The King and Privy Council, although they approved of the levy by the Governor and the Council, did not venture to grant them that power by royal proclamation. They instructed Lord Howard, however, in his commission of 1683, to propose for passage in the Assembly a law similar to that of 1662.[977] Accordingly, in 1684, Effingham placed the matter before the Burgesses and told them that it was the King's desire that they give their consent. But they ignored his message, and the Governor could not press the matter at that time. In the next session, however, he became more insistent. "I must remind you," he told the Burgesses, "of what was omitted in ye last Assembly ... that a Law may passe whereby His Majesty's Governor with ye advice of ye Council may be empowered to lay a levy."[978] But the Burgesses would not yield. "The House," they replied, "... do humbly signifye to your Excellency, that they can noe waies concede to or comply with that proposition, without apparent and signal violation of ye great trust with them reposed."[979] And when Effingham urged them to reconsider their action, they passed a resolution unanimously refusing to relinquish this their greatest privilege.

After the prorogation of the Assembly, Lord Howard wrote home his complaints against the stubborn Burgesses. "Your Lordships," he said, "will ... find their total denyal that the Governor and Council should have any power to lay the least Levy to ease the necessity of soe frequent Assemblys.... This was propounded by mee to them before his Majesty's Instructions came to my hand that I should,... but nothing would prevail nor I beleeve will, unless his Majesty's special command therein."[980]

A long and acrimonious quarrel occurred over the quit-rents. Because of the lack of specie in the colony, it had always been necessary to collect this tax, when it was collected at all, in tobacco. In March, 1662, the Assembly had passed a law fixing the rate of payment at two pence a pound, which was then not far from the current price. But the decline in value of the commodity which had occurred since 1662, had resulted in a great diminution in the tax.

In July, 1684, the King wrote Effingham that he had taken over all the rights of Arlington and Culpeper to the quit-rents, and announced it his intention to use them for the support of the Virginia government. He directed the Governor to secure the repeal of the law of 1662 and to forbid all payments in tobacco. "You must ... impower," he wrote, "the Officers of our Revenue to collect (them) ... according to ye reservation of 2s per every hundred acres ... to be paid in specie, that is in Mony."[981]

As tobacco sold, in 1684, at a half penny a pound, this order, had it been put into operation, would have quadrupled the value of the quit-rents, and increased materially the burdens of the planters. The Burgesses, in alarm, petitioned the Governor to allow the old arrangement to continue, declaring that the lack of specie made it impossible to comply with the King's order. And they refused to repeal the law of March, 1662.

Displeased at their obstinacy, the King, in August, 1686, nullified the law by proclamation. "Being now informed," he declared, "that several persons goe about to impede our Service ... by imposing bad tobacco upon our collectors at the rate of 2d per llb, under pretence of an Act of Assembly of March 30, 1662, ... Wee have thought fit to Repeal the said Act."[982]

Even then the Burgesses resisted. At the session of 1686 they petitioned on behalf of all the freeholders of the colony that the quit-rents should be paid as formerly. To make payment in specie, they declared, would not only be ruinous, but utterly impossible.[983] So angered were they and so determined not to obey, that Effingham found it expedient to consent to a compromise. It was agreed that the tax should be collected in tobacco as before, but at the rate of one penny per pound, which, as Effingham said, was not ad valorum. Thus the only result of this long quarrel was to double the value of the quit-rents, and to add greatly to the burdens of the impoverished and discontented people.[984]

Even more bitter was the contest over the so-called Bill of Ports. This measure was designed to remedy the scattered mode of living in Virginia, by appointing certain places as ports of landing and shipment, and confining to them all foreign trade. Throughout the seventeenth century almost all shipping was done from private wharves. The country was so interspersed with rivers, inlets and creeks, deep enough to float the largest vessels, that ports were entirely unnecessary. Each planter dealt directly with the merchants, receiving English manufactured goods almost at his front door, and lading the ships with tobacco from his own warehouse. This system, so natural and advantageous, seemed to the English Kings, and even to the colonists, a sign of unhealthful conditions. More than once attempts had been made to force the people to build towns and to discontinue the desultory plantation trade.

In 1679, Culpeper was ordered to propose a law in the Assembly requiring the erection of towns on each great river, to which all foreign trade should be confined. Accordingly, in 1680, a Bill of Ports was passed. "Wee are now grown sensible," wrote Secretary Spencer, "that our present necessities, and too much to be doubted future miseries, are much heightened by our wild and rambling way of living, therefore are desirous of cohabitation, in order whereunto in ye late Assembly an Act was made appointing a town in every County, where all Goods imported are to be landed, and all Goods exported to be shipt off. And if this takes effect, as its hoped it may, Virginia will then go forward which of late years hath made a retrograde motion."[985]

But this attempt ended in dismal failure. In 1681, when the shipmasters came to the appointed ports, they found that no shelter had been constructed for their goods. Thinking the law nullified, or not yet in operation, they traded as usual from private wharves. For this breach of the law, some of them were prosecuted in the colonial courts, to their own great loss and to the inconvenience of many of the planters.[986] Loud wrangling and bitter animosities resulted throughout the colony, and at length the King was compelled to suspend the law.[987]

In the Assembly of 1685 it was proposed to enact another Bill of Ports. Accordingly an act was drafted in the House of Burgesses and, in due time, sent up for the approval of the Council. The upper house, after making several alterations, consented to the bill and returned it to the Burgesses. The latter agreed to most of the changes, but struck out a clause restricting the towns to two upon each river, and added an amendment permitting one port to a county.[988] The Council in turn yielded, but inserted a new clause, "That there should bee ffees ascertained on Goods exported and imported for the support of those Officers which should bee obliged to reside in those Ports".[989] As "there was noe room in ye margint to write ye alteration ... it was wrote in a piece of paper and affixt to ye Act".[990] When the bill came back to the House, Major Robert Beverley, who was again the clerk of the Assembly, acting it would seem upon his own initiative, tore off the paper containing this amendment. The bill then came before the House apparently assented to without change and was returned by them for the signature of the Governor and the Councillors. Neither Effingham nor any of the Council noticed the omission, and thinking their amendment had been accepted, signed the bill.[991] Thereupon it was engrossed, and sent up for the final signature of the Governor. But Effingham in reading the engrossed copy, discovered the omission, and refused to affix his name to the bill, claiming that it "was not engrost as assented to" by him and the Council.[992] "To which," wrote the Governor, "they sent mee word that the Bill could admit of noe alteration or amendment after it was attested by the Clerk of the General Assembly as assented to, and that it had by that the force of a Law.... I sent them word again that though any bill was assented to by mee and the Council, yet if I should afterwards perseive it would prove prejudicial ... I had power to refuse the signing of it by vertue of His Majesty's negative voice.... But all would not persuade them out of their obstinacy, nay tho' I offered to lay that Bill aside till His Majesty's pleasure should bee known therein; And to sign all the others.... But nothing would please them but Invading, if not destroying, His Majesty's Prerogative." The Burgesses declared that they did not contest the Governor's right to the veto, but contended that when once he signed a bill, "it could not faile of having ye force of a Law".[993] Effingham, they complained, was claiming a "double negative Voice". So angry did they become that they refused to apportion the levy for defraying the public charges, and after many days of bitter contention the Governor was forced to prorogue them.

"I did not disolve them," he wrote the Privy Council, "for these reasons. Because if his Majesty shall think fitt to have them dissolved, it will bee soe great a rebuke to them, when done by his Majesty's special command, that I hope it will deter them for the future to bee soe obstinate and peevish."[994] Accordingly, in August, 1686, the King wrote the Governor, "Whereas, we have been informed of ye irregular and tumultuous proceedings of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, at their late meeting, the members thereof having ... presumed so far as to raise contests touching ye power of ye Negative Voice ... which wee cannot attribute to any other Cause then the disaffected & unquiet Dispositions of those Members.... Wee have thought fitt hereby as a mark of our displeasure ... to Charge ... you forthwith to Dissolve the present Assembly."[995]

When this order reached Virginia the Assembly was again in session. "After I had passed the Acts," wrote Effingham, "I ordered His Majesty's Letter to bee publickly read to them, and then Dissolved them ... and told them they were the first Assembly which had been soe dissolved and I hoped they would bee the last that should deserve it. I ordered copies of his Majesty's Letter to bee sent to the several County-Courts, that all the Inhabitants might know how displeasing such proceedings were to his Majesty."[996] "And now," he added, "the public debts being paid,... I shall not for the future have soe frequent Assemblys."[997]

More damaging to the Burgesses than this rebuke was the loss of the right to elect their own clerk. "I was severely angry with their Clerk," declared Effingham, "that he durst omit ye least clause, especially soe material an one ... I sent to the Assembly to make him an example for it, But they rather maintained him."[998] Some months later the King sent orders that Beverley be tried for defacing the records and that he be once more deprived of all offices. Probably because of his great popularity, Beverley was never brought to trial, but he was forced to relinquish his lucrative governmental posts.[999] In May, 1686, Nicholas Spencer wrote the Committee of Trade and Plantations, advocating the appointment of the clerk by the Governor. "I ... beg leave to present," he said, "how necessary it is ... that the clerk of the House ... bee commissionated by his Majesty's Governour ... and that his salary be appointed unto him out of his Majesty's revenue. This will take off his dependency on his great masters the House of Burgesses, and leave noe room for designed omissions."[1000] Nothing loath, the King, in August, 1686, wrote Lord Howard, "Wee ... require you ... upon the Convening of the Assembly to appoint a fit person to execute the Office of Clerk of the House of Burgesses, & not to permit upon any pretense whatsoever any other person to execute ye said Office but such as shall bee soe chosen by you."[1001]

Accordingly, at the session of April, 1688, the Governor, with the approbation of the Council, appointed Captain Francis Page as clerk of the House.[1002] The Burgesses could but yield, but they told Effingham that the clerk was still their servant and ought to take the usual oath of secrecy. "I do declare," replied the Governor, "it was never my intention nor my desire that the Clerk should be as a spy upon your Actions and to declare to me your private Debates." It was therefore agreed that he should take the following oath: "You shall keep secret all private Debates of the said House of Burgesses."[1003] Despite this, it was quite evident that the House was no longer to be master of its own clerk, and that he was to be in the future, to some extent at least, an emissary of the enemy seated in their midst.

The resolute and vigilant defense of the constitutional rights of Virginia made by the House in this the critical period of her history is deserving of the highest praise, because it was made in the face of vigorous personal attacks by Effingham upon the most active of the members. Every Burgess that voted against the measures proposed by the King or advocated by his Governor, exposed himself not only to removal from office, but to active persecution. As we have seen, Mr. William Sherwood and Colonel Thomas Milner, for forwarding to the Privy Council the address of the Burgesses in 1684, had been dismissed from office.[1004] "In ye year 1686 Mr. Arthur Allen & Mr. John Smith, who were Burgesses in ye year 1685, were turned out of all imployment Civill & Military to Mr. Allen's great damage, he being a surveyor of land at that tyme."[1005] I have displaced Allen, wrote Effingham, because he was "a great promoter of those differences between mee and the Assembly concerning the King's negative Voice ... as not thinking it fitt that those who are peevishly opposite to his Majesty's interest should have any advantage by his favor".[1006] "In the year 1688 Mr. William Anderson, a member of ye Assembly in that year was soon after the Assembly by the Governor's order and Command put in ye Common goale and there detained 7 months, without Tryal, though often prayed for, and several courts past in ye time of his imprisonment. Nor could he obtain ye benefit of habeas corpus upon his humble petition.... Mr. Charles Scarburgh, a member of that Assembly, alsoe was, soon after ye Assembly, turned out of all imployment and as a mark of his Lordship's displeasure, a command was sent to ye clerk of ye county to raze his name out of ye records as a Justice of Peace."[1007] "From whence," it was declared, "the people conclude these severities are inflicted rather as a terrour to others than for any personall crimes of their owne, and is of such ruinous consequence that either the public or particular interests must fall, for if none oppose, the country must languish under the severity of the government, or fly into a mutiny to save themselves from starving. If any do appear more zealous in prosecuting the countries complaints they know what to expect. It being observable that none has been thus punisht but those who were forward in the assembly to oppose the encroachments on the people, and promote the complaint to England, being out of hope of relief on the place."[1008]

One is inclined to ask, when considering the incessant quarrels of the Governor and the Burgesses, why Lord Howard was less successful than Governor Berkeley had been in gaining an ascendency over the Assembly. During the Restoration Period the Burgesses had worked in entire harmony with Sir William, even when he advocated the oppressive measures that were so instrumental in bringing on Bacon's Rebellion. Effingham, on the other hand, found himself continually embroiled with the Assemblymen, and unable to force them into submission even with rebukes and persecution.

The explanation must be sought partly in the different characters of the two Governors. Berkeley was an abler man than Lord Howard, more tactful, more capable of utilizing the weapons at hand. His method of overwhelming the legislators with favors was more effective in winning their support than intimidation and threats. Moreover, Sir William, himself a Virginian by his long residence in the colony, carried out only his own policies, and by methods that did not openly assail the charter rights of the people. Effingham, on the other hand, was the instrument of the English King and his Councillors in an assault upon representative government in the colony. It was but natural that all classes, even the wealthy planters, should resist him with stubborn resolution. Nor was it possible for Effingham to control, as Sir William had done, the elections of Burgesses. The opposition of many sheriffs, whose duty it was to preside at the polls, to the administration, the greater vigilance of the House, and the independent spirit of the commons conspired to render the returns more accurate and the House more responsive to the will of the people. Finally, the poor planters found now, what they had lacked during the Restoration Period, cultured and able men to represent them in the Assembly. Without the aggressive leadership of Major Robert Beverley, Thomas Milner, Colonel Ballard, and other prominent planters, the cause of the people might have been lost.

Even in the Council the commons had one staunch friend—Colonel Philip Ludwell. This restless man, who was unable to work in harmony with any Governor save Sir William Berkeley, sympathized with his old friends of the Green Spring faction in their resistance to Effingham. As early as 1684 he had aroused the Governor's suspicion by arguing in Council "for the undutiful Address which was sent to his Majesty",[1009] and during the sessions of 1685 and 1686 it was thought that he was "an Instrument in Abbetting and formenting those Disputes & Exceptions the Assembly soe insisted on".[1010]

Soon after, the Governor's distrust was heightened by two acts of favor shown by Ludwell to leaders of the opposition in the House of Burgesses. When ordered to oust Major Allen from his surveyor's place, he gave it to "Major Swan, one altogether as troublesom as the other & that only for the use of Allen". Upon receiving information that the King had declared Major Beverley "uncapable of any public imployment ... hee presently gives his Surveyor's place, the best in the Country to his Son".[1011] In the spring of 1686 the Governor made one last attempt to win Ludwell over from the people's cause. "I did," he wrote, "on the death of Colonel Bridger ... give him a collector's place, in hopes to have gained him by it."[1012] But Ludwell, unaffected by this attempted bribery, continued his active opposition to the arbitrary and illegal conduct of the Governor. At last, during the session of Assembly of 1686, there occurred an open breach. "His Lordship flew into a great rage and told ... Ludwell he had formerly made remarks upon him, and that if he did not look the better to himself he should shortly suspend him from the Council."[1013] Early in 1687 this threat was put into effect,[1014] and the troublesome Councillor was for the second time deprived of his seat. But this persecution, which the people believed to be directed against Ludwell for his support of their cause, brought him into great popularity throughout the colony and made him the acknowledged leader of the opposition to the administration. In the elections for the Assembly of 1688 he was chosen by the freeholders of James City county to represent them in the House of Burgesses.[1015] Effingham, however, would not allow him to take his seat, producing a clause from his commission which forbade suspended Councillors to become members of the Assembly.[1016] Despite this exclusion, Ludwell could and did, by conferences with individual members, influence the actions of the House and lead them in their fight against the Governor.

The most important task that confronted the Burgesses when they assembled in 1688 was to call the Governor to account for many burdensome fees which he had imposed upon the people by executive order. First in importance was "a fee of 200 pounds of tobacco for the Seal affixed to Patents & other public instruments".[1017] This the Burgesses considered a tax imposed without the authority or consent of the Assembly, and consequently destructive of the most cherished rights of the people. Moreover, it had, they claimed, deterred many from using the seal and had greatly impeded the taking up of land. They also protested against a fee demanded by the "Master of the Escheat Office of L5 or 1000lbs tobacco", and to one of thirty pounds of tobacco required by the Secretary for recording surveys of land.[1018] "This House," they declared, "upon Examination of the many grievous Complaints ... (have) been fully convinced and made sensible that many unlawful and unwarrantable fees and other dutyes have been, under colour of his Majesty's Royal authority, unjustly imposed ... & that divers new unlawful, unpresidented & very burthensom and grievous wayes & devises have been of late made use of to the great impoverishing Vexing and utter undoeing of many of his Majesties Subjects of this his Dominion."[1019]

The Burgesses were also deeply concerned at an instance of the unwarrantable use of the royal prerogative. In 1680 an act had been passed concerning attorneys. Two years later, before the act had received the royal assent, it had been repealed by the Assembly. Later the King, by proclamation, had made void the act of 1682, and the Governor had insisted that this revived the law of 1680. Against this, the Burgesses in 1688 entered a vigorous protest. "A Law," they declared, "may as well Receive its beginning by proclamation as such revivall.... Some Governor may be sent to Govern us who under the pretense of the liberty he hath to construe prerogative and stretch it as far as he pleaseth may by proclamation Revive all the Lawes that for their great Inconveniences to the Country have been Repeal'd through forty years since."[1020]

The Burgesses drew up a long paper, setting forth their many grievances, with the intention of presenting it to the Governor. They first, however, requested the Council to join them in their demand for redress. This the Council with some sharpness, refused to do. We are apprehensive, they replied, that the grievances "proceed from petulent tempers of private persons and that which inclines us the rather so to take them is from the bitterness of the Expressions".[1021] Judging the Governor's temper from this reply of the Councillors, the Burgesses relinquished hope of redress from the executive and determined to petition the King himself. An humble address was drawn up, entrusted to Colonel Philip Ludwell and delivered by him at Windsor, in September, 1688, into the hands of James II. Before it could be considered, however, William of Orange had landed in England and King James had been overthrown.[1022]

In the meanwhile a crisis in Virginia had been approaching rapidly. The people felt that their religion, as well as their liberties, was menaced by the rule of James II. In 1685, the King had directed Effingham "to permit a Liberty of Conscience to all persons", that would "bee contented with a quiet and peaceable enjoyment of it, not giving offence or scandal".[1023] The people of Virginia understood well enough that this order was dictated, not by considerations of liberality, but by James' determination to favor the Catholic church. The feeling of uneasiness was increased when, in 1688, Effingham, declaring it no longer necessary for the Burgesses to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, admitted a Catholic to the Assembly.[1024]

In October, 1688, James sent word to the Governor of the impending invasion of the Prince of Orange and commanded him to place Virginia in a posture of defense.[1025] Immediately the colony was thrown into the wildest excitement, and, for a time, it seemed probable that the people would attempt the expulsion of Effingham. "Unruly and unorderly spiritts," the Governor afterwards testified, "laying hold of the motion of affairs, and that under the pretext of religion,... betook themselves to arms."[1026] Wild rumors spread through the colony that the Papists of Maryland were conspiring with the Senecas to fall upon Virginia and cut off all Protestants in a new Saint Bartholomew's Eve.[1027] The frontiersmen along the upper courses of the Rappahannock and the Potomac "drawing themselves into parties upon their defense", were "ready to fly in the face of ye government. Soe that matters were ... tending to a Rebellion." However, the news of William's easy victory and the flight of James restored quiet to the colony. On February the nineteenth, 1689, the Privy Council wrote the Governor that William and Mary had ascended the throne of England,[1028] and a few weeks later their Majesties were proclaimed at Jamestown with solemnity and thanksgiving.[1029]

The Glorious Revolution was a victory for liberty even more important to Virginia than to England. It brought to an end those attacks of the English government upon the representative institutions of the colony that had marked the past ten years. It confirmed to the people the rights that had been guaranteed them, through a long series of patents dating back as far as 1606, and rendered impossible for all time the illegal oppressions of such men as Harvey, Berkeley, Culpeper and Effingham. Other Governors of despotic disposition were yet to rule Virginia—Nicholson, Andros, Dunmore—but it was impossible for them to resort to the tyrannical methods of some of their predecessors. The English Revolution had weakened permanently the control of the British government over the colony, and consequently the power of the Governor.

The advance of liberalism which was so greatly accelerated both in England and in America by the events of 1688 was halted in the mother country in the middle of the eighteenth century. But Virginia and the other colonies were not greatly affected by the reaction upon the other side of the Atlantic. Here the power of the people grew apace, encountering no serious check, until it came into conflict with the sullen Toryism of George III. Then it was that England sought to stifle the liberalism of the colonies, and revolution and independence resulted.

The changed attitude of the Privy Council towards Virginia was made immediately apparent by the careful consideration given the petition of the Burgesses. Had James remained upon the throne it is probable that it, like the address of 1684, would have been treated with neglect and scorn. But William received Ludwell graciously, listened to his plea "on behalf of the Commons of Virginia", and directed the Committee of Trade and Plantations to investigate the matter and to see justice done.[1030]

Effingham, who had been called to England upon private business, appeared before the Committee to defend his administration and to refute Ludwell's charges. Despite his efforts, several articles of the petition were decided against him, and the most pressing grievances of the people redressed. The "Complaint touching the fee of 200lbs of tobacco and cask", it was reported, "imposed by my Lord Howard for affixing the Great Seal to Patents ... in regard it was not regularly imposed ... the committee agree to move his Majesty the same be discontinued".[1031] Similarly their Lordships declared in favor of abolishing the fee of thirty pounds of tobacco required for registering surveys. The article touching the revival of repealed laws by proclamation was referred to the consideration of the Attorney-General and the Solicitor-General. These officers gave it as their opinion that his Majesty did have the right, by repealing acts of repeal, to revive laws, but the committee agreed to move the King that the Act of Attorneys should be made void by proclamation.[1032]

This was a signal victory for the Burgesses, but Ludwell, who had personal scores to settle with the Governor, did not let matters drop here. After the lapse of several months he appeared once more before the Committee with charges against Effingham of misgovernment and oppression.[1033] Referring to the quarrel over the Bill of Ports, in 1685, he accused him of exercising "two negative voices". He complained bitterly of his attacks upon those Burgesses that had opposed him in the Assembly, and of his abuse of the power of suspending Councillors. The money arising from fort duties, he said, which had formerly been accounted for to the Assembly, had, during Effingham's administration, "been diverted to other uses". The Governor had established new courts of judicature contrary to the wishes of the people.

These persistent attacks of Ludwell resulted in another victory, for the Committee decided that Effingham should no longer rule the colony. He was not displaced as Governor-General, but he was commanded to remain in England, and to leave the control of the administration to a Lieutenant-Governor. This, doubtless, was not unsatisfactory to Lord Howard, for he retained a part of his salary and was relieved of all the work and responsibility of his office. The Lieutenant-Governorship was given to Captain Francis Nicholson.[1034]

Thus the colony emerged triumphant from the Critical Period. It is true the House of Burgesses had lost many privileges—the right to elect its own clerk, the right to receive judicial appeals, the right to control all revenues,—but they had retained within their grasp that all-important power—the levying of general taxes. And they had gained greatly in political experience. Long years of watchfulness, of resistance to encroachments upon their rights, had moulded them into a body that the most cunning executive could neither cajole nor intimidate. Unmindful of the anger of Governors, the rebukes of Kings, of personal loss, even of imprisonment, they had upheld the people's rights. And their descendants were to reap the reward of their faithfulness. The traditions of ability, probity and heroism established by the men of the Critical Period made possible that long and honorable career of the House of Burgesses and the important role it was to play in winning independence for America.

FOOTNOTES:

[882] Osg., Vol. III, pp. 280, 281.

[883] P. R. O., CO5-1355-334; McD., Vol. V, p. 302.

[884] P. R. O., CO5-1355-313, 334.

[885] P. R. O., CO5-1355-334; McD., Vol. V, p. 302.

[886] P. R. O., CO5-1356; CO391.2-276, 325, 283 to 285.

[887] P. R. O., CO1-43-165.

[888] Hen., II, p. 133.

[889] P. R. O., CO5-1376; Hen., Vol. II, p. 466.

[890] P. R. O., CO5-1355-372.

[891] P. R. O., CO5-1355-375.

[892] P. R. O., CO5-1355-375, 376.

[893] P. R. O., CO5-1355-378.

[894] P. R. O., CO5-1355-385.

[895] P. R. O., CO5-1355-384.

[896] P. R. O., CO5-1376-265.

[897] Jour. H. of B., 1680, p. 1.

[898] Jour. H. of B., 1680, p. 7.

[899] Among the Burgesses were Captain William Byrd, Major Swann, Benjamin Harrison, Colonel Ballard, Colonel Mason, Colonel John Page, Colonel Matthew Kemp, William Fitzhugh, Isaac Allerton, John Carter and Captain Fox. P. R. O., CO5-1376-321.

[900] Jour. H. of B., 1680, pp. 13, 14.

[901] Jour. H. of B., 1680, p. 27.

[902] P. R. O., CO5-1356-125.

[903] P. R. O., CO5-1356-125, 126.

[904] P. R. O., CO5-1356-265.

[905] P. R. O., CO5-1355-361.

[906] Jour. H. of B., 1680, p. 32.

[907] Jour. H. of B., 1680, p. 36.

[908] P. R. O., CO5-1355-388 to 394.

[909] P. R. O., CO5-1355-380; CO5-1376-286.

[910] P. R. O., CO5-1355-396.

[911] P. R. O., CO5-1355-408.

[912] Jour. II. of B., April 1682, p. 4.

[913] P. R. O., CO5-1356-179.

[914] P. R. O., CO5-1356-1, 2.

[915] P. R. O., CO5-1356-177.

[916] P. R. O., CO5-1356-73.

[917] P. R. O., CO5-1356-73, 156; Jour, H. of B., April 1682.

[918] P. R. O., CO5-1356-11, 12, 68, 72.

[919] P. R. O., CO5-1356-8.

[920] P. R. O., CO5-1356-68.

[921] Jour. H. of B., April 1682, pp. 4, 5.

[922] Jour. H. of B., April 1682; P. R. O., CO5-1356-68.

[923] P. R. O., CO5-1356-65, 66, 67.

[924] P. R. O., CO5-1356-70.

[925] P. R. O., CO5-1356-71.

[926] P. R. O., CO5-1356-178.

[927] P. R. O., CO5-1356-71.

[928] P. R. O., CO5-1356-178.

[929] P. R. O., CO5-1356-74.

[930] P. R. O, CO5-1356-74.

[931] Hen., Vol. III, p. 543.

[932] P. R. O., CO5-1356-156.

[933] Hen., Vol. III, p. 544.

[934] Hen., Vol. III, p. 546.

[935] Hen., Vol. III, pp. 546, 547.

[936] Hen., Vol. III, p. 547.

[937] P. R. O., CO5-1356-76.

[938] P. R. O., CO5-1356-76, 77.

[939] P. R. O., CO5-1356-157.

[940] P. R. O., CO5-1356-158.

[941] P. R. O., CO5-1356-159.

[942] P. R. O., CO5-1356-76, 77, 163.

[943] P. R. O., CO5-1356-164.

[944] P. R. O., CO5-1356-164.

[945] P. R. O., CO5-1356-164, 169.

[946] P. R. O., CO5-1356-87.

[947] P. R. O., CO5-1356-168, 169.

[948] P. R. O., CO5-1356-188, 239, 244, 114.

[949] P. R. O., CO5-1356-188.

[950] P. R. O., CO5-1356-56, 145, 146.

[951] P. R. O., CO5-1376-287.

[952] P. R. O., CO1-42-152; CO391.2-276.

[953] Beverley.

[954] P. R. O., CO5-1356-244, 245.

[955] P. R. O., CO5-1356-248.

[956] Jour. H. of B., 1684, pp. 23, 24.

[957] P. R. O., CO1-42-138, 139.

[958] P. R. O., CO5-1356-53.

[959] P. R. O., CO5-1356-142.

[960] P. R. O., CO5-1356-22.

[961] Jour. H. of B., 1684, p. 37.

[962] Jour, H. of B., 1684, p. 42.

[963] Justice in Va., p. 25.

[964] Jour. H. of B., 1684, p. 114.

[965] Jour. H. of B., 1684, p. 159.

[966] P. R. O., CO5-1356-299, 301.

[967] P. R. O., CO5-1357-58.

[968] McD., Vol. VII, p. 88.

[969] P. R. O., CO5-1356-316.

[970] P. R. O, CO5-1356-328.

[971] P. R. O., CO5-1357-79, 80, 95, 96; Jour. H. of B., 1685, p. 49.

[972] P. R. O., CO5-1357-80.

[973] Hen., Vol. II, p. 24; P. R. O., CO5-1376-281.

[974] P. R. O., CO5-1376-281.

[975] P. R. O., CO5-1376-281; CO5-1356-101.

[976] P. R. O., CO5-1376-362.

[977] P. R. O., CO5-1356-267.

[978] Jour. H. of B., 1685.

[979] Jour. H. of B., 1685.

[980] P. R. O., CO5-1357-85.

[981] P. R. O., CO5-1356-282.

[982] P. R. O., CO5-1357-113.

[983] Jour. H. of B., 1686, p. 17.

[984] Jour. H. of B., 1686, p. 37.

[985] P. R. O., CO5-1355-383.

[986] P. R. O., CO5-1356-177.

[987] P. R. O., CO5-1356-4.

[988] P. R. O., CO5-1407-310, 282.

[989] P. R. O., CO5-1357-89.

[990] P. R. O., CO5-1407-310.

[991] P. R. O., CO5-1357-89.

[992] P. R. O., CO5-1357-89.

[993] Jour. H. of B., 1685.

[994] P. R. O., CO5-1357-93.

[995] P. R. O., CO5-1357-119.

[996] P. R. O., CO5-1357-127.

[997] P. R. O., CO5-1357-133.

[998] P. R. O., CO5-1357-92; McD., Vol. VII, p. 222.

[999] Sains., Vol. XV, p. 30.

[1000] McD., Vol. VII, p. 229.

[1001] P. R. O., CO5-1357-119.

[1002] Jour. H. of B., 1688, p. 1.

[1003] Jour. H. of B., 1688, p. 17.

[1004] Sains., Vol. IV, p. 254.

[1005] McD., Vol. VII, p. 26.

[1006] McD., Vol. VII, p. 257. Some years later Effingham contradicted this statement. "They were not dismissed," he said, "from their imployments upon account of their proceedings in ye Assembly, but being Justices of Peace they oppenly opposed the King's authority in naming sheriffs by his Governour alledging that office ought to go by succession."

[1007] McD., Vol. VII, pp. 437-441.

[1008] McD., Vol. VII, pp. 437-441.

[1009] P. R. O., CO5-1357-130.

[1010] CO5-1357-127.

[1011] P. R. O., CO5-1357-129.

[1012] P. R. O., CO5-1357-130.

[1013] McD., Vol. VII, pp. 437-441.

[1014] Sains., Vol. IV, p. 226; P. R. O., CO5-1357-127.

[1015] McD., Vol. VII, pp. 437-441; Jour. H. of B., 1688, p. 13.

[1016] P. R. O., CO5-1355-313; Jour. H. of B., 1688, p. 29.

[1017] P. R. O., CO5-1357-218.

[1018] Jour. H. of B., 1688, pp. 82, 83.

[1019] Jour. H. of B., 1688, pp. 82, 83.

[1020] Jour, H. of B., 1688, p. 50.

[1021] Jour. H. of B., 1688, p. 116.

[1022] P. R. O., CO5-1357-248.

[1023] P. R. O., CO5-1357-38, 39.

[1024] Jour. H. of B., 1688, p. 8; McD., Vol. VII, pp. 437-441.

[1025] P. R. O., CO5-1357-229.

[1026] McD., Vol. VII, p. 316.

[1027] McD., Vol. VII, p. 316.

[1028] P. R. O., CO5-1357-236.

[1029] Sains., Vol. IV, p. 215.

[1030] P. R. O., CO5-1357-247, 248.

[1031] Sains., Vol. IV, pp. 233, 234.

[1032] Sains., Vol. IV, p. 243.

[1033] Sains., Vol. IV, p. 246.

[1034] Sains., Vol. IV, p. 254.



INDEX

Abigall, brings contagion, 46.

Accomac, see also Eastern Shore, 80; Berkeley flees to, 171; expedition against, 176, 177; 182; 184; 186; 195; 197.

Adam and Eve, ship, captures Bacon, 163; 177; 203.

Adams, Peter, excepted from pardon, 202.

Admirall, ship, 128, 129.

Allen, Arthur, 251, 253.

Allerton, Isaac, 229; corrupt bargain of, 230.

Anderson, William, 257.

Annelectons, aid in Susquehannock defeat, 160.

Apachisco, negotiates peace, 26.

Appomatocks, expedition against, 52.

Appomattox, river, 21.

Archer, Gabriel, admitted to Council, tries to establish a parliament, 6; 8; helps depose Smith, 10.

Argoll, Samuel, 19; enforces laws, 23; captures Pocahontas, 25.

Arlington, Earl of, grant to of Virginia, 123, 124; yields his rights, 125; 145; 245.

Arnold, Anthony, excepted from pardon, 202; hanged, 204.

Assembly, General, attempt to establish, 6; early desire for, 8; describes tyranny of Governors, 24; established, 1619, 36; convenes, 37; legislative powers of, 38; control over taxation, 39; judicial functions of, 40; Council the upper house of, 41; 42; describes Indian war, 51; supports Company, 60; 61; saved, 62; restored, 63; 64; Harvey usurps powers of, 72; 73; refuses tobacco contract, 74; 76; Council summons, 1636, 77; elects West Governor, 78; 79; 86; opposes revival of Company, 88; 91; persecutes Puritans, 92; acknowledges Charles II, 95; defies Parliament, 98; surrenders, 100; 102; Northampton petitions, 104; 105; 106; 107; 108; contest in, 109; elects Berkeley Governor, 110; Berkeley addresses, 111; 112; 115; encourages manufacture, 119; 122; protests to King, 124; 125; 133; 134; Long Assembly, 135; 136; 137; 138; 140; 143; erects forts, 151, 152; hatred of, 153; Berkeley dissolves, 1676, 158, 159; Bacon elected to, 162; 163; Bacon threatens, 168; liberal laws of, 169, 170; Bacon summons, 173; interrupted, 178; 204; supports Berkeley, 206, 207; protest of, 1677, 214; session of October, 1677, 218, 219; session of 1679, 222; rights of attacked, 226; session of 1682, 233; appeals to forbidden, 241, 242; petition of 242, 243; quarrels with Effingham over, taxation, 244, 245; quit-rents, 245, 246; veto power, 246, 247, 248, 249; the clerk, 249, 250.

Austin, Black, executed, 238.

Bacon, Nathaniel, the rebel, 123; accuses Burgesses, 133, 134; describes abuses of the rich, 135; Berkeley jealous of, 144; 145; character of, 154; becomes leader of rebels, 155; prepares to attack Indians, 156; attacks Indians, 157; proclaimed a rebel, 158; pursues Susquehannocks, 159; visits Occaneeches, 160; battle with Occaneechees, 161, 162; elected Burgess, 162; captured, 163; pardoned, 164; flees from Jamestown, 165; seizes Jamestown, 166; demands commission, 167; new demands of, 168; secures liberal laws, 169, 170; prepares new Indian expedition, 171; marches against Berkeley, 171; resolves to defy King, 172; forces oaths on prominent men, 173; attacks Pamunkeys, 174, 175; marches on Jamestown, 178, 179; repulses Berkeley's attack, 180; enters Jamestown, 181; burns Jamestown, 182; binds Gloucestermen, 183, 184; death of in October, 1676, 184; 186; 187; executive ability of, 190; 195; 196; 202; 222.

Bacon, Colonel Nathaniel, 108; cousin of the Rebel, 154; rebels at house of, 185; 189.

Bacon's Rebellion, see Bacon, 114; 121; interrupts Virginia charter, 126; 127; 135; 136; 139; 144; outbreak of, 155; events of, 155 to 194; collapses, 190; anarchy of, 191; results of, 223.

Bahama, Gulf of, fleet wrecked in, 9.

Ballard, Thomas, takes Bacon's oaths, 173; excluded from Council, 216; 229; 252.

Baltimore, Lord, (Cecilius Calvert) sends colonists to Maryland, 70; 71; 72; 118; prohibits cessation in Maryland, 122; 123; 238.

Baltimore, Lord, (George Calvert) colony of in Newfoundland, 68; secures Maryland patent, death of, 69.

Barrow, James, injustice to, 198.

Beale, Thomas, excepted from pardon, 203.

Bennett, Richard, invites Puritan preachers, 92; Governor, 103; appeases Northampton, 105; Burgesses rebuke, 106.

Berkeley, Lord John, 131; 201; 213; attacks King's commissioners, 215.

Berkeley, Sir William, 12; Governor, 84; character of, 85; just rule of, 86; equalizes taxes, 87; opposes Company, 88; conquers Indians, 90; loyalty of to King, 91; persecutes Puritans, 92; fears assassination, 94; speech of defying Parliament, 96, 97, 98; expedition against, 99; surrenders, 100; terms with Parliament, 101; 103; elected Governor, 1660, 110; speech of, 111; accepts office, 112; letter of to Charles II, 113; 114; becomes changed, 115; opposes Navigation Acts, 120; efforts for cessation, 122; Baltimore angers, 123; fears mutiny, 126, 127; prepares to attack Dutch, 1667, 128, 129; complains of freight rates, 131; controls elections, 133; corrupts Burgesses, 134; retains Long Assembly, 135, 136; controls local government, 137, 138, 139; evidence against partizan, 143; views upon government, 144, 145; sells arms to Indians, 147; recalls army, 151; wants defensive war, 152; quarrels with Bacon, 154; refuses Bacon a commission, 156; pursues Bacon, 157; proclaims Bacon a rebel, 158; dissolves Long Assembly, 158, 159; captures Bacon, 163; pardons Bacon, 164; Bacon escapes from, 165; Bacon seizes, 166; grants commission, 167; yields to Bacon, 168; tries to raise forces, 170; flees to Accomac, 171; rebels attack, 174; captures rebel fleet, 176, 177; captures Jamestown, 178; Bacon marches on, 179; repulsed, 180; flees, 181; sails for Accomac, 182; controls navy, 185; raids of on Western Shore, 186; expedition of to York River, 187, 188, 189, 190; offers Ingram pardon, 191; rebels surrender to, 191, 192; Charles II blames, 195; recalled, 196; illegal seizures of, 197, 198; angry at commissioners, 199, 200; refuses to leave, 201; proclamation of, 202, 203; continues executions, 203, 204; controls Assembly, 205, 206; dread of, 207; Jeffreys' proclamation angers, 209, 210; death of, 211; compared with Effingham, 252.

Berkeley, Lady, letter of to Moryson, 204; 208; 210; 220.

Bermuda Hundred, Dale founds, 21; 116.

Bermudas, Sea Adventure wrecked in, 9.

Berry, John, King's commissioner, 196; arrives, 199; 200; insulted, 208; returns to England, 215; influence of, 215, 216, 217.

Beverley, Robert, captures Hansford, 156; invades Gloucester, 187, 188; journals taken from, 213, 214; dismissed from office, 216; 217; 220; continued as Clerk of Assembly, 221; prosecution of, 235, 236, 237; alters bill, 248; Effingham censures, 249; 252; 253.

Black George, Harveys sails in, 79.

Bland, Gyles, complains of poll tax, 139; leads rebel fleet, 174; 176; captured, 177; 183; excepted from pardon, 202; executed, 203.

Bland, John, attacks Navigation Acts, 119.

Blayton, Thomas, excepted from pardon, 202.

Bowler, Thomas, excepted from pardon, 203.

Bray, Colonel, excluded from Council, 216; 220.

Brent, Gyles, pursues Indians, 146, 147; 149; joins Pamunkey expedition, 174; marches against Bacon, 182; his forces flee, 183.

Brick House, rebel forces at, 193.

Bristol, conferences on board of, 200.

Bristow, Major, 188, 189.

Buck, Rev., preaches at Jamestown, 17; prayer of, 37.

Burgesses, in first Assembly, 36; how distributed in 1619, 37; 39; 40; 41; coerced by Governor, 42; sympathize with Company, 60; defy Charles I, 63; 64; 74; exempted from arrest, 87; 100; supreame power in Virginia, 1652, 102; 103; 104; 105; contest with Council, 106; dismiss Governor, 107; 108; 109; reassert power, 1660, 110; 114; Berkeley controls elections of, 133; Berkeley corrupts, 134, 135; 136; 137; 145; Bacon elected to, 162; Bacon threatens, 168; frauds in elections of, 205, 206; records of seized, 213, 214; protest of, 214; electoral frauds, 218; elections of in 1679, 222; become more representative of the people, 224; oppose revenue bill, 229, 230, 231; struggle of with Effingham over, taxation, 244, 245; quit-rents, 245, 246; veto power, 246 to 249; clerk, 249, 250.

Butler, Nathaniel, describes mortality in Virginia, 12; attacks London Company, 56.

Byrd, William, 229.



Calvert, Cecilius, see Lord Baltimore.

Calvert, George, see Lord Baltimore.

Calvert, Leonard, Governor of Maryland, 70; war with Claiborne, 71.

Carter, John, 229.

Carver, William, commands rebel fleet, 174; visits Berkeley, 176; captured and hanged, 177; 183; 222.

Causie, beats off Indians, 49.

Cessation, of tobacco planting, attempts to secure, 121, 122, 123; asked, 1682, 232; Burgesses eager for, 233; 238; 239.

Chanco, reveals Indian plot, 48.

Charles I, 42; his plans for Virginia, 62; calls Assembly, 1627, 63; 65; 66; grants Maryland charter, 69; 70; asks tobacco contract, 74; angered at Virginians, 78; restores Harvey, 79; 80; forgets Harvey case, 82; 85; Virginians' loyalty pleases, 88; 90; 94; executed, 95; 97; 102; 111.

Charles II, 40; 85; proclaimed King, 1649, 89; Virginians cling to, 98; 101; 110; reappoints Berkeley, 113; oppresses Virginia, 115; approves Navigation Acts, 117; 119; 120; forbids cessation, 121; blind to disaffection in Virginia, 123; makes Arlington-Culpeper grant, 124; grants new Virginia patent, 126; 140; Bacon's Rebellion alarms, 195; sends commission to Virginia, 196; 199; 200; anger of at Berkeley, 210; 211; angry at Assembly, 214, 215; 224; 225; 226; 227; death of, 243.

Charles City, county, complains of Berkeley, 136; charges of corruption in, 138; 142; petition from, 153; people of take arms, 154; electoral frauds in, 205; 216.

Charters:—the royal charter of 1606, 2; 31; provisions of, 34; 57; the royal charter of 1609, Sandys draws up, 8; Governors disregard, 24; 31; gives Company control of colony, 35; the popular charter of 1612, 35; 54; James I attacks, 56, 57; revoked, 59, 60; the proposed charter of 1621, 54; Maryland charter, Baltimore secures, 69: new Virginia charter, 124, 125.

Cheesman, Major, captured, 186; death of, 187.

Chesapeake Bay, first fleet enters, 1; 3; Capt. Smith explores, 7; 70; naval war in, 71; Dutch fleet enters, 1667, 128; battle with Dutch in, 1672, 129, 130; 146; 171.

Chicheley, Sir Henry, commands Indian forces, 1676, 151; acting Governor, 1678, 221; holds fair election, 222; 230; defies Burgesses, 233; 234; 235; 236; 237; 238.

Chickahominies, peace with, 26; expedition against, 52.

Chiles, Colonel, 106.

Claiborne, William, in England, 69; makes war on Maryland, 71; 107.

Clovell, killed by Indians, 14.

Cockatrice, Marylanders capture, 71.

Commissions:—commission to investigate Company, 56; unfavorable report, 57: commission in Virginia, 1624, 60; 61; 64; Mandeville commission, for Virginia affairs, 61; abolished, 62; Parliamentary commission, to reduce Virginia, 99; secures surrender, 100; grants favorable terms, 101; establishes new government, 102; taxes Northampton, 104; 105: King's commission of 1676-1677, to receive Virginia grievances, 121, 122; 127; thinks poll tax unjust, 139; 142; hostile to Berkeley, 143; 144; 177; 184; appointment of, 196; Berkeley angry at, 199, 200; conference of with Berkeley, 200, 201; wants King's pardon published, 202; Assembly snubs, 206; leads opposition party, 207; insulted, 208; reports Berkeley's disobedience, 210; receives grievances, 212, 213; seizes journals, 213, 214; report of, 215; Virginia commission to Maryland, to secure cessation, 122.

Commonwealth of England, 85; 86; defied by Berkeley, 96; sends expedition to Virginia, 99; Virginia surrenders to, 100; 103.

Commonwealth Period, 42; government of Virginia during, 102; 110; ended, 114; 115; 116.

Commons of Virginia, see Middle Class.

Conway, Captain, Dutch take shallop of, 127, 128.

Council, resident in England, King appoints, 2; warning of, 10; determination of, 31; 34.

Council of State, of Commonwealth, 95; warns Berkeley, 96; sends expedition to Virginia, 99; 100; 102; 103; letter from, 108.

Council of Virginia; 1606-1610, great powers of, 2; selections for, 3; discord in, 3, 4; disruption of, 4; deposes Wingfield, 4, 5; tyranny of, 5; reduced to two, 7; abolished, 8; acts to depose Smith, 10; 34; 1610-1619, an advisory body, 17; 1619-1689, part of Assembly, 36; 37; 39; powers of, 41; Indians kill six of, 50; sympathizes with Company, 60; punishes Sharpless, 61; 62; 63; 64; Harvey wishes to restrain, 65; quarrels with Harvey, 67, 68; gets rid of Baltimore, 69; 70; hostile to Maryland, 71; 72; threatens Harvey, 73; 74; 75; arrests Harvey, 76; expels Harvey, 77; revised, 80; 86; 87; 93; 100; agreement of with Commonwealth, 101; elected by Burgesses, 1652, 102; 105; contest with Burgesses, 106; Burgesses dismiss, 107; seeks lost power, 108; assumes authority, 109; 129; submission of to Berkeley, 133; 137; praises Berkeley, 143, 144; Bacon appointed to, 164; Bacon coerces, 168; 169; 200; 201; 217; 220; 228; 229; prosecutes Beverley, 235, 236, 237; quarrel of over Bill of Ports, 247, 248, 249;

Courts, Council sits as a court, 34; 35; Assembly acts as a court, 40; 41; Governor's misuse of, 66; 78; 79; Harvey master of, 80; 81; Berkeley does not abuse, 86; 133; local courts, 137; Berkeley controls, 138; judicial functions of Assembly abolished, 241, 242.

Coventry, Secretary, 207; letter of to Berkeley, 210, 211; protects King's commissioners, 215; 221; 225.

Crimson, Abraham, captures tobacco fleet, 127, 128, 129.

Cromwell, Oliver, 102; neglects Virginia, 103; 107; death of, 108.

Cromwell, Richard, Lord Protector, 108; resigns, 109.

Culpeper, Thomas Lord, grant to of Virginia, 123, 124; yields his rights, 125; 145; Governor, 1677, 212; 219; 220; 222; instructions to, 226, 227; arrives in Virginia, 228; insists on revenue bill, 229, 230, 231; warned, 232; hastens to Virginia, 237; prosecutes plant-cutters, 237, 238; deposed, 239; character of, 239, 240; 241; 244; 245; 247.

Curls of the River, 24.

Dale, Sir Thomas, Deputy-Governor, 1611, 19; founds Henrico, 19, 21; secures corn crop, 22; educates Pocahontas, 25; returns to England, 27; 35; 36.

Davies, Somerset, 238.

De la Warr, Thomas Lord, first Governor, 8; 11; prevents desertion of Virginia, 16; assumes government, 17; restores prosperity, 17, 18; becomes ill, 18, 19; 22; 23; brings new constitution, dies at sea, 1618, 35; 64.

Denis, Robert, commands fleet to Virginia, 99.

Devil's Island, colonists wrecked on, 10; 16; 22.

DeVries, describes sickness, 12.

Digges, Edward, Governor, 106.

Discovery, sails for Virginia, 1, 11.

Doeg, Indians, 146, 147.

Drew, Colonel, rebel leader, 185.

Drummond, William, Bacon visits, 163; Berkeley excepts from pardon, 178; 182; 190; captured, 193; executed, 194.

Duke of York, ship, 236.

Dutch, 85; take Virginia tobacco, 96, 98; 100; on the Eastern Shore, 104; 105; 114; 115; contest carrying trade, 116; cut off from tobacco trade, 117; 118; 119; capture tobacco fleet, 1667, 127, 128, 129; battle with in Chesapeake Bay, 1672, 129, 130; 131; 132; 142; 145; 172.

Dysentery, epidemic of in Virginia, 11; 15; De la Warr suffers from 19; Bacon dies of, 184.

Earleton, Stephen, excepted from pardon, 202.

Eastern Shore, see also Accomac, ill affected, 103; grievances of, 104; disorders of suppressed, 105; Berkeley flees to, 171; expedition against, 174, 176, 177; Berkeley returns to, 182; 184; 186; 197; 236.

Effingham, Lord Howard, Governor, 239; character of, 240; forbids appeals to Assembly, 241, 242; proclaims James II, 243; quarrels with Burgesses over, taxation, 244, 245, quit-rents, 245, 246, veto power, 246, 247, 248, 249, their clerk, 249, 250; oppressions of, 251, 252; quarrels with Ludwell, 253, 254; Burgesses complain of, 254, 255; prevents riots, 256; 257; overthrow of, 258.

Elizabeth, frigate, captured by Dutch, 127, 128, 129.

Elizabeth, river, merchantmen escape into, 1667, 128.

Elizabeth City, 66; 67; temporary capital, 80.

English Church, desire to extend, 31; to convert Indians, 44; 48; large planters adhere to, 91.

English Revolution, 40; 42; a victory for Virginia, 256, 257.

Epidemics, see Sickness.

Fairfax, Thomas, 196.

Famines, frequent, 2; Indians and epidemics cause, 14; misery of described, 15; eliminated on upper James, 23; English bring on Indians, 51, 52.

Farrar, William, 76.

Farrar's Island, see Henrico.

Farrill, Hubert, Bacon entrusted to, 163; attacks Bacon's House, 189; killed, 190.

Fees, limited, 87.

First Supply, Newport brings, 6.

Fitzhugh, William, 229. [** missing page?]

Gardner, Captain, fights Dutch, 130; captures Bacon, 163.

Gates, Sir Thomas, first Lieutenant-Governor, 8; wrecked in Bermudas, 9; 10; ends first royal government, 10; to abandon Virginia, 16; returns, Councillor, 17; 19; again in Virginia, 21; posts laws, 1610, 22; 27; 35.

George, takes tobacco to England, 28.

Gloucester, county, Berkeley active in, 170; 171; Bacon in, 182; Bacon coerces, 183, 184; Bacon dies in, 184; 185; military movements in, 187, 188, 189; 190; 207; plant-cutting in, 234, 235; 237; 238.

Goodrich, Thomas, excepted from pardon, 202.

Goodspeed, sails for Virginia, 1; 11.

Gosnold, Bartholomew, made Councillor, 3; death of, 4.

Grantham, Captain, envoy to Ingram, 191; secures surrender of rebels, 192.

Green Spring, 159; 182; rebels at, 185; 200; Assembly at, 205; 208; 213; 218.

Green Spring faction, 217; controls elections, 218; 219; activity of, 220; Culpeper supports, 228; pleads for Ludwell, 229; 253.

Grindon, Sara, excepted from pardon, 203.

Hamor, Ralph, 26; 49.

Hamor, Thomas, 49.

Hansford, Colonel, rebel leader, 185; captured and hanged, 186.

Harrison, Benjamin, 229.

Harrison, Thomas, becomes a Puritan, 92; expelled from his parish, 93; 95; 96.

Harvey, John, describes Indian war, 52; commissioner to Virginia, 60; Governor, 64; attacks Pott, 65; 66; quarrels with Council, 67; wants greater power, 68; aids Marylanders, 70; arbitrary rule of, 72; 73; seizes a servant, 73; detains letter to King, 74; arrests rioters, 75; Council arrests, 76; expelled from Virginia, 77; in England, 78; reinstated, 79; tyranny of, 80; seizes Matthews' estate, 81; attacked in England, 82; removed, 83; prosecuted, 84; 85; 86.

Harwood, Thomas, envoy to England, 1636, 78; 79.

Henrico, county, Bacon resides in, 154; Berkeley in, 159; Bacon Burgess from, 162; Bacon flees to, 165; 174; 178.

Henrico, plantation, Dale founds, 19, 21; 22; 24; 43; college of, 44.

Hill, Edward, deprived of office, 216; 220.

Holden, Robert, excepted from pardon, 202.

Holland, see Dutch.

Hopton, Lord, 124.

Indians, a menace, 2; attack Jamestown, 13; destroy corn, 14; 15; 16; war with continues, 18; Dale seeks stronghold against, 19; driven from Bermuda Hundred, 21; peace with, 25; 26; 27; destroy iron works, 43; college for, 44; friendship of, 47; plan massacre, 48; massacre of 1622, 49; 50; war with, 50 to 54; 56; long peace with, 88; massacre of 1644, 89; make peace, 90; 91; conspiracy of rumored, 104; 122; raid of, 1675, 146; war with, 147, 149, 150, 152; kill Bacon's overseer, 155; Bacon prepares to attack, 156; war with, 157 to 162; 167; again on war path, 170; Bacon again attacks, 175 to 176; 178.

Ingram, General, election of, 184; disposes rebel forces, 185; captures Pate's House, 188; rebel army surrenders to, 189; his lack of executive ability, 190; his surrender, 191; 193; 206.

Isle of Wight, county, 136; complaints from, 138; 140; 143; subdued, 190; 207.

Isles, John, executed, 203.

James, ship, 231.

James I, 2; 6; grants charter of 1609; 8; wants American empire, 29; interest in Virginia, 30; opposes liberal government, 32; grants charters, 34; restricts tobacco, 45; angry at Company, 54; ultimatum, 55; investigates Company, 56; offers new compromise, 57, 58; overthrows Company, 59; death of, 61; 64; 65.

James II, 40; 42; 224; accession of, 243; 244; 246; rebukes Assembly, 249; deposed, 255; 256.

James City, county, 107; complains of forts, 142; 218; 254.

James, river, first fleet enters, 1; 7; 21; 43; 47; 79; 85; 89; 90; 98; 99; 100; 120; battle with Dutch in, 127, 128, 129; 130; forts on, 141; 142; 153; Berkeley at falls of, 157; Bacon descends, 163; 171; 174; Berkeley in, 181, 182; 185; rebels defeated on, 190; 199; English fleet in, 200.

James, Thomas, preaches in Virginia, 92.

Jamestown, founded, 1; fleet arrives at 1609, 9; 10; site objected to, 11; Indians attack, 13; 14; Gates finds ruined, 16; 18; Dale reaches, 19; 21; 22; tobacco in streets of, 24; 25; 31; first Assembly at, 37; 48; 53; 63; Baltimore visits, 69; 77; 80; 90; defended by Berkeley, 100; 104; 110; 122; 130; houses built at, 140; fort at, 141; Bacon visits, 163; 164; Bacon flees from, 165; Bacon seizes, 166; Bacon at, 167, 168; 177; Berkeley captures, 178; Bacon besieges, 179, 180; Bacon captures, 181; Bacon burns, 182; 233; 238.

Japazaws, Indian king, 25.

Jeffreys, Herbert, 137; 144; Lieutenant-Governor, 196; leaves for Virginia, 197; 199; arrives, 200; yields to Berkeley, 201; 207; insulted, 208; proclamation of, 209; 210; 211; 214; opposition to, 216; illness of, 217, 218; prosecutes Ludwell, 219; again ill, 220; death of, 221; 223; 229.

Jenkins, Sir Lionel, 225; 238; 243.

Jennings, John, excepted from pardon, 202.

Jones, William, approves new Virginia charter, 126.

Jones, Robert, excepted from pardon, 202; Moryson pleads for, 203; pardoned, 204.

Judiciary, see Courts.

Kecoughtan, 90.

Kemp, Matthew, 229; 234; 235.

Kemp, Richard, given inadvertently as Matthew Kemp on page 22; pillages Matthews' estate, 81; quarrel of with Panton, 82; 83; prosecuted, 84.

Kendall, George, Councillor, 3; expelled from Council, 4; tried for mutiny, shot, 5.

Kent Island, Claiborne settles, 71; 72; 73.

Knight, John, 145.

Knowles, John, Puritan minister, 92.

Larrimore, Captain, Bacon seizes ship of, 174; plots to aid Berkeley, 176; aids in capture of rebels, 177; 211.

Law, 23; the Divine, Moral and Martial laws, 23; cruelty of, 23, 24; 38; against seizing servants, 73; against Puritans, 92; laws to encourage manufacture, 119; 140; Bacon's Laws, 169, 170; laws of 1679, 222; Culpeper passes three laws, 229, 230, 231.

Lawrence, Henry, letter of to Virginia, 108; 109.

Lawrence, Richard, Bacon visits, 163; flees from Jamestown, 178; 182; disposes of Bacon's body, 184; 190; 192; flight of, 193, 194; excepted from pardon, 202; feared, 205.

Lightfoot, Philip, takes Bacon's oaths, 173.

London Company, 2; 3; 6; 7; secures charter of 1609, 8; 15; 17; sends Dale, 19; 22; 24; takes tobacco, 28; 29; aids Pilgrims, 30; motives of, 31; England supports, 32; liberalism in, 32; 35; 36; 38; 42; sends more settlers, 43; tobacco restrictions injure, 45; 46; massacre of 1622 discourages, 50; King hostile to, 54; 55; investigated, 56; 57; rejects King's compromise, 58; charters of revoked, 59; 60; 62; plan to revive, 83; 87; 120; 124.

Lower Norfolk, county, 121; taxation in, 138.

Loyd, Edward, imprisoned by Berkeley, 198.

Ludwell, Philip, captures rebel fleet, 177; 189; excluded from Council, 216; 217; Jeffreys prosecutes, 219; convicted, 220; restored to Council, 229; quarrels with Effingham, 253; success of in England, 257, 258.

Ludwell, Thomas, 86; 131; 132; 136; 141; 220.

Lynhaven Bay, 129.

Magna Charta, of Virginia, Yeardley brings, 35; government established under, 36; 38; 61; 64.

Malaria, epidemic of in Virginia, 11; 15.

Mannakins, 160.

Martin, John, Councillor, 3; helps depose Wingfield, 4, 5; 6; 10; his Burgesses not admitted, 38.

Martin's Hundred, 37; 38.

Mary, Queen, 256.

Maryland, 68; 69; founded, 70; war of with Claiborne, 71; 72; 77; 79; 116; agrees to cessation, 122; 123; 127; fleet of saved, 130; 146; 147; Indian war in, 149, 150; 238.

Mason, Colonel, 146; 147; 149.

Massacres: of 1622, 47; 48; details of, 49, 50; 88; 89; of 1644, 89; details of, 89; 92; 147.

Mathews, Thomas, 202.

Matthews, Samuel, commissioner, 1624, 60; Harvey favors, 65; leads Council, 68; complains of Maryland, 72; threatens Harvey, 73; 74; arrests Harvey, 76; helps expel Harvey, 77; accused of treason, 79; expelled from Council, 80; estate of seized, 81; 82; 83; restored to Council, 86; Governor, 106; deposed but reelected, 107; 108; death of, 109.

Mattapony, river, 185.

Middle class, 92; formation of, 93; freedmen recruit, 94; 102; 131.

Middlesex, county, 171; 185; 187; rises for Berkeley, 188; 190; 235; 236; 237.

Milner, Thomas, 173; 243; 251; 252.

Minifie, George, arrests Harvey, 76; 77; 79; restored to Council, 86.

Molina, 12; testifies to cruelty, 23.

Monmouth, Duke of, 243; 244.

Mortality, see sickness.

Moryson, Francis, King's commissioner, 196; 199; 200; intercedes for Jones, 203; 204; insulted, 208; 215; influence of, 215; 216; 217; 241.

Nansemond, county, 95; 129; 130; 142; 143; 207.

Nansemonds, 52; 146.

Navigation Acts, 103; 104; 114; act of 1651, 116; act of 1660, 117; effect of on Virginia, 118; Berkeley protests against, 120; act of 1672, 121; 123; 127; 172; 222.

Necotowance, 90.

New Kent, county, 156; 178; 193; 235.

Newport, Christopher, 1; Councillor, 3; 4; 5; 6; 11; saves Smith, 6; brings Second Supply, 7; 8; Vice-Admiral, 8; 9; 11; 17.

Nicholson, Francis, 257; Governor, 258.

Northampton, county, 103; 104; 105; 236.

North Carolina, efforts for cessation in, 121; 122; 123.

Northern Neck, grant of, 124; 125; 126.

Notley, Governor Thomas, 137.

Nottoways, 146.

Occaneechees, 159; 160; defeat of, 161, 162; 174.

Opechancanough, plans massacre of 1622, 48; 52; 53; 89; death of, 90; 147.

Pace, Richard, given by typographical error as Race in text, 48.

Page, Francis, 250.

Page, John, 229.

Pamunkey, river, 185.

Pamaunkeys, victory over, 1624, 53; 146; 151; 156; 157; Bacon defeats, 174, 175; 178.

Panton, Anthony, trial of, 82; 83; 84; 85.

Parke, Daniel, 218; 219.

Parliament, 32; 33; 34; protects merchants, 39; 42; 54; Company appeals to, 58; 87; 91; sympathy with in Virginia, 92, 93, 94; 95; blockades Virginia, 96; 98; sends fleet against Virginia, 99; Virginia surrenders to, 101; passes Navigation Acts, 116; 120; 121.

Patents, see charters.

Pate's House, Bacon dies at, 184; Ingram captures, 188.

Peninsula, the, between the James and the York, 185.

Percy, George, President, 10; tells of sickness, 11; Councillor, 17; acting Governor, 19.

Persicles, 159; defeats Susquehannocks, 160; Bacon defeats, 161; death of, 161.

Phelps, John, 202.

Pierce, William, 77; 79; 80; 82; 86.

Pierse, Thomas, 37.

Piersey, Abraham, commissioner in 1624, 60.

Pilgrims, see Puritans.

Plague, London, epidemic of, 13; 15.

Plymouth, 78; 118.

Pocahontas, captured, 25; marries Rolfe, 26; 47; 88.

Point Comfort, 16; 70; 71; 80; fort at destroyed, 132; 141.

Pomfoy, Richard, executed, 203.

Population, 114.

Pory, John, commissioner in 1624, 60; 61.

Potomac, river, 25; 69; 71; 120; 124; 141; 146; 149; 159; 174; 182; 256.

Potts, John, acting Governor, 64; arrested, 65; convicted, 66; 67; 69; 76; 77; 78; 82.

Pountis, John, represents Assembly in England, 61.

Powell, William, 52.

Powhatan, 25; 26; 89; 147.

President, duties of, 2, 3; 4; 5; 9; 10.

Privy Council, 2; 54; sends commission to Virginia, 62; 65; 68; acquits Harvey, 79; 81; 82; removes Harvey, 83; 84; 214; 215; 216; 226; 227; 232; 238; 239; 240; 241; 243; 244; 251; 257.

Protector, Lord, see Cromwell.

Purifee, Capt, 77.

Puritans, 30; of Virginia, 92; hostile to King, 93; 95; 99; 103.

Quit-rents, 124; 230; quarrel over, 245, 246.

Rappahannock, river, 25; 124; 141; 151; 179; 182; 185; 256.

Ratcliffe, John, Councillor, 3; President, 4; 5; deposed, 7; 8; helps depose Smith, 10.

Read, James, 5.

Reade's House, rebels posted at, 185; captured, 186.

Representative government, attempt to establish, 6; James I opposes, 32; desire for in Company, 33; none at first, 34; decided upon, 35; established, 36; 54; causes James I to attack Company, 55; Virginians plead for, 60; Charles I opposes, 62; 91; advocates of in Virginia, 93; under the Commonwealth, 102; people schooled in, 114; Berkeley undermines, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138; Berkeley does not believe in, 144; 153; struggle for, 223.

Restoration Period, 42; unfortunate for Virginia, 115; Navigation Acts in, 117; 138; 224; 252.

Restoration, of Stuarts, 110; accepted in Virginia, 113; effects of on Virginia, 115; 117; 135.

Richahecrians, 156.

Roanoke, river, 159; battle at, 160, 161; 162; Bacon plans to retreat to, 172.

Rolfe, John, 25; marries Pocahontas, 26; 27; 28; 47; 88.

Saint Mary's, founded, 71; 72; 73; conference at, 122.

Sandy Bay, 166; Bacon guards, 167; Bacon's camp at, 179; battle at, 180; 181; 183.

Sandys, Sir Edwin, draws up charter of 1609, 8; liberal leader, 33; 34; designs liberal government, 35; 43; 45; 46; 47; 50; 54; imprisoned, 55; 56; 60; 61; 62.

Sandys, George, 44; 46; 52; tries to revive Company, 87.

Sarah Constant, sails for Virginia, 1; 11.

Scarburgh, Charles, 251.

Scarburgh, William, executed, 203.

Scrivener, Matthew, drowned, 7.

Scurvy, infects immigrants, 15; 19.

Sea Adventure, wrecked, 9; 10.

Sea Flower, 15.

"Seasoned", see sickness.

Second Supply, Newport brings, 7.

Senecas, 146; 160; 256.

Sharpless, Edward, 61.

Sherwood. William, 136; forfeits Berkeley's favor, 137; 205; claims frauds in elections, 218; 220; 243; 251.

Sickness, 2; disastrous, 10; in 1607, 11; in 1610, 12; 18; visitors describe, 12; immigrant ships spread, 13; 18; 19; reduced, 21; renewal of, 25; 44; 45; thousands die of, 46; declines, 1624, 47; 56; 57; 64; 115; attacks Jeffreys, 217.

Smith, Captain John, restrained, 3; restored to Council, 4; deposes Wingfield, 4, 5; 6; President, 7; his plots, 9; deposed, 10; 11; describes famine, 14; 15.

Smith, Mr. John, 251.

Smith, Lawrence, in Gloucester, 188; 189.

Smith, Sir Thomas, 24; 61.

Spaniards, colonists fear, 1; 5; 22; 29; 32; 45; 89.

Spencer, Nicholas, 228; 235; 247; 250.

Spotswood, Alexander, 44.

Spring, Robert, excepted from pardon, 202.

Stafford, county, Indian raid in, 146.

Stevens, Capt, 74.

Stoakes, Robert, executed, 203.

Strachey, William, 17.

Sturdivant, John, 202.

Stuyvesant, Governor, 113.

Swann, Thomas, 173; 200; 201; excepted from pardon, 203; restored to Council, 216.

Summers, George, admiral, 8; wrecked, 9; 11.

Surry, county, 138; subdued, 190.

Susquehannocks, 91; press south, 146; war with, 147; fort besieged, 149, 150; atrocities of, 150; 151; 156; 158; Bacon pursues, 159; Occaneechees defeat, 160; 161; 174.

Tanx-Powhatans, war against, 52.

Tappahatomaks, 52.

Taxation, 39; 40; Harvey's illegal, 72, 73; 79; attempt to equalize, 87; 91; 101; Northampton complains of, 104; 105; 115; 120; 125; 126; 135; local, 138; by poll, 139; 140; 141; 142; rebels refuse to pay, 167; 207; 227; Assembly's control of attacked, 229, 230, 231; 244; 245.

Thompson, William, 92.

Thorpe, Rev. George, Indians kill, 50.

Tindall's Point, rebels surrender at, 192; executions at, 193.

Tobacco, 22; 24; Rolfe cures, 27; high price of, 28; taxes paid in, 39; 40; 43; James I restricts, 44, 45; 51; Charles I wishes to buy, 63; 70; King asks contract for, 74; 83; 93; 96; 114; 115; price of declines, 117, 118; glut of, 119; attempts to restrict planting of, 121, 122, 123; tobacco fleet captured, 127, 128, 129; 132; low price of, 232; cessation of asked, 233; tobacco riots, 234 to 238; 245; ports for shipping of, 246, 247, 248.

Tottopottomoi, 156.

Trade and Plantations, Committee of, 120; 144; 214; 225; 226; 231; 232; 243; 257.

Tucker, William, 53.

Turkey Island, 21.

Turner, John, excepted from pardon, 202.

Twine, John, 37.

Unmasking, the, attack on Company, 12.

Utie, John, helps arrest Harvey, 76; 79; sent to England, 80; 82.

Vestries, cliques control, 138, 139.

Wading, Rev., 184.

Waldo, Richard, 7.

Walkelett, General, leads expedition to Middlesex, 188; surrender of, 192; 193; 256.

Warde, Captain, 37.

Warrens, William, 75.

Warwick, county, 140.

Washington, John, besieges Indian fort, 149.

Weinman, Ferdinando, 17.

West, Francis, 9; 10; Governor, 64; elected Governor, 1636, 78; 79; excluded from Council, 80; 82.

West, John, excepted from pardon, 202.

Western Shore, 174; 177; 183; 187.

Westminster Hall, 98; 99.

West Point, Ingram uses as base, 185; 188; rebels surrender, 192.

Whaly, Major, 185; defeats Farrill, 189, 190; 202.

Wiccocomico, conference at, 122.

Wilford, Captain, captured, 186.

William, of Orange, 256; 257.

Willis, Francis, 108.

Windebank, Secretary, 84.

Wingfield, Edward, President, 3; deposed, 4, 5; 6; 8; 13; 35; 62.

Winthrop, Governor, letter of to Berkeley, 92.

Wolstenholme, Sir John, 72; 74.

Woodall, John, 81.

Wyatt, Sir Francis, 51; defeats Pamunkeys, 53; reappointed Governor, 1624, 61; 62; saves Assembly, 63; 64; Governor again, 83; attacks Harvey, 84; 85; 86.

Wynne, Peter, 7.

Wyanokes, 52.

Yeardley, George, acting Governor, 27; Governor, 45; brings Magna Charta, 36; meets Assembly, 37; 42; 46; 52; 62; again Governor, 64.

Yellow fever, 13, 15.

York, county, 75; 185; Farrill invades, 189; 191.

York, river, 90; 91; 98; 120; 128; 141; 174; 182; 184; 185; 186; Berkeley's expedition to, 187, 188, 189, 190; 217.

Young, Captain, 74.

THE END