His Subsequent Career.

When Pike reached home he found himself in disfavor, as was everyone who was suspected of having any intimate relations with Wilkinson. However, he soon cleared himself, and continued to serve in the army. He rose to be a brigadier-general and died gloriously in the hour of triumph, when in command of the American force which defeated the British and captured York.

Lewis, Clark, and Pike had been the pioneers in the exploration of the far West. The wandering trappers and traders were quick to follow in their tracks, and to roam hither and thither exploring on their own accord. In 1807 one of these restless adventurers reached Yellowstone Lake, and another Lake Itasca; and their little trading stations were built far up the Missouri and the Platte.

The West Gradually Fills with Population.

While these first rough explorations of the far West were taking place, the old West was steadily filling with population and becoming more and more a coherent portion of the Union. In the treaties made from time to time with the Northwestern Indians, they ceded so much land that at last the entire northern bank of the Ohio was in the hands of the settlers. But the Indians still held Northwestern Ohio and the northern portions of what are now Indiana and Illinois, so that the settlement at Detroit was quite isolated; as were the few little stockades, or groups of fur-traders' huts, in what are now northern Illinois and Wisconsin. The Southern Indians also surrendered much territory, in various treaties. Georgia got control of much of the Indian land within her State limits. All the country between Knoxville and Nashville became part of Tennessee, so that the eastern and middle portions of the State were no longer sundered by a jutting fragment of wilderness, infested by Indian war parties whenever there were hostilities with the savages. The only Indian lands in Tennessee or Kentucky were those held by the Chickasaws, between the Tennessee and the Mississippi; and the Chickasaws were friendly to the Americans.

Power of the West.

Year by year the West grew better able to defend itself if attacked, and more formidable in the event of its being necessary to undertake offensive warfare. Kentucky and Tennessee had become populous States, no longer fearing Indian inroads; but able on the contrary to equip powerful armies for the aid of the settlers in the more scantily peopled regions north and south of them. Ohio was also growing steadily; and in the territory of Indiana, including what is now Illinois, and the territory of Mississippi, including what is now northern Alabama, there were already many settlers.

Dangers Threatening the West.

Nevertheless the shadow of desperate war hung over the West. Neither the northern nor the southern Indians were yet subdued; sullen and angry they watched the growth of the whites, alert to seize a favorable moment to make one last appeal to arms before surrendering their hunting grounds. Moreover in New Orleans and Detroit the Westerners possessed two outposts which it would be difficult to retain in the event of war with England, the only European nation that had power seriously to injure them. These two outposts were sundered from the rest of the settled Western territory by vast regions tenanted only by warlike Indian tribes. Detroit was most in danger from the Indians, the British being powerless against it unless in alliance with the formidable tribes that had so long battled against American supremacy. Their superb navy gave the British the power to attack New Orleans at will. The Westerners could rally to the aid of New Orleans much more easily than to the aid of Detroit; for the Mississippi offered a sure channel of communication, and New Orleans, unlike Detroit, possessed some capacity for self-defence; whereas the difficulties of transit through the Indian-haunted wilderness south of the Great Lakes were certain to cause endless dangers and delays if it became necessary for the Westerners either to reinforce or to recapture the little city which commanded the straits between Huron and Erie.

During the dozen years which opened with Wayne's campaigns, saw the treaties of Jay and Pinckney, and closed with the explorations of Lewis, Clarke, and Pike, the West had grown with the growth of a giant, and for the first time had achieved peace; but it was not yet safe from danger of outside attack. The territories which had been won by war from the Indians and by treaty from Spain, France, and England, and which had been partially explored, were not yet entirely our own. Much had been accomplished by the deeds of the Indian-fighters, treaty-makers, and wilderness-wanderers; far more had been accomplished by the steady push of the settler folk themselves, as they thrust ever westward, and carved states out of the forest and the prairie; but much yet remained to be done before the West would reach its natural limits, would free itself forever from the pressure of outside foes, and would fill from frontier to frontier with populous commonwealths of its own citizens.

THE END OF VOL. IV.

APPENDIX

It is a pleasure to be able to say that the valuable Robertson manuscripts are now in course of publication, under the direction of a most competent editor in the person of Mr. W. R. Garrett, Ph.D. They are appearing in the American Historical Magazine, at Nashville, Tennessee; the first instalment appeared in January, and the second in April, 1896. The Magazine is doing excellent work, exactly where this work is needed; and it could not render a better service to the study of American history than by printing these Robertson papers.

After the present volume was in press Mr. Oswald Garrison Villard, of Harvard, most kindly called my attention to the Knox Papers, in the archives of the New England Historical and Genealogical Society, of Boston. These papers are of great interest. They are preserved in a number of big volumes. I was able to make only a most cursory examination of them; but Mr. Villard with great kindness went carefully through them, and sent me copies of those which I deemed important. There are a number of papers referring to matters connected with the campaigns against the western Indians. The most interesting and valuable is a long letter from Col. Darke giving a very vivid picture of St. Clair's defeat, and of the rout which followed. While it can hardly be said to cast any new light on the defeat, it describes it in a very striking manner, and brings out well the gallantry of the officers and the inferior quality of the rank and file; and it gives a very unpleasant picture of St. Clair and Hamtranck.

Besides the Darke letter there are several other manuscripts containing information of value. In Volume XXIII., page 169, there is a letter from Knox to General Harmar, dated New York, September 3, 1790. After much preliminary apology, Knox states that it "has been reported, and under circumstances which appear to have gained pretty extensive credit on the frontiers, that you are too apt to indulge yourself to excess in a convivial glass"; and he then points out the inevitable ruin that such indulgence will bring to the General.

A letter from St. Clair to Knox, dated Lexington, September 4, 1791, runs in part: "Desertion and sickness have thinned our ranks. Still, if I can only get them into action before the time of the levies expires, I think my force sufficient, though that opinion is founded on the calculation of the probable number that is opposed to us, having no manner of information as to the force collected to oppose us." On the 15th he writes from Ft. Washington about the coming expiration of enlistments and says: "I am very sensible how hazardous it is to approach, under such circumstances, and my only expectation is that the men will find themselves so far engaged that it will be obviously better to go forward than to return, at the same time it precludes the establishment of another post of communication however necessary, but that indeed is precluded also from our decreasing numbers, and the very little dependence that is to be placed upon the militia."

Col. Winthrop Sargent writes to General Knox from Ft. Washington, on January 2, 1792. He states that there were fourteen hundred Indians opposed to St. Clair in the battle, and repeats a rumor that six hundred Indians from the Lakes quarrelled with the Miamis over the plunder, and went home without sharing any part, warning their allies that thereafter they should fight their battles alone. Sargent dwells upon the need of spies, and the service these spies would have rendered St. Clair. A few days afterwards he writes in reference to a rumor that his own office is to be dispensed with, protesting that this would be an outrage, and that he has always discharged his duties well, having entered the service simply from a desire to be of use to his country. He explains that the money he receives would hardly do more than equip him, and that he only went into the army because he valued reputation and honor more than fortune.

The letters of the early part of 1792 show that the survivors of St. Glair's army were torn by jealousy, and that during the winter following his defeat there was much bitter wrangling among the various officers. Wilkinson frequently wrote to Knox giving his estimate of the various officers, and evidently Knox thought very well of him. Wilkinson spoke well of Sargent; but most of the other officers, whom he mentions at all, he mentions with some disfavor, and he tells at great length of the squabbles among them, his narrative being diversified at times by an account of some other incident such as "a most lawless outrage" by "a party of the soldiery on the person of a civil magistrate in the village of Cincinnati." Knox gives his views as to promotions in a letter to Washington, which shows that he evidently felt a good deal of difficulty in getting men whom he deemed fit for high command, or even for the command of a regiment.

One of the worst quarrels was that of the Quartermaster, Hodgdon, first with Major Zeigler and then with Captain Ford. The Major resigned, and the captain publicly insulted the Quartermaster and threated to horsewhip him.

In one letter Caleb Swan, on March 11, 1792, advises Wilkinson that he had been to Kentucky and had paid off the Kentucky militia who had served under St. Clair. Wilkinson in a letter of March 13th, expresses the utmost anxiety for the retention of St. Clair in command. Among the numerous men whom Wilkinson had complained of was Harmar, who, he said, was not only addicted to drink, but was also a bad disciplinarian. He condemned the quartermaster also, although less severely than most of the other officers.

Darke's letter is worth quoting in full. Its spelling and punctuation are extraordinary; and some of the words can not be deciphered.

Letter from Col. Darke to George Washington, president of the U. S., dated at Fort Washington, Nineth of Novr. 1791,

(Knox Papers, Vol. xxx., p. 12.)

I take the liberty to Communicate to your Excellency the disagreeable News of our defeat.

We left fort Washington the Begining of Septr a Jornel of our march to the place of action and the whole proseeding on our march I hoped to have had the honour to inclose to you but that and all other papers cloathing & &c., was Taken by the Indians. this Jornel I know would have gave you pain but thought it not amis to Give you a State of facts and Give you every Information in my power and had it Ready to Send to you the Very Morning we were actacked.

We advanced 24 miles from fort Washington and bult a Small fort which we I thought were long about from thence we advanced along the banks of the Meamme River where the fort was arected 44-1/2 Miles on a Streight Line by the Compass west 1/4 north though farther the way the Road went and bult another fort which we Left on the 23 October and from that time to the 3d Novr Got 31 Miles where we incamped in two Lines about 60 yards apart the Right whing in frunt Commanded by General Butler, the Left in the Rear which I commanded, our piccquets Decovered Some Sculking Indians about Camp in the Night and fired on them. Those we expected were horsstealers as they had Taken Many of our horses near fort Washington, and on the way and killed a few of our Men.

As Soon as it was Light in the Morning of the 4th Novr the advanced Guards of the Meletia fired the Meletia Being in-camped a Small distance in frunt a Scattering fire Soon Commenced The Troops were instandly formed to Reserve them and the pannack Struck Meletia Soon broke in to the Center of our incampment in a few Munites our Guards were drove in and our whole Camp Surrounded by Savages advencing up nere to our Lines and Made from behind trees Logs &c., Grate Havoke with our Men I for Some time having no orders [indevanced?] to pervent the Soldiers from braking and Stil finding the enemy Growing More bold and Coming to the very Mouths of our Cannon and all the brave artilery officers Killed I ordered the Left whing to Charge which with the assistance of the Gallent officers that were then Left I with deficuaty prevailed on them to do, the Second U S Regt was then the Least disabled the Charge begat with them on the Left of the Left whing I placed a Small Company of Rifelmen on that flank on the Bank of a Small Crick and persued the enemy about four hundred yards who Ran off in all directions but this time the Left flank of the Right whing Gave way and Number of the Indians Got into our Camp and Got possession of the Artilery and Scalped I Sopose a hundred men or more I turned back and beat them quite off the Ground and Got posesion of the Cannon and had it been possible to Get the troops to form and push them we Should then have Soon beat them of the Ground but those that Came from the Lelf whing Run in a huddle with those of the Right the enemys fire being allmost over for Many Munites and all exertions Made by many of the brave officer to Get them in Some order to persue Victory was all in Vain. they would not form in any order in this Confution they Remained until the enemy finding they were not pushed and I dare say Active officers with them and I beleive Several of them white they Came on again, and the whole Army Ran toGether Like a Mob at a fair and had it not been for the Gratest Exertions of the officers would have stood there til all killed the Genl then Sent to me if possible to Get them off that Spot by Making a Charge I found my Endevours fruitless for Some time but at Length Got Several Soldiers together that I had observed behaving brave and Incoraged them to lead off which they did with charged bayonetts Success the whole followed with Grate Rapidity I then endevoured to halt the frunt to Get them in Some order to turn and fire a few Shots but the horse I Rode being Good for little and I wounded in the thigh Early in the Action and having fatigued my Self much was So Stif I could make a poor hand of Running. the Confution in the Retreat is beyound description the Men throughing away their arms not withstanding all the indevour of the few Remaining Brave officers I think we must have Lost 1000 Stand of arms Meletia included. It is impossible to Give any Good account of the Loss of men at this time but from the Loss of officers you may Give Some Gess a list of their Names you have In Closed the Brave and Much to be Lemented G. B. at their Head I have Likewise in Closed you a Small Rough Scetch of the feald of battle. I at this time am Scarcely able to write being worn out with fatigue Not having Slept 6 hours Since the defeat. This fatigue has bean occationed by the Cowardly behaviour of Major John F. Hamtramck, and I am Sorry to say Not the Same exertions of the Govenor that I expected. Hamtramck was about Twenty four Miles in our Rear with the first U S Regiment Consisting of upwards of 300 effective men and on hearing of our defeat insted of Coming on as his orders was I believe to follow us Retreated back 7 miles to fort Jefferson we knowing of his being on his march after us and was in hopes of Grate Releif from him in Covering the Retreat of perhaps upwards of 200 or 300 wounded men Many of whom might easily bean Saved with that fresh Regiment with whom I should not have bean arraid to have passed the whole Indian army if they had persued as the would have bean worn down with the Chace and in Grate Disorder when we Got to the fort 31 miles in about 9 hours no one having eat any from the day before the action we found the Garison without more than than one days bred and no meat having bean on half alowence two days there was a Council Called to which I aftar I beleive they had agreed what was to be done was called it was Concluded to march of & Recommence the Retreat at 10 oclock which was begun I think an hour before that time more than 300 wounded and Tired in our Rear the Govenor assured me that he expected provition on every hour I at first Concluded to stay with my Son who was very dangerously and I expected Mortaly wounded but after Geting Several officers dressed and as well provided for as possible and Seing the Influance Hamtramck had with the Genl about twelve oclock I got a horse and followed the army as I thought from apearences that Major Hamtramck had Influance anough to pervent the Garison from being Supplied with the provition Coming on by Keeping the first Regt as a guard for himself I Rode alone about ten Miles from twelve oclock at night until I overtook the Regiment and the Genl I still kept on until I met the pack horses about daylight Much alarmed at having heard Something of the defeat, the Horse master Could Not prevail on the drivers to Go on with him until I assured then I would Go back with them Lame as I was I ordered the horses to be loaded immediately and I Returned as fast as I could to hault the first Regiment as a guard, and when I met them told them to halt and make fires to Cook immediately as I made Sure they would be sent back with the provitions, but when I met the Govenor and Major Hamtramck I pervailed with Genl St. Clair to order 60 men back only which was all I could possibly get and had the bulock drivers known that was all the guard they were to have they would not have gone on nuther would the horse drivers I believe in Sted of the 120 hors loads Got on all the Rest went back with the army and though the Men had bean So Long Sterving and we then 47 miles from the place of action I could not pervail on them the Genl and his fammily or [advisers?] to halt for the sterved worn down Soldiers to Cook, nor did they I believe even Kill a bullock for their Releaf I went back to fort Jefferson that Night with the flour beaves &c. where they was No kind of provision but a Miserable Poor old horse and many Valuable officers wound there and perhaps 200 soldiers it was Night when I Got back I Slept not one moment that Night my son and other officers being in Such Distress. the next day I was busy all day—Getting—made to Carry of the wounded officers there being no Medison there Nor any Nurishment not even a quart of Salt but they were not able to bare the Motion of the horses. That Night I Set off for this place and Rode til about 12 oclock by which time my thigh was amassingly Sweld Near as large as my body and So hot that I could feel the warmth with my hand 2 foot off of it I could Sleep none and have Slept very Little Since the wounds begin to Separate and are much esier I am aprehensive that fort Jeferson is now beseiged by the indians as Certain Information has bean Received that a large body were on Sunday night within fifteen miles of it Coming on the Road we Marched out and I am Sorey to Se no exertions to Releive it I Cannot tel whether they have the Cannon they took from us or Not if they have not, they Cannot take it Nor I don't think they Can with for want of Ball which they have No Grate Number of. They took from us eight pieces of ordenence 130 bullocks, about 300 horses upwards of 200 Tents and a Considerable quantity of flour amunition and all the officers and Soldiers Cloathing and bagage except what they had on I believe they gave quarters to none as most of the Women were Killed before we left the Ground I think the Slaughter far Grater than Bradocks there being 33 brave officers Killd Dead on the Ground 27 wounded that we know of and Some Mising exclusive of the Meletia and I know their Cole, and two Captains were Killed I do not think our Loss so Grate as to Strike the Surviving officers with Ideas of despair as it Seems to. the Chief of the Men Killd are of the Levies and indeed many of them are as well out of the world as in it as for the Gallent officers they are much to be Lamented as the behaviour of allmost all of them would have done honour to the first Veterans in the world. The few that escaped without wounds it was Chiefly axedent that Saved them as it is impossible to Say more in their praise than they deserve.

In the few horse officers though they had no horses Good for anything Capt. Truman Lieut. Sedam Debuts Boins and Gleer behaved Like Soldiers. Capt. Snowder is I think Not Calculated for the army and Suliven Quartermaster and Commt is as Grate a poltoon as I ever saw in the world. [Footnote: Written and lined as above.] Ensign Shambury of the first United States Regiment is as brave Good and determined a Hero as any in the work Lieutenent James Stephenson from Berkeley of the Levies aded to one of the most unspoted and Respectable Carectors in the world in private Life as Good an officer as ever drew breth, his Gallent behavior in Action drew the attention of every officer that was Near him more than any other. There is one Bisel perhaps a volenteer in the Second U S Regiment who Richly deserved preferment for his bravery through the whole action he made the freeest use of the Baonet of any Man I noticed in the Carcases of the Savages. John Hamelton I cant say too much in praise of who was along with the army a packhorse master he picked up the dead mens guns and used them freely when he found them Loaded and when the Indians entered the Camp he took up an ax and at them with it. I am Intirely at a loss to Give you any idea what General St. Clair intends to do. I well know what I would do if I was in his place and would venture to forfet my Life if the Indians have not moved the Cannon farther than the Meamme Towns if I did not Retake them by Going there in three days insted of two months I well know the have Lost many of their braves & wariors and I make no doubt the have Near 100 wounded Their killed I cannot think Bare any perpotion to ours as they Lay so Concealed but many I know were killd and those the most dareing fellows which has weakened them Grately and I know we were able to beat them and that a violent push with one hundred brave men when the Left whing Returned from persuing them would have turned the Scale in our favor indeed I think fifty would in the Scatered State they were in and five or Six hundred Mounted Riflemen from Conetuck aded to the force we have would Be as Sure of Suchsess as they went many have offer to Go with me a number of officers ofer to Go as privates and I never was Treated with So much Respect in any part of the world as I have bean this day in this wilderness in the time I am offered My Choice of any horse belonging to the town as I Lost all my own horses I shall Se the General in the morning and perhaps be no more Satisfied than I am now. Though I have Spoke of all the officers with that Respect they Richly deserve I Cannot in Justice to Capt. Hannah help mentioning him as when all his men were killed wounded and Scatered except four Got a ( ?) that belonged to Capt. Darkes Company when the Cannon was Retaken the Artilery men being all killed and Lying in heaps about the Peases who he Draged away and Stood to the Cannon himSelf til the Retreat and then within a few yards of the enemy Spiked the Gun with his Baonet Capt. Brack (?) and all the Captains of the Maryland Line I cannot Say too much in their praise. I have taken the Liberty of Writing So perticculer to you as I think no one Can Give a better account nor do I think you will Get an account from any that Saw So much of the action Genl. St. Clair not Being able to Run about as I was if his inclination had been as Grate I hope in the Course of the winter to have the pleasure of Seeing you when I may have it in my power to answer any questions you are pleased to ask Concerning the unfortunate Campain. I

Have the Honour to be

your Excellencys most obt.

and most humble servent

WM. DARKE

10 Novr. I have prevailed on the Good Genl. to send a Strong party To Carry Supplies to fort Jeferson which I hope will be able to Releve it and as I have polticed wound and the Swelling much Asswaged if I find myself able to Set on hors back will Go with the party as I Can be very warm by Laping myself with blankets

WM. DARKE

His Excellency

The President of the United States.

INDEX.

Adair, John, skirmish with Indians, relations with Burr, arrested by Wilkinson. Americans reluctant to war against Indians; culpably lax in defence of their honor. Augusta, treaty at. Backwoods folk, their deeds; their pressure on the Spanish dominions; they were the real factors in acquiring Louisiana. Barbe Marbois, sound advice to Napoleon. Beard, John, militia captain; kills Cherokees. Bishop of Louisiana, hatred of Americans and Protestants. Blennerhassett. Bloody Fellow, Indian chief. Blount College. Blount, William, made governor of Southwestern Territory; organized it; his tact and ability; his loyalty; treats with Cherokees; helps cause of education; land speculations; good faith towards Indians; Superintendent of Indian Affairs; tries to restrain militia; and avert a general war; deceived by the Cherokees; deceived by Chickamaugas; puts down horse thieves; prevents outrages on Indians; controversy with Seagrove; efforts to avert war; successfully directs the war; desires a national war; elected Senator; excellent conduct in stopping filibustering; disapproves Jay's treaty; his extraordinary land-grabbing scheme; expelled from Senate; his handsome house. Bonham, killed at St. Clair's defeat. Books in the backwoods. Boone in Missouri; his restlessness; meets English traveller; becomes a Spanish official; in Missouri. Bowles, tory adventurer among Creeks. Brady, attacks Indians. Brant, the Iroquois chief, kindness to prisoners; advises war against Americans; pleased with Dorchester's speech; anger with British. Brickell, captivity of. British, support Indians; hostile to Americans; treachery of, on Northwestern frontier. Brown, Senator from Kentucky, aids Genet. Buchanan's Station, attack on. Burr, Aaron, conspiracy of; his former career; his relations to the West; his treasonable schemes; he starts West; vagueness of his schemes; his intrigues with Wilkinson, Jackson, and various other Western leaders; his second trip West; his plans foiled by the Kentucky Federalists; crumbling of his plans; his trial. Butler, John, British colonel, reads Dorchester's speech to the Indians. Butler, Richard, General, failings as a commander; his courage; his death. Butler, Thomas, Major, gallantry of, at St. Clair's defeat. Caldwell, British partisan. Campbell, Captain Mis, killed at Fallen Timbers. Campbell, Judge, attacked by Indians; charge to Grand Jury. Camp-meetings. Carondelet, Baron, corresponds with Simcoe; incites savages to war against Americans; intrigues with Southern Indians; frank treachery; foolishness of; intrigues with Westerners; correspondence with Wayne; failure of his negotiations with the Westerners; declines to carry out treaty. Cherokees, (See Indians.) Chickamaugas, very hostile; treacherous; make open war; repulsed; their towns destroyed. Chickasaw Bluffs. Chickasaws, (See Indians.) Cincinnati raided. Claiborne, Governor of Mississippi, proposes attack on Louisiana; Governor of Orleans; his loyalty. Clark, Elijah, his establishment of a little freebooter state. Clark, George Rogers, wishes to acquire Spanish territory; intrigues with French; accepts a French commission; organizes expedition; collapse of expedition. Clark, Major, killed at St. Clair's defeat. Clark, William, serves under Wayne; defeats Indians in skirmish; at Fallen Timbers; his ability respected by Spaniards; starts across continent with Lewis; their voyage up the Missouri; their wonder at the strange animals; their good qualities as explorers; their attitude towards the Indians; they halt at Mandan for the winter; start west in the spring; travel through vast hunting grounds; cross the Rocky Mountains; their return voyage; adventures and accidents; their return; their after-fates. Clay, Henry, and Burr. Cocke, William, "the mulberry man". Collins, envoy of De Lemos. Colter. Connecticut Reserve. County, the unit of organization. Creeks, make treaties; raid on Georgians; bad faith of; (See Indians.) Cumberland District, ravaged by Indians; the settlers retaliate; rapid growth of. Currency in the backwoods. Darke, Colonel, gallantry of, at St. Clair's defeat. Daveiss, Joseph H., Burr's most formidable foe; ingratitude, shown to, by Jefferson. Defiance, Fort, built by Wayne. Democratic societies, seditious conduct of. Denny, St. Clair's aide, at St. Clair's defeat; carries the news to Washington. Disunionists, folly and treachery of. Doak, founds a college. Dorchester, Lord, his speech; correspondence with land speculators. Dunlop's Station, attack on. Education, in Kentucky and Tennessee. Elliott, British partisan. Ellicott, Andrew, Surveyor-General at Natchez. Explorers, of the Far West. Fallen Timbers, battle of. Federalist party, wrong in its attitude towards West. Filibusters at New Orleans. Flat boatmen. Folch, Spanish Governor. Frontiersmen, tend to retrograde; importance of; hatred of Indians; some of them profit by Indian wars; characteristics of; fondness for a lonely life; engage in river trade; but fundamentally farmers; build few and small towns; capacity for self-help; traits of those who became permanent settlers; their political organization; join together for common objects; hardness of life; existence in a log cabin; Americans the pioneers; failure of old-world immigrants on frontier; pioneers suspicious of merchants; sometimes repudiate debts; viciousness of their military system; their individualism in religious matters; they strain against Spanish boundaries; hated and feared by Spaniards; their advantages over Spaniards. Galphinton, treaty at. Game, vast herds of, on the great plains. Gayoso de Lemos, sound advice to Carondelet; builds fort at Chickasaw Bluffs; negotiations with Wilkinson; anxiety over murder of his envoy; endeavors to check Protestantism among the settlers. Genet, French Ambassador, his preposterous career; wishes to procure the conquest of Louisiana; commissions Clark; checked by Washington; recalled. Georgia, makes her own treaties with Creeks; lawlessness of her backwoodsmen; they and the Indians commit brutal outrages on one another. Girtys, one of, with treacherous Delawares; go with war parties of Indians; Simon, at Fallen Timbers. Glass, Indian Chief. Godoy, Prince of Peace, makes treaty with Pinckney. Greeneville, Fort and afterwards Town of, founded by Wayne; treaty of. Gunn, Senator, connection with Yazoo frauds. Guyon, Isaac, Captain. Hardin, Col. John, treacherously slain by Indians. Harrison, W. H. Hart, Thomas. Hawkins, Benjamin, his advice to Blount. Hearne, Arctic explorer. Herrera, Spanish General. Holston, treaty of, with Cherokees. Horse-thieves, white allies of. Indiana Territory. Indians, treachery of; hostility of; misjudged by Easterners; Northwestern, hold great council at Miami Rapids; band in open war against Americans; victory over St. Clair; serve British as a protection, and as police; their ravages; innumerable obscure conflicts with; Creeks and Cherokees; warfare with; the chief fact in early Tennessee history; typical character of these Tennessee wars; treachery of the Southern Indians; their peculiar warfare necessitates offensive returns; the divided state of the Creeks and Cherokees only increases the trouble of the settlers; extraordinary names among; Chickamaugas and Lower Cherokees as hostile as the Creeks; mixed war party beaten back from Buchanan's Station; outrages, conflicts with militia, Creeks and Georgians; Indians and frontiersmen; mutual outrages; Chickasaws assail Creeks; are helped by frontiersmen; Creeks and Cherokees forced to make peace; outrages cease; Chickasaws and Spaniards; their war with Creeks; division among them; play into the hands of Spaniards; the Indians of the Far West. Innes, Judge, lukewarm towards Federal Government; bad conduct of; honorable attitude towards slavery; assailed by Daveiss. Irwin, Thomas, the packhorse-man. Jackson, Andrew, wars on criminals; goes to Congress; relations with Burr. Jay, John, wrath of Westerners at his treaty; its good effects; its effects on Pinckney's treaty. Jefferson, his intrigues against Washington; secretly aids the French; governmental inaptitude; his timidity; tries to buy Louisiana; tries to impress Napoleon; his vacillation; abandons his former theories; his ingratitude; Louisiana thrust upon him; his great services to science. Jeffersonian Democracy, folly of; but the champion of the West. Judicial officers, ride circuits. Kenton, fight with Indians. Kentucky, anger over Jay's treaty; statehood; gentry of; handsome houses of gentry; they are lawyers, manufacturers; but more than all, large landowners; compared with Virginians; habits of life. Kentucky Gazette. Knox, misunderstands Indian question. Knoxville, founded; taverns at. Knoxville Gazette, Federalist and anti-Jacobin; no sympathy with Genet; pathetic advertisements in; Indian outrages; public address on wrongs of Tennesseeans. La Chaise, French agent. Lake Ports, centres for fur trade and Indian intrigue; British cling to; taken possession of by Americans. Land companies, their connection with British and Spanish intrigues, Land sales, unwise system of. Lasselle, Antoine, the Canadian. Laussat, French Prefect. Lewis, Meriwether, See William Clark. Little Otter, Indian chief, his Wyandots and Ottowas defeat one of Wayne's detachments. Little Turtle, Miami chief, at St. Clair's defeat; anecdote of. Livingston, Robert R. Logan, Benjamin, offers to join Clark; beaten for Governor of Kentucky. Louisiana, really won for the United States by the Western settlers themselves; the diplomats really played a small part in acquiring it; the Mississippi no barrier to the backwoodsmen; they covet the mouth of the Mississippi; for the moment New Orleans of more consequence than the trans-Mississippi country; fury of West when Louisiana was ceded to France by Spain; fate of Louisiana inevitable; cession finally made; obtained purely because of growth of West; brief French occupation; apathy of Creoles; discontent in, at change; friction between Creoles and Americans; made into Territory of Orleans; composite character of the population of New Orleans; the Creoles and slavery; New Orleans offers a field for Burr's arts. Mackenzie, Canadian explorer. Madison, his frank Kentucky correspondent; Secretary of State; fear of West. Mahaffy, a scout. Malgares, Spanish Commander. Mandan village. Mansker, Kaspar, the Tennessee Indian fighter. Marietta, settlements near, raided. Marshall, Humphrey. Massac, Wayne builds fort at. May, a scout, death of. McClellan, Robert, one of Wayne's scouts. McGillivray, duplicity of; repudiated by Creeks; loss of influence; death of. McKee, British Indian agent, treats prisoners well; holds council with Indians; advises them; incites them to war; presides at war councils; at Fallen Timbers; taunts the British with their treachery. Mero district, convention wishes to retaliate on Indians. Michaux, French agent. Miller, Christopher and William, Wayne's scouts. Mississippi Territory. Monroe. Montgomery, the filibuster. Morales, Spanish Intendant, takes away right of deposit. Muscogee, See Creek. Napoleon, his plans of empire; gets Louisiana from Spaniards; his utter moral depravity; wishes to occupy Louisiana in force; chimerical nature of his hopes; designates Victor as commander; his army destroyed in Hayti; sells Louisiana; recognizes the inevitable. Natchez, Americans and Spaniards at; turmoil at; importance of; lawlessness at. Nickajack, Chickamauga town, destroyed. Nolan, Philip, his adventures and death. North Carolina, cedes her western territory to United States. O'Fallon, James, connection with Yazoo companies. Ohio, made a State; its development hindered by the speculative land companies; adopts foolish constitution. Oldham, Col., killed at St. Clair's defeat. Ore, Major, at attack of Chickamauga towns. Orleans. See Louisiana. Owen, murder of. Pickens, Andrew, Peace Commissioner. Pickering, Timothy, fatuity of. Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, the explorer; ascends the Mississippi; starts for the Rocky Mountains; hardships and perils encountered; taken by the Spaniards; sent home; his death. Pinckney, Thomas, his treaty. Pioneers. See Frontiersmen. Political Club, of Danville. Power, Thomas, Spanish envoy. Putnam, Rufus, treaty with Wabash Indians. Quincy, secessionist speech of. Race expansion, methods by which a race can acquire new territory; through deeds of soldiers and diplomats; under conditions established by diplomats; through the action of settlers only; acquisition of Alaska and Louisiana compared. Recovery, Fort, built by Wayne on scene of St. Clair's defeat; attacked by Indians. Red Bird, the Cherokee, quaint "talk" of. Revival, the great, the Methodist and Baptist churches, under its influence become the leading churches of the West; enthusiasm of the religious leaders; their self-devotion. Robertson, James, made brigadier-general; land speculations; works hand in hand with Blount; wounded by Indians, together with his son; puts the Cumberland militia on guard; protects Indians; organizes expedition against Chickamauga towns; interferes on behalf of Chickasaws; prevents filibustering. Robinson, Dr. J. H.. Rutherford, Gen. Griffith. Salcedo, Spanish Governor, disapproves of Morales. Sargent, Winthrop, does well in St. Glair's expedition; Governor of Mississippi; failure as such. Scolacutta, Cherokee chief. Scott, General Charles, raid on Wabash town; joins Wayne with mounted volunteers. Seagroves, James, Indian agent; deceived by Indians. Sebastian, corruption and treachery of; detection of. Settlers, See Frontiersmen and Westerners. Sevier, John, made brigadier-general; a college trustee; mercantile ventures; co-operates with Blount; puzzled by the Indian attitude; prevents Indian outrages; takes command of Tennessee militia; successful expedition; elected Governor of Tennessee. Shelby, Isaac, agrees with Brown that there should be peace with Southern Indians; beloved by frontiersmen; bad conduct towards United States Government; weakness of. Shipbuilding on the Ohio. Shoulderbone, treaty at. Simcoe, Lieutenant-Governor of Canada, builds fort on Miami; corresponds with Carondolet; distributes Dorchester's speech. Slavery, attitude of West towards. Southwestern Territory, See Tennessee. Spaniards, hostility to Americans; intrigues with Indians; gross treachery of; tortuous intrigues; ingratitude of; bad faith; try to bribe Westerners; irritation with frontiersmen; trust to corruption and intrigue; negotiate with United States Government; try to corrupt Westerners; refuse to yield territory; refuse to fulfil treaty engagements; last efforts to corrupt the West; and to retain their own; yield; religious bigotry; fear Westerners; jealous policy; their civilization and government in Northern Mexico, Stallion, Cherokee chief, St. Clair, put in command of Northwestern army; hampered by difficulties; unfit for task; his troops wretched stuff; delays on march; fails to guard against surprise; his camp attacked at dawn; his courage in the battle; leads bayonet charges; destruction of his troops; their wild rout; they reach Cincinnati; he is held guiltless of the blame; but showed himself incompetent; effect of his defeat on the Southern Indians; warns Shelby against Clark; governor of what is now Ohio; unpopularity of, Talleyrand's smooth duplicity, Tellico Blockhouse, peace conference at, Tennessee, intolerable nature of; Indian outrages in; becomes a State; constitution of; statehood. Tennesseeans, wronged by Indians and by the Federal Government; not allowed to retaliate on their foes. Territorial Legislature of the Southwestern Territory, petitions for war against the Creeks and Cherokees. Texas, Texans. Tipton, Jacob, slain at St. Clair's defeat. Toussaint Louverture. Towns, insignificant development of, as compared with new settlements to-day. Trade in the backwoods. Trueman, Alexander Major, treacherously slain by Indians. United States commissioners, puzzled by conduct of Creeks; peace commissioners, Lincoln, Randolph, and Pickering, failure to make treaty with Northwestern Indians. United States Government, reluctantly wars on Indians; injustice of, towards Chickasaws; towards Blount; towards the Southwesterners generally. Van Cleve, Benjamin, at St. Clair's defeat. Van Rensselaer, Captain, wounded at Fallen Timbers. Wabash Indian towns, ravaged by Kentuckians. Washington, wrath over St. Clair's defeat; effect of his administration on the West. Watts, John, Cherokee chief; attacks Buchanan's Station; wounded; speech. Wayne, Anthony, General, complained of by British; takes command of army; his military training; goes to the Ohio; camps near Pittsburgh; trains his troops; builds Greeneville; his detachments cut off by Indians; advances against the tribes; fine horsemanship and marksmanship of his men; his use of Indians and backwoodsmen as scouts; reaches the Glaize; the Miami Rapids; the Fallen Timbers; his decisive victory; his correspondence with British commander; destroys Indian towns; goes into winter-quarters at Greeneville; concludes treaty of peace; effect of his victory on Southern Indians; measures against Clark; stops filibustering. Webb, Lieutenant, feat of, at Fallen Timbers. Wells, William, chief of Wayne's scouts, his feats. West, the Far, unknown and unexplored. Westerners, fundamental unity of; relationship with the Southerners; extent of their settlements; homogeneity of; characteristics of; importance of, in Union. Whitley, Major, at attack of Chickamauga towns. Wilkinson, General, raids Wabash towns; buries the dead of St. Clair's army; peculiar infamy of his intrigues with the Spaniards; his relations with Burr; acquitted of treason. Wilkinson, Lieut. J. B.. Yazoo Land Companies, early efforts of various Kentuckians to get possession of the Yazoo lands; South Carolina Yazoo Company; the Virginia Company and Patrick Henry; Tennessee Company and Zachariah Cox; South Carolina Company and Walsh and O'Fallon; Federal authorities interfere against it; Yazoo companies again spring into life; corruption caused by; end of.