French Navy, see Navy, French.

French, the, their part in development of tactical science, 13; seamen mobbed in Boston, 282; land in Egypt, 404.

Galley fighting, its superiority in effectiveness to that in sailing vessels, 7; its decline, 8; its traditions linger, 8.

GARDNER, Lord, 265.

GEARY, Francis, Hawke's advice to, 146.

GEORGE I., King of England, stands sponsor for infant Rodney, 148.

GEORGE II., King of England, takes knowledge of Hawke, 84.

GEORGE III., King of England, conversation of, with Earl St. Vincent, 287.

Gibraltar, Rooke's capture of, 16; Byng retires to, 105; Hawke reaches, 105; Boscawen returns to, 133; De la Clue near, 133; 187; joy at, over Rodney's victory off Cape St. Vincent, 193, 194; 269; Howe's relief of, 288-295; Jervis at relief of, 331; 346; 348; three ships wrecked at, 350; Saumarez convoys prizes to, 409; 410; Saumarez withdraws from Algeciras to, 416; Exmouth joins Dutch fleet at, 468.

Gibraltar, ship, injured on a reef, 350.

Glorieux, ship, 239.

Great Britain, declares war against France, 105; institutes free ports in Jamaica, 169; effect of this movement, 169; foreign policy of, enfeebled, 172; on verge of rupture with Spain over Falkland Islands incident, 172; war between France and, imminent, 176; pensions daughters of Marechal Biron, 180; declares war against Holland, 217; Napoleon seeks to exclude commerce of, 413.

Great Britain, Navy of, see Navy of Great Britain.

Greenwich Hospital, Palliser appointed to governorship of, 182.

Grenada, captured by British, 159.

Gros Ilet Bay, 235.

Guadaloupe, 237; 238; 243; 245.

Guernsey, Island, James Saumarez born on, 383; later years of Saumarez at, 427.

HALLOWELL, Captain, 352; eccentric response of, to Jervis, 353.

Hannibal, ship, loss of, at Algeciras, 416; 418; re-anchors at Algeciras, 419.

Havana, Rodney at fall of, 166; loss of, embitters Spain, 171.

Havre, Rodney operates against, 158.

HAWKE, Admiral, development of naval warfare identified with name of, 4; uplifted the navy, 6; off Toulon, 29, 39, 40; his capture of the Spanish vessel, Poder, 40; his birth and parentage, 77; his promotion to post-captain, 78; appointed to the Berwick, 79; sails for the Mediterranean, 79; loses his political influence, 79; war against Spain declared, 80; sails for West Indies in Portland, 80; war of Austrian succession, 80; before Toulon, 81; his exceptional conduct in battle, 81; is complimented by Rear-Admiral Rowley, 84; effect of the battle on his fortunes, 84; the king takes knowledge of him, 84; becomes a rear-admiral, 85; hoists his flag, 85; cruises in the Bay of Biscay, under Sir Peter Warren, 85; joined to Warren in command, 86; goes to sea in command, 86; subordinates pecuniary to military considerations, 88; descries the enemy off La Rochelle, 89; overhauls fleet of French merchantmen convoyed by Commodore L'Etenduere, 89; orders general chase, 90; overtakes the French rear, 90; his brilliant victory, 91; his report of the engagement, 92; calls a council of war, 93; displeased with Capt. Fox, 93; actually commander in battle with L'Etenduere, 97; given Order of the Bath, 98; now known as Sir Edward Hawke, 98; promoted to rank of vice-admiral, 98; in dock yard command, 98; most illustrious naval officer, 100; revolutionizes naval ideas, 100; his part in arbitrament with France, 103; again in command of a fleet, 103; sails against French, 104; seizes 300 trading vessels, 104; supersedes Byng, 105; reaches Gibraltar, 105; sends Byng home, 105; institutes inquiry into conduct of Byng's captains, 105; denies allegations of Pitt in House of Commons, 105; disliked by Pitt, 106; returns to England, 106; recaptures British supply vessel in Spanish port, 107; his characteristic independence illustrated, 107; his service henceforth confined to Channel fleet, 108; maintains blockade of French ports, 108; his expedition against Rochefort, 111; controversy concerning it, 111; his maxim concerning pilots, 112; his surprise at Basque Roads, 112; characterization of that harbor, 112; his coolness, 113; his self-assertion, 113; his bold disregard of pilotage difficulties at Quiberon, 114; declines to attend a council of war, 115; reaches Spithead, 115; resents language of Pitt, 116; his service against French squadron, 1758, 116; his failure to destroy French squadron through defective equipment, 117; practically supplanted by Howe, 118; abandons his command in an indignant note, 118, 119; his anger in some respects justified, 119; is summoned to the Admiralty, 121; defends his action, 121; his position strengthened, 121; accompanies Anson as second in command, 122; culminating epoch in career of, 122; his triumph at Quiberon Bay, 122; his capacity as a seaman proved, 122; his efficient blockade of Brest, 122; is burned in effigy, 124; operations at Brest, 126; his double duty there, 126; his difficulties, 126; opposes Conflans, 126; his method at Quiberon analyzed, 127-130; assures the Admiralty, 131; his great tact in correspondence, 132; discharges a mutinous surgical officer, 132; defends his act, 132; his liberality toward subordinates, 132; watches French ships at Cadiz, 134; sends ships to reinforce light squadron, 134; recalls ships-of-the-line, 134; anchors in Torbay, 135; receives news of French fleet, 135; crowds all sail for Quiberon, 136; sights the French fleet, 136; gives pursuit, 136, 137; opens fire, 137; his orders to his sailing master, 138; is overtaken by night, 139; follows French fleet round The Cardinals, 139; sinks two French ships, 140; cows the French navy, 141; his losses at Quiberon, 141; his feat at Quiberon analyzed, 142; returns to England, 143; is succeeded by Boscawen temporarily, 143; received with honors, 143; denied a peerage, 143; his indifference to self-advancement, 143; his independence in professional conduct, toward superiors, 143, 144; hauls down his flag, 144; becomes first Lord of the Admiralty, 144; made vice-admiral of Great Britain, 145; the peerage conferred, 145; his advice to Geary, 146; his death, 146; his distinctive glory, 146; his opinion of Howe, 262; 273.

Hawke, schooner, 170, overhauled by Spanish coast guard vessels, 170; taken to Cartagena, 171.

Hayti, 231; 236.

Hector, ship, 240.

Hermenegildo, ship, 417; 420; remarkable loss of, 420.

Hohenlinden, 413.

Holland, Great Britain declares war against, 217; 390.

HOOD, Sir Samuel, strength of his powers, 74; made second in command to Rodney, 220; arrives at West India station, 221; his disagreement with Rodney, 221; gives battle to De Grasse, 222; urges Rodney to effect a coalition of forces, 223; joins Rodney at St. Kitts, 228; criticises Rodney's movement against De Grasse at Tobago, 229; defends St. Kitts, 234; urges Rodney to more energetic action, 243; criticises Rodney, 244-246; his comment on Rodney, 252; in command of Mediterranean fleet, 299; anchors off St. Christopher, 394; appoints Saumarez to command Russell, 395.

Horn, Cape, 260.

HOSTE, Paul, historian of achievements of Tourville, 13.

HOWE, Lord, his important mission, 176; his return from America, 182; his character and temperament, 183, 184; anecdote of, recorded by Sir Byam Martin, 250; 254; his especial claim on esteem of Americans, 254; respect in American colonies for his elder brother, 254-256; succeeds to the peerage held by his brother, 256; character compared with that of his brother, 256; his early service, 259; enters the navy, 259; embarks for Pacific in Anson's squadron, 259; serves in West Indies, 260; his part in Seven Years War, 260; his friendship with Wolfe, 262; characterization of, by a French pilot, 262; Hawke's opinion of, 262, 263; his taciturnity, 263; receives the Duke of York, 263; his coolness and self-possession, 263; anecdotes of, 264, 265; his composure under suspense, 266, 267, 268; his campaign against D'Estaing, 268; contrasted with Jervis, 270, 271; at Quiberon, 273; in House of Commons, 274; becomes rear-admiral, 274; in confidence of Hawke, 274; appointed to command squadron, 274; vice-admiral, 275; commander-in-chief of North American station, 275; given treaty powers, 275; addresses note to Franklin, 275; his comment on Franklin's reply, 275; concerning his letter to Washington, 276; his operations about New York, 276; author's characterization of, 277, 278; learns of coming of D'Estaing, 278; concentrates at New York, 278; disposition of squadron of, against D'Estaing, 279, 280; manoeuvres to avoid battle with D'Estaing, 281; fleet of, scattered, 282; highest title of, to fame, 283; follows French fleet to Newport, and Boston, 284; resigns command, 284; succeeded by Vice-admiral Byron, 284; sails for England, 284; words of, in House of Commons, 284; again brought into service, 287; encounters allied fleet off Scilly, 288; tactical manoeuvre of, off Land's End, 288; relief of Gibraltar by, 288, 295; tribute of Chevalier to, 296; headed for Atlantic, 297; is pursued by allies, 297; regains Spithead, 297; on shore duty, 297; as first Lord of Admiralty, 298; appoints Nelson to a ship, 298; at head of navy at outbreak of French revolution, 298; takes command of Channel fleet, 299; encounters French fleet and convoy, 301, 302; gives chase, 302; tactical skill of, 303, 304; analysis of tactics in fight with Villaret-Joyeuse, 306, 307; attacks latter, in force, 310; conduct of, in action, 311; victory of, over French fleet, 315, 316; career of, ended, 318; in nominal command of Channel fleet, 318; suppresses mutinies, 318; active service of, closed, 319; retires formally from command of Channel fleet, 319; estimate of, of Battle of the Nile, 379; appearance of, off Rhode Island, 388, 409; commends Pellew, 440; again commends Pellew, 450, 476, 477.

HOWE, General, departs for England, 284.

Hudson, river, 442.

Hyeres Islands, 21.

Indefatigable, ship, 455; fight of, with Droits de l'Homme, 456, 457; narrow escape of, from wreck, 458.

India, 403.

Inflexible, ship, 435; launch and description of, 435, 436; in battle of Lake Champlain, 438, 439.

Intrepide, ship, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 91.

Ionian Isles, slaves, natives of, released by Pellew, 462.

Ireland, French expedition against, sails from Brest, 455; expedition reaches, 456.

Jacobin, ship, 313.

Jamaica, threatened by Brest fleet, 160; 161; succored by Rodney, 162; 163; station, Rodney appointed to command, 167; station, required high degree of executive ability to command, 168; its situation in relation to Spanish colonies, 168; free ports instituted in, 169; Rodney moves toward, 243; 393.

JAMES II., Duke of York, his fighting instructions, 1665, 9.

JERVIS, Admiral, contrasted with Howe, 270-272, 320; contrasted with Nelson, 321; his opinion of Nelson, 321; birth of, 321, 322; early life of, 322; runs away to sea, 322; sails for West Indies, 322; early privations, 323; contrasted with Rodney, 324; cruises in the Caribbean, 324; returns to England, 324; is made lieutenant, 325; with Boscawen in the St. Lawrence, 325; goes to Mediterranean with Hawke, 325; relieves Byng, 325; associated with Sir Charles Saunders, 325; intimacy with Wolfe, 325; in command of Porcupine, 326; conversation of, with Wolfe before battle of Plains of Abraham, 326; leads fleet against Quebec, 326; goes to England after fall of Quebec, 327; appointed to command a ship, 327; ordered to return to North America, 327; puts in at Plymouth, leaking, 327; given command of sloop Albany, 327; conquers mutinous sailors, and sets sail, 328; arrives at New York, 328; promoted to post-captain, 328; an admiral at fifty-two, 328; commands frigate in Mediterranean, 328; resents insult to British flag, by Genoese officers, 329; forces an apology, 329; opposed to abolition of slave trade, 329; commissions the Foudroyant, 330; attached to the Channel fleet, 331; in Keppel's battle off Ushant, 331; at Gibraltar with Howe, 331; captures French ship Pegase, 331; receives a baronetcy, 332; receives Order of the Bath, 332; takes seat in Parliament, 332; supports Fox, 332; attains rank of rear-admiral and of vice-admiral, 332; is again afloat, 332; on service in Caribbean Sea, 332; his brusque treatment of a lieutenant, 332, 333; his attitude toward matrimony, 333; returns to England, 333; appointed to command Mediterranean Station, 333; joins fleet in San Fiorenzo Bay, 333; reaches grade of admiral of the Blue, 334; reaches crowning period of his career, 334; disposition of fleet of, 336; as strict disciplinarian, 337; anecdotes concerning this characteristic of, 337-340; his care of health of officers and men, 343, 344; embarrassment of, 347; disappointment of, at Admiral Mann's failure to obey orders, 349; cheerfulness of, under discouragements, 351; reinforcements reach, 351; encounters large Spanish fleet, 352; courageous remark of, 352; victory of, at Cape St. Vincent, 352-357; gratitude of England toward, 356; created Earl of St. Vincent, 356; analysis of movements of, in battle of Cape St. Vincent, 356, 357; blockades Spanish at Cadiz, 357; suppresses mutinous action of seamen, 358, 359; action of, in case of seamen, of ship St. George, 360, 361; repels attack of Spanish gunboats from Cadiz, 361, 362; stern repression of mutiny by, on board ship Marlborough, 362-367; stern rebuke of, to Capt. Ellison, 363, 364; brusque reply of, to Sir Edward Pellew, 367; sternness of, 368; forbids captains to dine each other, 368; quaint humor of, 369; anecdotes of, 369, 370; reverence of, for the flag, 372; satire upon, by Lieutenant Cumby, 373; pretended revenge of, for, 373. 374; decline of health of, 374; return of, to England, 374; placed in command of Channel fleet, 375; establishes rigid discipline in same, 375; closes port of Brest, 375; analysis of last named movement, 376; three great services of, to England, 378; discipline of, of Mediterranean fleet, 378; winning by, of Battle of St. Vincent, 378; suppression of mutinies by, 378; contrasted with Nelson, 378, 379; Nelson's esteem for, 379; Nelson's differences with, 379; arranges expedition which led to Battle of the Nile, 379; credit due, for same, 379, 380; later years of, 380; succeeds Pitt as First Lord of the Admiralty, 380; retires from active service, 380; hauls down his flag, 380; country seat of, 380; closing years of, 380, 381; liberality, of, 381; active habits of in old age, 381; death of, 381.

Judith, Point, 281.

KEITH, Lord, 367.

KEMPENFELT, Admiral, 288; second to Howe, 289; death of, 290; sent in pursuit of De Grasse, 393; makes valuable capture, 393.

KEPPEL, Admiral, appointed to Channel fleet, 176; resigns command of Channel fleet, 182; chagrin of, 286; 287; Jervis with, at Ushant, 331; assists Saumarez in advancement, 384, 385; companion of uncle of Saumarez, 385

Land's End, Howe's tactical movement off, 288.

LANGARA, his fleet destroyed by Rodney, 216.

Leander, ship, 472.

L'ETENDUERE, Commodore, attacked by Hawke, 89; Hawke commander in battle with, 97; 157.

Leghorn, in power of France, 346.

LESTOCK, Vice-Admiral, off Toulon, 21, 22; his part in trial of Mathews, 21-25; his own trial and defence, 26.

Levant, the, 384.

LINOIS, at battle at Algeciras, 416; his division in second attack, 419.

Lisbon, 350.

Louisa, ship, 60, 61, 64.

LOUIS XVI., treats Saumarez with attention, 398, 399.

LOWTHER, Miss, betrothed of Gen. Wolfe, 326.

Madras, French conquest of, 103; yielded in exchange for Louisburg, 103.

Magnanime, ship, 262; 272; 273.

Malaga, movements of Rooke off, 15; battle, 69, 70; 156.

Malta, Nelson receives news of surrender of, to the French, 403.

Manila, loss of, embitters Spain, 171.

MANN, Admiral, discouragement of, 348; calls council of officers, 348; returns to England, 348; deprived of command, 348; Jervis's criticism of, 349; Nelson's criticism of, 349; effect on fleet of defection of, 350.

Mantua, blockaded, 346.

Marengo, 413.

Marlborough, frigate, 41; 42; 57; mutinies on, 362-367.

Marseilles, 430.

MARTIN, Sir Byam, records anecdote of Lord Howe, 250.

Martinique, Rodney operates against, 158; captured by British, 158; 165; 236; 245; 393.

MARRYATT, Capt, Peter Simple quoted, 95, 96; source of sea picture in his The King's Own, 458.

MATHEWS, Admiral, off Toulon in 1774, 5; description of engagement, 21, 22, 41, 42, 43; courtmartial of, 27, 28; author's criticism of, 45, 56.

Mediterranean, fighting begins in, 1759, 133; Nelson returns from cruise in, 351, 352; 400; 411; British expedition enters, 413; Pellew cruises in, 430; Pellew is appointed Commander-in-chief in, 460; 461.

MILLBANK, Admiral, 297.

Minorca, Byng's incompetency at, 5, 20; affair at, reviewed, 47-63; French send a fleet against, 104; French fleet lands at, 104; 156; 367.

Mona Passage, 244.

MONCTON, General, his reluctance to move, 161; sends troops to Jamaica, 166.

MONK, commands in Four Days Battle, 11.

Montague, ship, 312; 313.

MONTGOMERY, fall of, 432.

MOREAU, French general, 347.

Moultrie, Fort, attack of British fleet on, 386.

Mutiny, in British navy, 1797, 358, 359; on ship Marlborough, 363.

NAPLES, Kingdom of, Napoleon designs to occupy, 413; 463.

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, contemporary of Jervis, 346; before Mantua, 347; 402; 403; 411; practically absolute ruler of Europe, 412; designs to occupy Portugal and Kingdom of Naples, 413; threatens Saumarez's flank, 414; concentrates Spanish and French navies at Cadiz, 414; agreement of, with Czar, at Tilsit, 421; breach of, with Russia, 422; forces Sweden to declaration of war, 422; 454; decline of, coincides with Pellew's advance, 461.

Narragansett Bay, 210; D'Estaing's fleet at, 281; 387.

Naval Warfare, in 18th century, 3, et seq.; Hawke and Rodney identified with, 4; advance in, shown by two great failures, 5; waged with vessels moved by oars, 7; such method more reliable than by sail, 7; its scene long in the Mediterranean, 8; introduction of cannon in, 8; a period of systematization sets in, 9; period of transition in, 12; Tourville's influence on, 14; peace of Utrecht closed transitional period in, 68; Napoleon's influence on, 68, 69; conditions of, in 18th century, 74, 75; advance of, in 19th century.

Navy, French, its movements at Quiberon Bay, 125; attempts to concentrate at Brest, 126; vanquished by Hawke, 141; concentrated at Cadiz, 414.

Navy of Great Britain, in 1739, 69; permitted to decline, 100.

Navy of U.S., in 1812, 69.

NELSON, Admiral, his remarkable order at Trafalgar, alluded to, 7; on true way of fighting, 30; on the comparative value of prize money, 88; 146; appointed to command a ship by Howe, 298; letter of, to his brother, 298; opinion of, of Jervis's Mediterranean fleet, 330; remark of, concerning Hood, 335; criticises movements of British fleet, 1795, 346; his criticism of Admiral Mann, 349; return from mission up Mediterranean, 351, 352; at battle off Cape St. Vincent, 355; receives Spanish surrender, 355, 356; approves sentence of seamen of ship St. George, 361; 362; contrasted with Jervis, Earl St Vincent, 378, 379; esteem of, for Jervis, 379; credit due to, for victory of the Nile, 379; contrasted with Saumarez, 383; 401; 402; his lack of personal sympathy with Saumarez, 407; Saumarez's unfortunate remark to, 407; at battle of the Nile, 407-409; 410; Baltic league shattered by, 413; eulogizes Saumarez in House of Lords, 421; seamanship of, contrasted with that of Pellew, 446; anecdote of, 446; mentions incident of Algerine policy, 462, 463; denounces Algerine piracy, 463; Israel Pellew with, at Trafalgar, 476.

Nevis, island, 394.

Newport, D'Estaing enters harbor of, 281.

Nile, battle of, 362; Admiral Howe's estimate of, 379; credit due to Admiral Lord St. Vincent for, 379, 380; Saumarez cruises in, 384; 403; description of battle of, 405-408; Saumarez wounded at, 409.

Nore, threatening mutinies of, 454.

NORRIS, Captain, absconds to avoid trial, 37.

Nymphe, frigate, Pellew in command of, 447; 448; fight of, with Cleopatre, 448, 449.

Orient, ship, Nelson's coffin made from mainmast of, 353; blows up, 407.

Orion, ship, Saumarez appointed to command, 400; 401; 406; 409; 410.

PALLISER, Vice-Admiral, accused of betrayal of his chief, 182; twelve admirals memorialize the king against, 182.

Paris, Rodney settles in, 175.

PARKER, Admiral, Rodney writes to, 225.

PARKER, Commodore Sir Peter, 385.

Passaro, Cape, Battle of, 69.

Pegase, ship, 331.

PELLEW, Admiral, asks for courtmartial upon a mutiny, 367; 368; 389; 428; of Norman extraction, 428; early orthography of name, 428; settlement of family in England, 429; father of, 429; fearlessness of, at school, 429; goes afloat, 430; sides with a companion in a quarrel and leaves the ship, 430; intimacy of, with Captain Pownoll, 431; brought in contact with American revolution, 431; at reception of Burgoyne on ship Blonde, 431; saves a sailor from drowning, 431; exuberant vitality of, 431; anecdote of recklessness of, 431; anecdote of accident to, 435; second officer of Carleton, 437; in battle of Lake Champlain, 436, 437; by loss of superiors left in command, 438; gallantry of, in contest, 438; is commended by Douglas, Lord Howe and the Admiralty, 440; is promised promotion, 440; gives chase to Arnold, 441; lands at Crown Point, 441; accompanies Burgoyne, 442; returns to England, 442; promoted to a lieutenancy, 442; serves under Capt. Pownoll, 442; lieutenant of frigate Apollo, 442; meets French frigate Stanislas, 442; action with, 442; succeeds to command at death of Pownoll, 442; grief of, for death of Pownoll, 443; gains promotion, 443; destroys French privateers, 443; wins grade of post-captain, 443; in time of peace tries farming, 443; commands frigate on Newfoundland Station, 444; personal activity of, 444; anecdotes of, 444, 445; his knowledge of seamanship, 446; 447; in command of Nymphe, 447; at fight between Nymphe and Cleopatre, 448, 449; Lord Howe commends, 450; opposes French privateers, 451, 452; directs rescue of troops, passengers, and crew of ship Dutton, 452-454; stationed off Brest, 454; discouraged appointment of Roman Catholic chaplains, 455; opposes enfranchisement of Roman Catholics, 455; follows French expedition against Ireland, 455, 456; sails for Falmouth, 456; fights Indefatigable and Amazon against Droits de l'Homme, 456-458; narrow escape of, from shipwreck, 458; great personal endurance of, illustrated, 459; eminent qualities of, 459; holds command in India, 459, 460; appointed commander-in-chief in Mediterranean, 460; made a rear-admiral, 460; assigned to East India station, 460; Mediterranean command of, coincides with Bonaparte's falling fortunes, 461; created Baron Exmouth, 462; visits Barbary ports, 462; compels release of slaves, 462; demands peace for Sardinia, 463; arranges with Tunis and Tripoli for treatment of captives, 463; Algiers refuses concession to, regarding treatment of captives, 464; demands release of all Christian slaves in Algiers, 464; despatches cruiser to Algiers, 466; instructions of, to Capt. Charles Warde, 466; asks for small force against Algiers, 467; preparations of, against Algiers, 468; sails for Algiers, 468; joins Dutch fleet at Gibraltar, 468; arrives at Algiers Bay, 468; serves demands on Dey of Algiers, 468; receives no answer, 468; opens battle, 469, 470; is slightly wounded, 473; receives submission of Dey, 473; frees Algerian, Tunisian, and Tripolitan slaves, 474; returns to England, 474; close of career of, 475; later days of, 475, 476; religious nature of, 476; death of, 476; rank of, at death 476.

PELLEW, Israel, bravery of, in fight between Nymphe and Cleopatre, 448, 449; promoted to post-captain, 451; 476.

Penmarcks, rocks, 458.

PENN, Sir William, his criticism of Four Days Battle, 12.

PERRY, Commander, 436.

Peuple Souverain, ship, 406.

Philadelphia, evacuation of, 284.

PITT, William, defends Admiral Byng, 105; his dislike of Hawke, 106; his military purpose, 110; proposed series of descents on French coast, 110; his impetuosity a spur to laggards, 113; his energy felt in civil administration, 114; blames military and naval leaders, 115; his injustice meets rebuke, 116; profits by Hawke's suggestions, 117; leaves Hawke a commodore, 144; succeeded by Lord St. Vincent in Admiralty, 380.

Plattsburg, 436.

Plymouth, ship Dutton driven ashore at, 452.

POCOCK, Admiral, 164; 165.

Poder, ship, 41, 42, 43, 86.

Point Judith, 281.

Pompee, ship, dismasted at Algeciras, 416; withdraws under tow, 417; 418.

Porcupine, sloop-of-war, 326.

Portland, ship, 80.

Port Mahon, surrendered, 105; 156; 367.

Porto Rico, 244.

Portugal, Napoleon designs to occupy, 413; 414.

POWNOLL, Captain, intimacy of, with Pellew, 431; commands frigate Apollo, 442; death of, 442.

Prince, ship, 365.

Prince William, ship, 188.

QUEBEC, 432.

Queen Charlotte, ship, 250, 265; 305; 311; 313; 317; 469; 470; 472; 473.

Quiberon Bay, Hawke's disregard of pilotage difficulties at, 114; Hawke's triumph at, 122; France determines to invade England, 124; location of, 125; Hawke crowds all sail for, 136; islands of, cultivated as kitchen gardens, 141; Howe at, 273; 460.

Ramillies, ship, 60, 61.

Real, ship, 41, 44.

Real Carlos, ship, 417; 420; remarkable loss of, 420.

Red Sea, 403.

Reunion, frigate, quits Cherbourg, 399; meets British frigate Crescent, 399; action of, with Crescent, 399, 400.

Revenge, ship, 59; 60; 62.

Rhode Island, Saumarez sent to, 387; British retreat to, 387.

Richelieu, river, 433; 434.

ROBESPIERRE, orders of, to Admiral Villaret-Joyeuse, 301.

Rochefort, Hawke's expedition against, 111; Conflans's vessels escape to, 141.

Rochetts, country seat of Lord St. Vincent, 380.

RODNEY, Admiral, development of naval warfare identified with name of, 4; uplifted the navy, 6; before Havre, 126; succeeds Hawke, 145; his descent, 148; his father in command of the royal yacht, 148; George I. his sponsor, 148; given the name of the king, 148; his advancement, 148; contrasted in temperament with Hawke, 152; presented at Court, 153; complimented to the king, 153; appointed Commodore, and commander of Newfoundland station, 154; letter to, from Earl of Sandwich, 154, 155; the Earl's confidence in, 155; returns to England, 156; elected to Parliament, 156; no connection with Minorca incident, 156; breaks with tradition, 156; accompanies Rochefort expedition under Hawke, 157; commands ship-of-the-line under Boscawen, at Louisburg, 157; again returns to England, 157; promoted to rear-admiral, 158; operates against Havre and Brest, 158; again elected to Parliament, 158; appointed to Leeward Islands station, 158; sails for his new post, 158; begins operations against Martinique, 158; begins hostilities against Spain, 159; receives intelligence of approach of Brest fleet, 160; gives pursuit, 160; hastens to succor of Jamaica, 160; takes the responsibility, 162, 163; his bitter disappointment, 164; ordered to join expedition under Pocock, 164; his letter to Earl of Sandwich, 164; goes to Martinique, 166; at fall of Havana, 166; active service in Seven Years War terminated, 166; returns to England, 1763, 166; made a vice-admiral of the Blue, and vice-admiral of the Red, 167; appointed commander-in-chief at Jamaica, 167; governor of Greenwich hospital, 167; his report concerning free-ports, 169, 170; was a pronounced Tory, 170; demands of governor of Cartagena delivery of captured war schooner Hawke, 171; disturbs British ministry by Hawke incident, 172; Sandwich's cautionary letter to, 172, 173; his act justified by government, 174; Sandwich reassures him, 174; his hopes for a colonial appointment, 174; Jamaica his first choice, 174; Sandwich's renewed assurances, 175; is superseded, 175; has permission to remain at Jamaica, 175; lands in England, 175; lacked influence to obtain preferment, 175; settles in Paris, 175; becomes pecuniarily involved, 175; applies to Admiralty for employment, 176; his application disregarded, 176; admiral of white squadron, 177; declaration of Sandwich concerning, in House of Lords, 178; Richard Cumberland's remark concerning, 178; detained in France by creditors, 179; Lady Rodney's efforts to release, 179; Marechal Biron makes advance to, 179; demands of creditors of, satisfied, 179, 180; repays Biron, 180; returns to England, 180; appointed to command Leeward Islands station, 185; analysis of his powers in 1782, 186; Sandwich urges him to sea with all despatch, 187; sails from Plymouth, 187; captures a Spanish convoy, 188; sights Spanish fleet, off Cape St. Vincent, 188; is congratulated by Sandwich, 190; letter of latter to, 191; letter to, from Lady Rodney, 191; his reply, 192; his report of battle, 192; Sandwich's letter to, 193; England's joy over achievement of, 193; reaches St. Lucia, 194; place of, among naval chiefs, 196; follows De Guichen's sailing from Martinique, 197; overtakes French fleet, 197; attacks the enemy, 198; criticises misconduct of his officers, 204; his stern discipline, 206, 207; makes suggestions to the Admiralty, 209; sails for North American coast, 211; anchors off Sandy Hook, 211; his coming a grievous blow to Washington, 211; disclaims intention of offending Arbuthnot, 213; lands at New York, 214; returns to West Indies, 216; destruction of Langara's fleet by, 216; reaches Barbados, 217; vessels lost in hurricane, 217; ordered to proceed against Dutch shipping, 217; captures St. Eustatius island, 218; captures Dutch fleet of merchant ships, 218; author criticises hampering of Hood, 222; writes to Admiral Parker, 225; is advised of approach of French fleet, 225, 226; devotes himself to supervision of St. Eustatius island, 226; his error, 227; sends small force against De Grasse, 229; forced to retire, 230; his return to England, 232; again afloat, 232; sails for his station, 232; reaches Barbados, 234; learns of capitulation of St. Kitts, 235; takes united fleet to Santa Lucia, 235; is assailed in Parliament, 235; follows French fleet from Martinique, 236; pushes reinforcements to Hood, 237; battle with De Grasse, 238-242; his victory, 242; moves toward Jamaica, 243; is criticised for lethargic action, by Hood, 244; his defence, 244, 245; analysis of character as shown in battle with De Grasse, 248, 249, 250; his professional career ends, 251; is superseded, 251; succeeded by Pigot, 251; leaves Jamaica and lands at Bristol, 251; Hood's comment on, 252; receives thanks of Parliament, 252; advanced to the peerage, 252; is voted a pension, 252; his other honors, 253; made vice-admiral of Great Britain, 253; his troublous later years, 253; death of, 253; in accord with Lord Sandwich, 287.

RODNEY, Lady, goes to England to obtain pecuniary relief for husband, 179; her letter to husband concerning victory off Cape St. Vincent, 191, 192.

ROOKE, Admiral, his movements off Malaga, 15.

ROWLEY, Rear-Admiral, off Toulon, 21, 28; compliments Hawke, 84.

Royal, Fort, 235.

Royal George, ship, 140; loss of, 290; 393.

Royal Savage, schooner, 438.

Russell, ship, Saumarez appointed to command, 395; 396.

Russia, Sweden at war with, 421; breach of, with Napoleon, 422; fleet of, takes refuge in Gulf of Finland, 425.

Russia, Czar of, 421.

St. Antoine, ship, 420.

St. Christopher, island, 394.

St. Eustatius, island, captured by Rodney, 217, 218; recaptured by French, 233; Rodney assailed in Parliament for acts at, 235.

St. George, ship, 351; two seamen of, condemned for infamous crime, 360; outburst of crew of, 360; execution of seamen of, 361.

St. Johns (Canada); 434, 435; 437.

St. Kitts, 163; 165; 228; is besieged by French, 234; capitulates, 235.

St. Lawrence, river, 433; 434.

St. Vincent, Cape, captured by British, 159; Spanish fleet sighted by Rodney, off, 188; battle off, 190; victory of Jervis at, 345; 353; 355; Jervis's battle off, 352-357; Saumarez at battle off, 400.

ST. VINCENT, Earl, declines a command, 286; denounces ministry to George III., 287; Admiral Jervis created, 356; 359; 360; 361; 362; 364; 367; 368; 370; 372; 373; 374; 375; 376; 377; 379; 380; 381; 401; assumes command Channel fleet, 411; complimentary note of, to Saumarez, 411, 412; his praise of Saumarez, 412, 413; recognizes ability of Pellew, 460, see also Jervis.

SAINTE-ANDRE, Jean Bon, 312.

SANDWICH, Earl of, letter from, to Rodney, 154,155; his confidence in Rodney, 155; his cautionary letter to Rodney, 172, 173; disregards Rodney's application for employment, 176; his remark concerning Rodney in House of Lords, 178; urges Rodney to sea with all despatch, 187; congratulates Rodney, 190; private letter from, to Rodney, 193; character of, 285, 286.

Sandy Hook, Rodney anchors off, 211.

San Fiorenzo Bay, 333; 348.

San Josef, ship, 355.

San Nicolas, ship, 355.

Santa Lucia, island, captured by British, 159; 228; French proceed against, 229; failure of attack on, 229; Rodney takes united fleet to, 235; 245; 248.

Santo Domingo, 244.

Saratoga, 276; 441; 442.

Sardinia, Lord Exmouth demands peace for, 463.

SAUMAREZ, Admiral, 382; birth of, 383; his mastery of French language, 383; lineage of, 383; contrasted with Nelson, 383; early taste of, for navy, 383; begins career at early age, 383, 384; goes afloat at thirteen, 384; cruises in Mediterranean, 384; follows Nelson in pursuit of Bonaparte's fleet, 384; return of, to England, 384; examined for promotion to lieutenancy, 384; appointed Master's Mate, 384; owes advancement to Admiral Keppel, 384, 385; sails in squadron commanded by Commodore Sir Peter Parker, 385; offered commission by Lord Cornwallis, 385; meeting of, with Cornwallis subsequently, 385; arrives off Charleston, 386; aids in attack on Fort Moultrie, 386; courage of, in action, 387; promotion of, to lieutenancy, 387; in command of a galley, 387; is sent to Rhode Island, 387; stationed at Seakomet, 388; returns to England, 388; his lot thrown with line-of-battle force, 388, 389; in action with Dutch off Dogger Bank, 391, 392; again promoted, 392; made commander of Tisiphone, 392; on the tide which leads to fortune, 393; reaches Barbados, 394; joins fleet, 394; encounters French fleet under De Grasse, 394; effects brilliant manoeuvre, 394; ordered to England, 395; Hood substitutes another officer, 395; appointed to command Russell, 495; an acting post-captain, 395; bravery of, in Rodney's renowned battle, 395, 396; engages De Grasse's flag-ship, 396; brilliant manoeuvre of, 396; promoted and returns to England, 397; in retirement, 397; marries, 398; makes trip to France, 398; at beginning of work on Cherbourg breakwater, 398; receives attention from Louis XVI., 398; appointed to command Crescent, 399; intercepts French frigate Reunion, 399; analysis of action between Crescent and Reunion, 399; is knighted for victory, 400; appointed to ship-of-the-line Orion, 400; captures three French ships, 400; at battle off Cape St. Vincent, 400; blockades Cadiz, 400; operates off Toulon, 400; inferior to Troubridge in eyes of St. Vincent and Nelson, 401; given equal command with Troubridge, 402; his attack upon French fleet before Toulon, 402; as a letter writer, 402; his record of pursuit of French fleet, 402; favors seeking enemy off coast of Egypt, 404; reaches Alexandria, 404; returns westward, 404; again sights Alexandria, 404; despondency of, 405; learns of proximity of enemy in Aboukir Bay, 405; share of, in battle of the Nile, 405; wounded, 407, 409; unfortunate remark of, to Nelson, 407, 408; losses of, at battle of Nile, 409; convoys prizes to Gibraltar, 409; ordered to home station, 409; impatient at delays, 410; reaches England, 410; appointed to command the Caesar, 410; at blockade of Brest, 411; St. Vincent's flattering note to, 411, 412; importance of situation of, off Brest, 412; St. Vincent's praise of, 412, 413; Napoleon threatens flank of, 414; given command of a squadron, 414; now a rear-admiral, 414; ordered to blockade Cadiz, 414; sails on his mission, 415; arrives off Cadiz, 415; learns of French vessels at Algeciras, 415; starts for Algeciras, 415; finds French fleet moored at, 415; steers to engage French, 415; failure of wind interferes with plans of, 415; disaster to two ships of, 416; withdraws to Gibraltar, 416; failure of, 416; confident despatch of, to Admiralty, 417; fresh opportunity of, 417; learns of approach of Spanish fleet, 417, 418; sails in pursuit of Spaniards, 418; gives battle off Algeciras, 420; St. Vincent's praise of, 421; St. Vincent eulogizes, in House of Lords, 421; eulogized by Nelson, in House of Lords, 421; never again engaged in serious encounter with enemy, 421; commander-in-chief at Channel Islands, 421; insures Swedish neutrality, 422; maintains importance of Baltic, 421; disturbs commerce between nations on the Baltic, controlled by Napoleon, 422; succeeds to diplomatic situation, 424; success of, 425; praise of, by Swedish statesman, 425; follows Russian fleet in Gulf of Finland, 426; retires from service, 427; later life at Guernsey, 427; receives peerage from William IV., 427; death of, 427; 476; 477.

SAUMAREZ, Lord de, 427.

SAUMAREZ, Philip, 385.

SAUNDERS, Captain, his conduct in battle off La Rochelle, 92.

SAUNDERS, Sir Charles, associated with Jervis, 325; 328.

SCHANK, Admiral, 435.

SCHUYLER, General, 442.

Scilly, Howe encounters allied fleet off, 288.

Serieuse, frigate, 406.

Seven Years War, contrasted with American revolution, 102; result of, in North America and India, 102; finds Rodney a captain, 156; Rodney's career in, terminated, 166; Howe's part in, 260.

Siberia (on French coast), 411.

Sicily, 403; 404.

Smuggling, in West Indies, 168, 169.

Sorel, town of, 433.

South African war, contrasted with American revolution, 101.

Spain, refuses to surrender British supply vessel captured by the French, 106; Great Britain begins hostilities against, 159; increases custom-house force in West Indies, 169; seeks a quarrel with Great Britain, 171; embittered by loss of Havana and Manila, 171; near verge of rupture with Great Britain, over Falkland Islands incident, 172; declares war, 185; fleet of, enters English Channel, 185; navy of, concentrated at Cadiz, 414.

Spanish colonies, in West Indies, their geographical relation to Jamaica, 168; smuggling in, 168.

Stamp Act, discontent over, in American colonies, 172.

Stanislas, frigate, 442; goes aground off Belgian coast, 442, 443.

STEWART, Colonel, 446.

Superb, ship, 417; 419; 420.

Sweden, British fleet supports, 421; 424; forced by Napoleon to declaration of war, 424.

TAGUS, river, 351.

TERNAY, Admiral, 212; 214.

Terrible, ship, 91.

Thesee, ship, 140.

Ticonderoga, 433; 441; 442.

Tilsit, agreements at, 421.

TIPPOO SAIB, 403.

Tisiphone, ship, 392; 393; 395.

Tobago, attack on, 229; Drake meets De Grasse, off, 230; surrenders to De Grasse, 230.

Tormant, ship, 90, 91.

Torbay, British fleet leaves, 128.

Toulon, Admiral Mathews off, 5, 20; engagement off, 21, 22; description of action off, 30, 31; movements of fleet criticised, 33, 34; 346; 348; Saumarez operates off, 400; 403; 414; 415.

TOURVILLE, characterization of, 13; his death, 14.

Trafalgar, 422; 461; 476.

Transvaal, war in, some lessons from, 18.

Trident, ship, 60, 61, 64, 91.

Tripoli, agrees to treat captives as civilized countries, 463; releases Christian slaves, 474.

TROUBRIDGE, Captain, 353; gallantry of, at battle off Cape St. Vincent, 353; 355; 401; 402.

Tunis, agrees to treat captives as civilized countries, 463; delivers up Christian slaves, 474.

Turkey, troops of, slaughter coral fishermen on Algerine coast, 464.

UNITED STATES, Navy of, see Navy of United States.

Ushant, island, Howe encounters French fleet off, 302; Jervis in battle off, 331.

VALCOUR Island, 436; 437.

Vengeur, ship, 314; 315; loss of, 316.

Victory, ship, 293; 354.

Vilaine, river, 141, 143.

VILLARET-JOYEUSE Admiral, orders of Robespierre to, 301; encounters fleet under Howe, 302; 306; attacked by Howe in force, 310; record of, 312.

Ville de Paris, flag-ship of De Grasse, collides with Zele, 238; strikes her flag, 242; 363; 369; 373.

WALPOLE, on the Colonies, 101.

WARDE, Captain Charles, instructions of Lord Exmouth to, 466; examines defences and soundings in port of Algiers, 466.

WASHINGTON, George, Rodney's coming to American coast a grievous blow to, 211; 214; concerning letter of Howe to, 276; 279; comment of, on arrival of D'Estaing, 280; letter, of, concerning movement against Rhode Island, 282.

West Indies, smuggling in, 168; Arbuthnot ordered to send ships to, 210; conditions in, 1780, 210 Rodney returns to, 216; 392; 393.

WHITE, sailing-master, commended by Jervis, 342, 343.

WHITSHED, Admiral Sir James, 266; his anecdote of Lord Gardner, 266.

WILLIAM III., King of England, grantor of peerage to grandfather of Lord Howe, 256.

WILLIAM IV., King of England, a midshipman at taking of Spanish convoy, 188; confers a peerage on Admiral Saumarez, 427.

WOLFE, General, Howe's friendship with, 262; intimacy of, with Admiral Jervis, 325, 326; anecdote concerning, 326; message of, by Jervis, to Miss Lowther, 326.

YORK, Duke of, received on shipboard by Howe, 263; holds reception, 263, 264.

Yorktown, 393.

Zealous, ship, 350.

Zele, ship, 238; collides with flag-ship Ville de Paris, 238.

* * * * *

Works by Captain A. T. Mahan.

THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON HISTORY. 1660-1783.

THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND EMPIRE. TWO vols.

THE LIFE OF NELSON, THE EMBODIMENT OF THE SEA POWER OF GREAT BRITAIN. TWO vols.

THE LIFE OF NELSON. Popular edition. One vol.

THE INTEREST OF AMERICA IN SEA POWER, PRESENT AND FUTURE.

LESSONS OF THE WAR WITH SPAIN, AND OTHER ARTICLES.

THE PROBLEM OF ASIA AND ITS EFFECT UPON INTERNATIONAL POLICIES.

TYPES OF NAVAL OFFICERS, WITH SOME REMARKS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL WARFARE DURING THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

THE END