kahi : - : -. Spear of any kind : iyu : - : -. Spear, fishing : - : kari : -. Spear, plain : - : - : hemera. Spear, polished : - : wawmerri : wama, manutu. Spear, sword-pointed : arahia : -. Spear, bamboo : - : - : didib (? = bamboo). Bow : pewa : - : -. Arrow : diba : - : -. Drum : - : baiatu, boyatu (D) : -. Conch : - : wage (Cassis or Triton) : -. Pandean pipes : - : wererri : -. Musical reed : - : bogigi : -.

4. MAN, RELATIONSHIP, ETC.

Man : tau : tau : -. Woman : ahine : sinadaow : daina, winakao. Father : ? tama : sibawa : -. Mother : - : ? bode : -. Brother : - : boe, ? nigerra : -. Sister : - : wadaiya : -. Son : ? natu : ? yowboe : -. Child, boy : mero : - : -. Friend, adopted brother : - : damagai : -.

5. PARTS OF HUMAN BODY, ETC.

Head : quara : - : -. Forehead : bagu : debada (b) : debada. Top of head : tubua : - : -. Back of head : ketu : - : -. Temples : abati : - : -. Eye : mata : matada : matara. Eyelashes : auna, mata-una : matasinowa : matara pulupulura. Eyebrow : bunimata : baia : -. Nose : udu : ishuda (b) : bubusi, bushuda (D). Nostril : - : - : bushuda-goina. Mouth : mao : - : -. Lips : pipina : sopada (b) : sepada. Tongue : mata : mimenada, manada (D) : mimiada. Teeth : isi : makada, mokada (b) : yingeda, yingida, nenin and nini (D). Cheek : meta : paparida : yamada. Chin : ate : laiagaiada : sewelida. Ear : taiya : beadawa, teinada (D) : batida. Throat : kato : garagaroda : dumuada. Back of neck : - : omda : -. Shoulder : paga : debearuda, daharada (D) : nemada. Armpit : - : - : chigirida. Upper arm : howow : - : nemada. Elbow : diu : mimassiuda, nimasiuda (D) : nemurrapupli, paokona. Fore-arm : ima : monaga = arm : nemada. Hand : ima : nimada : nemada. Hand, back of : - : murina : -. Hand, palm of : - : karokarona : -. Finger : dodori, wakiri : nimada gigida : nemadagigina. Finger : dodori, wakiri: nima garada (D) : nima gigina (D). Finger, little : pakeriga : - : -. Thumb : chinapata, sinabadu : - : -. Nails : kau : gibuda, nima gibuda (D) : kapuruna. Sides : - : - : diyuda = ? ribs. Breasts : rata : - : pididida (in man). Nipple : rata : susuga, tyutyuda : -. Belly : - : bogada : kineida. Navel : hudu : poasida : pusuana. Back : - : dagearada : muida, muina. Hip : piya : pampada, uripunana. Thigh : mamu : gotuda : -. Knee : tui : turida : paoko. Leg and ankle : dok : - : -. Leg, calf of : - : kaibira, haibira : -. Foot : - : kaida, goguda (D) : gegeda. Heel : - : - : ujuna. Beard : - : garagarada (b), gagaeda : baas. Hair of head : hui : kuruda (b) : huluda. Penis : usi: - : -. Scrotum : abu : - : -. Pudendum : konu : - : -. Tattooing : kerawera, kevareva : yatuya, kurikuri, and kurimani (D) : -. Blood : - : - : madibana. Collarbone : - : - : bongida. Jawbone : - : - : sewe. Saliva : kanudi : - : walahai. Dung : nian : - : tai. Boil : - : bonu : -. Leprosy : - : warilya (D) : -.

6. PRONOUN. This : ena : aena, aina : -.

7. NUMERALS.

One : owtamona, ta : teya (b) : paihetia*.

(*Footnote. The numerals procured at the Duchateau Isles in January, 1850, are very different: One = etega, Two = erua, Three = eton, Four = epate, Five = nemara-panu, Ten = erute.)

Two : owrua, rua : labui (b) : pahiwo. Three : owtoi, toi : haiyona (b) : paihetuan. Four : owhani, hani : haasi (b) : paihepak. Five : owima, ima : harigigi (b) : paihelima. Six : owtaratoi, towratoi : harigigi-karimoga : paihewona. Seven : owkuta, hitu : harigigi-labui : paikepik. Eight : owtarahani, towrahani : harigigi-haiyona : paihewan. Nine : owsa, taa : harigigi-haasi : paihesiwo. Ten : adarata, wauta : saorudoi (b) : paiheawata. Eleven : - : - : paiheawata-paihetia. Twelve : - : - : paiheawata-pahiwo. Fifteen : - : saorudoi-harigigi : -. Nineteen : - : saorudoi-harigigi-haasi : paiheawata-paihesiwo. Twenty : —— ruahui : taoi-mate : -. Twenty-five : - : talabushi-mate : -. Thirty : —— toyahui : towkarimoga-mate : -. Thirty-one : - : towkarimoga-mate-karimoga : -.

8. ADJECTIVES.

Another : - : nessao (b) : -. More : patana : sagu : -.

9. ADVERBS, ETC.

Yes : - : ewa : -. No, I have not, will not : - : nige : -. No, I won't, don't! : laasi : besi (b) : -. Presently, by and bye : - : tabu (h) : tabu. Exclamations of surprise and astonishment : - : ao-o-o : -. Exclamations of surprise and astonishment : - : dim-dim : -.

10. VERBS.

Break (a stick) : udumuan : - : -. Come away : - : kurhama (D) : -. Cough : huwa : oso (D) : keli-keli. Cry : tai : - : -. Dive : hetai : - : -. Eat, eat it : - : oquai : -. Give, give me : mahi : ureama (b) : -. Go away, go back : - : - : tadubi. Laugh : kiri : tanuwaraha : -. Paddle : oawde : ow-wassi (b) : -. Rise up : - : kotoro : -. Sing : - : pediri (D) : -. Sit down : - : kumturi : -. Sleep : mahuta : - : -. Sneeze : - : tatino (D) : -. Strike (with fist) : hela : - : -. Swim : nahu : - : -. Whistle : - : ino : -.

11. MlSCELLANEOUS.

Expressing friendship : - : magasugo (b) : -. This is called : - : taina esana : -.

12. NAMES OF PERSONS.

Males, Number 1 : Woro : Ihara : Wadai. Males, Number 2 : Iripa : Nubaida : Maho. Males, Number 3 : Kari (father and son) : Tubuda : Hewawo. Males, Number 4 : Baguya : Eratao : Mao. Females, Number 1 : - : Lataoma, Konaia (D) : -. Females, Number 2 : - : Narumai, Tatarai (D) : -. Females, Number 3 : - : Haraobi, Bonarua (D) : -. Females, Number 4 : - : Perodi : -. Females, Number 5 : - : Gubetta : -.

...

APPENDIX 3.

REMARKS ON THE VOCABULARIES OF THE VOYAGE OF THE RATTLESNAKE, BY R.G. LATHAM, M.D.

In the way of comparative philology the most important part of the Grammar of the Australian languages is, generally, the Pronoun. That of the Kowrarega language will, therefore, be the first point investigated.

In the tongues of the Indo-European class the personal pronouns are pre-eminently constant, i.e., they agree in languages which, in many other points, differ. How thoroughly the sound of m runs through the Gothic, Slavonic, and Iranian tongues as the sign of the pronoun of the first person singular, in the oblique cases; how regularly a modification of t, s, or th, appears in such words as tu, su, thou, etc! Now this constancy of the Pronoun exists in most languages; but not in an equally palpable and manifest form. It is disguised in several ways. Sometimes, as in the Indo-European tongues, there is one root for the nominative and one for the oblique cases; sometimes the same form, as in the Finlandic, runs through the whole declension; sometimes, as when we say you for thou in English, one number is substituted for another; and sometimes, as when the German says sie for thou, a change of the person is made as well. When languages are known in detail, these complications can be guarded against; but where the tongue is but imperfectly exhibited a special analysis becomes requisite.

Generally, the first person is more constant than the second, and the second than the third; indeed, the third is frequently no true personal pronoun at all, but a demonstrative employed to express the person or thing spoken of as the agent or object to a verb. Now, as there are frequently more demonstratives than one which can be used in a personal sense, two languages may be, in reality, very closely allied, though their personal pronouns of the third person differ. Thus the Latin ego = Greek ego; but the Latin hic and ille by no means correspond in form with os, auto, and ekeinos. This must prepare us for not expecting a greater amount of resemblance between the Australian personal pronouns than really exists.

Beginning with the most inconstant of the three pronouns, namely, that of the third person, we find in the Kowrarega the following forms:

3.

Singular, masculine : nu-du = he, him. Singular, feminine : na-du = she, her. Dual, common : pale = they two, them two. Plural, common : tana = they, them.

In the two first of these forms the du is no part of the root, but an affix, since the Gudang gives us the simpler forms nue and na. Pale, the dual form, occurs in the Western Australian, the New South Wales, the South Australian, and the Parnkalla as foIlows: boola, bulo-ara, purl-a, pudlanbi = they two.

2.

Singular : ngi-du = thou, thee. Dual : ngi-pel = ye two, you two. Plural : ngi-tana = ye, you.

Here the root is limited to the syllable ngi, as shown not less by the forms ngi-pel, and ngi-tana, than by the simple Gudang ngi = thou.

Ngi, expressive of the second person, is common in Australia: ngi-nnee, ngi-ntoa, ni-nna, ngi-nte = thou, thee, in the Western Australian, New South Wales, Parnkalla, and Encounter Bay dialects.

Ngi-pel is probably thou + pair; a priori this is a likely way of forming a dual. As to the reasons a posteriori they are not to be drawn wholly from the Kowrarega tongue itself. Here the word for two is not pel but quassur. But let us look further. The root p-l, or a modification of it, = two in the following dialects; as well as in the Parnkalla and others: pur-laitye, poolette, par-koolo, bull-a, in the Adelaide, Boraipar, Yak-kumban, and Murrumbidge. That it may stand too for the dual personal pronoun is shown in the first of these tongues; since in the Adelaide language purla = ye two. Finally, its appearance amongst the pronouns, and its absence amongst the numerals, occurs in the Western Australian. The numeral two is kardura; but the dual pronoun is boala. The same phenomenon would occur in the present English if two circumstances had taken place, namely, if the Anglo-Saxon dual wi-t = we two had been retained up to the present time amongst the pronouns, and the word pair, brace, or couple, had superseded two amongst the numerals.

Lastly, the Western Australian and the Kowrarega so closely agree in the use of the numeral two for the dual pronoun, that each applies it in the same manner. In the third person it stands alone, so that in Western Australian boala, and in Kowrarega pale = they two, just as if in English we said pair or both, instead of they both (he pair); whilst in the second person, the pronoun precedes it, and a compound is formed; just as if, in English, we translated the Greek sphoi by thou pair or thou both.

1. Singular : nga-tu = I, me. Dual : albei = we two, us two. Plural : arri = we, us.

Here the plural and dual are represented not by a modification of the singular but by a new word; as different from nga as nos is from ego. The tu, of course, is non-radical, the Gudang form being ngai.

Nga, expressive of the first person, is as common as ngi, equivalent to the second. Thus, nga-nya, nga-toa, nga-i, nga-pe = I, me, in the Western Australian, New South Wales, Parnkalla, and Encounter Bay dialects.

Now, the difference between the first and second persons being expressed by different modifications (nga, ngi) of the same root (ng), rather than by separate words, suggests the inquiry as to the original power of that root. It has already been said that, in many languages, the pronoun of the third person is, in origin, a demonstrative. In the Kowrarega it seems as if even the basis of the first and second was the root of the demonstrative also; since, by looking lower down in the list, we find that i-na = this, che-na = that, and nga-du (nga in Gudang) = who. Ina and chena also means here and there, respectively.

The dual form albei reappears in the Yak-kumban dialect of the River Darling where allewa = we two. Arri = us, is also the first syllable in the Western Australian form ar-lingul = we; or, rather it is ar-lingul in a simpler and less compounded form. In a short specimen of Mr. Eyre's from the head of the Great Australian Bight, the form in a appears in the singular number, ajjo = I and me. The root tana = they, is not illustrated without going as far as the Western Australian of Mr. Eyre. Here, however, we find it in the compound word par-tanna = many. Its original power is probably others; and it is most likely a widely diffused Australian root.

The pronouns in question are compound rather than simple; i.e. instead of nga = me, and ngi = thee, we have nga-tu and ngi-du. What is the import and explanation of this? It may safely be said, that the termination in the Australian is NOT a termination like the Latin met in ego- met, inasmuch as this last is constant throughout the three persons (ego-met, tute-met, se-met), whereas, the former varies with the pronoun to which it is appended (nga-tu, and ngi-du). I hazard the conjecture that the two forms correspond with the adverbs here and there; so that nga-tu = I here, and ngi-du = thou there, and nu-du = he there. In respect to the juxtaposition of the simple forms (ngai, ngi, and nue) of the Gudang with the compound ones (nga-tu, ngi-du, and nu-du) of the Kowrarega, it can be shown that the same occurs in the Parnkalla of Port Lincoln; where Mr. Eyre gives the double form ngai and nga-ppo each = I or me.

Now, this analysis of the Kowrarega personals has exhibited the evolution of one sort of pronoun out of another, with the addition of certain words expressive of number, the result being no true inflexion but an agglutination or combination of separate words. It has also shown how the separate elements of such combinations may appear in different forms and with different powers in different dialects of the same language, and different languages of the same class, even where, in the primary and normal signification, they may be wanting in others. The first of these facts is a contribution to the laws of language in general; the second shows that a great amount of apparent difference may be exhibited on the surface of a language which disappears as the analysis proceeds.

In rude languages the Numerals vary with the dialect more than most other words. We can understand this by imagining what the case would be in English if one of our dialects counted things by the brace, another by the pair, and a third by the couple. Nevertheless, if we bear in mind the Greek forms Thalassa and Thalatta, we may fairly suppose that the Kowrarega word for two, or quassur, is the same word with the Head of Australian Bight kootera, the Parnkalla kuttara, and the Western Australian kardura, having the same meaning.

The difference, then, between the numerals of the Australian languages—and it is undoubtedly great—is no proof of any fundamental difference of structure or origin. It is just what occurs in the languages of Africa, and, in a still greater degree, in those of America.

The extent to which the numeration is carried, is a matter of more importance. Possibly a numeration limited to the first three, four, or five numbers is the effect of intellectual inferiority. It is certainly a cause that continues it. As a measure of ethnological affinity it is unimportant. In America we have, within a limited range of languages, vigesimal systems like the Mexican, and systems limited to the three first units like the Caribb. The difference between a vigesimal and decimal system arises simply from the practice of counting by the fingers and toes collectively, or the fingers alone, being prevalent; whereas the decimal system as opposed to the quinary is referrible to the numeration being extended to both hands, instead of limited to one. Numerations not extending as far as five are generally independent of the fingers in toto. Then as to the names of particular numbers. Two nations may each take the name of the number two from some natural dualism; but they may not take it from the name. For instance, one American Indian may take it from a pair of skates, another from a pair of shoes. If so, the word for two will differ in the two languages, even when the names for skate and shoe agree. All this is supported by real facts, and is no hypothetical illustration; so that the inference from it is, that, in languages where a numeral system is in the process of formation, difference in the names of the numbers is comparatively unimportant.

The extent to which the numerals vary, the extent to which they agree, and the extent to which this variation and agreement are anything but coincident with geographical proximity or distance, may be seen in the following table:

English : one two three. Moreton Bay : kamarah bulla mudyan. Moreton Island : karawo poonlah madan. Bijenelumbo : warat ngargark 2 + 1. Limbakarajia : erat ngargark 2 + 1. Terrutong : roka oryalk 2 + 1. Limbapyu : immuta lawidperra 2 + 1. Kowrarega : warapune quassur 2 + 1. Gudang : epiamana elabaio 2 + 1. Darnley Island : netat nes 2 + 1. Raffles Bay : loca orica orongarie. Lake Macquarie : wakol buloara ngoro. Peel River : peer pular purla. Wellington : ngungbai bula bula-ngungbai. Corio : koimoil. Jhongworong : kap. Pinegorine : youa. Gnurellean : lua. King George Sound : keyen cuetrel murben. Karaula : mal bular culeba. Lachlan, Regent Lake : nyoonbi bulia bulongonbi. Wollondilly River : medung pulla colluerr.

The Verb now requires notice. In languages in the same stage of development with the Australian the usual analysis, as shown by the late Mr. Garnett in his masterly papers on the structure of the verb, is as follows: 1. The root. 2. The possessive pronoun. 3. A particle of time—often originally one of place.

A rough illustration of this is the statement that such a word as dormur == sleep-my-then (or there). To apply this doctrine to the Kowrarega with our present data, is unsafe. Still, I am inclined (notwithstanding some difficulties) to identify the pa of the Present tense with the bu in kai-bu = now, and the n of the preterite with the n of che-na = there.

The double forms of the Past tense (one in n, and another in m) are at present inexplicable. So are the double forms of the Imperative, namely the one in r, and the one in e. It may, however, be remarked, that wherever the Imperative ends in e, the Preterite has the form in m; thus, pid-e = dig, pid-ema = dug. The only exception is the anomalous form peneingodgi = dived. This prepares the future grammarian for a division of the Kowrarega Verbs into Conjugations.

The last class of words that supply the materials of comment are the Substantives. Herein, the formation of the plural by the addition of le, probably occurs in several of the Australian tongues. I infer this from many of those words which we find in the vocabularies of languages whereof the grammar is unknown, and which are expressive of naturally plural objects ending in li, la, or l.

1. Star (stars)—pur-le, pi-lle, poo-lle, in Parnkalla, Aiawong, and Yak-kumban.

2. Fire (flames)—ka-lla, gad-la, in Western Australian and Parnkalla.

3. Head (hair)—kur-le, Encounter Bay. Here we learn from the forms kar-ga, from the Head of the Great Australian Bight, and ma-kar-ta, from Adelaide, that the l is foreign to the root.

4. Hands—marrow-la in the Molonglo dialect; as contrasted with marra in the Adelaide.

This, however, is merely a conjecture, a conjecture, however, which has a practical bearing. It suggests caution in the comparison of vocabularies; since, by mistaking an inflexion or an affix for a part of the root, we may overlook really existing similarities.

Father Anjello's very brief grammatical sketch of the Limbakarajia language of Port Essington* exhibits, as far as it goes, precisely the same principles as Mr. Macgillivray's Kowrarega; indeed, some of the details coincide.

(*Footnote. Given to Mr. Macgillivray by Mr. James Macarthur, and prefixed to the manuscript Port Essington Vocabulary, alluded to in Volume 1.)

Thus, the Limbakarajia personal pronouns are:

I = nga-pi. We = ngari. Thou = noie. We two = arguri. He, she, it = gianat. Ye = noie. They = ngalmo.

Here the pi in nga-pi is the po in the Aiawong nga-ppo; the gian in gian-at being, probably, the in in the Kowrarega ina = that, this. Ngalmo, also, is expressly stated to mean many as well as they, a fact which confirms the view taken of tana.

As for the tenses of the verbs, they are evidently no true tenses at all, but merely combinations of the verbal root, and an adverb of time. In Limbakarajia, however, the adverbial element precedes the verbal one. In Kowrarega, however, the equivalent to this adverbial element (probably a simple adverb modified in form so as to amalgamate with its verb, and take the appearance of an inflexion) follows it—a difference of order, sequence, or position, upon which some philologists will, perhaps, lay considerable stress. On the contrary, however, languages exceedingly similar in other respects, may differ in the order of the parts of a term; e.g. the German dialects, throughout, place the article before the noun, and keep it separate: whereas the Scandinavian tongues not only make it follow, but incorporate it with the substantive with which it agrees. Hence, a term which, if modelled on the German fashion, should be hin sol, becomes, in Scandinavian, solen = the sun. And this is but one instance out of many. Finally, I may add that the prefix apa, in the present tense of the verb = cut, is, perhaps, the same affix eipa in the present tense of the Kowrarega verbs.

Another point connected with the comparative philology of Australia is the peculiarity of its phonetic system. The sounds of f and s are frequently wanting. Hence, the presence of either of them in one dialect has been considered as evidence of a wide ethnological difference. Upon this point—in the case of s—the remarks on the sound systems of the Kowrarega and Gudang are important. The statement is, the s of the one dialect becomes ty or tsh (and ch) in the other. Thus the English word breast = susu, Kowrarega; tyu-tyu, Gudang, and the English outrigger float = sarima, Kowrarega; charima, Gudang, which of these two forms is the older? Probably the Gudang, or the form in ty. If so, the series of changes is remarkable, and by attending to it we may see how sounds previously non-existent may become evolved.

Thus—let the original form for breast be tutu. The first change which takes place is the insertion of the sound of y, making tyu-tyu; upon the same principle which makes certain Englishmen say gyarden, kyind, and skyey, for garden, kind, and sky. The next change is for ty to become tsh. This we find also in English, where picture or pictyoor is pronounced pictshur, etc. This being the change exhibited in the Gudang form tyutyu (pr. choochoo, or nearly so) we have a remarkable phonetic phenomenon, namely the existence of a compound sound (tsh) wherein s is an element, in a language where s, otherwise than as the element of a compound, is wanting. In other words, we have a sound formed out of s, but not s itself; or (changing the expression still further) we have s in certain combinations, but not uncombined. Let, however, the change proceed, and the initial sound of t be lost. In this case tsh becomes sh. A further change reduces sh to s.

When all this has taken place—and there are many languages wherein the whole process is exhibited—the sound of a hitherto unknown articulation becomes evolved or developed by a natural process of growth, and that in a language where it was previously wanting. The phenomenon, then, of the evolution of new simple sounds should caution us against over-valuing phonetic differences. So should such facts as that of the closely allied dialects of the Gudang and Kowrarega differing from each other by the absence or presence of so important a sound as that of s.

The comparative absence, however, of the sound of s, in Australian, may be further refined on in another way; and it may be urged that it is absent, not because it has never been developed, or called into existence, but because it has ceased to exist. In the Latin of the Augustan age as compared with that of the early Republic, we find the s of words like arbos changed into r (arbor). The old High German, also, and the Icelandic, as compared with the Meso-Gothic, does the same. Still the change only affects certain inflectional sy1lables, so that the original s being only partially displaced, retains its place in the language, although it occurs in fewer words. In Australian, where it is wanting at all, it is wanting in toto: and this is a reason for believing that its absence is referrible to non-development rather than to displacement. For reasons too lengthy to exhibit, I believe that this latter view is NOT applicable to Australian; the s, when wanting, being undeveloped. In either case, however, the phonetic differences between particular dialects are the measures of but slight differences.

Now—with these preliminary cautions against the over-valuation of apparent differences—we may compare the new data for the structure of the Kowrarega and Limbakarajia with the reccived opinions respecting the Australian grammars in general.

These refer them to the class of agglutinate tongues, i.e. tongues wherein the inflections can be shown to consist of separate words more or legs incorporated or amalgamated with the roots which they modify. It may be said that this view is confirmed rather than impugned.

Now, what applies to the Australian grammars applies also to Polynesian and the more highly-developed Malay languages, such as the Tagala of the Philippines, for instance; and, if such being the case, no difference of principle in respect to tkeir structure separates the Australian from the languages of those two great classes. But the details, it may be said, differ undoubtedly; and this is what we expect. Plural numbers, signs of tense, and other grammatical elements, are evolved by means of the juxtaposition of similar but not identical elements, e.g. one plural may be formed by the affix signifying many; another, by the affix signifying with or conjointly; one preterite may be the root plus a word meaning then; another the root plus a word meaning there. Futures, too, may be equally evolved by the incorporation or juxtaposition of the word meaning after, or the word meaning to-morrow. All this makes the exact coincidence of the details of inflection the exception rather than the rule.

This doctrine goes farther than the mere breaking-down of the lines of demarcation which separate classes of languages like the Australian from classes of languages like the Malayo-Polynesian. It shows how both may be evolved from monosyllabic tongues like the Chinese or Siamese. The proof that such is really the case lies in the similarity of individual words, and consists in comparative tables. It is too lengthy for the present paper, the chief object of which is to bring down the inferences from the undoubtedly great superficial differences between the languages of the parts in question to their proper level.

In respect to the vocabularies, the extent to which the analysis which applies to the grammar applies to the vocables also may be seen in the following instance. The word hand in Bijenelumbo and Limbapyu is birgalk. There is also in each language a second form—anbirgalk—wherein the an is non-radical. Neither is the alk; since we find that armpit = ingamb-alk, shoulder = mundy-alk, and fingers = mong-alk. This brings the root = hand to birg. Now this we can find elsewhere by looking for. In the Liverpool dialect, bir-il = hand, and at King George Sound, peer = nails. The commonest root, = hand in the Australian dialects, is m-r, e.g.:

Moreton Bay : murrah. Corio : far-onggnetok. Karaula : marra. Jhongworong : far-okgnata. Sydney : da-mora. Murrumbidje : mur-rugan. Mudje : mara. Molonglo : mar-rowla. Wellington : murra. Head of Bight : merrer. Liverpool : ta-mura. Parnkalla : marra.

All this differs from the Port Essington terms. Elbow, however, in the dialects there spoken, = waare; and forearm = am-ma-woor; wier, tao, = palm in Kowrarega.

To complete the evidence for this latter word being the same as the m-r of the other dialects and languages, it would be necessary to show, by examples, how the sounds of m and w interchange; and also to show (by example also) how the ideas of elbow, forearm, and hand do so. But as the present remarks are made for the sake of illustrating a method, rather than establishing any particular point, this is not necessary here; a few instances taken from the names of the parts of the human body being sufficient to show the general distribution of some of the commoner Australian roots; and the more special fact of their existence in the northern dialects:

English : hand. Peel River : ma. Terrutong : manawiye. Raffles Bay : maneiya.

...

English : foot. Moreton Bay : chidna. Moreton Island : tenang. Karaula : tinna. Lake Macquarie : tina. Peel River : tina. Jhongworong : gnen-ong-gnat-a. Mudje : dina. Wellington : dinnung. Corio : gen-ong-gnet-ok. Liverpool : dana. Bathurst : dina. Colack : ken-ong-gnet-ok. Boraipar : tchin-nang-y Lake Hindmarsh : jin-nerr. Bight Head : jinna. Parnkalla : idna. Murrumbidje : tjin-nuk. Aiawong : dtun. King George Sound : tian. Molonglo : jin-y-gy. Pinegorine : gena. Goold Island : pinyun and pinkan. Gnurellean : gen-ong-be-gnen-a.

...

English : hair, beard. Goold Island : kiaram. Moreton Island : yerreng. Wellington : uran. Karaula : yerry. Bijenelumbo : yirka. Sydney : yaren. Regent's Lake : ooran. Peel River : ierai. Lake Macquarie : wurung. Mudje : yarai.

...

English : eye. Jhongworong : mer-ing-gna-ta. Moreton Island : mel. Pinegorine : ma. Moreton Bay : mill. Gnurellean : mer-e-gnen-a. Gudang : emeri = eyebrow. Boraipar : mer-ring-y. Lake Hindmarsh : mer. Bijenelumbo : merde = eyelid. Regent's Lake : mil. Lake Mundy : meer-rang. Karaula : mil. Murrumbidje : mil. Mudje : mir. Corio : mer-gnet-ok. Bight Head : mail. Colack : mer-gnen-ok. King George Sound : mial. Dautgart : mer-gna-nen.

...

English : tooth. Sydney : yera. Moreton Island : tiya. Wellington : irang. Murrumbidje : yeeran. Moreton Bay : deer. Lake Macquarie : tina. Goold Island : eera.

...

English : tongue. Lake Macquarie : talan. Moreton Bay : dalan. Regent's Lake : talleng. Sydney : dalan. Karaula : talley. Peel River : tale. Goold Island : talit. King George Sound : talien.

...

English : ear. Moreton Bay : bidna. Kowrarega : kowra. Karaula : binna. Sydney : kure. Peel River : bine. Liverpool : kure. Bathurst : benang-arei. Lake Macquarie : ngureong. Goold Island : pinna.

The Miriam Vocabulary belongs to a different class, namely the Papuan. It is a dialect of language first made known to us through the Voyage of the Fly, as spoken in the islands Erroob, Maer, and Massied. Admitting this, we collate it with the North Australian tongues, and that, for the sake of contrast rather than comparison. Here, the philologist, from the extent to which the Australian tongues differ from each other, notwithstanding their real affinity, is prepared to find greater differences between an Australian and a Papuan language than, at the first glance, exists. Let us verify this by reference to some words which relate to the human body, and its parts.

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH. COLUMN 2: ERROOB. COLUMN 3: MASSIED. COLUMN 4: KOWRAREGA. COLUMN 5: GUDANG.

Nose : pit : pichi : piti : -. Lips : - : anka : - : angka. Cheek : baag : - : baga : baga. Chin, jaw : iba : ibu : ibu : ebu. Navel : kopor, kupor : kupor : kupar : kopurra. Eye : - : dana : dana : dana. Skin : egur : - : - : equora. Vein : kerer : kirer : kerur : kerur. Bone : lid : - : rida : -. Sore : bada : - : bada : -.

Few Australian vocabularies are thus similar—a fact which may be said to prove too much; since it may lead to inference that the so-called Papuan tongue of Torres Strait is really Australian. Nevertheless, although I do not absolutely deny that such is the case, the evidence of the whole body of ethnological fact—e.g. those connected with the moral, intellectual, and physical conformation of the two populations—is against it.

And so is the philology itself, if we go further. The Erroob pronouns are:

Me = ka. You = ma. His = eta. Mine = ka-ra. Your = ma-ra.

All of which are un-Australian.

Are we then to say that all the words of the table just given are borrowed from the Australian by the Papuans, or vice versa? No. Some belong to the common source of the two tongues, pit = nose being, probably, such a word; whilst others are the result of subsequent intercourse.

Still, it cannot absolutely be said that the Erroob or Miriam iongue is not Australian also, or vice versa. Still less, is it absolutely certain that the former is not transitional between the New Guinea language and the Australian. I believe, however, that it is not so.

The doubts as to the philological position of the Miriam are by no means diminished by reference to the nearest unequivocally Papuan vocabulary, namely that of Redscar Bay. Here the difference exceeds rather than falls short of our expectations. The most important of the few words which coincide are:

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH. COLUMN 2: REDSCAR BAY. COLUMN 3: ERROOB.

Head : quara : kerem. Mouth : mao : mit = lips. Testicles : abu : eba = penis. Shoulder : paga : pagas = upper arm.

On the other hand, the Redscar Bay word for throat, kato, coincides with the Australian karta of the Gudang of Cape York. Again, a complication is introduced by the word buni-mata = eyebrow. Here mata = eye, and, consequently, buni = brow. This root re-appears in the Erroob; but there it means the eyeball, as shown by the following words from Jukes' Vocabulary:

Eye : irkeep Eyebrow : irkeep-moos = eye-hair. Eyeball : poni. Eyelid : poni-pow = eyeball-hair.

Probably the truer meaning of the Redscar Bay word is eyeball.

No inference is safer than that which brings the population of the Louisiade Archipelago, so far, at least, as it is represented by the Vocabularies of Brierly Island and Duchateau Island, from the eastern coast of New Guinea. What points beyond were peopled from Louisiade is another question.

For the islands between New Ireland and New Caledonia our data are lamentably scanty; the list consisting of:

1. A short vocabulary from the Solomon Isles. 2. Short ones from Mallicollo. 3. The same from Tanna. 4. Shorter ones still from Erromanga and 5. Annatom. 6. Cook's New Caledonian Vocabulary. 7. La Billardiere's ditto.

The collation of these with the Louisiade has led me to a fact which I little expected. As far as the very scanty data go, they supply the closest resemblance to the Louisiade dialects, from the two New Caledonian vocabularies. Now New Caledonia was noticed in the Appendix to the Voyage of the Fly (volume 2 page 318) as apparently having closer philological affinities with Van Diemen's Land, than that country had with Australia; an apparent fact which induced me to write as follows: "A proposition concerning the Tasmanian language exhibits an impression, rather than a deliberate opinion. Should it, however, be confirmed by future researches, it will at once explain the points of physical contrast between the Tasmanian tribes and those of Australia that have so often been insisted on. It is this—that the affinities of language between the Tasmanian and the New Caledonian are stronger than those between the Australian and Tasmanian. This indicates that the stream of population for Van Diemen's Land ran ROUND Australia, rather than across it." Be this as it may, the remark, with our present scanty matcrials, is, at best, but a suggestion—a suggestion, however, which would account for the physical appearance of the Tasmanian being more New Caledonian than Australian.

The chief point of resemblance between the Louisiade and the New Caledonian is taken from the numerals. In each system there is a prefix, and in each that prefix begins with a labial letter—indeed the wa of New Caledonia and the pahi of Louisiade seem to be the same roots.

1. Brierly Island : paihe-tia. Cook's New Caledonia : wa-geeaing. La Billardiere's New Caledonia : oua-nait.

2. Brierly Island : pahi-wo. Cook's New Caledonia : wa-roo. La Billardiere's New Caledonia : oua-dou.

3. Brierly Island : paihe-tuan. Cook's New Caledonia : wa-teen. La Billardiere's New Caledonia : oua-tguien.

4. Brierly Island : paihe-pak. Cook's New Caledonia : wa-mbaeek. La Billardiere's New Caledonia : oua-tbait.

5. Brierly Island : paihe-lima. Cook's New Caledonia : wa-nnim. La Billardiere's New Caledonia : oua-nnaim.

6. Brierly Island : paihe-wona. Cook's New Caledonia : wa-nnim-geeek. La Billardiere's New Caledonia : oua-naim-guik.

7. Brierly Island : pahe-pik. Cook's New Caledonia : wa-nnim-noo. La Billardiere's New Caledonia : oua-naim-dou.

8. Brierly Island : paihe-wan. Cook's New Caledonia : wa-nnim-gain. La Billardiere's New Caledonia : ou-naim-guein.

9. Brierly Island : paihe-siwo. Cook's New Caledonia : wa-nnim-baeek. La Billardiere's New Caledonia : oua-naim-bait.

10. Brierly Island : paihe-awata. Cook's New Caledonia : wa-nnoon-aiuk. La Billardiere's New Caledonia : oua-doun-hic.

The Redscar Bay numerals are equally instructive. They take two forms: one with, one without, the prefix in ow, as recorded by Mr. Macgillivray.

This system of prefix is not peculiar. The Tanna and Mallicollo numerals of Cook are:

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH. COLUMN 2: TANNA. COLUMN 3: MALLICOLLO.

One : r-eedee : tsee-kaee Two : ka-roo : e-ry. Three : ka-har : e-rei Four : kai-phar : e-bats Five : k-reerum : e-reeum Six : ma-r-eedee : tsookaeee Seven : ma-ka-roo : gooy Eight : ma-ka-har : hoo-rey Nine : ma-kai-phar : good-bats. Ten : ma-k-reerum : senearn.

Here, although the formations are not exactly regular, the prefixion of an initial syllable is evident. So is the quinary character of the numeration. The prefix itself, however, in the Tanna and Mallicollo is no labial, as in the Louisiade and New Caledonian, but either k or a vowel.

The next fact connected with the Louisiade vocabularies is one of greater interest. Most of the names of the different parts of the body end in da. In the list in question they were marked in italics; so that the proportion they bear to the words not so ending was easily seen. Now it is only the words belonging to this class that thus terminate. Elsewhere the ending da is no commoner than any other.

What does this mean? If we look to such words as mata-da = eyes, sopa-da = lips, maka-da = teeth, and some other naturally plural names, we should infer that it was a sign of number. That this, however, is not the case is shown by the equivalents to tongue, nose, and other single members where the affix is equally common. What then is its import? The American tongues help us here:

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH. COLUMN 2: MBAYA. COLUMN 3: ABIPONI. COLUMN 4: MOKOBI.

Head : na-guilo : ne-maiat : -. Eye : ni-gecoge : na-toele : ni-cote. Ear : na-pagate : - : -. Nose : ni-onige : - : -. Tongue : no-gueligi : - : -. Hair : na-modi : ne-etiguic : na-ccuta. Mand : ni-baagadi : na-pakeni : na-poguena. Foot : no-gonagi : - : -.

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH. COLUMN 2: MOXA (1).* COLUMN 3: MOXA (2). COLUMN 4: MOXA (3).

(*Footnote. These are three different dialects.)

Head : nu-ciuti : nu-chuti : nu-chiuti Eye : nu-chi : - : nu-ki Ear : nu-cioca : - : -. Nose : nu-siri : nu-siri : -. Tongue : nu-nene : nu-nene : nu-nene. Hand : nu-bore : nu-boupe : nu-bore. Foot : ni-bope : - : ni-bope.

Now in these, and in numerous other American tongues, the prefix is the possessive pronoun; in other words, there is a great number of American languages where the capacity for abstracting the thing possessed from the possessor is so slight as to make it almost impossible to disconnect the noun from its pronoun. I believe, then, the affixes in question have a possessive power; and am not aware that possessive adjuncts thus incorporated have been recognised in any of the languages for these parts; indeed, they are generally considered as American characteristics.

How far does their presence extend? In the New Caledonian vocabulary of La Billardiere we find it. The names of the parts of the body all take an affix, which no other class of words does. This is gha, guai, or ghai, or other similar combination of g with a vowel. In Van Diemen's Land, an important locality, we find the following series of words, which are submitted to the judgment of the reader.

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH. COLUMN 2: WESTERN TASMANIAN.

Foot : lula. Leg : peea = piya = posteriors, Brumer I. Thigh : tula = turi = knee, Brumer I. Belly : cawara-ny. Neck : denia. Ears : lewli-na. Nose : me-na. Eyes : pollatoola = matara-pulupulura = eyelashes, Brierly I. Hair : pareata. Hair : palani-na. Face : manrable. Mouth : ca-nia. Teeth : yannalople = yinge-da, Brierly I. Tongue : tulla-na. Arm : alree. Fist : reannema-na. Head : pulbea-ny.

Here the termination na appears elsewhere, as in mema-na = fight, nabagee-na = sun; but by no means so frequently, nor yet with such an approach to regularity.

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH. COLUMN 2: CIRCULAR HEAD.

Hair : parba. Hand : rabal-ga. Foot : rabuc-ka. Head : ewuc-ka. Eyc : mameric-ca. Nose : rowari-ga. Tongue : mamana = mimena, Brumer I. Teeth : cawna. Ear : cowanrig-ga.

Here, however, it must not be concealed that the termination ka, or ga, occurs in other words, such as tenal-ga = laugh, tar-ga = cry, teiri-ga = walk, lamuni-ka = see. These, however, are verbs; and it is possible (indeed probable) that the k or g is the same as in the preceding substantives, just as the m in su-m, and ei-mi (Greek) is the m in meus, me, and eme (Greek). Still, this will not apply throughout; e.g. the words like lalli-ga = kangaroo, para-ka = flower, and others.

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH. COLUMN 2: EASTERN TASMANIAN.

Eye : lepe-na Ear : pelverata. Elbow : rowella Foot : langa-na Fist : trew Head : pathe-na-naddi Hair : cetha-na Hand : anama-na = nema-da, Brumer I. Knee : nannabena-na. Leg : lathana-ma Teeth : yan-na = yinge-da, Brierly I. Tongue : me-na = mime-na, Brumer I. Chin : came-na. Neck : lepera. Breast : wagley.

Here, the number of other words ending in na is very considerable; so considerable that, if it were not for the cumulative evidence derived from other quarters, it would be doubtful whether the na could legitimately be considered as a possessive affix at all. It MAY, however, be so even in the present instance.

To these we may add two lists from the Lobo and Utanata dialects of the south-western coast of New Guinea.

COLUMN 1: ENGLISH. COLUMN 2: UTANATA. COLUMN 3: LOBO.

Arms : too : nima-ngo. Back : urimi : rusuko-ngo. Beard : - : minooro. Belly : imauw : kanboro-ngo. Breast, female : auw : gingo-ngo. Breast, male : paiety : gingo-ngo Cheeks : awamu : wafiwirio-ngo. Ears : ianie : -. Eyebrows : - : matato-ngo-wuru. Eyes : mame : matatoto-ngo. Fingers : - : nima-ngo-sori. Foot : mouw : kai-ngo. Hands : toe-mare : nima-ngo-uta. Hair : oeirie : mono-ng-furu. Head : oepauw : mono-ngo or umum. Knee : iripu : kai-ngo-woko. Mouth : irie : orie-ngo. Nose : birimboe : sikaio-ngo. Neck : ema : gara-ng. Tongue : mare : kario-ngo. Thigh : ai : willanima. Teeth : titi : riwoto-ngo. Toes : - : nisora.

Finally, we have the long, and evidently compound forms of p** in the Corio, Colack, and other Australian dialects; long and evidently compound forms which no hypothesis so readily explains as that of the possessive adjunct; a phenomenon which future investigation many show to be equally Oceanic and American.

...

APPENDIX 4.

CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS OF THE NORTH-EAST COAST OF AUSTRALIA AND TORRES STRAIT.

Lists exhibiting the occurrence of Australian Birds in particular districts are instructive, as showing the range of species over the various parts of an extensive district, and as bearing upon, and to my mind confirming, to a certain extent, the views of those geologists who consider Australia to have formerly appeared as a cluster of three or four islands, subsequently connected since the tertiary epoch so as to form what may now be considered as a continent. With the kind assistance in determining the species of Mr. Gould, who has elsewhere published similar lists* of the birds of other parts of Australia, the annexed Catalogue has been made out. All the species contained therein have passed under my own observation, and I have distributed them in three columns; the first includes that portion of the north-east coast of Australia and its islands included between the Tropic of Capricorn and latitude 17 degrees 45 minutes south, or the parallel of the bottom of the Gulf of Carpentaria; the second comprises the remainder of the north-east coast as far to the northward as Cape York; and the third is devoted to the islands of Torres Strait, from Raine Islet to Bramble Cay. The species marked with an ? (query) are those which are probably local varieties, representatives of southern birds, showing slight differences in size, etc., yet not decided enough to be of specific value.

(*Footnote. In the works of Strzelecki and Eyre, and Introduction to the Birds of Australia. )

Ichthyaetus leucogaster 1 2 3. Haliastur leucosternmus 1 2 3. Pandion leucocephalus 1 2 3. Falco frontatus 3. Ieracidea berigora 2. Astur novae hollandiae 1 3. Astur approximans 1 2. Accipiter torquatus 1 2 3. Milvus affinis 1 2. Circus jardinii 3. Strix delicatula 1 2 3. Athene boobook 1. Athene maculata 1 2. Podargus humeralis 1. Podargus papuensis 2. Podargus marmoratus 2. Eurystopodus albogularis 2 3. Eurystopodus guttatus 1 2 3. Acanthylis caudacuta 2. Cypselus australis 2 3. Collocalia 1. Chelidon arborea 1 3. Merops ornatus 1 2 3. Dacelo leachii 1 2. Halcyon torotoro 2. Halcyon sancta 1 2 3. Halcyon sordida 1 2 3. Halcyon macleayii 1 2 3. Tanysiptera sylvia 2. Alcyone azurea 2. Alcyone pusilla 1 2. Artamus leucopygialis 1 2 3. Dicaeum hirundinaceum 1 2 3. Cracticus nigrogularis 1 2. Cracticus quoyii 1 2. Grallina australis 2. Grauculus melanops 1 2 3. Grauculus hypoleucus 2. Grauculus swainsonii 2. Campephaga karu 1 2 3. Pachycephala melanura 2 3. Colluricincla brunnea 1 2 3. Colluricincla harmonica 2. Dicrurus bracteatus 1 2 3. Rhipidura rufifrons 2. Seisura inquieta 1 2 3. Piezorhynchus nitidus 1 2 3. Myiagra concinna 1 2 3. Myiagra latirostris 1 2. Monarcha trivirgata 1 2 3. Monarcha leucotis 1 2. Arses kaupii 2. Petroica bicolor ? 2 3. Machaerirhynchus flaviventris 2. Drymodes superciliosa 2. Malurus amabilis 2. Malurus brownii 1. Sphenoeacus galactotes 2 3. Cysticola lineocapilla 1 2 3. Sericornis maculata ? 2. Anthus australis 1 2. Estrelda bichenovii 1. Donacola castaneothorax 2 3. Pitta strepitans 1 2 3. Chlamydera nuchalis 1. Chlamydera cerviniventris 2 3. Oriolus assimilis 2. Oriolus flavocinctus 2. Sphecotheres flaviventris 2. Aplonis metallica 2. Chalybaeus cornutus 2. Corvus coronoides 1 2 3. Ptilotis chrysotis 1 2 3. Ptilotis filigera 2. Ptilotis 2. Entomophila 1. Tropidorhynchus argenticeps 2. Tropidorhynchus 2. Myzomela erythrocephala 2 3. Myzomela obscura 1 2 3. Nectarinia australis 1 2 3. Zosterops luteus 1 2 3. Cuculus cineraceus 1. Cuculus insperatus 1. Chrysococcyx lucidus 1 2. Endynamys flindersii 1 2 3. Centropus phasianus 1 2 3. Ptiloris victoriae 1. Ptiloris magnifica 2. Cacatua galerita 1 2 3. Microglossus aterrimus 2. Calyptorhynchus banksii 1. Aprosmictus erythropterus ? 1 2. Platycercus palliceps ? 2. Melopsittacus undulatus 1. Trichoglossus swainsonii 1 3. Trichoglossus rubritorquis 2. Ptilonopus ewingii 1 2. Ptilonopus superbus 2 3. Carpophaga luctuosa 1 2 3. Carpophaga puella 2. Lopholaimus antarcticus 2. Chalcophaps chrysochlora 1 2. Phaps elegans 1. Geopelia humeralis 1 2 3. Geopelia tranquilla 1 2 3. Macropygia phasianella ? 1. Talegalla lathami 1 2. Megapodius tumulus 1 2 3. Turnix melanota 1 2 3. Coturnix pectoralis 2. Synoicus australis 1 2 3. Synoicus sinensis 3. Dromaius novae hollandiae 1 2. Otis australasiana 1. Esacus magnirostris 1 2 3. Oedicnemus grallarius 1. Hoematopus longirostris 1 2 3. Hoematopus fuliginosus 1 2 3. Sarciophorus pectoralis 1. Charadrius xanthocheilus 1 2 3. Hiaticula bicincta 1. Hiaticula ruficapilla 1 2 3. Hiaticula inornata 2 3. Limosa uropygialis 1 2 3. Schoeniclus australis 1 2 3. Schoeniclus albescens 1 2 3. Actitis empusa 1 2. Glottis glottoides 1 2 3. Strepsilas interpres 1 2 3. Numenius australis 1 2 3. Numenius uropygialis 1 2 3. Numenius minutus 2. Threskiornis strictipennis 2. Grus australasianus 1 2. Mycteria australis 2. Ardea Pacifica 2. Ardea novae hollandiae 1. Herodias jugularis 1 2 3. Herodias greyii 1 2 3. Herodias plumifera 2 3. Herodias syrmatophora 3. Nycticorax caledonicus 1 2 3. Ardetta flavicollis 1 2. Ardetta stagnatilis 2 3. Porphyrio melanota 3. Rallus pectoralis 1 2 3. Porzana leucophrys 3. Tadorna radjah 1 2. Anas superciliosa 1. Anas punctata 1 2. Xema jamesonii ? 1 2 3. Sylochelidon strennuus 1 2. Thalasseus pelecanoides 1 2 3. Sterna gracilis 2. Sterna melanauchen 1 2 3. Sternula nereis 2 3. Hydrochelidon fluviatilis 2. Onychoprion fuliginosus 1 2 3. Onychoprion panaya 1 2 3. Anous stolidus 1 2 3. Anous leucocapillus 1 2 3. Puffinus sphenurus 1 3. Phalacrocorax carboides 1. Phalacrocorax melanoleucus 1 2 3. Attagen ariel 1 2 3. Phaeton phoenicurus 3. Pelecanus conspicillatus 1 2 3. Sula personata. Sula fusca 1 2 3. Sula piscator 1 2 3.

...

APPENDIX 5.

ON THE MOLLUSCA COLLECTED BY MR. MACGILLIVRAY DURING THE VOYAGE OF THE RATTLESNAKE, BY PROFESSOR EDWARD FORBES, F.R.S.

1. ON THE BATHYMETRICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MARINE TESTACEA ON THE EASTERN COAST OF AUSTRALIA.

As in every instance the exact locality, depth and character of habitat of species of Mollusc taken were carefully noted of at the time of capture, much more valuable information elucidating the distribution of shellfish in the Australian seas has been collected during this expedition than was ever before obtained. Whilst new species are usually sought after by collectors with eagerness, the habits and range of the commoner or less conspicuous forms are passed over without observation.* Hence every note on the habitat and mode of life of marine creatures from the southern hemisphere becomes of no small value. Indeed, there is no information more desirable at this time for the illustration of geological phenomena, than such as may throw light on the distribution in range and depth of the creatures inhabiting the sea of the Tropics, and those living around the coasts of Australia and New Zealand. The following notes will serve to record the more prominent facts bearing upon the Bathymetrical distribution of the Testacea collected on the northern coast of Australia, at Port Essington, and on the eastern coast from Cape York to Bass Strait, including the northern ports of Van Diemen's Land.

(*Footnote. An extensive collection of landshells was made at Madeira. They proved on examination to be all known species, including several of the rarer forms, and not a few of those discovered by the Reverend Mr. Lowe. They were compared with Madeiran specimens by Mr. Vernon Wollaston. When the Rattlesnake touched at the Azores on the return voyage, a few landshells were collected at Fayal. Among them was the Helix barbula, an Asturian species, Helix pauperata, and Bulimus variatus, Madeiran or Canarian forms. A considerable number of marine and terrestrial Testacea were procured at Rio de Janeiro, not a few of them new and of great interest. Terebratula rosea was dredged off Rio in thirteen fathoms water, on a coarse sandy bottom. Collections were also made at the Cape of Good Hope, at Mauritius and in the Falkland Isles. The radiata were gathered with as much care and their habitats recorded with as much attention as the Mollusca.)

It may here be remarked that the Molluscan fauna of the seas of North Australia and of the north-east coast from Cape York southwards to Sandy Cape, belongs to the great Indo-Pacific province, a zoological region extending from the east coast of Africa (from Port Natal or a little above, northwards to Suez) to Easter Island in the Pacific. But south of Sandy Cape and onwards to Van Diemen's Land (and apparently including New Zealand) we have a distinct (East)Australian province, marked by a peculiar fauna in many respects, representative of the Senegal, and perhaps also Lusitanian regions of the North Atlantic.

Proceeding in descending order we may first remark on the:

SHELLS OF SALT MARSHES.

As in the Northern hemisphere, Melampus or Convolvulus is the genus represented in such localities. Thus Auricula australis prevails in salt marshes at Brisbane Water, and an allied species in similar places in New Zealand. In both instances we find this form accompanied by members of a curious genus characteristic of the Australian province—Ampullacera, the Ampullacera quoyana being the Brisbane Water species, and A. avellana, that of New Zealand. In the latter case an Assiminea is its companion. A very curious fact noted during the expedition was the presence of a Unio living within the influence of salt water, in the River Brisbane.

SHELLS INHABIT MUD, ETC. AMONG MANGROVES.

These belong to the Indo-Pacific province. Some are found on the mangroves themselves. Such are the Littorina scabra, on the trunks and branches of mangroves among islets in Trinity Bay; a Phasianella inhabiting the trunks and branches of Rhizophora at the Percy Isles; a Littorina on the leaves of Aigaeceras fragrans at Port Curtis, Auricula angulata, and rugulata on the trunks of mangroves at Port Essington, and Monodonta viridis on their roots at Night Island; a new and very beautiful Ostrea was found on the roots of mangroves among Low Islets in Trinity Bay. In the last-named locality a Cytherea inhabited the mud around their roots. At the Three Islets several new species of Melampus, a Nerita and a Cyrena lived in a like habitat, and at Port Essington Cerithium kieneri, was found in the same situation. The fine Cyrena cyrenoides lives among the roots of mangroves in the Louisiade Archipelago.

LITTORAL ZONE.

Of the many living Gasteropoda taken in this region, very few are new species. Of Patelloid forms we have a new Fissurella and Parmophorus convexus at Port Dalrymple, accompanied by Haliotis naevosa, and species of Patella and Siphonaria. In the more tropical regions, Haliotis asinina and varia, another and distinct Patella, two Fissurellae and a Scutella were collected. Of convolute shells the littoral species gathered were all Indo-Pacific and inhabitants of mostly the coral-reef region, such as Cypraea arabica, annulus, isabella, errones and oryza, Conus magus, arenatus, achatinus, etc., Oliva cruentata, tremulina and ericinus, those of the last-named genus often living in sand. Bulla cylindrica occurred in sandy pools on the reef at Claremont Isles. Of Volutes, V. turneri lives on coral blocks at Port Essington, and V. undulata partially buried in sandbanks at Port Dalrymple. Conus maculosus is an inhabitant of the last-named locality. The Mitras found in the Littoral zone were all on the north-east coast, and well-known Indo-Pacific forms. A new Murex was taken on mud at Port Curtis. Fasciolaria coronata, Fusus alveolatus, and Triton verrucosus were found on the reefs at Port Dalrymple. Many species of Nassa, all known forms, were collected, mostly on mud in the Littoral zone, chiefly in the north-eastern province. Phos cyanostoma lives on muddy sand in the Trinity Bay islets, where also in similar situations is Terebra maculata and Pyramidella maculosa. Pyramidella auriscati is a littoral shell among the reefs of the Claremont Isles. Several Purpurae were taken on reefs and rocks at low-water; among them was P. textiliosa, a Port Dalrymple species. A Quoya lives on rocks being high-water mark in Lizard Island. Several Terebrae, including T. crenulata dimidiata and affinis, inhabit muddy sand among Pipon's Islets. The well-known Strombus luhuanus lives on sand among the reefs at Eagle Island. A Cerithium inhabits mud-flats at Port Molle and Pipon's Islets. Of the holostomatous gasteropods inhabiting the Littoral zone, the Naticae, mostly well-known species, were taken in sandy localities on the north-east coast, and the Neritae in the same province, mostly on rocks or reefs. Littorina pyramidalis and mauritiana are inhabitants of the rocky headlands of Broken Bay; other forms were collected at Port Curtis and at Port Dalrymple. At the last-named locality, Turbo undulatus, a new Risella, Monodonta constricta and buccata, and Trochus reticularis were taken on reefs. Littoral species of the same genera occurred on the north-east coast. A New Rissoa was found under stones at Night Island. Turbo squamosus and Trochus lentiginosus are inhabitants of the shore at Port Essington. In Broken Bay species of Bankivia and Scalaria were collected, cast dead on the shore.

The Acephala found living in the Littoral zone of the south-east Australian province were Cleidotherus chamoides, under rocks at low-water in Port Jackson; Mytilus erosus on the mud of zostera flats at Port Dalrymple, several species of Venus, Tapes, Cytherea in similar localities; Arca globata in the same habitat at Brisbane; Arca fuscata in reefs at Port Dalrymple; a new Tellina on mud at Port Phillip; another with Donax epidermia in sand at Broken Bay, and Clavagella australis on rocks at low-water, Port Jackson. Species of Pectunculus, Nucula, Pandora, Anatinella, Venus, Tellina (decussata and deltoidalis) and Mesodesma are thrown dead on the shores.

In the north and north-east Australian province the living littoral Acephala are Solens of which two new species were taken at Port Essington, Anomia australis, Anatina olerina, and another, new, in the same locality; species of Mytilus, Meleagrina and Pinna, Ostrea and Pecten (pyxidatus) Lima fragilis and squamosa, Hippopus and Tridacna, the former detached on coral reefs, the latter embedded in the coral, Corbis fimbriatus in sand among coral reefs; species of Venus, Cytherea, Circe, and Tapes in mud, Artemis sculpta at Port Essington on sand, Lucinae on sand or reefs, Crassatella on mudflats at Port Curtis, where Cypricardia vellicata occupies the fissures of rocks with Carditae; several species of Cardium in mud or sand, including C. fragum, C. subrugosum, and C. unedo; Sanguinolaria rugosa at Dunk Island; species of Mesodesma in sand, and Mactrae and Tellinae in mud; a new Psammobia at Port Essington as also a new Pholas that bores into coral. Other species, members of the same genera, are cast on shore dead.

REGION OF WEEDS EQUIVALENT TO THE LAMINARIAN REGION OF THE EUROPEAN SEAS.

Some seventeen or eighteen localities in this Bathymetrical province were explored by means of the dredge, varying in depth from one to seventeen fathoms. In the south-east Australian province the principal Gasteropoda procured were Bulla brevis, at Port Jackson, in 6 fathoms; Cyprea oryza, at Port Phillip, in 5 fathoms; Calyptraea connata, in 6 fathoms, Port Jackson, with Nassa suturalis, and another, a new Terebra, Monotigma casta, Mitra sordida, a Marginella, a Columbella, and Struthiolaria oblita. A Phasianella was dredged in from 3 to 5 fathoms on sandy mud, at Port Phillip, with Elenchus rutilus, Marginella fornicata, and Cerithium granarium. In the North-east Australian province, a different set of shells was dredged in similar depths, such as a Sigaretus, possibly new, Fissurella calyculata, Mitra obeliscus, a Turritella, a Murex, Columbella versicolor, and a new species off Cape York, Ranella pulchella, new, several Nassae, Phos senticosa and blainvillei, and sculptilis, in 3 and 5 fathoms, off Cape York; Strombus campbelli, in mud off Cape Upstart; Cerithium obeliscus, and a new species of the genus Obeliscus. In the deeper localities Cypraea fimbriata occurred, dead, off Cape Capricorn; and two species of Ranella, one being R. pusilla, in 17 fathoms, off the Percy Isles. The univalves dredged among the Louisiade Islands in this region of depth were mostly known forms, such as Conus betulinus, Oliva sanguinolenta, Mitra exasperata, Terebra maculata, consors and labiata; these were all taken in less than six fathoms water.

The bivalves of this region were but few. In the South Australian province species of Mactra, Psammobia, Venus, Tapes and Pecten, all peculiar, were taken. This is the region of the peculiar genus Myadora, of which five species were dredged on sand in 6 fathoms at Port Jackson, along with Myochama anomioides, Trigonia margaritacea, Lima bullata, and Cardium radiatum. In the North-east Australian province we have species of Donax, Mactra and Corbula, all apparently new, from the shallower localities; Corbula tunicata, Pectunculus tenuicostatus, and another, from 8 to 11 fathoms, off Cumberland Islands; species of Arca, Pectunculus, Avicula, Pecten, Venus, Circe, Cardium, Cardita, and Erycina, mostly new, from 15 to 17 fathoms in a sandy and shelly bottom off Cape Capricorn.

CORALLINE ZONE.

Some dredgings in both North and South-eastern provinces, in depths between twenty-seven and forty-five fathoms, give a slight idea of the fauna of this important region. In the South-eastern province we find in forty and forty-five fathoms on a muddy bottom in Bass Strait, Turritella sinuata, Trochus nebulosus, a Pleurotoma, an Emarginula, a Dentalium, two species of Cardita, a Cypricardia, a Venus, a Nucula, and Pectunculus holosericeus. In the North-eastern province we find off Cumberland Island in 27 fathoms, also on a muddy bottom, species of Murex, Nassa, Turritella, Ranella pusilla, a Fusus, Cancellaria antiquata, a Terebra, two Dentalia, a Natica, a Terebellum, a Scalaria, a Cardium, a Venus, a Nucula, a Pecten, and a Spondylus.

It is evident from the comparative paucity of undescribed species procured in the Littoral zone and the large proportion of new or doubtful forms among those taken by the dredge, that a rich harvest has yet to be reaped in the deeper regions of the southern seas. In the lower zones, however, just as much as in the upper, the distinctions of province are maintained. The explanation of this complete separation of the South-eastern marine fauna of Australia from that of the North-eastern or Indo-Pacific portion, may be explained by reference to the distribution of currents along the Australian shores. In both, as in the Bathymetrical regions of the South Atlantic, the Testacea of the depths are generally smaller and less brightly coloured than those inhabiting the shallows.

During this voyage notes of the habitats of considerably more than a thousand species of Mollusca and Echinodermata were carefully registered.

2. ENUMERATION OF TERRESTRIAL PULMONIFEROUS MOLLUSCA AS YET NOTICED IN AUSTRALIA.

The following Catalogue is founded on the monograph of Helicidae by Dr. Pfeiffer. To the species therein described are added certain new ones, announced by Pfeiffer since the publication of his work, and others, recorded for the first time in this volume. It will be seen that a great part of the Australian land-shells is as yet unfigured. The exact localities of not a few have to be determined; a precise record was kept of the place and circumstances under with each was found during the voyage of the Rattlesnake. From all we yet know the genus Helix is fairly represented in New Holland, and presents some very remarkable and peculiar forms; Bulimus has but few, and those (with the sole exception of B. atomatus) not remarkable Australian members; a single Pupa, closely resembling one of our commonest European species, is the only recorded Australian one; and a very remarkable addition to the terrestrial conchology of the southern hemisphere has been made in a Balea of a type unlike any other member of the genus.

HELIX.

1. H. falconari, Reeve. (Conch. Syst. t. 163, f. 4). Locality: Bellingen River, in the brushes (Macgillivray).

2. H. irradiata, Gould. Locality: New South Wales.

3. H. australis, Menke. Locality: Swan River.

4. H. georgiana, Quoy and Gaimard. Locality: King George's Sound.

5. H. novae hollandiae, Gray. Locality: Macquarie River.

6. H. jervisensis, Quoy and Gaimard. (Voyage Astr. 2 t. 10, f 26-30). Locality: Jervis Bay (Quoy and Gaimard). Brisbane Water, under logs in dry, stony, and scrubby ground (Macgillivray).

7. H. subgranosa, Le Guillou. Locality: North Australia.

8. H. capillacea, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 82, f. 5). Locality: Port Jackson (Ferussac).

9. H. jacksoniensis, Gray. Locality: Port Jackson. May not this be H. nitida introduced ?

10. H. walkeri, Gray. Locality: New Holland.

11. H. gilberti, Pfeiffer. Locality: Darling Downs, East Australia (Gilbert). Brisbane Water, under logs in the brushes (Macgillivray).

12. H. splendidula, Pfeiffer. (Chemnitz, ed. 2nd, t. 85, f. 1-3.) Locality: Eastern Australia, near Torres Strait (Ince). Blackwood Bay, and Restoration Island (Brit. Mus.)

13. H. ziczac, Gould. Locality: New South Wales.

14. H. grayi, Pfeiffer. Locality: East Australia.

15. H. macrodon, Menke. (Fer. as M. duclosiana. Hist. t. 51 A, f. 6). Locality: New Holland.

16. H. vitracea, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 64, f. 5). Locality: New Holland ? (Beck).

17. H. lessoni, Pfeiffer. Locality: Under bark of Eucalypti, coming out after rain, at Port Curtis (Macgillivray).

18. H. tortulus, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 27, f. 3, 4). Locality: New Holland. Port Essington and North-West coast of Australia (Brit. Mus.)

19. H. Dringi, Pfeiffer. Locality: East Coast of Australia, near Torres Strait (Dring).

20. H. sinclairi, Pfeiffer. Locality: Van Diemen's Land (Sinclair).

21. H. semicastanea, Pfeiffer. (Chemnitz, Ed. 2nd, t. 56, f. 3-5). Locality: "Unknown, probably New Holland," Pfeiffer.

22. H. bipartita, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 75 A, f. 1). Locality: At the roots of trees and bushes in Lizard Island, and at Cape York (Macgillivray). Restoration Island (Brit. Mus.)

23. H. pomum, Pfeiffer. (Phil. Icon. Helix, t. 2. f. 8). Locality: Port Essington, about roots of trees (Macgillivray). This appears to be H. sphaeroidea, Le Guillou (H. urvillei, Homb. et Jacq. Voyage au Pole Sud. Moll. t. 3, f. 1-3) of which Pfeiffer remarks, "an varietas praecedentis?"

24. H. janellei, Le Guillou. Locality: North Australia.

25. H. leptogramma, Pfeiffer. Locality: Cygnet Bay, in North Australia (Ince).

26. H. incei, Pfeiffer. (Phil. Icon. Helix, t. 7, f. 3). Locality: Percy Isles, under bark; Port Molle, and Keppel's Isles, in hollow trees (Macgillivray).

27. H. prunum, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 26, f. 7, 8). Locality: Australia ?

28. H. pelodes, Pfeiffer. (Chemnitz, Ed. 2nd, t. 58, f. 6, 7). Locality: Port Essington, on trunks of melaleuca trees (Macgillivray).

29. H. pedestris, Gould. Locality: New South Wales.

30. H. similaris, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 25 B, f. 1-4). Locality: Under decaying logs in the Frankland Isles, chiefly dead (Macgillivruy). This species appears to be most widely diffused. It is recorded from the West lndies and Brazil, Java, the Seychelles and Mauritius, and Bengal and China! This is the first announcement of it as an Australian shell. Does it make its way about on floating timber?

31. H. delessertiana, Le Guillou (H. torresii, Homb. et Jacq. Voyage au Pole Sud. Moll. t. 4, f. 24-27). Locality: Warrior Island, Torres Strait (Le Guillou, etc.) Nogo Island, Endeavour Strait, at roots of grass (Macgillivray).

32. H. gulosa, Gould. Locality: New South Wales.

33. H. tuckeri, Pfeiffer. (Chemnitz, Ed. 2nd, Helix, t. 79, f. 10-12). Locality: Under dead leaves at roots of trees in Sunday Island (Macgillivray). The original recorded habitat was Sir Charles Hardy's Islands, where also Mr. Macgillivray round it in 1844. As Pfeiffer suspects, H. cyclostomata of Le Guillou (H. strangulata, Homb. et Jacq. Voyage au Pole Sud. Moll. t. 6, f. 1-4), is this species; from Warrior Island, Torres Strait.

34. H. cunninghami, Gray. (Griffith, An. Kingd. t. 36, f. 4). Locality: Darling Downs, New South Wales (Macgillivray); brushes near Wide Bay (Strange).

35. H. taranaki, Gray. (Chemnitz, Ed. 2, t. 75, f. 4, 5). Locality: Possession Island, Torres Strait (Ince). The following are not enumerated as Australian in the first edition of Pfeiffer's Monograph:

36. H. strangei, Pfeiffer. Locality: At Brisbane Water, New South Wales, under logs in the brushes (Macgillivray).

37. H. dupuyana, Pfeiffer. (Chemnitz, Ed. 2nd, Helix, t. 124, f. 15, 16). Locality: Bellingen River, in the brushes (Macgillivray).

38. H. pachystyla, Pfeiffer. Locality: Facing Island, Port Curtis; Dunk Island; Cape Upstart, at roots of bushes; Wide Bay, under bark of Eucalyptus resinifera (Macgillivray). This fine species was originally recorded as a native of New Zealand; was not the supposed habitat a mistake?

39. H. yulei, Forbes. (Voyage Rattlesnake, t. 2, f. 6). Locality: Port Molle (Macgillivray).

40. H. iuloidea, Forbes. (Voyage Rattlesnake, t. 2, f. 4). Locality: Port Molle (Macgillivray).

41. H. ptycomphala, Pfeiffer. Locality: Roots of trees among dead leaves at Cape Upstart (Macgillivray).

42. H. dunkiensis, Forbes. (Voyage Rattlesnake, t. 2, f. 7.) Locality: Dunk Island (Macgillivray).

43. H. macgillivrayi, Forbes. (Voyage Rattlesnake, t. 3, f. 1). Locality: Frankland Isles (Macgillivray).

44. H. franklandiensis, Forbes. (Voyage Rattlesnake, t. 2, f. 2). Locality: Frankland Isles and Lizard Island (Macgillivray).

45. H. inconspicua, Forbes. (Voyage Rattlesnake, t. 2, f. 3). Locality: Islet in Trinity Bay (Macgillivray).

46. H. brevipila, Pfeiffer. (Chemnitz, Ed. 2, Helix t. 124, f. 28-30). Locality: Under dead leaves at roots of trees in Sunday Island (Macgillivray).

47. H. fraseri, Gray. (Beechey's Voyage Zool. t. 38, f. 6). Locality: Wide Bay and Clarence River, New South Wales, in the scrubs (Macgillivray). The true locality of this species—first given by Beck—is thus verified.

48. H. gaertneriana, Pfeiffer. Locality: Night Island, on trunks and branches of a Bombax (Macgillivray).

49. H. sericatula, Pfeiffer. Locality: Port Jackson (Strange).

BULIMUS.

1. B. faba, Martyn. (Reeve Conch. Syst. t. 175, f. 13, 14). Locality: Australian Isles ? A Polynesian species.

2. B. tuckeri, Pfeiffer. Locality: Inhabits most of the islands on the North-East coast of Australia. Among dead leaves at the roots of trees and bushes in Fitzroy, Sunday, and Lizard Islands, and at roots of grass in Sir Charles Hardy's Islands (Macgillivray).

3. B. dufresnii, Leach. (Fer. Hist, t. 3. f. 1-3). Locality: Van Diemen's Land. Under logs and stones (Macgillivray).

4. B. atomatus, Gray. (Reeve Conch. Icon. Bulimus, t. 30, f. 184). Locality: New South Wales (Macgillivray). Western Australia (Brit. Mus.)

5. B. kingii, Gray. (Wood, Suppl. t. 7, f. 27). Locality: Bald Head, King George Sound (King).

6. B. trilineatus, Quoy and Gaimard. (Voyage Astr. 2, t. 9, f. 1-3). Locality: Bald Head, King George Sound (Quoy and Gaimard). "Varietas praecedentis esse videtur." Pfeiffer.

7. B. rhodostomus, Gray. Locality: New Holland ?

8. B. indutus, Menke. Locality: Darling Range and Mount Eliza, Swan River (Priess).

9. B. melo, Quoy and Gaimard. Voyage Astr. 2 t. 9, f. 4-7.) Locality: Bald Head, King George's Sound (Quoy and Gaimard).

10. B. bulla, Menke. Locality: Darling Range, Western Australia (Priess.)

11. B. inflatus, Lamarck. (Delessert Recueil. t. 28, f. 1). Locality: New Holland (Lamarck.) New Zealand (Beck).

12. B. obtusus, Reeve. (Conch. Icon. t. 79, f. 583). Locality: Australia.

PUPA.

1. P. pacifica, Pfeiffer. Locality: "Sir Charles Hardy's Islands (Tucker)," Pfeiffer—where Mr. Macgillivray also found it about roots of grass and bushes in 1844. Under dead leaves at roots of trees in Sunday Island, and Lizard Island (Macgillivray).

BALEA. 1. B. australis, Forbes. (Voyage Ratt1esnake, t. 2, f. 9). Locality: Port Molle (Macgillivray).

VITRINA.

1. V. cuvieri, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 9, f. 8, and t. 9 A, f. 1, 2). Locality: Australia.

2. V. freycineti, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 9 A, f. 3, 4, 9, and t. 9 B, f. 2). Locality: Port Jackson.

3. V. robusta, Gould. Locality: East coast of New Holland.

4. V. nigra, Quoy and Gaimard. (Voyage Astr. 2 t. 11, f. 8, 9). Locality: Port Western and King George Sound (Quoy and Gaimard).

5. V. strangei, Pfeiffer. Locality: Under logs in the brushes at Brisbane Water, New South Wales (Macgillivray).

6. V. verreauxii, Pfeiffer. Locality: Australia (Verreaux).

SUCCINEA.

1. S. australis, Ferussac. (Hist. t. 11, f. 11). Locality: Australian Isles. Van Diemen's Land (Quoy and Gaimard). Mount Eliza, Swan River (Priess, apud Menke).

HELICINA.

1. H. gouldiana, Forbes. (Voyage Ratt1esnake, t. 3, f. 3). Locality: In the Two Isles on the North-East coast of Australia (Macgillivray).

1. P. bilinguis, Pfeiffer. Locality: About roots of trees among leaves at Cape York (Macgillivray). Blackwood Bay, and Restoration Island (Brit. Mus.)

2. P. thomsoni, Forbes. (Voyage Rattlesnake, t. 3, f. 2). Locality: Fitzroy Island (Macgillivray).

CYCLOSTOMA.

1. C. australe, Gray. Locality: New Holland.

2. C. vitreum, Less. (Sowerby, Thes. Conch. t. 30, f. 252). Locality: Dunk Island, Frankland Isles, Green Island, on leaves and trunks of trees (Macgillivray). New Ireland (Hinds).

3. C. bilabre, Menke. Locality: East coast of New Holland (Lehmann).

4. C. fimbriatum, Lamarck. (Delessert Receuil. t. 29, f. 12). Locality: New Holland.

5. C. multilabris, Lamarck. (Delessert Receuil. t. 29, f. 14). Locality: New Holland. Sowerby considers this to be a monstrosity (of what?)

...

3. DESCRIPTIONS OF S0ME NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS, DISCOVERED DURING THE VOYAGE OF THE RATTLESNAKE.

Relu brumeriensis. Tab. 2 fig. 1. a, b.

Testa imperforata, globosa-conoidea, crassa, laevigata (sub lente granulato-striata) alba, ad aperturam nigra; spira obtusa, conoidea; anfractus 4, convexiusculi, rapide accrescentes, ultimus basi subcompressus; apertura per-obliqua, oblonga, intus alba; peristoma late reflexum, nigrum. Diam. maj. 28, min. 23, alt. 23, millem. (Mus. Brit.)

This remarkable shell resembles a dwarf H. haemastoma in shape; it is of a porcelain white except at the aperture, which has a broad reflexed lip of a deep brown-black hue, both within and without. It is a very interesting species, indicative of the Indian affinities of the New Guinea fauna. A single specimen was taken in August 1849, on a breadfruit tree in Brumer Island, South-East coast of New Guinea.