The individualism of the backwoodsmen, however, was tempered by a sound common-sense, and capacity for combination. The first hunters might come alone or in couples, but the actual colonization was done not by individuals, but by groups of individuals. The settlers brought their families and belongings either on pack-horses along the forest trails, or in scows down the streams; they settled in palisaded villages, and immediately took steps to provide both a civil and military organization. They were men of facts, not theories; and they showed their usual hard common-sense in making a government. They did not try to invent a new system; they simply took that under which they had grown up, and applied it to their altered conditions. They were most familiar with the government of the county; and therefore they adopted this for the framework of their little independent, self-governing commonwealths of Watauga, Cumberland, and Transylvania. [Footnote: The last of these was the most pretentious and short-lived and least characteristic of the three, as Henderson made an abortive effort to graft on it the utterly foreign idea of a proprietary colony.]

They were also familiar with the representative system; and accordingly they introduced it into the new communities, the little forted villages serving as natural units of representation. They were already thoroughly democratic, in instinct and principle, and as a matter of course they made the offices elective, and gave full play to the majority. In organizing the militia they kept the old system of county lieutenants, making them elective, not appointive; and they organized the men on the basis of a regiment, the companies representing territorial divisions, each commanded by its own officers, who were thus chosen by the fighting men of the fort or forts in their respective districts. Thus each of the backwoods commonwealths, during its short-lived term of absolute freedom, reproduced as its governmental system that of the old colonial county, increasing the powers of the court, and changing the justices into the elective representatives of an absolute democracy. The civil head, the chairman of the court or committee, was also usually the military head, the colonel-commandant. In fact the military side of the organization rapidly became the most conspicuous, and, at least in certain crises, the most important. There were always some years of desperate warfare during which the entire strength of the little commonwealth was drawn on to resist outside aggression, and during these years the chief function of government was to provide for the griping military needs of the community, and the one pressing duty of its chief was to lead his followers with valor and wisdom in the struggle with the stranger. [Footnote: My friend, Professor Alexander Johnson, of Princeton, is inclined to regard these frontier county organizations as reproductions of a very primitive type of government indeed, deeming that they were formed primarily for war against outsiders, that their military organization was the essential feature, the real reason for their existence. I can hardly accept this view in its entirety; though fully recognizing the extreme importance of the military side of the little governments, it seems to me that the preservation of order, and especially the necessity for regulating the disposition of the land, were quite as powerful factors in impelling the settlers to act together. It is important to keep in mind the territorial organization of the militia companies and regiments; a county and a regiment, a forted village and a company, were usually coextensive.]

These little communities were extremely independent in feeling, not only of the Federal Government, but of their parent States, and even of one another. They had won their positions by their own courage and hardihood; very few State troops and hardly a Continental soldier had appeared west of the Alleghanies. They had heartily sympathized with their several mother colonies when they became the United States, and had manfully played their part in the Revolutionary war. Moreover they were united among themselves by ties of good-will and of services mutually rendered. Kentucky, for instance, had been succored more than once by troops raised among the Watauga Carolinians or the Holston Virginians, and in her turn she had sent needed supplies to the Cumberland. But when the strain of the war was over the separatist spirit asserted itself very strongly. The groups of western settlements not only looked on the Union itself very coldly, but they were also more or less actively hostile to their parent States, and regarded even one another as foreign communities; [Footnote: See in Gardoqui MSS. the letters of George Rogers Clark to Gardoqui, March 15, 1788; and of John Sevier to Gardoqui, September 12, 1788; and in the Robertson MS. the letter of Robertson to McGillivray, August 3, 1788. It is necessary to allude to the feeling here; but the separatist and disunion movements did not gather full force until later, and are properly to be considered in connection with post-revolutionary events.] they considered the Confederation as being literally only a lax league of friendship.

Character of the Pioneer Population.

Up to the close of the Revolutionary contest the settlers who were building homes and States beyond the Alleghanies formed a homogeneous backwoods population. The wood-choppers, game hunters, and Indian fighters, who dressed and lived alike, were the typical pioneers. They were a shifting people. In every settlement the tide ebbed and flowed. Some of the new-comers would be beaten in the hard struggle for existence, and would drift back to whence they had come. Of those who succeeded some would take root in the land, and others would move still farther into the wilderness. Thus each generation rolled westward, leaving its children at the point where the wave stopped no less than at that where it started. The descendants of the victors of King's Mountain are as likely to be found in the Rockies as in the Alleghanies.

With the close of the war came an enormous increase in the tide of immigration; and many of the new-comers were of a very different stamp from their predecessors. The main current flowed towards Kentucky, and gave an entirely different character to its population. The two typical figures in Kentucky so far had been Clark and Boon, but after the close of the Revolution both of them sank into unimportance, whereas the careers of Sevier and Robertson had only begun. The disappearance of the two former from active life was partly accidental and partly a resultant of the forces that assimilated Kentucky so much more rapidly than Tennessee to the conditions prevailing in the old States. Kentucky was the best known and the most accessible of the western regions; within her own borders she was now comparatively safe from serious Indian invasion, and the tide of immigration naturally flowed thither. So strong was the current that, within a dozen years, it had completely swamped the original settlers, and had changed Kentucky from a peculiar pioneer and backwoods commonwealth into a State differing no more from Virginia, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina than these differed from one another.

The men who gave the tone to this great flood of new-comers were the gentry from the sea-coast country, the planters, the young lawyers, the men of means who had been impoverished by the long-continued and harassing civil war. Straitened in circumstances, desirous of winning back wealth and position, they cast longing eyes towards the beautiful and fertile country beyond the mountains, deeming it a place that afforded unusual opportunities to the man with capital, no less than to him whose sole trust was in his own adventurous energy.

Most of the gentle folks in Virginia and the Carolinas, the men who lived in great roomy houses on their well-stocked and slave-tilled plantations, had been forced to struggle hard to keep their heads above water during the Revolution. They loyally supported the government, with blood and money; and at the same time they endeavored to save some of their property from the general wreck, and to fittingly educate their girls, and those of their boys who were too young to be in the army. The men of this stamp who now prepared to cast in their lot with the new communities formed an exceptionally valuable class of immigrants; they contributed the very qualities of which the raw settlements stood most in need. They had suffered for no fault of their own; fate had gone hard with them. The fathers had been in the Federal or Provincial congresses; the older sons had served in the Continental line or in the militia. The plantations were occasionally overrun by the enemy; and the general disorder had completed their ruin. Nevertheless, the heads of the families had striven to send the younger sons to school or college. For their daughters they did even more; and throughout the contest, even in its darkest hours, they sent them down to receive the final touches of a lady-like education at some one of the State capitals not at the moment in the hands of the enemy—such as Charleston or Philadelphia. There the young ladies were taught dancing and music, for which, as well as for their frocks and "pink calamanco shoes," their fathers paid enormous sums in depreciated Continental currency. [Footnote: Clay MSS. Account of Robert Morris with Miss Elizabeth Hart, during her residence in Philadelphia in 1780-81. The account is so curious that I give it in full in the Appendix.]

Even the close of active hostilities, when the British were driven from the Southern States, brought at first but a slight betterment of condition to the straggling people. There was no cash in the land, the paper currency was nearly worthless, every one was heavily in debt, and no one was able to collect what was owing to him. There was much mob violence, and a general relaxation of the bonds of law and order. Even nature turned hostile; a terrible drought shrunk up all the streams until they could not turn the grist-mills, while from the same cause the crops failed almost completely. A hard winter followed, and many cattle and hogs died; so that the well-to-do were brought to the verge of bankruptcy and the poor suffered extreme privations, being forced to go fifty or sixty miles to purchase small quantities of meal and grain at exorbitant prices. [Footnote: Clay MSS. Letters of Jesse Benton, 1782 and '83. See Appendix.]

This distress at home inclined many people of means and ambition to try their fortunes in the west: while another and equally powerful motive was the desire to secure great tracts of virgin lands, for possession or speculation. Many distinguished soldiers had been rewarded by successive warrants for unoccupied land, which they entered wherever they chose, until they could claim thousands upon thousands of acres. [Footnote: Thus Col. Wm. Christian, for his services in Braddock's and Dunmore's wars and against the Cherokees, received many warrants; he visited Kentucky to enter them, 9,000 acres in all. See "Life of Caleb Wallace," by Wm. H. Whitsitt, Louisville, 1888.] Sometimes they sold these warrants to outsiders; but whether they remained in the hands of the original holders or not, they served as a great stimulus to the westward movement, and drew many of the representatives of the wealthiest and most influential families in the parent States to the lands on the farther side of the mountains.

At the close of the Revolution, however, the men from the sea-coast region formed but an insignificant portion of the western pioneers. The country beyond the Alleghanies was first won and settled by the backwoodsmen themselves, acting under their own leaders, obeying their own desires, and following their own methods. They were a marked and peculiar people. The good and evil traits in their character were such as naturally belonged to a strong, harsh, and homely race, which, with all its shortcomings, was nevertheless bringing a tremendous work to a triumphant conclusion. The backwoodsmen were above all things characteristically American; and it is fitting that the two greatest and most typical of all Americans should have been respectively a sharer and an outcome of their work. Washington himself passed the most important years of his youth heading the westward movement of his people; clad in the traditional dress of the backwoodsmen, in tasselled hunting-shirt and fringed leggings, he led them to battle against the French and Indians, and helped to clear the way for the American advance. The only other man who in the American roll of honor stands by the side of Washington, was born when the distinctive work of the pioneers had ended; and yet he was bone of their bone and flesh of their flesh; for from the loins of this gaunt frontier folk sprang mighty Abraham Lincoln.

APPENDICES.

* * * * *

APPENDIX A—TO CHAPTER I.

During the early part of this century our more pretentious historians who really did pay some heed to facts and wrote books that—in addition to their mortal dulness—were quite accurate, felt it undignified and beneath them to notice the deeds of mere ignorant Indian fighters. They had lost all power of doing the best work; for they passed their lives in a circle of small literary men, who shrank from any departure from conventional European standards.

On the other hand, the men who wrote history for the mass of our people, not for the scholars, although they preserved much important matter, had not been educated up to the point of appreciating the value of evidence, and accepted undoubted facts and absurd traditions with equal good faith. Some of them (notably Flint and one or two of Boon's other biographers) evidently scarcely regarded truthfulness and accuracy of statement as being even desirable qualities in a history. Others wished to tell the facts, but lacked all power of discrimination. Certain of their books had a very wide circulation. In some out-of-the-way places they formed, with the almanac, the staple of secular literature. But they did not come under the consideration of trained scholars, so their errors remained uncorrected; and at this day it is a difficult, and often an impossible task, to tell which of the statements to accept and which to reject.

Many of the earliest writers lived when young among the old companions of the leading pioneers, and long afterwards wrote down from memory the stories the old men had told them. They were themselves often clergymen, and were usually utterly inexperienced in wild backwoods life, in spite of their early surroundings—exactly as to-day any town in the Rocky Mountains is sure to contain some half-educated men as ignorant of mountain and plains life, of Indians and wild beasts, as the veriest lout on an eastern farm. Accordingly they accepted the wildest stories of frontier warfare with a faith that forcibly reminds one of the equally simple credulity displayed by the average classical scholar concerning early Greek and Roman prowess. Many of these primitive historians give accounts of overwhelming Indian numbers and enormous Indian losses, that read as if taken from the books that tell of the Gaulish hosts the Romans conquered, and the Persian hordes the Greeks repelled; and they are almost as untrustworthy.

Some of the anecdotes they relate are not far removed from the Chinese-like tale—given, if my memory is correct, in Herodotus—of the Athenian soldier, who went into action with a small grapnel or anchor attached by a chain to his waist, that he might tether himself out to resist the shock of the charging foe. A flagrant example is the story which describes how the white man sees an Indian very far off making insulting gestures; how he forthwith loads his rifle with two bullets—which the narrator evidently thinks will go twice as far and twice as straight as one,—and, taking careful aim, slays his enemy. Like other similar anecdotes, this is told of a good many different frontier heroes; the historian usually showing a delightful lack of knowledge of what is and what is not possible in hunting, tracking, and fighting. However, the utter ignorance of even the elementary principles of rifle-shooting may not have been absolutely confined to the historians. Any one accustomed to old hunters knows that their theories concerning their own weapons are often rather startling. A year ago last fall I was hunting some miles below my ranch (on the Little Missouri) to lay in the winter stock of meat, and was encamped for a week with an old hunter. We both had 45-75 Winchester rifles; and I was much amused at his insisting that his gun "shot level" up to two hundred yards—a distance at which the ball really drops considerably over a foot. Yet he killed a good deal of game; so he must either in practice have disregarded his theories, or else he must have always overestimated the distances at which he fired.

The old writers of the simpler sort not only delighted in impossible feats with the rifle, but in equally impossible deeds of strength, tracking and the like; and they were very fond of attributing all the wonderful feats of which they had heard to a single favorite hero, not to speak of composing speeches for him.

It seems—though it ought not to be—necessary to point out to some recent collectors of backwoods anecdotes, the very obvious truths: that with the best intentions in the world the average backwoodsman often has difficulty in describing a confused chain of events exactly as they took place; that when the events are described after a long lapse of years many errors are apt to creep in; and that when they are reported from tradition it is the rarest thing imaginable for the report to be correct.

* * * * *

APPENDIX B-TO CHAPTER II.

(The following account of the first negotiations of the Americans with the Indians near Vincennes is curious as being the report of one of the Indians; but it was evidently colored to suit his hearer, for as a matter of fact the Indians of the Wabash were for the time being awed into quiet, the Piankeshaws sided with the Americans, and none of them dared rise until the British approached.)

(Haldimand MSS., Series B, Vol. 122, p. 219.)

Proceedings of the Rebels at St. Vincennes as related to Lieut Govr. Hamilton by Neegik an Ottawa War Chief sent forward to gain intelligence. Camp at Rocher de Bout 14th Octr. 1778—

On the Rebels first arrival at St. Vincennes they took down the English Flag left there by Lieut. Gen. Abbott, wrapped a large stone in it, and threw it into the Ouabash, saying to the Indians, thus we mean to treat your Father—

Having called the Indians together they laid a War Belt colored red, & a belt colored green before them, telling them that if they delighted in mischief and had no compassion on their wives & children they might take up the red one, if on the contrary they were wise & preferred peace, the green one—

The old Tobacco a chief of the [Piankeshaws] spoke as follows—My brothers—you speak in a manner not to be understood, I never yet saw, nor have I heard from my ancestors that it was customary to place good & bad things in the same dish—You talk to us as if you meant us well, yet you speak of War & peace in the same minute, thus I treat the speeches of such men—on which with a violent kick he spurned their belts from him.

The son of Lagesse, a young Chief of the Pontconattamis of St Joseph spoke next to them.

My Brothers—'Tis because I have listened to the voice of our old men, & because I have regard to our women & children that I have not before now struck my Tomahawk into some of your heads—attend to what I say, I will only go to see in what condition our wives & children are (meaning I will first place them in security) & then you may depend on seeing me again—

The Rebel speaker then said—

You are young men & your youth excuses your ignorances, you would not else talk as you do—Our design is to march thro' your country, & if we find any fires in our way, we shall just tread them out as we walk along & if we meet with any obstacle or barrier we shall remove it with all ease, but the bystanders must take care lest the splinters should scar their faces.

We shall then proceed to Detroit where your father is whom we consider as a Hog put to fatten in a penn, we shall enclose him in his penn, till he be fat, & then we will throw him into the river—We shall draw a reinforcement from the Falls on the Ohio & from thence & the Ilinois send six hundred men to Chicagou—

To this the Indians replied—You that are so brave, what need have you to be reinforced, go to Detroit, you that can put out our fires & so easyly remove our barriers.—This we say to you, take care that in attempting to extinguish our fires you do not burn yourselves, & that in breaking down our barriers you do not run splinters into your hands. You may also expect that we shall not suffer a single Frenchman to accompany you to Detroit.

End of the Conference.

* * * * *

APPENDIX C—TO CHAPTER IV.

(From Canadian Archives.)

(Haldimand MSS., Series B, Vol. 122, p. 351.)

(Copy.)

UPPER ST. DUSKI, June 9, 1779.

Dear Sir,

After much running about, some presents to Chiefs, we had collected at the Mingo Town near 200 Savages chiefly Shawanese—When lo! a runner arrived with accounts of the Shawanese towns being attacked by a body from Kentuck, they burnt five houses, killed one Indian & wounded the Chief badly—lost their own Commander Heron or Herington—they carried off 30 Horses, were pursued by fifty Shawanese, the Shawanese were beat back with loss of five & six wounded—News flew that all the Towns were to be attack'd & our little body seperated in an instant past reassembling—confusion still prevails—much counselling—no resolves—many are removing—more for peace.

The Delawares make it dangerous travelling. By this opportunity Davison & Cook return sick—Girty is flying about—McCarty stays with me with some Ottawas—these unsteady Rogues put me out of all patience,—I will go with him in a few days, if nothing material occurs—See the Enemy that I may not be laugh'd at then return.—The Rebels mean I believe to destroy the Villages & corn now up—the method they bring their little armies into the field as follows: Every Family on the Borders receive orders to send according to their strength (one or two men) to the place of Rendezvous at a time appointed (on pain of fine or imprisonment) with fifteen or twenty days Provisions, they immediately receive their ammunition & proceed quickly to action—I am credibly inform'd by various means, that they can raise in that manner three or four thousand in a few days for such excursions—I was obliged to Kill four more Cattle for the Indians at the Mingo Town—they are always Cooking or Counselling.

I have nothing more to inform you off if anything material occurs, which I really expect in a day or two, I will inform you by Express.

I am &c

HENRY BIRD.

To CAPT. LERNOULT.

(Copy.)

June 12th, UPPER ST. DUSKI.

Sir,

Couriers after Couriers arrive with accounts of the Rebels advancing to destroy the Savage Villages now all their corn is planted—

* * * * *

APPENDIX D—TO CHAPTER IV.

(State Department MSS.; No. 48, Vol. "Memorials &c Inhabitants of Illinois, Kaskaskias and Kentucky.")

The Petition and Prayr. of the people of that Part of Contry [sic] now Claim'd. by the State of Virginia in the Countys of Kaintuckey and Ilinois Humbly Sheweth—That we the leige Subjects of the United States Labour under many Greivences on acount of not being formd into a Seperate State or the Mind and Will of Congress more fully known respecting us—And we Humbly beg leave to Present to the Honorable Continental Congress our Humble Petition seting forth the Grievences and oppressions we labour under and Pray Congress may Consider Such our greivences and grant us redress.

We your Petitioners being situate in a wide Extencive Uncultivated Contry and Exposd. on every side to incursions of the Savage Indians humbly Conceive Ourselves approssed by several acts of the general assembly of Virginia for granting large Grants for waist and unapropriated lands on the Western Waters without Reservation for Cultivating and Settling the same whereby Setling the Contry is Discouraged and the inhabitants are greatly Exposd. to the Saviges by whome our wives and Childring are daly Cruily murdered Notwithstanding our most Humble Petitions Canot Obtain Redress—By an other act we are Taxd. which in our Present Situation we Conceive to be oppresive and unjust being Taxd. with money and grain whilst Enrold and in actual Pay residing in Garrisons. We are Situate from Six Hundred to one Thousand Miles from our Present Seite of Goverment, Whereby Criminals are Suffered to Escape with impunity, Great numbers who ware Ocationaly absent are Deprived of an Opertunity of their Just Rights and Emprovements and here we are Obliged to Prosecute all Apeals, and whillst we remain uncertain whether the unbounded Claim of This Extencive Contry Ought of right to belong to the United States or the State of Virginia, They have by another late act required of us to Sware alegince to the State of Virginia in Particular Notwithstanding we have aredy taken the Oath of alegance to the united States. These are Greivences too Heavy to be born, and we do Humbly Pray that the Continental Congress will Take Proper Methods to form us into a Seperate State or grant us Such Rules and regulations as they in their Wisdoms shall think most Proper, During the Continuance of the Present War and your Petitioners shall ever Pray

May 15th, 1780.

[Signed] ROBERT TYLER RICHARD CONNOR THOMAS HUGHES ARCHIBALD MCDONALD ABRAHAM VAN METER (and others to the number of 640).

* * * * *

APPENDIX E—TO CHAPTER VII.

(Haldimand MSS. Series B, Vol. 123, p. 302.)

Sir,

My Letter of the 22nd & 23rd of July informed you of the reports brought us of the Enemy's motions at that time which was delivered by the Chiefs of the standing Stone Village & confirmed by Belts & Strings of Wampum in so earnest a manner that could not but gain Credit with us. We had upon this occasion the greatest Body of Indians collected to an advantageous peice of ground near the Picawee Village that have been assembled in this Quarter since the commencement of the War & perhaps may never be in higher spirits to engage the Enemy, when the return of Scouts from the Ohio informed us that the account we had received was false; this disappointment notwithstanding all our endeavours to keep them together occasioned them to disperse in disgust with each other, the inhabitants of this Country who were the most immediately interested in keeping in a Body ware the first that broke off & though we advanced towards the Ohio with upwards of three hundred Hurons & Lake Indians few of the Delawares, Shawanese or Mingoes followed us. On our arrival at the Ohio we remain'd still in uncertainty with respect to the Enemys motions, & it was thought best from hence to send Scouts to the Falls & that the main Body should advance into the Enemy's Country and endeavour to lead out a party from some of their Forts by which we might be able to gain some certain Intelligence accordingly we crossed the Ohio and arrived the 18th Inst. at one of the Enemys settlements—call'd Bryans Station, but the Indians discovering their numbers prevented their coming out and the Lake Indians finding this rush'd up to the Fort and set several out Houses on fire but at too great a distance to touch the Fort the Wind blowing the Contrary way. The firing continued this day during which time a Party of about twenty of the Enemy approached a part that happened not to be Guarded & about one half of them reached it the rest being drove back by a few Indians who ware near the place, the next morning finding it to no purpose to keep up a fire longer upon the Fort as we were getting men killed, & had already several men wounded which ware to be carried, the Indians determined to retreat & the 20th reached the Blue Licks where we encamp'd near an advantageous Hill and expecting the enemy would pursue determined here to wait for them keeping spies at the Lick who in the morning of the 21st discovered them & at half past 7 o'clock we engaged them & in a short time totally defeated them, we ware not much superior to them in Numbers they being about two hundred picked men from the settlement of Kentucky. Commanded by the Colonels Todd, Trigg, Boon & Todd, with the Majors Harlin, and McGary most of whom fell in the action, from the best inquiry I could make upon the spot there was upwards of one hundred & forty killed & taken with near an hundred rifles several being thrown into a deep River that ware not recovered. It was said by the Prisoners that a Colonel Logan was expected to join them with one hundred men more we waited upon the ground to-day for him, but seeing there was not much probability of his coming we set off & crossed the ohio the second day after the action. Captain Caldwell & I arrived at this place last night with a design of sending some assistance to those who are bring on the wounded people who are fourteen in number, we had Ten Indians kill'd with Mr. La Bute of the Indian Department who by sparing the life of one of the Enemy & endeavouring to take him Prisoner loss'd his own, to our disappointment we find no Provisions brought forward to this place or likely hood of any for some time, and we have entirely subsisted since we left this on what we got in the Woods, and took from the Enemy. The Prisoners all agree in their account that there is no talk of an Expedition from that Quarter, nor indeed are they able without assistance from the Colonies, & that the Militia of the Country have been employed during the summer in Building the Fort at the Falls, & what they call a Row Galley which has made one trip up the River to the Mouth of the big Miamis & occasioned that alarm that created us so much trouble, she carries one six pounder, six four pounders & two two pounders & Row's eighty oars, she had at the big Bone Lick one hundred men but being chiefly draughts from the Militia many of them left her on different parts of the River. One of the Prisoners mentions the arrival of Boats lately from Fort Pitt & that Letters has pass'd between the Commanding officer of that place & Mr. Clark intimating that preparation is making there for another Expedition into the Indian Country, we have since our arrival heard something of this matter and that the particulars has been forwarded to you, a Detachment of Rangers with a large party of Delawares, & Shawanese are gone that way who will be able to discover the truth of this matter.

I am this day favoured with yours of the 6th Augt. containing the report of Isaac Gians concerning the Cruelties of the Indians. It is true they have made sacrifices to their revenge after the massacre of their women & children some being known to them to be perpetraters of it, but it was done in my absence or before I could reach any of the places to interfere. And I can assure you Sir that there is not a white person here wanting in their duty to represent to the Indians in the strongest terms the highest abhorence of such conduct as well as the bad consequences that may attend it to both them & us being contrary to the rule of carrying on war by Civilized nations, however it is not improbable that Gians may have exaggerated matters greatly being notoriously known for a disaffected person and concerned in sending Prisoners away with Intelligence to the Enemy at the time Captain Bird came out as we ware then informed. I flatter myself that I may by this time have an answer to the Letter I had the honor of writing to the Commandr. in Chief on leaving Detroit. Mr. Elliot is to be the Bearer of this who will be able to give you any farther information necessary respecting matters here.

I am with respect Sir your most obedient & Very Humble Servant

A. MCKEE.

SHAWANESE COUNTRY,

August 28th, 1782.

Major DE PEYSTER.

* * * * *

APPENDIX F—TO CHAPTER VII.

(Haldimand MSS., Series B, Vol. 123, p. 297.)

Extract of a letter from Captain Caldwell, dated at Wakitamiki, August 26, 1782.

"When I last had the pleasure of writing you, I expected to have struck at Wheeling as I was on my march for that place, but was overtaken by a Messenger from the Shawnese, who informed me that the Enemy was on their march for their Country, which obliged me to turn their way, and to my great mortification found the alarm false & that it was owing to a Gondals coming up to the mouth of Licking Creek, and landing some men upon the South side of the Ohio which when the Indians saw supposed it must be Clark. It would have been a lucky circumstance if they had come on, as I had eleven hundred Indians on the ground, and three hundred within a days march of me. When the Report was contradicted They mostly left us, many of them had left their Towns no way equipped for War, as they expected as well as myself to fight in a few days, notwithstanding I was determined to pay the Enemy a visit with as many Indians as would follow me: accordingly I crossed the Ohio with three hundred Indians & Rangers, and Marched for Bryants Station on Kentuck, and surrounded the Fort the 15th in the morning, & tried to draw 'em out by sending up a small party to try to take a Prisoner and shew themselves, but the Indians were in too great a hurry and the whole shewed too soon—I then saw it was in vain to wait any longer and so drew nigh the Fort, burnt 3 Houses which are part of the Fort but the wind being contrary prevented it having the desired effect. Killed upwards of 300 Hogs, 150 Head of Cattle, and a number of Sheep, took a number of Horses, pull'd up and destroy'd their Potatoes, cut down a great deal of their Corn, burn't their Hemp and did other considerable damage—by the Indians exposing themselves too much we had 5 Killed & 2 Wounded.

We retreated the 16th and came as far as Biddle's former Station, when nigh 100 Indians left me, as they went after their things they left at the Forks of Licking, and I took the Road by the blue Licks as it was nigher and the ground more advantageous in case the Enemy should pursue us—got to the Licks on the 17th and encamped.

On the 18th in the morning, one of my party that was watching the Road came in and told me the Enemy was within a mile of us, upon which I drew up to fight them—at 1/2 past seven they advanced in three Divisions in good order, they had spied some of us and it was the very place they expected to overtake us.—We had but fired one Gun till they gave us a Volley and stood to it very well for some time,'till we rushed in upon them, when they broke immediately.—We pursued for about two miles, and as the enemy was mostly on horseback, it was in vain to follow further.

We killed and took one hundred and Forty six. Amongst the killed is Col. Todd the Commandr Col. Boon, Lt. Col. Trigg, Major Harlin who commanded their Infantry, Major Magara and a number more of their officers. Our loss is Monsr. La Bute killed, he died like a warrior fighting Arm to Arm, six Indians killed and ten wounded—The Indians behaved extremely well, and no people could behave better than both Officers & men in general—The Indians I had with me were the Wyandots and Lake Indians—The Wyandots furnished me with what provisions I wanted, and behaved extremely well."

* * * * *

APPENDIX G—TO CHAPTER X.

It has been so habitual among American writers to praise all the deeds, good, bad, and indifferent, of our Revolutionary ancestors, and to belittle and make light of what we have recently done, that most men seem not to know that the Union and Confederate troops in the Civil War fought far more stubbornly and skilfully than did their forefathers at the time of the Revolution. It is impossible to estimate too highly the devoted patriotism and statesmanship of the founders of our national life; and however high we rank Washington, I am confident that we err, if any thing, in not ranking him high enough, for on the whole the world has never seen a man deserving to be placed above him; but we certainly have overestimated the actual fighting qualities of the Revolutionary troops, and have never laid enough stress on the folly and jealousy with which the States behaved during the contest. In 1776 the Americans were still in the gristle; and the feats of arms they then performed do not bear comparison with what they did in the prime of their lusty youth, eighty or ninety years later. The Continentals who had been long drilled by Washington and Greene were most excellent troops; but they never had a chance to show at their best, because they were always mixed in with a mass of poor soldiers, either militia or just-enlisted regulars.

The resolute determination of the Americans to win, their trust in the justice of their cause, their refusal to be cast down by defeat, the success with which they overran and conquered the west at the very time they were struggling for life or death in the east, the heroic grandeur of their great leader—for all this they deserve full credit. But the militia who formed the bulk of the Revolutionary armies did not generally fight well. Sometimes, as at Bunker's Hill and King's Mountain, they did excellently, and they did better, as a rule, than similar European bodies—than the Spanish and Portuguese peasants in 1807-12, for instance. At that time it was believed that the American militia could not fight at all; this was a mistake, and the British paid dearly for making it; but the opposite belief, that militia could be generally depended upon, led to quite as bad blunders, and the politicians of the Jeffersonian school who encouraged the idea made us in our turn pay dearly for our folly in after years, as at Bladensburg and along the Niagara frontier in 1812. The Revolutionary war proved that hastily gathered militia, justly angered and strung to high purpose, could sometimes whip regulars, a feat then deemed impossible; but it lacked very much of proving that they would usually do this. Moreover, even the stalwart fighters who followed Clark and Sevier, and who did most important and valorous service, cannot point to any one such desperate deed of fierce courage as that of the doomed Texans under Bowie and Davy Crockett in the Alamo.

A very slight comparison of the losses suffered in the battles of the Revolution with those suffered in the battles of the Civil War is sufficient to show the superiority of the soldiers who fought in the latter (and a comparison of the tactics and other features of the conflicts will make the fact even clearer). No Revolutionary regiment or brigade suffered such a loss as befell the 1st Minnesota at Gettysburg, where it lost 215 out of 263 men, 82 per cent.; the 9th Illinois at Shiloh, where it lost 366 out of 578 men, 63 per cent.; the 1st Maine at Petersburg, which lost 632 out of 950 men, 67 per cent.; or Caldwell's brigade of New York, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania troops, which, in Hancock's attack at Fredericksburg, lost 949 out of 1,947 men, 48 per cent.; or, turning to the Southern soldiers, such a loss as that of the 1st Texas at Antietam, when 186 out of 226 men fell, 82 per cent.; or of the 26th North Carolina, which, at Gettysburg, lost 588 out of 820 men, 72 per cent.; or the 8th Tennessee, at Murfreesboro, which lost 306 out of 444 men, or 68 per cent.; or Garnett's brigade of Virginians, which, in Pickett's charge, lost 941 men out of 1,427, or 65 per cent.

There were over a hundred regiments, and not a few brigades, in the Union and Confederate armies, each of which in some one action suffered losses averaging as heavy as the above. The Revolutionary armies cannot show such a roll of honor as this. Still, it is hardly fair to judge them by this comparison, for the Civil War saw the most bloody and desperate fighting that has occurred of late years. None of the European contests since the close of the Napoleonic struggles can be compared to it. Thus the Light Brigade at Balaclava lost only 37 per cent., or 247 men out of 673, while the Guards at Inkermann lost but 45 per cent., or 594 out of 1,331; and the heaviest German losses in the Franco-Prussian war were but 49 and 46 per cent., occurring respectively to the Third Westphalian Regiment at Mars-le-Tours, and the Garde-Schutzen battalion at Metz.

These figures are taken from "Regimental Losses in the American Civil War," by Col. Wm. F. Fox, Albany, 1881; the loss in each instance includes few or no prisoners, save in the cases of Garnett's brigade and of the Third Westphalian Regiment.

* * * * *

APPENDIX H—TO CHAPTER XII.

(From the Robertson MSS., Vol. I., Letter of Don Miro.)

NEW ORLEANS, the 20th April, 1783.

Sir

I received yours of 29th January last, & am highly pleased in seeing the good intentions of the People of that District, & knowing the falsehood of the report we have heard they are willing to attack their Province. You ought to make the same account of the news you had that the Indians have been excited in their Province against you, since I wrote quite the contrary at different times to Alexander McGillevray to induce him to make peace, & lastly he answered me that he gave his word to the Governor of North Carolina that the Creeks would not trouble again those settlements: notwithstanding after the letter received from you, and other from Brigadier general Daniel Smith Esqr I will writte to him engaging him to be not more troublesome to you.

I have not any connection with Cheroquis & Marcuten, but as they go now & then to Illinois I will give advice to that Commander to induce them to be quiet: in respect to the former in the month of May of last year they asked the permission of settling them selves on the west side of the Mississippi River which is granted & they act accordingly, you plainly see you are quite free from their incursions.

I will give the Passeport you ask for your son-in-law, & I will be highly pleased with his coming down to setle in this Province & much more if you, & your family should come along with him, since I can assure you that you will find here your welfare, without being either molested on religious matters or paying any duty & under the circumstances of finding allwais market for your crops which makes every one of the planters settled at Natchez or elsewhere to improve every day, much more so than if they were to purchase the Lands, as they are granted gratis.

I wish to be usefull to you being with regard sir

Your most obt. hl. servant ESTEVAN MIRO.

(Dupte.) Colonel JAMES ROBERTSON, Esqr.

The duplicity of the Spaniards is well illustrated by the fact that the Gardoqui MSS. give clear proof that they were assisting the Creeks with arms and ammunition at the very time Miro was writing these letters. See the Gardoqui MSS., passim, especially Miro's letter of June 28, 1786.

APPENDIX I-TO CHAPTER XIII.

Account of Robert Morris with Miss Betsey Hart, Philadelphia, 1780-81. From the Clay MSS.

DR. MISS HARTE IN ACCOUNT CURRENT WITH ROBERT MORRIS CR. [Oldest daughter of Col. Thomas Hart. She married Dr. Richard Pendell.]

1780

Aug. 29

To cash paid for a Pair of Shoes for you L64,2,6 at 60 for 1 L 1,1,4 (Continental, Exchange, Specie)

To a Chest of Sugar delivered Mrs. Brodeau & Porterage 1107,15,0 Do 18,9,3

To two ps Sheeting Delivered Ditto 1116,0,0 at Do 18,12,0

To cash paid Wm. McDugall's Bill for one & a half Quarters Tuition at Dancing 223,10,0 at Do 3,12,6

Paid E. Denaugheys Bill for washing Done for you 95,12,6 at Do 1,11,10

Dec. 6

To Ditto for Hannah Estys Bill for making Frocks for you L257,10 Paid D Denaugheys Bill for Washg L125.12.6 383,3,6 at 75 for 1 5,2,2

Dec. 29

To Ditto pair for pair of Pink Calemancoi Shoes for you 78,15,0 at Do 1,1,0

1781

Feb. 3

To Ditto paid B. Victor your music master for one Quarter Tuition of Music 506,5,0 at 75 for 1 6,15,0

To the following Articles delivered Mrs. Brodeau on your Accot One firkin of Butter one Box of Candles & a Box of Soap Amounting p Account to 629,1,2 at Do 8,7,9

To Cash paid Mrs. Brodeau in full of her Accot. to October last against you 3856,17,6 at Do 51,8,6

Total: L115, 3,5 (Specie) Allowed for Depreciation 57,13,7 ========= L172,17,0

Received Philad. April 7th 1781 the One hundred and Seventy two Pounds 17/ State Specie being in full the amount of the annexed account

for Robt. Morris L172.17. State Specie J. SWANNICK

APPENDIX J—TO CHAPTER XIII.

In the Clay MSS. the letters of Jesse Benton to Col. Hart, of December 4, 1782, and March 22, 1783, paint vividly the general distress in the Carolinas. They are taken up mostly with accounts of bad debts and of endeavors to proceed against various debtors; they also touch on other subjects.

In the first, of December 4,1782, Benton writes: "It seems the powers above are combined against us this year. Such a Drouth was never known here [in the upper Carolinas] before; Corn sells from the stack at 4 & 5/ p. Bushel, Wheat 6 & 8/, Rye the same, Oats 3/ 6 &c &c ... I have not had Water to keep the Grist Mill Fuling Mill and Oyl Mill at Work before this Week.... Johny Rice has gone to Kentuck with his goods to buy Furs, but before he went we talked of your debts and he did not like to be concerned, saying he should gain ill will for no profit; However I will immediately enforce the Law to recover your Debts ... the Lands which You had of me would sell as soon as any but this hard year makes many settlers and few buyers. I have heard nothing more of Major Haywoods desire of purchasing & all I ever heard upon the subject was from his son-in-law who now appears very sick of his late purchase of Elegant Buildings.... Your Brother Capt. Nat Hart, our worthy and respectable Friend, I doubt is cut off by the Savages at the time and in the manner as first represented, to wit, that he went out to hunt his horses in the month of July or August it is supposed the Indians in Ambuscade between Boonsboro and Knockbuckle, intended to take him Prisonner, but killd his horse and at the same time broke his Thigh, that the savages finding their Prisonner with his Thigh broken was under the necessity of puting him to Death by shooting him through the Heart at so small a Distance as to Powder burn his Flesh. He was Tomhawkd, scalped & lay two Days before he was found and buried. This Account has come by difrent hands & confirmd to Col. Henderson by a Letter from an intimate Friend of his at Kentuck."

This last bit of information is sandwiched in between lamentations over bad debts, concerning which the writer manifested considerably more emotion than over the rather startling fate of Captain Hart.

The second letter contains an account of the "trafficking off" of a wagon and fine pair of Pennsylvania horses, the news that a debt had been partially liquidated by the payment of sixty pounds' worth of rum and sugar, which in turn went to pay workmen, and continues: "The common people are and will be much distressed for want of Bread. I have often heard talk of Famine, but never thought of seeing any thing so much like it as the present times in this part of the Country. Three fourths of the Inhabitants of this country are obliged to purchase their Bread at 50 & 60 miles distance at the common price of 16/ and upwards per barrel. The winter has been very hard upon the live stock & I am convinced that abundance of Hogs and Cattle will die this Spring for want of Food.... Cash is now scarcer here than it ever was before.... I have been industrious to get the Mills in good repair and have succeeded well, but have rcd. very little benefit from them yet owing intirely to the general failure of a Crop. We have done no Merchant work in the Grist Mill, & she only supplies my Family and workmen with Bread. Rye, the people are glad to eat. Flaxseed the cattle have chiefly eaten though I have got as much of that article as made 180 Gallons of Oyl at 4/ per bushel. The Oyl is in great demand; I expect two dollars p. Gallon for it at Halifax or Edenton, & perhaps a better price. We were very late in beginning with the Fulling Business; for want of water.... [there are many] Mobbs and commotions among the People."

INDEX TO VOLUMES I. AND II.

Abingdon, a typical frontier town, II; Adventure, the, voyage of, II; Algonquins, the, their location, I; dwellings and dress; their relations with the Iroquois and the southern Indians; tribal relations; their numbers; lack of cohesion; numbers in the field; their prowess in war; their mode of war; their discipline in battle; their superiority to European troops; usually the attacking party; their cruelty Allaire, Lieut., a New York loyalist, II; Alleghanies, the, our western border for a century and a half, I; America, its importance and accessibility, I; twofold character of warfare in; Spain's share in the conquest of; difference between the Spanish-English conquests in; constant succession of contests in; her allies hostile to her interests, II; Americans, a distinct people from the British, I; western conquest, the great work of the; their sharpshooters dreaded by the British officers, II; as soldiers, Appendix; Appalachian Confederacies, the, I; their geographical position; origin of the name; how divided; numbers; Australia, small difficulty in settling; Axe, the, its importance in the conquest of the west; Backwoods levies, the character of; Backwoodsmen, the, of Kentucky, I; of the Alleghanies; little in common with the tide-water inhabitants; Americans by birth and parentage; Scotch-Irish, the dominant strain in their blood; from one people; their creed, Presbyterian; their intense Americanism; their difference from the rest of the world; their villages; not a town-building race; won and kept their lands by force; their natural weapons; their forts; their mode of life; size of farms; society, dress, and arms; their first lesson; their helpfulness; sports and quarrels; weddings; funerals; schooling; home employments; pack-trains; dangers of life; as hunters; warlike character; their own soldiers; military organization; administration of justice; sharp contrasts of society among; wickedness of the lawless among; their summary modes of punishment; their superstitions; their religion; summary of their lives; desire for revenge; hasten to join Lewis; assemble at the great levels of Greenbriar; march of Lewis' army; grimness of their character, II; gather at Bryan's Station; defeated at the Blue Licks; fate of the captured; their increase during the Revolution; their wars; governments instituted by them; their individualism; character of the pioneer population; what they had done at the close of the Revolution; Balme La, his expedition against Detroit, II; Baubin captures Boon, II; Bear Grass Creek, ravaged by Indians, II; Big Bone Lick, remains of mastodon discovered at, I; Big Foot, a gigantic chief of the Wyandots, II; fight with Andrew Poe, 134; killed by Adam Poe; Big Island of the French Broad, the; Christian's army reach, I; Bingaman, his fight in the dark, II; Bird, Capt. Henry, dissolution of his expedition, II; his inroad; his retreat; loses his cannon; Blue Licks, visited by Boon, II; Indians retreat to; the backwoodsmen reach; the fight begins; battle of the; defeat of the whites; a wild panic; the Indians checked; a crushing disaster; Boiling Springs, fort built at, I; Boon, Daniel, his birth, I; removes to North Carolina and marries; his passion for hunting and exploration; his appearance; his character; his inscription on a tree; connection with Henderson; his claim to distinction; his success; goes to Kentucky; beauty of the country and abundance of game; attacked by Indians; capture and escape; wanderings; joined by his brother; lonely sojourn in the wilderness; joined by other hunters; "Gulliver's Travels" in camp; returns to North Carolina; meets the McAfees' at Powell's Valley; attempts to settle Kentucky; attacked by Indians; his son killed; pilots in Lord Dunmore's surveyors; in command of frontier forts; attacked by Indians; reaches the Kentucky River; begins to build Boonsborough; welcomes Henderson's company; the fort at Boonsborough; returns to North Carolina for his family; his prominence in Kentucky history; serves as a Kentucky burgess in the Virginia Legislature; his strange life; his daughter captured by Indians and rescued; the historic tree; original letter of; wounded in the attack on Boonsborough, II; captured by Indians; taken to Old Chillicothe; adopted into the Shawnee tribe; escapes from the Indians; makes a foray into the Indian country; outwits de Quindre; thanks Kenton for saving his life; comes to the rescue of Kenton; a favorite hero of frontier story; loses his brother by the Indians; lieut.-colonel under Todd; marches to relieve Bryan's Station; opposed to the attack at Blue Licks; commands the left wing at battle of Blue Licks; his successful advance; surrounded and routed; last to leave the field; his son Isaac slain; Boon, Squire, joins his brother Daniel in Kentucky, I; Boonsborough, founding of, saves Kentucky, I; receives Henderson and his party; completion of the fort; land office opens at; store opened by the Transylvania company; meeting of the Transylvanian Legislature; attacked by Indians, II; again besieged; retreat of the Indians; school opened at; Boon's Station, not Boonsborough, II; Borderers, the, misdeeds of, I; contempt for Pennsylvanian government; Border Wars, the, inevitable, I; begun by the Indians; struggle for the land, one great cause of; Bowman, John, advances against Vincennes, II; attacks Chillicothe; defeated by the Indians Brady, Capt. Samuel, a noted Indian fighter, II; captured and bound to the stake; escapes; whips the Indians; Brant, Joseph, surprises Loughry, II; defeats Squire Boon and Floyd British, the, incite the southern Indians to war against the Americans, I; hatred of, inherited by the sons and grandsons of the backwoodsmen; their intrigues with the Indians; scalp-buying, II; begun a war of extermination; their complicity in the Indian murders; in the Southern States; defeated at King's Mountain; Brodhead, Col., in command at Fort Pitt, II; burns some Iroquois towns; prevents the militia from attacking the Moravians; Bryan's Station, attack on, II; danger of procuring water; the settlers rally to the relief of Buford, Captain, routed by Tarleton, II Butler, his party attacked by Cherokees, I Cahokia, converted to the American cause, II; council at Caldwell, Capt., a good commander of irregular troops, II; commands Canadian volunteers; defeats Crawford at Sandusky; wounded; invades Kentucky; letter from, Appendix; California, the winning of, I; Calk, William, his journal of Henderson's journey, II; Callahan, Edward, a privileged character, II; Cameron, the British agent in the Cherokee country, I; attempt to capture him; leads his tories and the Cherokees against South Carolina; organizes expeditions against the frontier, II; Campbell, Arthur, his character, II; misses the battle of King's Mountain; his jealousy; Campbell, William, his appearance and character, II; anecdotes of; raises troops to oppose Cornwallis; made commander-in-chief; encourages his men on the eve of battle; begins the assault at King's Mountain; rallies his troops; manifesto to his troops; death of Canada, extension westward of the English race in, I; Canadian archives, II, Appendix; Carolinas, the, attacked by Indians and tories, I; Carpenter, a Cherokee chief, I; signs the treaty of the Sycamore Shoals; Carter's Valley, ravaged by the Indians, I; Castleman, his escape from death, I; Charleston captured by the British, II; Cherokees, the, in the barbarous rather than savage state, I; divided into the Otari and the Erati; their numbers; and location; not successful fighters; their dwellings; character; games and amusements; renegade bands of; their great war trail; treaty with Virginia; negotiations opened with; the Otaris assemble at the Sycamore Shoals of the Watauga; irritated at the conduct of the frontiersmen; take up the tomahawk at the bidding of the British; begin the war on the frontier; numbers of their warriors; suddenness of their attack; fall upon the Watauga settlers; ravage Carter's Valley; defeated by the whites at the battle of the Island Flats; the Watauga fort besieged; retreat from the Watauga; ravage the Georgian and Carolinian frontiers; come down the Catawba; their furious attacks on South Carolina; their country invaded; towns destroyed; again attacked; defeat of the Indians; destruction of the Cherokee settlements; the warriors gather at the Big Island of the French Broad; flight of the Indians; sue for peace; destruction of Tuskega; peace declared; their severe chastisement; defeated by Sevier, II; their country overrun; the country of the Erati ravaged by Sevier; sue for peace; attack Nashborough; Chicago, attempted settlement of, II Chickamaugas, the, a tribe of freebooters, I; their fastnesses; refuse to make peace; their towns burned; Chickasaws, the, belonged to the Appalachian Confederacy, I; the smallest of the Southern nations; their numbers; their unity; their wars and successes; definite peace concluded with, II; Chillicothe, attacked by Boon, II; burned; Chippewas, the, location of, I; Choctaws, the, an Appalachian tribe, I; the rudest of the confederacy; their location; numbers; character; Christian, Col. William, commands the Fincastle men, I; refused permission to march with Lewis; reaches the Great Kanawha after the battle; gathers the Virginia troops at the Great Island of the Holston; marches against the Cherokees; reply to the Cherokees; destroys the Indian towns; agrees to terms of peace; marches homeward; Chronicle, killed at King's Mountain, II; Civil war on the border, I; Clark, George Rogers; compared to Allen and Marion, I; relieves a party of hunters in Kentucky; with Cresap at the outbreak of Lord Dunmore's war; his character; accompanies Lord Dunmore; arrives at Harrodstown; sent to Virginia as a delegate; presents petition to Governor and Council; asks for gunpowder; transports it in safety to Kentucky; procures the erection of Kentucky County; living at Harrodstown, II; shares in the defence of Kentucky; skirmishes with the Indians; matures his plans for the Illinois campaign; goes to Virginia to raise troops; incidents of travel; lays his plans before Patrick Henry; authorized to raise troops; organizes the expedition; difficulty in raising men; starts down the Ohio; lands at the mouth of the Kentucky; reaches the Falls of the Ohio; joined by Kenton and the Kentuckians; meets a party of hunters; the march to Kaskaskia; surprises the town; a dramatic picture; his diplomacy; his winning stroke; sends troops to Cahokia; his difficulties; prepares for defence; establishes friendly relations with the Spanish authorities; dealings with the Indians; apprehensive of treachery; puts the Indians in irons; his seeming carelessness; offers peace or war to the Indians; makes peace with the Indians; his influence over them; prepares to resist Hamilton; narrow escape from the Indians; receives news of Vincennes; determines to strike the first blow; equips the first gunboat on the Western waters; marches against Vincennes; reaches the drowned lands of the Wabash; hardships and sufferings of his troops; encourages his troops; difficulties of approach to Vincennes; crosses the Horse Shoe Plain; exhaustion of the troops; surprises Vincennes; attacks the fort; summons the fort to surrender; destroys a scouting party; surrender of the fort; reproaches Hamilton; importance of the result of the expedition; sends Helm to intercept a convoy; disposes of his prisoners; receives reinforcements; pacifies the country; builds a fort on the Mississippi; moves to the Falls of the Ohio; made a brigadier-general; greatness of his deeds; hears of Bird's inroads; his campaign against Piqua; musters his troops at the mouth of the Licking; starts up the Ohio; burns Chillicothe; surprises the Indians at Piqua; disperses the Indians; destroys the town; disbands his army; effects of the victory; his plan to attack Detroit; why his efforts were baffled; commandant of State troops; roused by the battle of the Blue Licks; his counter-stroke; destroys the Miami towns; undertakes to supply the settlements with meat; Clay MSS., II, Appendix; Cleavland, Col. Benjamin, commands North Carolina militia, II; commands left wing at King's Mountain; Clinch River, settlers of, at war with Shawnees, I; a feeder of the Tennessee River; Conolly, Capt. John, his hostilities against Pennsylvania, I; his rashness; his open letter; appalled by the storm he had raisen; holds councils with Delawares and Iroquois; defied by the Shawnees; Cornstalk, a Shawnee chief, I; first heard of in Pontiac's war; opposed to the war with the whites; his strategy; advances to attack Lewis; crossing the Ohio; fails to surprise Lewis' army; displays the only generalship at the battle of the Great Kanawha; bids defiance to his foes; sues for peace; his eloquence; his grand death Cornwallis, Lord, in command at the South, II; marches through the up-country; retreats from North Carolina; Crab Orchard, regarded with affection by travellers, I; Crawford, Col. William, a fairly good officer, II; marches against Sandusky; routed; captured; tortured; a valued friend of Washington Creeks, the, made up of many bands, I; strongest of the Appalachian tribes; their numbers; location; semi-civilization of; their cattle and slaves; agriculture; mode of life; towns; houses; council-house; dress and adornments; red and white towns of; feasts and dances; looseness of the Creek Confederacy; the Chief McGillivray; their hostility to the whites; scalps, their ideal of glory; observe a kind of nominal neutrality; incited by the British to war; their reply to the Cherokees; ravage the Georgia frontier; Creoles, the, of Kaskaskia, II; panic among, at the loss of Vincennes; French abandon the Illinois country; unfit for self-government; Cresap, a type of the pioneer, I; with his band at Wheeling; attacks friendly Shawnees; continues hostilities; accused of the murder of Logan's kinsfolk; deposed from his command; restored by Lord Dunmore; a scout with Lord Dunmore; dies a revolutionary soldier; Cruger, Lieut.-Col.; commands at Ninety-six, II; letter to Ferguson; Cumberland Gap; origin of name, I., note; traversed by Floyd; Cumberland River; origin of name, I., note; Boon driven back to the valley of the; Cumberland Settlement, the; started at the bend of the Cumberland River, II; founded by Robertson; abundance of game; formation of a government; Indian hostilities; attack on Freeland's Station; Nashborough attacked by Indians; Indian hostilities; internal government; affairs with outside powers; establishment of county government; Debatable Land, the, I; formed by the hunting-grounds between the Ohio and the Tennessee; Delawares, the, location of, I; oppressed by the Iroquois; their growth in warlike power; hold councils with Conolly; declare for neutrality; De Peyster, at Detroit, II; serves under Cornwallis; rallies the loyalists at King's Mountain; surrenders; Detroit, population of, I., note; in British hands; the tribes hold councils at, II; De Peyster at; Dewitt's Corners scene of treaty with the lower Cherokees, I; Doak, Samuel, Rev.; his journey to Jonesboro, II; his powerful influence; Doniphan, Joseph, opens school at Boonsborough, II; Dragging Canoe; opposed to the treaty of Sycamore Shoals, I; an inveterate foe to the whites; warns Henderson; ravages the country near Eaton's Station; leads the Indians at the battle of the Island Flats; severely wounded; refuses to accept peace; Dunham, Daniel, his offer to his brother, II; Dunmore, Lord, Governor of Virginia, I; ambitious of glory; prepares for war; raises a formidable army; takes command in person; marches to Fort Pitt; changes his plans; descends the Ohio to the Hockhocking; ascends the Hockhocking and marches to the Scioto; destroys certain of the hostile towns; accused of treachery; his ferocious conduct; orders Lewis to join him; orders the backwoodsmen to march homewards; makes treaty of peace with the Indians; sends Gibson to Logan; reads Logan's letter to the army; marches home; resolution of thanks to; driven from Virginia at the outbreak of the Revolution; East Florida, her decay under Spanish rule, I; Eaton Station, situation of, I; country around ravaged by Indians; settlers gather at; march from to the Island Flats; Elk Creek reached by Lewis' army, I; Elliot, a tory leader, II; Elliott, Capt., removes the Moravians from their homes, II; England, making of, I; separate position of; struggle with Holland for naval supremacy; wins Canada and the Ohio Valley from France; her policy in the Northwest; adopts the French policy; Eseneka, captured by Williamson, I; christened Fort Rutledge; garrisoned by Williamson; Estill, Capt.; overtakes the Wyandots, II; is killed; Estill's Station, girl scalped at, II; Europe, immense emigration from, I; Explorers, different kinds of, I; Falls of the Ohio, II; Clark joined by Kenton and others at the; Clark removes to the; a regular fort built; Fayette County, invaded by the Indians, II; Ferguson, Patrick, son of Lord Pitcairn, II; wounded at Brandywine; surprises Pulaski's legion; Lieut.-Col. of the American Volunteers; his appearance; mode of warfare; commits outrages in the back-country; character of his forces; rapidity of his movements; approaches the mountains; makes ready to receive the backwoodsmen; rallies the loyalists; halts at King's Mountain; his confidence in the bayonet; attacked by the mountaineers; at the battle of King's Mountain; his reckless bravery; his death; Field, Colonel John, serves under Gen. Lewis, I; starts off on his own account; despatched to the front; his timely arrival; restores the battle; death of; Fincastle men, the, from the Holston, Clinch, Watauga, and New River settlements, I; commanded by Col. William Christian; delay of; most of them too late to join in the battle of the Great Kanawha; reach the Great Kanawha after the battle; First explorers, I; Fleming, Col. William, I; serves under Gen. Lewis; ordered to advance; rallies the backwoodsmen; Florida, the winning of, I; Floyd, John, I; leads a party of surveyors to Kentucky; descends the Kanawha; surveys for Washington and Henry; goes down the Ohio; his party splits up at mouth of the Kentucky; arrives at Falls of the Ohio; explores the land; reaches Clinch River; appointed colonel, II; defeated at Long Run; with Clark among the Miamis; ravages the country; killed by Indians; Forests, the, I; extended from the Alleghanies to the Mississippi, penetrated by hunters; Forest Warfare, merciless ferocity of, I; Fort Pitt, I; claimed by Virginia; Lord Dunmore's army advances to; Fort Rutledge. See Eseneka; France, the ally of America, II; Freeland station, attacked by Indians; French Broad River, a feeder of the Tennessee, I; French Creoles, the; life of, I; tillers of the soil among; much mixture of blood among; unthriftiness of; utterly unacquainted with liberty; as traders and trappers; great personal influence of the priesthood among; personal character of; social life of; villages of. Frontier, the, outrages and reprisals on, I; ravaged by the northwestern Indians, II; ravages on the, following the Moravian massacre de Galvez, Don Bernard, Spanish commandant at New Orleans, II; meditates the establishment of a Spanish-American empire; attacks British West Florida; captures the forts along the Mississippi; takes Mobile and Pensacola Game, abundance of, in Illinois prairies, I; in Kentucky; enormous quantities of, seen at French Lick, now Nashville, Tenn.; Georgia, ravaged by the Indians and tories, I; her share in the struggle Germanic peoples, overflow of, I; conquer Europe; fails to extend Germany. Gibault, Pierre, the priest of Kaskaskia, II; a devoted champion in the American cause; goes to Vincennes; advances money to Clark; Gibson, John, bears Logan's speech to Lord Dunmore, I; Girty, Simon, "The White Renegade," I; arrives in camp; shows a spark of compassion; serves under Hamilton, II.; his cunning and cruelty; saves Kenton's life; a witness of Crawford's awful torture; at the attack on Bryan's Station. Gnadenhuetten, a settlement of Moravian Indians, I; Greathouse, his claim to remembrance, I; murders Logan's kinsfolk; Great Kanawha, battle of the, I; fierce attack of the Indians; the backwoodsmen five way; they push the Indians; Charles Lewis mortally wounded; death of Col. Field; Isaac Shelby in command; steadiness of the backwoodsmen; skill and bravery of the Indians; Cornstalk cheers his braves; flank movement of the Indians repulsed; the Indians outflanked; the Indians fall back; end of the action; loss of the whites exceeds that of the Indians; a purely American victory; results of the battle; Isaac Shelby's account of, Appendix; Wm. Preston's account of, Appendix; Great Kanawha River, Lord Dunmore's forces to unite at the mouth of, I; Great Smoky Mountains, I; Half-breeds of the Red River and the Saskatchewan, I; Hambright wounded at King's Mountain, II; Hamilton, Henry, summons a council of the tribes at Detroit, II; his character; Lieutenant-Governor of the Northwest; the mainspring of hostility to the Americans; nicknamed the "hair-buyer" general; organizes a troop of rangers; tries to ransom Boon; plans an attack on Fort Pitt; marches to reconquer Illinois; muster of his forces; starts against Vincennes; difficulties of the route; captures Vincennes; measures to secure his conquest; goes into winter quarters; plans a great campaign; surrenders Vincennes to Clark; sent a prisoner to Virginia; hatred towards, of the backwoodsmen; Hammond, Colonel, rallies the troops at the capture of Eseneka, I; crosses the Kiowee; saves the troops a second time from disaster; Hampton, Lieutenant, gallantly seconds Hammond's efforts, I; Harlan, with the Harrodsburg men at the battle of the Blue Licks, II; leads the advance guard; his death; Harrod, James, hunts in Tennessee, I; with Saowdowski founds Harrodsburg; leads a band to Kentucky; his memory revered by the old settlers; Harrodsburg, settlement of, I; made the county seat; toll mill built in, II; Harrodstown, fort built at, I; a baptist preacher's account of; convention at; delegates chosen to go to Williamsburg; arrival of Clark. See Harrodsburg. Hart, Colonel, letter of Jesse Benton to, II, Appendix; Hart, Nathaniel, a partner of Henderson, I; Hay, Major, bluffed by Helm, II; Helm, Captain Leonard, commands at Vincennes, II; surrenders to Hamilton; intercepts a convoy; Henderson, Richard, a land speculator, I; his colonizing scheme; confidence in Boon; negotiates the treaty of the Sycamore Shoals; obtains a grant of the lands between the Kentucky and the Cumberland rivers; names his new colony Transylvania; sends Boon to Kentucky; follows Boon; leaves his wagons in Powell's Valley; met by Boon's runner; reaches Boonsborough; opens a land office; organizes a government; addresses the delegates; advises game laws; collapse of the Transylvania colony; denounced by Lord Dunmore; drifts out of history; Henry, Patrick, adopts Clark's plans, II; letter of instructions to Clark; History, peculiarity of English, I; Hockhocking, the stockade built at the mouth of, I; Holland, naval warfare with Spain and England, I; Holston, Great Island, garrisoned by troops by Christian's army, I; treaties of peace made at; Holston Men, the, help Kentucky, II; join Clark at the Falls of the Ohio; desert at night; their sufferings; respond to McDowell's appeal; advance to meet Ferguson; begin their march; at the battle of King's Mountain; after the victory; Holston River, a feeder of the Tennessee River, I; Holston Settlements, the, organization of, II; first known as the Watauga settlements; start a new community; christened "Washington District,"; the laws upheld; tories and horse thieves; land laws; Indian troubles; character and life of the settlers; arrival of clergymen; Calvinism their prominent faith; the leading families; jealousies of the leaders; war with the Chickamaugas, the Creeks, and Cherokees; inrush of settlers; war with Indians; end of the war with the British and Tories; quarrels over the land; system of surveying; further Indian troubles; peace concluded with the Chickasaws; growth of; frontier towns; frontier characters Huger slain at Monk's Corners, II Hunters, the, perils of, I; unsuccessful in killing buffalo with small-bore rifles; a party relieved by Clark; Hurons, the. See Wyandots; Illinois, the, location of the scattered survivors of, I; Clark's conquest of, II; claimants of; Clark sends spies to; made a county; Todd appointed commandant; financial difficulties; burning of negroes accused of sorcery; disorders of the government; lawlessness; the land question; benefits of the conquest of; memorial of the inhabitants of; Illinois Towns, the, situation of, I; population of; Indian Fighters, I; Indian Lands, untrustworthiness of official reports regarding encroachments on, I. Indians, the, the most formidable of savage foes, I; effect of, upon our history; estimate of their numbers; civilization of, in the Indian territory; strongest and most numerous tribes of, in the southwest; number of the northwest; strike the first blow in Kentucky; tribes engaged in Lord Dunmore's war; their inroads; double dealing of; a true history of our national dealings with, greatly needed; instances of our Indian injustice; question of the ownership of land; Indian reservations; our Indian policy; literature of the Indian question; foolish sentiment wasted on; employment of, by the British against the Americans, II; slight losses of, in conflicts with the whites; Indian Talks, a sample of, II; Indian Wars, importance of, I; Lord Dunmore's begun by the Shawnees; the northwest Indians go to war, II; odds immeasurably in favor of the Indians; nature of their forays; nature of the ceaseless strife; Iroquois hold their own for two centuries, I; their dwelling-place; their numbers; hostile relations with the Algonquins of the northwest; ancient superiority acknowledged Island Flats on the Holston River, I; march of the settlers to, from Eaton Station; Indians surprised near; the battle of; defeat of the Indians Jack, Colonel Samuel, destroys some Indian towns, I; Jails, scarcity of, in the wilderness, I; Jennings, Jonathan, accompanies Donaldson, II; his boat wrecked; killed by the Indians; Johnson, Richard, a babe at Bryan's Station during the attack, II; leads the Kentucky riflemen at the victory of the Thames; Jonesborough, first town in the Holston settlements, II; Salem church built at; Kaskaskia, condition of, reported to Clark, II; march of Clark to; surprised; ball at the fort; interrupted by Clark Kenton, Simon, first heard of, I; reaches Kentucky; one of his companions burned alive by Indians; a scout in Lord Dunmore's army; the bane of the Indian tribes; saved from torture and death by Logan; reaches Boonsborough; his character, II; saves Boon's life; accompanies Boon to the Scioto; fight with the Indians; steals horses from the Indians; captured by the Indians; treatment of, by the Indians; runs the gauntlet; taken from town to town; tortured by women and boys; abandons himself to despair; ransomed by traders; escapes and reaches home in safety; a favorite hero of frontier history; joins Clark at the Falls of the Ohio; with Logan at the Blue Licks; Kentucky claimed by a dozen tribes, I; belonged to no one; famous for game; excites Boon's interest; its beauty as seen by Boon; first white victim to Indian treachery; "like a paradise,"; abandoned by whites in 1774; isolation of the first settlers; called by the Cherokees "the dark and bloody ground,"; religion of the settlers; Jefferson and Henry determine to keep it a part of Virginia; foothold of the Americans in; permanent settlers come in; early marriages; dislike to the Episcopal Church; Baptist preachers arrive in; different types among the settlers; three routes to; danger from savages; hardships endured by settlers; amusements and explorations; growth of; war with the Indians; population of as set forth in Shater's "History of Kentucky"; the struggle in, II; whites outnumbered by the invading Indians in; bloodthirstiness of war in; settled chiefly through Boon's instrumentality; Clark's conquests benefit; land laws; inrush of settlers; occasional Indian forays; the hard winter; an abortive separatist movement; divided into counties; Indian war parties repulsed; threatened by a great war band; renewal of Indian forays; wonderful growth of; first grand jury impanelled; court house and jail built; manufactories of salt started; grist mills erected; race track laid out King's Mountain where Ferguson halted, II; battle of; victory of the Americans at; importance of the victory at; Knight captured with Crawford, II; witnesses his tortures; escapes; Lamothe supports the British, II; Language spread of the English, I; Latin race leader of Europe, I; Leni-Lenape, the. See Delawares; Levels of Greenbriar, the gathering-place of Lewis' army, I; Lewis, General Andrew, in command of frontiersmen in Lord Dunmore's army, I; the force under his command; divides his army into three divisions; leaves his worst troops to garrison small forts; reaches the Kanawha River; camps at Point Pleasant at the mouth of the Kanawha; prepares to obey Lord Dunmore's orders; attacked by Indians; despatches Col. Field to the front; fortifies his camp; battle of the Great Kanawha; repulses the Indians; leaves his sick and wounded in camp and marches to join Lord; Dunmore; served creditably in the Revolution; Lewis Colonel Charles, a brother of General Lewis, I; commands Augusta troops; marches with the bulk of Gen. Lewis' army; ordered to advance; mortally wounded; Lexington how named I; Logan an Iroquois of note, I; a friend of the whites; murder of his kinsfolk; his revenge; letter to Cresap; refuses to attend a council; his eloquent speech; perishes in a drunken brawl; evidence of the authenticity of his speech; intercedes successfully for Kenton II; Logan, Benjamin leads a party to Kentucky, I; his character; his bravery II; goes to the Holston for powder and lead; surprised by Indians; second in command; missing at the fight at Piqua; appointed colonel; capture of his family by the savages and their rescue; raises the whole force of Lincoln; buries the dead after the battle of the Blue Licks; with Clark in the Miami country; destroys stores of British traders; Logan's Station, fort built at, I; attacked by Indians, II; Long Hunters, the, why so called, I; Long Knives, designation given Virginians by the Indians, I; extension of the term, I; Long Run, Squire Boon defeated at, II Lord Dunmore's War, begun by the Indians, I; Cresap's reprisals; murder of Logan's kinsfolk; wrath of the Indians; the frontier ravaged by Indians; panic on the border; Logan's revenge; counterstrokes of backwoodsmen; burn a Shawnee village; the opening act of the drama that was closed at Yorktown; Lorimer surprises and captures Boon, II; Loughry, annihilation of his party, II; Louisiana, purchase of, I; ceded by France to Spain Louisville, founded by Clark, II; Lulbegrud Creek, origin of name, I; McAfee brothers, the, incident in their career, I; visit Kentucky; meet Cornstalk and the Shawnees; visit Big Bone Lick; their sufferings on their homeward journey; reach Powell's Valley; meet Boon there; return to Kentucky; build a stockade, II; attacked by Indians; narrow individual escapes; relieved by McGarry McConnell, names his hut Lexington, I; captured near Lexington, II; slays his captors and escapes McCulloch, Major Samuel, a leading man on the border, II; escape from the Indians McDowell, Col., asks the Holston men for help, II; beaten by Ferguson; goes to Gates' army McGarry, reaches Kentucky, I; his character; surprised by Indians, II; relieves McAfee's Station; his insubordination; serves under Col. Todd McGillivray, Alexander, chief of the Creek nation, I; his birth; education; claimed by the Creeks; his chieftainship; aids the British, I; McGillivray, Lachlan, his career; marriage; children; influence over the savages McKee, a tory leader, II; a fairly good commander; defeated by Clark; a letter to De Peyster; Maine, settlers of, confined to the sea-coast, I; Mansker, Kasper, leads a party of hunters down the Cumberland River, I; returns overland to Georgia; returns to Tennessee; skill as a marksman and woodsman; his "Nancy,"; outwits an Indian; adventure with Indians; becomes a Methodist; hunts in the Cumberland country, II Marshall, Thomas, surveyor of Fayette County, II; Martin, Major Joseph, joins Sevier's troops, II; disperses the Indians; tries to speculate in Cherokee lands; sample Indian "talk" to; Methodism, a power after the Revolution, II Miamis, the, location of, I; surprise and capture Boon, II Milfort, a French adventurer, I; marries a sister of McGillivray; his untruthfulness and braggadocio; Mingos, the, renegade Indians, I; a mongrel banditti; their camp destroyed; declare for neutrality; try to kill the American Indian agents; Miro, Estevan, letter to Robertson, II; Monk's Corners, Ferguson defeats the Americans at, II; Monongahela, Valley of the, claimed by Virginia, I; Moravian Indians, the, a peaceful race, I; mostly Delawares; oppressed in Pennsylvania; remove to the West; settle on the Muskingum; teachings of the missionaries; their strict neutrality, II; hated by the wild Indians; the British endeavor to break up their villages; exasperate the Americans; blindly court their fate; evil conduct of the backwoodsmen; Moravians themselves not blameless; maltreated by the British and wild Indians; maltreated by the Americans; return to their homes; warned of their danger; massacred; Morris, Robert, account with Miss Betsy Hart, II; Mound Builders, the, remains of, I; at mouth of the Scioto; Munceys, the, a sub-tribe of the Delawares, I Muscogees, the. See Creeks; Nashborough, built by Robertson, II; attacked by Indians; failure of the attack; government established at; treaty with the Indians held at; Natchez, the, take refuge with the Chickasaws, I; Neely, Alexander, takes two Indian scalps, I; Netherland, jeered at as a coward, II; rallies his comrades; checks the Indians; New England, English stock purest in, I New Mexico, the winning of, I; New York, small proportion of English blood in, in 1775, I "Nolichucky Jack." See John Sevier; Nolichucky River, a feeder of the Tennessee River, I; North Carolina, separated from Eastern Tennessee by the Unaka Mountains, I; a turbulent and disorderly colony; war between Tryon and the Regulators; Northwest, the, settlement of, preceded by the regular army, I; settled under national ordinance of 1787; English conquest of; claims of the colonies to; worthlessness of titles to; how we gained it; French inhabitants little affected by change of allegiance; war in, II Oconostota, head-chief of the Cherokees, I; signs the treaty of the Sycamore Shoals; warns the treaty-makers; Ohio Valley, in possession of the French, I; conquered by the British, II; Old Chillicothe, near Pickaway Plains; Old Tassell, his "talk" to Col. Martin, II Ottawas, the, location of, I; Ouatinous, the. See Weas; Pack-trains, sole means of transport, I; Patterson, Capt. Robert, patrols the country, II; annoyed by Reynolds; compact with Reynolds; at the battle of the Blue Licks; saved by Reynolds; shows his gratitude; Peace, difficulties in the way of, I; Pennsylvania, English blood in, in 1775, I; evil of Indian policy in; imminency of fight with Virginia; conflict of interests with Virginia; traders; neutrality in Lord Dunmore's war; her traders protected by Shawnees; panic on the frontier; Pensacola, residence of the Governor of West Florida, I; Personal prowess, II; Piankeshaws, the, associated with the Miamis, I; Pickaway Plains, base of Lord Dunmore's operations, I; Picken's Fort, gathering-place of Williamson's forces, I; Pierre, Don Eugenio, plunders St. Joseph, II; Pike, Capt., a famous Delaware chief, II; Piqua, the fight at, II; destroyed by Clark; Poe, Adam, starts in pursuit of Indians, II; saves his brother; Poe, Andrew, pursues the Indians, II; fight with two Indians; saved by his brother; Point Pleasant, camping-place of Lewis' army, I; battle of; murder of Cornstalk at; Population, movements of, I; Portugal, her share in the New World, I. Pottawattamies, the, location of, I; Powell's Valley, Boon and the McAfees meet in, I; visited by Floyd; Henderson leaves his wagons at; Prairie, origin of our use of the word, I; description of Illinois; Presbyterian-Irish. See Scotch-Irish; Presbyterianism, leading creed of the frontier, II; Preston, Wm., account of the battle of the Great Kanawha, I; Quebec, Province of, a French state to-day, I; de Quindre, Captain Daignian, a noted Detroit partisan, II; outwitted by Boon; Race, accountability of each, for individual misdeeds, I; Raven, signs the treaty of the Sycamore Shoals, I; Redhawk, murdered at Point Pleasant, I; Revolution, the, I; Westerners in the; civil war on the border; Whigs and Tories; ferocity of the partisans; the British rouse the Indian tribes to begin hostilities; twofold character of, II; Rewards offered by the South Carolina Legislature, I; Reynolds, Aaron, "a very profane, swearing man," II; rebuked by Patterson; taunts Girty; saves Patterson at the battle of the Blue Licks; capture of, by the Indians and escape; Rifle, the, the national weapon of the backwoodsman, I; Robertson, James, comes to the Watauga in 1770, I; a mighty hunter; returns to North Carolina; leads a band of settlers to Tennessee; his energy and ability; a member of the civil government of the Watauga Commonwealth; treats with the Cherokees; his mission of peace; trusted by the Cherokees; success of mission; a sergeant in Lord Dunmore's war; discovers Cornstalk's army; attacks the Indians; made superintendent of Indian affairs; sends warning to the Holston settlements; value of Gilmore's Life of; founds the Cumberland settlement, II; travels to the Cumberland; visits George Rogers Clark; guides settlers to the Cumberland; builds Nashborough; warns the settlers; draws up a compact of government; his son killed by the Indians; his character Rocheblave commands at Kaskaskia, II; attached to the British interest; treated harshly by Clark; sent a prisoner to Virginia Rogers, Lieut., defeated by Girty and Elliott, II; Russell, Capt., joins Lewis before the battle of the Great Kanawha, I; Rutherford, Gen. Griffith, relieves the besieged stations, I; takes the field against the Cherokees; his route; destroys the middle towns; proceeds against the valley towns; escapes falling-into an ambush; returns to Canucca; meets Williamson; reaches home in safety; result of his expedition; St. Asaphs. See Logan's Station, I; St. Augustine, her prosperity and decay, I; Sacs and Foxes, the, their location, I; Salem, a settlement of Moravian Indians, I; Salem Church, the first in Tennessee, II; Sandusky, the fight at, II; Saunders, John, his contract with Clark, II; Scioto River, the, remains of mound builders at mouth of, I; Scotch-Irish, the, the dominant strain in the blood of the backwoodsmen, I; a mixed people; their religious antipathies; a bold and hardy race; backbone of the order-loving element; staunch patriots; Seminoles, the, their bloody wars with the Spaniards, I; an offshoot of the Creeks; Senecas, the, the largest of the Six Nations, I; Sevier, John, plays a chief part in the history of Tennessee, I; reaches the Watauga; his ancestry and education; his appearance and influence; a member of the Watauga civil government; builds a fort; in Lord Dunmore's war; notifies the Fincastle men of the Indian advance; falls in love and marries during the siege of the Watauga fort; value of Gilmore's Life of; attempted murder of, II; leader of the whole district; his home and hospitality; "Nolichucky Jack,"; patrols the border; raises his rifle-rangers; leads the right wing at the battle of King's Mountain; rallies his men; the best Indian fighter on the border; influence over his followers; secret of his success; campaigns against the Cherokees; defeats the Indians; issues an address to the Otari chiefs; expedition against the Erati; ravages their country; services in the Revolutionary war; Sevier, Valentine, stumbles upon the Indians and escapes, I; Shawnees, the location of, I; closely united to the Delawares and Wyandots; under Cornstalk meet the McAfee's; declare war; discriminate between Virginians and Pennsylvanians; defy Conolly; defeated by backwoodsmen; their town Muskingum burned; give hostages to Lord Dunmore; declare for neutrality; give the war belt to the Cherokees Shelby, Evan, a captain in Lewis' army, I; joins Lewis before the battle of the Great Kanawha; transfers the command to his son Isaac; his estate, II; surprises the Chickamaugas Shelby, Isaac, serves under his father, I; a prominent figure on the border; commands at the battle of the Great Kanawha; his letter with account of the battle of the Great Kanawha; county lieutenant, II; lends his credit to the state; crosses the mountains; carries on a guerilla warfare; rides to Sevier's; gathers his troops; proposes Campbell as commander; addresses the troops; commands the left centre at King's Mountain; in the thick of the fight; Sherrill, Kate, escapes from the Indians; marries Sevier; Six Nations, the, surrender lands to the English, I; took no part in Lord Dunmore's war; send the white belt of peace to the northwestern tribes, II; Slover, his curious history, II; captured by the Indians; condemned to be burned; his escape Southwest, the, won by individual settlers, II; Sowdowsky, with Harrod founds Harrodsburg, I; descends the Mississippi; Spain, her conquests in America in the 16th century, I; wars with Holland, England, and France; surrenders both Floridas to England; declares war on Great Britain, II; claims country to the east of the Mississippi; hostile to America Spencer, the first permanent settler in the Cumberland country, II; mode of life; Stoner, hunts in the bend of the Cumberland, I; pilots in Lord Dunmore's surveyors; Sullivan County, erected, II; Surveyors, the, their part in the exploration of the West, I; descend the Ohio; Washington, Clark, and Boon among; sent by Lord Dunmore to the Falls of the Ohio; Sycamore Shoals, the, treaty of; Tallasotchee, the white chief of, I; Tarleton, his brutality, II; Tennessee, description of the eastern part of, I; first settlements in; formed part of North Carolina; first settlers mainly from Virginia; character of the first settlers of; organized into Washington county, North Carolina; Texas, the meaning of, I; Tipton, Major Jonathan, commands Sevier's right wing, II; failure of his expedition; Todd, John, reaches Boonsborough, I; defeated at the Licking by Indians; appointed colonel, II; commandant of Illinois; his letter of instructions; appoints Winston commandant at Kaskaskia; his financial difficulties; extract from his "Record Book,"; elected a delegate to the Virginia legislature; ranking officer in Kentucky; pursues the Indians; leads the centre at the battle of the Blue Licks; his bravery and death; Todd, Major Levi, marches to the relief of Bryan's Station, II; at the battle of the Blue Licks; Torments, inflicted by Indians, I; Transylvania, Henderson's colony, I; meeting of the legislature of; legislature of, dissolved; collapse of the colony; Trappers, descend the Mississippi, I; Treaty of Fort Stanwix, I; Trigg, Lieut.-Col., leads the men from Harrodsburg, II; commands the right at the battle of the Blue Licks; surrounded and killed; Twigtwees, the. See Miamis; Unaka Mountains, I; United States, had to be conquered before being settled, I; territorial advances of the people of the; the Southwest won by the people themselves; the Northwest won by the nation; the boundaries of, II; Vigo, Francis, a St. Louis trader, II; bears news from Vincennes to Clark; a public-spirited patriot; loans silver to the Virginian government; Vincennes, situation of, I; confusion at, II; proceedings of the rebels at; Virginia, French, Irish, and German mixture in, I; makes a treaty with the Cherokee Indians; boundaries claimed by; border ravaged by Indians; Virginians, Lord Dunmore's war fought wholly by them, I; the only foes dreaded by the Indians; styled by the Indians "Long Knives,"; gather at the Great Island of the Holston; march against; the Cherokees; reach the Big Island of the French Broad; ravage the Cherokee towns; return home; Walton, Major Jesse, serves under Sevier, II; Ward, Nancy, brings overtures of peace, II; her family respected; Warfare, ferocious individual, II; Washington College founded by Doak, II; Washington District. See Holston settlements; Washington, Gen. Geo., unable to help Clark, II; Watauga Commonwealth, 1769, date of first permanent settlement, I; supposed by settlers to form part of Virginia; discovered to be part of North Carolina; immigration from North Carolina to; character of the settlers; palisaded villages in; life of the settlers; their amusements; settlers organize a government; articles of the Watauga Association; their first convention held at Robertson's Station; plan of civil government; endures for six years; settlers ordered to leave their lands; settlers successfully solve the problem of self-government; makes a treaty with Cherokees; attacked by the Cherokees; Watauga Fort, the, commanded by Sevier and Robertson, I; attacked by the Indians; the Indians beaten back; Watauga River, a feeder of the Tennessee River, I; first settlement on the banks of the; Watts, John, Sevier's guide against the Chickamauga towns, II Wayne, Gen. Anthony, threatens the Indians, II; Weas, the, living with the Miamis, I; Wells, his noble deed, II; West, the, the winning of, II; actually conquered; definitely secured by diplomacy; West Florida, its boundaries, I; Wetzel, Lewis, a formidable hunter, II; his adventures; Wheeling, attacked by Indians, II; attacked by Simon Girty; heroism of a girl; Whites, the, provocation suffered by, I; retaliation by; White Top Mountain, a landmark, I; Wilderness, the, life in, I; Wilderness Road, the, forever famous in Kentucky history, I; exists to-day; Williams, Col., shot at the battle of King's Mountain, II Williamson, Colonel Andrew, gathers a force at Picken's Fort, I; advances against the Indians; his campaign against the Cherokees; attempt to surprise Cameron; falls into an ambush; defeats the Indians; destroys their houses; garrisons Fort Rutledge; meets Rutherford; falls into an ambush; defeats the Indians; reaches the valley towns; joined by Rutherford; destroys all the Cherokee settlements west of Appalachians; returns to Fort Rutledge; Williamson, Col. David, removes the remnant of the Moravians to Fort Pitt, II; blamed by the people; leads the frontiersmen to the Moravian towns; commands the retreat from Sandusky; Willing, the, the first gunboat in western waters, II; reaches Vincennes; Winnebagos, the, location of, I; Winston, Major, cuts off the retreat of the British, II; Winston, Richard, appointed commandant at Kaskaskia, II; becomes "unhappy"; Wyandots, the, location of, I; redoubtable foes; claim respect from the Algonquins; surpass their neighbors in mercifulness as well as valor; the Half King of, threatens revenge, II; defeat and kill Estill;

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