It is this weathering process which has originated the gem sand of Ceylon. Precious stones have been found disseminated in limited numbers in the granite converted into cabook. In weathering, the difficultly decomposable precious stones have not been attacked, or attacked only to a limited extent. They have therefore retained their original form and hardness. When in the course of thousands of years streams of water have flowed over the layers of cabook, their soft, already half-weathered constituents have been for the most part changed into a fine mud, and as such washed away, while the hard gems have only been inconsiderably rounded and little diminished in size. The current of water therefore has not been able to wash them far away from the place where they were originally imbedded in the rock, and we now find them collected in the gravel-bed, resting for the most part on the fundamental rock which the stream has left behind, and which afterwards, when the water has changed its course, has been again covered by new layers of mud, clay, and sand. It is this gravel-bed which the natives call nellan, and from which they chiefly get their treasures of precious stones.

Of all the kinds of stones which are used as ornaments there are both noble and common varieties, without there being any perceptible difference in their chemical composition. The most skilful chemist would thus have difficulty in finding in their chemical composition the least difference between corundum and sapphire or ruby, between common beryl and emerald, between the precious and the common topaz, between the hyacinth and the common zircon, between precious and common spinel; and every mineralogist knows that there are innumerable intermediate stages between these minerals which are so dissimilar though absolutely identical in composition. This gave the old naturalists occasion to speak of ripe and unripe precious stones. They said that in order to ripen precious stones the heat of the south was required. This transference of well-known circumstances from the vegetable to the mineral kingdom is certainly without justification. It points however to a remarkable and hitherto unexplained circumstance, namely, that the occurrence of precious stones is, with few exceptions, confined to southern regions[390]. Diamonds are found in noteworthy number only in India, Borneo, Brazil, and the Transvaal. Tropical America is the home-land of the emerald, Brazil of the topaz, Ceylon of the sapphire and the hyacinth, Pegu of the ruby, and Persia of the turquoise. With the exception of the diamond the same stones are found also in the north, but in a common form. Thus common sapphire (corundum) is found in Gellivare iron ore so plentifully that the ore from certain openings is difficult to smelt. Common topaz is found in masses by the hundredweight in the neighbourhood of Falun; common emerald is found in thick crystals several feet in length in felspar quarries, in Roslagen, and in Tammela and Kisko parishes in Finland; common spinel occurs abundantly in Aker limestone quarry; common zircon at Brevig in Norway, and turquoise-like but badly coloured stones at Vestana in Skane. True precious stones, on the other hand, are not found at any of these places. Another remarkable fact in connection with precious stones is that most of those that come into the market are not found in the solid rock, but as loose grains in sand-beds. True jewel mines are few, unproductive, and easily exhausted. From this one would be inclined to suppose that precious stones actually undergo an ennobling process in the warm soil of the south.

During the excursion I undertook from Galle to Ratnapoora, I visited a number of temples in order to procure Pali, Singhalese, and Sanscrit manuscripts; and I put myself in communication with various natives who were supposed to possess such manuscripts. They are now very difficult to get at, and the collection I made was not very large. The books which the temples wished to dispose of have long ago been eagerly brought up by private collectors or handed over to public museums, for example, to the Ceylon Government Oriental Library established at Colombo[391]. The collector who remains a considerable time in the region, may however be able to reap a rich after-harvest, less of the classical works preserved in the temples than of the smaller popular writings in the hands of private persons.

We see in Ceylon innumerable descendants of the races who repeatedly subdued larger or smaller portions of the island, or carried on traffic there, as Moormen (Arabs), Hindoos, Jews, Portuguese, Dutchmen, Englishmen, &c., but the main body of the people at all events varies very little, and still consists of the two allied races, Tamils and Singhalese, who for thousands of years back have been settled here. The colour of their skin is very dark, almost black, their hair is not woolly, their features are regular, and their build is exceedingly fine. The children especially, who, while they are small, often go completely naked, with their regular features, their large eyes, and fresh plump bodies, are veritable types of beauty, and the same holds true of most of the youths. Instead of buying in one of the capitals of Europe the right to draw models, often enough with forms which leave much to desire, and which must be used without distinction for Greek or Northern divinities, for heroes or savants of the present or former times, an artist ought to make tours of study to the lands of the south, where man does not need to protect himself from the cold with clothes, and where accordingly nakedness is the rule, at least among the poorer classes. The dress which is worn here is commonly convenient and tasteful. Among the Singhalese it consists of a piece of cloth wound round the middle, which hangs down to the knees. The men, who still prefer the convenient national dress to the European, go with the upper part of the body bare. The long hair is held together with a comb which goes right over the head, and among the rich has a large four-cornered projection at the crown. The women protect the upper part of the body with a thin cotton jacket. The priests wear a yellow piece of cloth diagonally over one shoulder. The naked children are ornamented with metal bracelets and with a metal chain round the waist, from which a little plate hangs down between the legs. This plate is often of silver or gold, and is looked upon as an amulet.

The huts of the working men are in general very small, built of earth or cabook-bricks, and are rather to be considered as sheds for protection from the rain and sunshine than as houses in the European sense. The richer Singhalese live in extensive "verandas" which are almost open, and are divided into rooms by thin panels, resembling in this respect the Japanese houses. The Japanese genius for ornament, their excellent taste and skill in execution, are however wanting here, but it must also be admitted that in these respects the Japanese stand first among all the peoples of the earth.

In the seaport towns the Singhalese are insufferable by their begging, their loquacity, and the unpleasant custom they have of asking up to ten times as much, while making a bargain, as they are pleased to accept in the end. In the interior of the country the state of things in this respect is much better.

Among the temples which I visited in order to procure Pali books was the so-called "devil's" temple at Ratnapoora, the stateliest idol-house I saw in Ceylon. Most of the temples were built of wood; all were exceedingly unpretentious, and without the least trace of style. The numerous priests and temple attendants lived in rather squalid and disorderly dwellings in the neighbourhood of the temple. They received me in a friendly way and showed me their books, of which they occasionally sold some. The negotiation several times ended by the priest presenting me with the book I wished to purchase and positively refusing to receive compensation in any form. On one occasion the priest stated that he himself was prevented by the precepts of his religion from receiving the purchase-money agreed upon, but said that I might hand it over to some of the persons standing round. At two of the priests' houses there was a swarm of school-children, who ran busily about with their palm-leaf writing books and writing implements.



The temples were very different in their arrangements, probably on account of the dissimilar usages of the various Buddhist sects to which they belonged. A temple near Colombo contained a large number of wooden images and paintings of gods, or men of more than human size. Most of them stood upright like a guard round a sitting Buddha. I could not observe any dislike on the part of the priests to take the foreigner round their temples. The key, however, was sometimes wanting to some repository, whose contents they were perhaps unwilling to desecrate by showing them to the unbeliever. This was, for instance, the case with the press which contained the devil's bow and arrows, in the temple at Ratnapoora. The temple vessels besides were exceedingly ugly, tasteless, and ill-kept. I seldom saw anything that showed any sign of taste, art, and orderliness. How different from Japan, where all the swords, lacquer work, braziers, teacups, &c., kept in the better temples would deserve a place in some of the art museums of Europe.

In the sketch of the first voyage from Novaya Zemlya to Ceylon, a countryman of Lidner can scarcely avoid giving a picture of "Ceylon's burned up vales." In this respect the following extract from a letter from Dr. Almquist, sketching his journey to the interior of the island may be instructive:—

"Three hours after our arrival at Point de Galle I sat properly stowed away in the mail-coach en route for Colombo. As travelling companions I had a European and two Singhalese. As it was already pretty dusk in the evening there was not much of the surrounding landscape visible. We went on the whole night through a forest of tall coco-nut trees whose dark tops were visible far up in the air against the somewhat lighter sky. It was peculiar to see the number of fire-flies flying in every direction, and at every wing-stroke emiting a bright flash. The night air had the warm moistness which is so agreeable in the tropics. Now and then the sound of the sea penetrated to our ears. For we followed the west coast in a northerly direction. More could not be observed in the course of the night, and all the passengers were soon sunk in deep sleep.

"After seven hours' brisk trot we came to a railway station and continued our journey by rail to Colombo, the capital of Ceylon. As there was nothing special to see or do there, I went on without stopping by the railway, which here bends from the coast to Kandy and other places. The landscape now soon became grander and grander. We had indeed before seen tropical vegetation at several places, but of the luxuriance which here struck the eye we had no conception. The pity was that men had come hither, had cleared and planted.

"In the lowlands I saw some cinnamon plantations. Ceylon cinnamon is very dear; in Europe cheaper and inferior sorts are used almost exclusively, and most of the plantations in Ceylon have been abandoned many years ago. Soon the train leaves the lowland and begins to ascend rapidly. The patch of coast country, where the coco-nut trees prevail, is exchanged for a very mountainous landscape; first hills with large open valleys between, then higher continuous mountains with narrow, deep, kettle-like valleys, or open hilly plateaus. In the valleys rice is principally cultivated. The hills and mountain sides were probably originally covered with the most luxuriant primitive forest, but now on all the slopes up to the mountain summits it is cut down, and they are covered with coffee plantations. The coffee-plant is indeed very pretty, but grows at such a distance apart that the ground is everywhere visible between, and this is a wretched covering for luxuriant Ceylon.

"At two o'clock in the afternoon we arrived at the station, Perideniya, the nearest one to Kandy. The famous botanical garden lies in its neighbourhood, and there I had to visit the superintendent of the garden, Dr. THWAITES. This elderly, but still active and enthusiastic naturalist is exceedingly interested in botanical research, and very obliging to all who work in that department. He received me in a very friendly manner, and it was due to him that the programme of my visit there was so full.

"A botanic garden in Ceylon must naturally be something extraordinary. Nowhere else can grander or more luxuriant vegetation be seen than here. The garden has been especially famous for the number of different varieties of trees of immense size which it can show. Besides, all possible better known plants are to be found here, cultivated in the finest specimens. Spices and drugs were specially well represented. Here long tendrils of the black pepper-plant wound themselves up the thick tree-stems, here the cardamon and the ginger flourished, here the pretty cinnamon, camphor, cinchona, nutmeg, and cocoa trees made a splendid show, here I saw a newly gathered harvest of vanilla. The abundance of things to be seen, learned, and enjoyed here was incredible. However, the next day I determined on the advice of Dr. Thwaites to make a tour up to the mountain localities proper, in order there to get a better sight of the lichen flora of Ceylon.



"I now travelled south partly by rail, partly by coach, until in the evening I found myself lodged at a 'rest-house' at Rambodde, a thousand metres above the sea, at about the same height accordingly as that at which trees cease to grow in southern Norway. This tropical mountain land reminds one a little, in respect of the contours of the landscape, of the fells of Norway. Here too are found league-long deep valleys, surrounded by high mountain summits and ranges with outlines sharply marked against the horizon. But here they were everywhere overgrown with coffee bushes, or possibly with cinchona plants. The mountain slopes were so laid bare from the bottom all the way up that scarce a tree was left in sight; everywhere so far as the eye could reach only coffee.

"Next day, attended by a Singhalese, I went, or to speak more correctly, climbed farther up the steep coffee plantations. At a height of 1,300 metres above the sea coffee ceases to grow, and we now found some not very extensive tea plantations, and above these the primitive forest commences. At a height of 1,900 metres above the sea there is an extensive open plateau. Up here there is a not inconsiderable place, Novara Elliya, where the governor has a residence, and part of the troops are in barracks during the summer heat. One of the mountains which surround this plateau is Pedrotalagalla, the loftiest mountain of Ceylon, which reaches a height of 2,500 metres above the sea.

"I have ascended not so few mountains, but of none has the ascent been so easy as of this, for a broad footpath ran all the way to the top. Without this path the ascent had been impossible, for an hour's time would have been required for every foot made good through the jungle, so closely is the ground under the lofty trees covered to the top of the mountain with bushes, creepers, or the bamboo. In the evening I returned to my former night-quarters, where I slept well after a walk of thirty-six English miles.

"As I felt myself altogether unable the following day to make any further excursion on foot, I travelled back to Peradeniya by mail-coach. During this journey I had as my travelling companion a Singhalese, whom it was a special pleasure to see at close quarters. One of his big toes was ornamented with a broad ring of silver, both his ears were pierced above, and provided with some pendulous ornament, and one side of the nose was likewise perforated, in order that at that place too might he adorn himself with a piece of grandeur. On his head he had, like all Singhalese, a comb by which the hair drawn right upwards is kept in position, as little girls at home are wont to have their hair arranged. As the man did not appear to know a word of English, it was impossible to enter into any closer acquaintance with him.

"At noon on the following day I found myself compelled, by a quite unexpected occurrence, to return precipitately to the coast again. Dr. Thwaites and I had been invited to dinner by his Excellency the Governor. As I was still limping after my long excursion on foot, and besides had not had the forethought to take a dress-suit with me, I considered that, vexatious as it was to decline, I could not accept this gracious invitation, but instead went my way. Thus after six exceedingly pleasant days I came back to Point de Galle and the Vega".

[Footnote 385: Yet with one very laughable exception. I wished for zoological purposes to get one of the common Chinese rats, and with this object in view made inquiries through my interpreter at a shed in the street, where rats were said to be cooked for Chinese epicures. But scarcely had the question been put, when the old, grave host broke out in a furious storm of abuse, especially against the interpreter, who was overwhelmed with bitter reproaches for helping a "foreign devil" to make a fool of his own countrymen. All my protestations were in vain, and I had to go away with my object unaccomplished. ]

[Footnote 386: See on this subject W.A. Pickering, "Chinese Secret Societies" (Journal of the Straits Branch of the R. Asiatic Society, 1878, No. 1, pp. 63-84) ]

[Footnote 387: Concerning their formation and origin see a paper by K. Nordenskioeld in Oefversigt af Vet.-akad Foerh 1870, p 29. ]

[Footnote 388: Emerson Tennent says on the subject:—The gem collectors penetrate through the recent strata of gravel to the depth of from ten to twenty feet in order to reach a lower deposit, distinguished by the name of Nellan, in which the objects of their search are found. This is of so early a formation that it underlies the present beds of rivers, and is generally separated from them or from the superincumbent gravel by a hard crust (called Kadua), a few inches in thickness, and so consolidated as to have somewhat the appearance of laterite or sun-burnt brick. The nellan is for the most part horizontal, but occasionally it is raised into an incline as it approaches the base of the hills. It appears to have been deposited previous to the eruption of the basalt, on which in some places it reclines, and to have undergone some alteration from the contact. It consists of water-worn pebbles firmly imbedded in clay, and occasionally there occur large lumps of granite and gneiss, in the hollows under which, as well as in "pockets" in the clay (which from their shape the natives denominate "elephants' footsteps "), gems are frequently found in groups, as if washed in by the current. (E. Tennent, Ceylon London, 1860, i. p. 34.) ]

[Footnote 389: Diamonds are wanting in Ceylon. And neither gold nor platinum appears to occur in noteworthy quantity in the gem gravel. ]

[Footnote 390: The only considerable exceptions from this are two localities for precious stones in Southern Siberia and the occurrence of precious opal in Hungary. The latter, however, in consequence of defective hardness and translucency, can scarcely be reckoned among the true precious stones. ]

[Footnote 391: The Catalogue of Pali, Singhalese, and Sanscrit Manuscripts in the Ceylon Government Oriental Library, Colombo, 1876, includes:—

41 Buddhist canonical books 71 Other religious writings 25 Historical works, traditions 29 Philological works 16 Literary works 6 Works on Medicine, Astronomy, &c.

According to Emerson Tennent (i. p. 515), the Rev. R. Spence Hardy has in the Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Asiatic Society for 1848 given the titles of 467 works in Pali, Sanskrit, and Elu, collected by himself during his residence in Ceylon. Of these about eighty are in Sanskrit, 150 in Elu or Singhalese, and the remainder in Pali. ]



CHAPTER XX.

The Voyage Home—Christmas, 1879—Aden—Suez—Cairo— Excursion to the Pyramids and the Mokattam Mountains— Petrified Tree-stems—The Suez Canal—Landing on Sicily by night—Naples—Rome—The Members of the Expedition separate—Lisbon—England—Paris—Copenhagen—Festive Entry into Stockholm—Fetes there—Conclusion

During our stay in Japan and our voyage thence to Ceylon I had endeavoured at least in some degree to preserve the character of the voyage of the Vega as a scientific expedition, an attempt which, considering the short time the Vega remained at each place, could not yield any very important results, and which besides was rendered difficult, though in a way that was agreeable and flattering to us, by I may almost say the tempestuous hospitality with which the Vega men were everywhere received during their visits to the ports of Japan and East Asia. It was besides difficult to find any new untouched field of research in regions which were the seat of culture and civilisation long before the time when the forest began to be cut down and seed to be sown in the Scandinavian North, and which for centuries have formed the goal of exploratory expeditions from all the countries of Europe. I hope however that the Vega will leave lasting memorials even of this part of her voyage through the contributions of Stuxberg, Nordquist, Kjellman, and Almquist to the evertebrate fauna and the sea-weed and lichen flora of East Asia, and by my collections of Japanese books, of fossil plants from Mogi and Labuan, &c.



With the new overpowering impression which nature and people exerted on those of us, who now for the first time visited Japan, China, India, Borneo, and Ceylon, it was however specially difficult, during a stay of a few days at each place, to preserve this side of the Vega expedition. I therefore determined after leaving Ceylon to let it drop completely, that is, from that point merely to travel home. Regarding this part of the voyage of the Vega I would thus have very little to say, were it not that an obligation of gratitude compels me to express in a few words the thanks of the Vega men for all the honours bestowed upon them, and all the goodwill they enjoyed during the last part of the voyage. For many of my readers this sketch may perhaps be of interest as reminding them of some happy days which they themselves have lived through, and it may even happen that it will not be unwelcome to the friends of geography in a future time to read this description of the way in which the first circumnavigators of Asia and Europe were feted in the ports and capitals of the civilised countries. In this sketch however I am compelled to be as brief as possible, and I must therefore sue for pardon if every instance of hospitality shown us cannot be mentioned.

We started from Point de Galle on the 22nd December, and arrived at Aden on the 7th January. The passage was tedious in consequence of light winds or calms. Christmas Eve we did not celebrate on this occasion, tired as we were of entertainments, in such a festive way as at Pitlekaj, but only with a few Christmas-boxes and some extra treating. On New Year's Eve, on the other hand, the officers in the gunroom were surprised by a deputation from the forecastle clad in pesks as Chukches, who came, in good Swedish, mixed with a few words of the Pitlekaj lingua franca not yet forgotten, to bring us a salutation from our friends among the ice of the north, thanks for the past and good wishes for the coming year, mixed with Chukch complaints of the great heat hereaway in the neighbourhood of the equator, which for fur-clad men was said to be altogether unendurable.

We remained at Aden only a couple of days, received in a friendly manner by the then acting Swedish-Norwegian consul, who took us round to the most remarkable points of the desolate environs of this important haven, among others to the immense, but then and generally empty water reservoirs which the English have made in the neighbourhood of the town. No place in the high north, not the granite cliffs of the Seven Islands, or the pebble rocks of Low Island on Spitzbergen, not the mountain sides on the east coast of Novaya Zemlya, or the figure-marked ground at Cape Chelyuskin is so bare of vegetation as the environs of Aden and the parts of the east coast of the Red Sea which we saw. Nor can there be any comparison in respect of the abundance of animal life between the equatorial countries and the Polar regions we have named. On the whole animal life in the coast lands of the highest north, where the mountains are high and surrounded by deep water, appears to be richer in individuals than in the south, and this depends not only on the populousness of the fowl-colonies and the number of large animals of the chase that we find there, but also on the abundance of evertebrates in the sea. At least the dredgings made from the Vega during the voyage between Japan and Ceylon gave an exceedingly scanty yield in comparison with our dredgings north of Cape Chelyuskin.

Aden is now an important port of call for the vessels which pass through the Suez Canal from European waters to the Indian Ocean, and also one of the chief places for the export of the productions of Yemen or Arabia Felix. In the latter respect the harbour was of importance as far back as about four hundred years ago, when the Italian, LUDOVICO DE VARTHEMA, was for a considerable time kept a prisoner by the Arab tribes at the place.

In the harbour of Aden the Vega was saluted by the firing of twenty-one guns and the hoisting of the Swedish flag at the maintop of an Italian war vessel, the despatch steamer Esploratore under the command of Captain AMEZAGA. The Esploratore took part in an expedition consisting of three war vessels, charged with founding an Italian colony at Assab Bay, which cuts into the east coast of Africa, north of Bab-el-Mandeb, on a tract of land purchased for the purpose by Rubbattino, an Italian commercial company. On board was Professor SAPETTO, an elderly man, who had concluded the bargain and had lived at the place for forty years. It was settled that he should be the administrator of the new colony. On board the Esploratore were also the savants BECCARI and the Marquis DORIA, famous for their extensive travels in the tropics and their valuable scientific labours. The officers of the Italian vessel invited us to a dinner which was one of the pleasantest and gayest of the many entertainments we were present at during our homeward journey. When at the close of it we parted from our hosts they lighted up the way by which we rowed forward over the tranquil waves of the Bay of Aden with blue lights, and the desert mountain sides of the Arabian coast resounded with the hurrahs which were exchanged in the clear, calm night between the representatives of the south and north of Europe.

The Vega left Aden, or more correctly its port-town, Steamer Point, on the 9th January, and sailed the following day through Bab-el-Mandeb into the Red Sea. The passage of this sea, which is narrow, but 2,200 kilometres long, was tedious, especially in its northern part, where a strong head wind blew. This caused so great a lowering of the temperature that a film of ice was formed on the fresh-water pools in Cairo, and that we, Polar travellers as we were, had again to put on winter clothes in Egypt itself.

The Vega anchored on the 27th January at the now inconsiderable port, Suez, situated at the southern entrance to the Suez Canal. Most of the scientific men and officers of the Vega expedition made an excursion thence to Cairo and the Pyramids, and were everywhere received in a very kind way. Among other things the Egyptian Geographical Society sent a deputation to welcome us under the leadership of the President of the Society, the American, STONE PACHA. He had in his youth visited Sweden, and appeared to have a very pleasant recollection of it. The Geographical Society gave a stately banquet in honour of the Vega expedition. An excursion was made to the Great Pyramids, and, as far as the short time permitted, to other remarkable places in and around the heap of ruins of all kinds and from all periods, which forms the capital of the Egypt of to-day. During our visit to the Pyramids the Swedish-Norwegian consul-general, BOeDTKER, gave us a dinner in the European hotel there, and the same evening a ball was given us by the Italian consul-general, DE MARTINO. A day was besides devoted by some of us, in company with M. GUISEPPE HAIMANN, to a short excursion to the Mokattam Mountains, famous for the silicified tree-stems found there. I hoped along with the petrified wood to find some strata of clay-slate or schist with leaf-impressions. I was however unsuccessful in this, but I loaded heavily a carriage drawn by a pair of horses with large and small tree-stems converted into hard flint. These he spread about in the desert in incredible masses, partly broken up into small pieces, partly as long fallen stems, without root or branches, but in a wonderfully good state of preservation. Probably they had originally lain embedded in a layer of sand above the present surface of the desert. This layer has afterwards been carried away by storms, leaving the heavy masses of stone as a peculiar stratum upon the desert sand, which is not covered by any grassy sward. No root-stumps were found, and it thus appeared as if the stems had been carried by currents of water to the place where they were imbedded in the sandy layers and silicified. In their exterior all these petrifactions resemble each other, and by the microscopical examination which has hitherto been made naturalists have only succeeded in distinguishing two species belonging to the family Nicolia, and a palm, a pine, and a leguminous plant, all now extinct. It is possible that among the abundant materials I brought home with me some other types may be discovered by polishing and microscopical examination. Such at least was my expectation in bringing home this large quantity of stones, the transport of which to the Vega was attended with a heavy expenditure.

From Cairo we returned, on the 2nd February, to Suez, and the following day the Vega weighed anchor to steam through the Suez Canal into the Mediterranean. This gigantic work, created by the genius and perseverance of LESSEPS, which is unsurpassed by the many marvels of construction in the land of the Pharaohs, has not a very striking appearance, for the famous canal runs, like a small river with low banks, through the monotonously yellow plain of the desert. There are no sluices. No bold rock-blastings stand as monuments of difficulties overcome. But proud must every child of our century be when he gazes on this proof that private enterprise can in our day accomplish what world-empires in former times were unable to carry into execution. We touched at Port Said for a few hours on the 5th February, after which we continued our voyage to Naples, the first European port we were to visit.

At Aden and in Egypt I had received several letters and telegrams informing me that great preparations were being made at Naples for our reception, and that repeated inquiries had been addressed to the Swedish consul-general regarding the day of our arrival, questions which naturally it was not so easy to answer, as our vessel, with its weak steam-power, was very dependent on wind and weather. It was hoped that the Vega might be signalled from the Straits of Messina, but we did not come to the entrance to the Straits until after sunset. I therefore ordered the Vega to lie to there for some hours, while Lieut. Bove and I rowed ashore to send off telegrams announcing our arrival in Europe to Sweden, Naples, Rome, and other places. The shore, however, was farther off than we had calculated, and it was quite dark before it was reached. It was not without difficulty that in these circumstances we could get to land through the breakers in the open road quite unknown to us, and then, in coal-black darkness, find our way through thickets of prickly bushes to the railway which here runs along the coast. We had then to go along the railway for a considerable distance before we reached a station from which our telegrams could be despatched. Scarcely had we entered the station when we were surrounded by suspicious railway and coast-guard men, and we considered ourselves fortunate that they had not observed us on the way thither, for they would certainly have taken us for smugglers, whom the coast-guard have the right to salute with sharp shot. Even now we were overwhelmed with questions in a loud and commanding tone, but when they saw to what high personages our telegrams were addressed, and were informed by their countryman Bove, who wore his uniform, to what vessel we belonged, they became very obliging. One of them accompanied us back to our boat, after providing us with excellent torches which spread abundant light around our footsteps. They were much needed, for we were now compelled to share the astonishment of our guide that in the darkness we had succeeded in making our way over the rugged hills covered with cactus plants and bushy thickets between the railway and the coast, and along a railway viaduct which we had passed on our way to the station without having any idea of it. It was the last adventure of the voyage of the Vega, and my first landing on the glorious soil of Italy.

On the 14th February, at 1 P.M., the Vega arrived at Naples. At Capri a flag-ornamented steamer from Sorrento met us; somewhat later, another from Naples, both of which accompanied us to the harbour. Here the Swedish expedition was saluted by an American war-vessel, the Wyoming, with twenty-one guns. The harbour swarmed with boats adorned with flags. Scarcely had the Vega anchored—or more correctly been moored to a buoy—when the envoy LINDSTRAND, the Swedish-Norwegian consul CLAUSEN, Prince TEANO, president of the Geographical Society, Commander MARTIN FRANKLIN, Commendatore NEGRI, and others came on board. The last-named, who nearly two years before had made a special journey to Sweden to be present at the departure of the Vega, now came from Turin commissioned by the Italian government, and deputed by the municipalities of Florence and Venice, the Turin Academy of Sciences, and several Italian and foreign geographical societies, to welcome the Expedition, which had now brought its labours to a happy issue.

After Herr Lindstrand, as King Oscar's representative, had welcomed the Expedition to Europe, and publicly conferred Swedish decorations on Palander and me, and two adjutants of the Italian Ministry of Marine had likewise distributed Italian orders to some of the Vega men, some short speeches were exchanged, on which the members of the Expedition, accompanied by the persons enumerated above, landed in the Admiral's steam-launch under a salute of twenty-one guns from the Italian guard-ship. On the landing-quay, where a large crowd of the inhabitants of the city was assembled, the Swedish seafarers were received by the Syndic of Naples, Count GIUSSO, accompanied by a deputation from the municipality, &c. Here we were taken, between rows of enthusiastic students, in the gala carriages of the municipality, to the Hotel Royal des Etrangeres, where a handsome suite of apartments, along with equipages and numerous attendants, was placed at our disposal. We were there received by the committee in charge of the festivities, Prince BELMONTE and Cavalier RICCIO, who afterwards, during our stay in the city, in the kindest way arranged everything to make our stay there festive and agreeable.

On Sunday the 15th several deputations were received, among them one from the University. A beautifully-bound address was presented by "Ateneo Benjammo Franklin," and a number of official visits were made and received. We dined with the Swedish-Norwegian consul, Clausen. On Monday the 16th an address was presented from "Scuola d'Applicazione per gl'Ingenieri," and from "Neapolitana Archaeologiae, Litterarum et Artium Academia," a song of welcome in Latin, written by Professor ANTONIO MIRABELLI. Then followed a grand dinner given by the municipality of the city in a hall of the hotel, which was now inaugurated and was named the Vega Hall, and was on this occasion ornamented with the royal cipher, the Swedish and Italian flags, &c. In the evening there was a gala representation at San Carlo, where the members of the Expedition scattered among the different boxes were saluted with repeated loud cries of "Bravo!"—On Tuesday the 17th the Committee had arranged an excursion to Lake Averno, the Temple of Serapis, and other places famous in a geological and historical respect, situated to the north-west of Naples. Prince URUSOV entertained some of the members of the Expedition to dinner. There was an afternoon musical entertainment at the "Societa Filarmonica," where there was a numerous attendance of persons moving in the first circles in the city.—Wednesday the 18th, excursion along with the Committee to Pompeii, where the Swedish guests were received by the famous superintendent of the excavations, Director RUGGIERI. Breakfast was eaten with merry jests and gay speeches in a splendid Roman bath, still in good preservation, excavations were undertaken, &c. In the afternoon there was a grand dinner, followed by a reception by the admiral in command, and a festive representation at the Bellini Theatre.—Thursday the 19th, Dr. FRANZ KUeHN, arrived from Vienna, deputed by the Geographical Society there to welcome us. Excursion in company with Professor PALMIERI and the Committee to Vesuvius, which at the time of our visit was emitting thick columns of smoke, was pouring out a stream of lava, and casting out masses of glowing stone. We ascended the border of the crater, not without inconvenience from the heat of the half-solidified lava streams over which we walked, from the gases escaping from the crater, and from the red-hot stones flung out of it. The new railway, not then ready, was inspected, and the observatory visited. We dined with the Committee at the hotel—Friday the 20th, journey to Rome, where the members of the Expedition arrived at 2 P.M., and were, in the same way as at Naples, received in a festive manner by the Syndic of the city, Prince RUSPOLI, president and director of the Geographical Society, by members of the University, the Scandinavian Union, &c. Carriages met the Swedish guests, in which they were taken past the Swedish-Norwegian minister's hotel, decked with innumerable flags, to Albergo di Roma in the Corso, where a splendid suite of apartments, along with equipages, was placed at the disposal of the Expedition. In the evening we dined with the Swedish minister, and were afterwards received by Prince PALLAVICINI at his magnificent palace—Saturday the 21st, visit to the Chamber of Deputies, private excursions, dinner given by the Duke NICOLAS of Leuchtenberg, to Nordenskioeld and Nordquist.—Sunday the 22nd, public meeting of the Geographical Society, at which its grand gold medal was presented to Nordenskioeld. In the evening a grand dinner, given by the Geographical Society, in the Continental Hotel. Among the toasts which were drunk may be mentioned one to the King of Sweden and Norway, proposed in a very warm and eloquent speech by the Premier, CAIROLI; to Nordenskioeld, by Prince Teano; to Palander, by the Minister of Marine, Admiral ACTON; to the other members of the Expedition, to its munificent patrons, Oscar Dickson and Alexander Sibiriakoff, to Bove, the Italian officer, who took part in it, &c.—Monday the 23rd. Audience of the King. In the evening a grand reception at the Palazzo Teano, where almost all that was distinguished and splendid of Roman society appeared to be assembled.—Tuesday the 24th. Dined at the Quirinal with King Humbert. There were present, besides the King and his suite, the Swedish minister, the members of the Vega expedition, Prince Teano, President of the Geographical Society; Commendatore Negri; Cairoli, Premier; Acton, Minister of Marine; MALVANO, Secretary of the Cabinet; Major BARATIERI, and the Italian naval officer, EUGENIO PARENT, a member of the Swedish Polar expedition of 1872-3, and others. In the evening, reception by the English minister, Sir A.B. PAGET, and a beautifully arranged fete at the Scandinavian Union, at which a number of enthusiastic speeches were made, and flowers and printed verses were distributed.—Wednesday the 25th. Farewell visits. Some of the members of the Expedition travelled north by rail. Captain Palander made an excursion to Spezzia to take part in a cruise on the large ironclad Duilio. The others remained some days longer in Rome in order to see its lions, undisturbed by official fetes.

While the Vega lay in the harbour of Naples she was literally exposed to storming by visitors. The crew were on several occasions invited to the theatres there by the managers. Excursions to Pompeii had besides been arranged for them by the consul for the united kingdoms, Clausen, who spared no pains to make the stay of the expedition at Naples honouring to the mother-country and as pleasant as possible to the guests, as well as in arranging the more formal details of the visit. We had besides the joy of meeting in Italy our comrade from the severe wintering of 1872-3, Eugenio Parent, who soon after had the misfortune to be in the tower of the ironclad Duilio, when the large Armstrong cannon placed there burst, and the wonderful good fortune to escape with life and without being seriously hurt from this dreadful accident. The only mishap on board the Vega during the latter part of her long voyage home occurred besides in the harbour of Naples, one of the sailors who was keeping back an enthusiastic crowd of people who stormed the Vega, being thrown down from the bulwarks with the result that he broke an arm.[392]

On the 29th February the Vega left the harbour of Naples, but no longer with her staff complete. Doctors Kjellman, Almquist, and Stuxberg, and Lieut. Nordquist had preferred the land route from Italy to Stockholm to the long detour by sea, and Lieut. Bove was obliged, by family circumstances, to leave the Vega at Naples. We, however, all met again at Stockholm. At our departure from Naples the gunroom personnel thus consisted only of me, Captain Palander, and Lieuts. Brusewitz and Hovgaard.

Through M.A. RABAUT, President of the young, but already so well known Geographical Society of Marseilles, I had received repeated invitations to visit along with my companions the birthplace of Pytheas, the first Polar explorer and the discoverer of the Scandinavian Peninsula. With great reluctance I was compelled to decline this invitation. We had to hasten home, and I wished to save some days for a visit to the fatherland of HENRY the Navigator and VASCO DA GAMA.

We sailed through the Straits of Gibraltar on the 9th March, and anchored in the harbour of Lisbon on the 11th March at 2 P.M. The following day we made an excursion to the beautiful palace of Cintra, situated about five Portuguese miles from the capital. On Saturday we were received in audience by the King, Dom Luiz, of Portugal, who, a seaman himself, appeared to take a great interest in the voyage of the Vega. Later in the day the Swedish minister in Lisbon gave a dinner, to which were invited the President of the Portuguese Council, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the members of the Diplomatic Corps, and others, ending in the evening with a grand reception. On Monday the 15th we were present by special invitation at a meeting of the Geographical Society, at which the newly-returned African travellers, BRITO-CAPELLO and IVEN, gave addresses. Here I had besides the great pleasure of meeting the famous African traveller, Major SERPA PINTO. The King at the same time honoured us with decorations, and at its meeting on the 10th March the Portuguese Chamber of Deputies resolved, on the motion of the Deputies ENNES and ALFREDO, to express its welcome and good wishes in a congratulatory address to the Vega men.

We weighed anchor again on the 15th March. We were favoured at first with a fresh breeze and made rapid progress, but at the entrance to the Channel we met with a steady head-wind, so that it was not until the evening of the 25th March, considerably later than we had counted on, that we could anchor in the harbour of Falmouth, not, as was first intended, in that of Portsmouth. We thus missed some preparations which had been made at the latter place to welcome us to the land which stands first in the line of those that have sent out explorers to the Polar Seas. We besides missed a banquet which the Royal Geographical Society had arranged in honour of the Vega expedition, at which the Prince of Wales was to have presided, and which now, in the midst of the Easter holidays and a keenly-contested parliamentary election, could not be held.[393] Our stay in England, at all events, was exceedingly pleasant. Palander and I travelled on the night before Good Friday to London, where we were received at the railway station by the Swedish minister, Count PIPER, and a large number of our countrymen living in London. Count Piper carried me to my future host, the distinguished Secretary of the Geographical Society and famous Arctician and geographical writer, CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, who did everything to make my stay in London as pleasant and instructive as possible. Saturday was spent in paying visits. On Easter Sunday Consul-General RICHTER gave a lunch in the Continental Hotel, to which a considerable number of Scandinavians and Englishmen were invited. The same evening we dined with the famous Arctic traveller, Sir ALLEN YOUNG. On Monday we were invited by the Earl of NORTHBROOK, President of the Geographical Society,[394] to his country seat, Stratton, near Winchester. Here we saw the way—an exceedingly quiet one—in which an English parliamentary election goes on. The same day we paid a visit to Mr. SPOTTISWOODE, the President of the Royal Society, at his magnificent country seat, in the neighbourhood of London. Here I saw several instructive experiments with very large machines for the production of light by electric discharges in highly rarified air. Wednesday the 31st, grand dinner at the Swedish minister's, and in the evening of the same day a Scandinavian fete in the Freemasons' Hall, at which there were great rejoicings according to old northern usages.



We started for Paris on the night before the 1st April. We went by Boulogne-sur-Mer, whose Chamber of Commerce had invited us to a fete to celebrate the first landing of the Vega men on the soil of France after the North-east Passage was achieved. Several of the authorities of the town and Dr. HAMY, a delegate from the Geographical Society of Paris met us in the waiting-room at the station. Here a breakfast had been arranged, in the course of which we were presented to a number of eminent persons of the place, with whom we afterwards passed the greater part of the day in the most agreeable way. After making several excursions in the neighbourhood of the town and paying the necessary official visits, we partook of a festive dinner arranged by the municipality. From Boulogne we travelled by night to Paris, arriving there on the 2nd April at 7 A.M.

Notwithstanding the early morning hour we were received here at the station in a festive way by the Swedish-Norwegian minister and the personnel of the Legation, a deputation from the Geographical Society of Paris, and a considerable number of the members of the Scandinavian colony in the capital of France. The famous Madagascar traveller, GRANDIDIER, President of the Geographical Society's Central Committee, welcomed us, with lively expressions of assent from the surrounding crowd. We were invited during our stay in the city to live with our countryman, A. NOBEL, in a very comfortable villa belonging to him, Rue Malakoff, No. 53, and I cannot sufficiently commend the liberal way in which he here discharged the duties of a host and assisted us during our stay in Paris, which, though very agreeable and honouring to us, demanded an extraordinary amount of exertion.

Our reception in Paris was magnificent, and it appeared as if the metropolis of the world wished to show by the way in which she honoured a feat of navigation that it is not without reason that she bears on her shield a vessel surrounded by swelling billows. It is a pleasant duty for me here to offer my thanks for all the goodwill we, during those memorable days, enjoyed on the part of the President of the Republic, of Admiral LA RONCIERE LE NOURY, President of the Geographical Society, his colleague, M. HECHT, M. MAUNOIR, the Secretary of the Society, M. QUATREFAGE, and M. DAUBREE, members of the Institute, not to forget many other Frenchmen and Scandinavians. Among the fetes of Paris I must confine myself to an enumeration of the principal ones.

Friday, the 2nd April. Public seance de reception by the Geographical Society in the Cirque des Champs Elysee in the presence of a very large and select audience. Admiral La Ronciere delivered the speech on this occasion, which I replied to by giving a pretty full account of the Swedish Arctic expeditions, on which the President handed me the large gold medal of the Society "as a proof of the interest which the public and the geographers of France take in the voyage of the Vega." Dined the same day with the Swedish-Norwegian minister, SIBBERN.—Saturday the 3rd. Invitation to a festive meeting of delegates from twenty-eight learned societies in France in the amphitheatre of the Sorbonne.[395] We were greeted by the Minister of Education in a masterly and eloquent speech, after which he conferred upon us, on the part of the Republic, Commander's and Officer's Insignia of the French Legion of Honour. "A reward," as the Minister of the Republic expressed himself, "for the blood of the brave and the sleepless nights of the learned." After that an official dinner and reception by M. Jules Ferry.—On Sunday the 4th, an address was presented from the Scandinavian Union, under the presidency of Herr Fortmeijer. In the evening a brilliant entertainment on a large scale given by the Scandinavian Union in the Hotel Continental. Among those present may be mentioned Prince OSCAR of Sweden, the President of the Fete Committee, Herr JENSEN, Fru KRISTINA NILSON-ROUZEAUD the Danish minister, the Swedish embassy, members of the Russian embassy, a large number of Scandinavian artists, many of the principal representatives of the French and foreign press, and lastly, what ought perhaps to have been mentioned first, a flower-garden of ladies, of which every dweller in the north might feel proud.—Monday the 5th. Meeting of the Institute in its well-known hall, with speeches of welcome. Hence we were conducted to a grand festive reception, arranged beforehand to the minutest details by the Municipal Council, in "la Salle des Etats," situated in that part of the Tuileries where the Geographical Congress was held in 1878. The hall and the ascent to it were richly ornamented with French tri-colours and Swedish flags, beautiful Gobelins, and living plants. A number of speeches were made, after which the President of the Municipal Council, on the part of the City of Paris, presented to me a large, artistically executed medal as a memorial of the voyage of the Vega[396]. In the evening a grand dinner was given by the Societe de Geographie, with several eloquent speeches for King Oscar (General Pittie), for President Grevy, for the prosperity of France (Prince Oscar), for the Vega expedition (M. Quatrefage), and so on.—Tuesday the 6th. Dinner given by the President of the Republic, M. Grevy, to Prince Oscar and the Vega men then in Paris.—Wednesday the 7th. Dinner given to a numerous and select company of French savants by the then President of the Geographical Society and of the Institute, M.A. Daubree.—Thursday the 8th. Dinner to a small circle at Victor Hugo's house, where the elderly poet and youthful-minded enthusiast in very warm, and I need not say eloquent, words congratulated me on the accomplishment of my task. Reception there the same evening.

Here ended our visit to the capital of France. Thoroughly exhausted, but bringing with us memories which shall never pass away, we travelled the following day to Vlissingen, whither the Vega had gone from Falmouth, under the command of Brusewitz. We had been compelled to decline warm and hearty invitations to Holland and Belgium from want of time and strength to take part in any more festivities. The anchor was weighed immediately after we came on board, and the course shaped for Copenhagen. At noon on the 15th we passed Helsingborg, which was richly ornamented with flags for the occasion. Already at Kullaberg we had been met by the steamer H.P. Prior, with Lund students on board, and eight other steamers with deputations of welcome and enthusiasts for the voyage of the Vega, from Copenhagen, Malmoe, Helsingborg, and Elsinore. The number of passengers was stated to be 1,500, including a number of ladies. Songs were sung, speeches made, fireworks let off, &c. At night we lay at anchor in the outer road of Copenhagen, so that it was not until the following forenoon that we steamed into the harbour, saluting the fort with nine shots of our little cannon, and saluted in turn by as many. While the Vega was sailing into the harbour, and after she had anchored, there came on board the Swedish Minister, Baron BECK-FRIIS, the Swedish consul-general EVERLOeF, the representatives of the University, of the merchants, and of the Geographical Society under the presidency of the former President of the Council, Count HOLSTEIN-HOLSTEINBORG, to bring us a welcome from the corporations they represented, and accompany us to the Toldbod, where we were received by the President-in-chief, the Presidents of the Communal Authority, and the Bourse, and the Swedish Unions of Copenhagen. We then drove through the festively ornamented city, saluted by resounding hurrahs, from a countless throng of human beings, to the Hotel d'Angleterre, where apartments had been prepared for us. On the 17th a fete was given by the Geographical Society in the Casino Hall, which was attended by the King, the Crown Prince, and Prince John of Gluecksborg, and nearly all the distinguished men of Copenhagen in the fields of science, business, and politics. The speech of the fete was delivered by Professor ERSLEV. Thereafter a gay and lively banquet was given, at which the Crown Prince of Denmark presided.

The 18th April. Grand entertainment given by the King.—The 19th April. Magnificent banquet given by the Society of Merchants to the members of the Vega expedition at the Bourse, the rooms being richly ornamented with flowers and flags, and with busts and paintings executed for the occasion by eminent artists. Councillor of state MELCHIOR presided, and amongst those present, were observed the Crown Prince, the ministers, the speakers and vice-speakers of the folke- and lands-ting, and a number of the principal scientific and military men and officials. Speeches were delivered by the Crown Prince, State-councillor TEITGEN, Manager of the Great Northern Telegraph Company, Admiral BILLE, Professor MADVIG, State-councillor Melchior, &c. At another place, an entertainment was given at the same time to the crew. In the evening, fete of the Students' Union, the Swedish National Union, and the Norwegian Union.

I was obliged to decline an invitation to Lund, because his Majesty, King Oscar, had expressed the wish that we should first set foot on Swedish ground at the Palace of Stockholm.

It was settled that our entry into Stockholm should take place in the evening of the 24th April, but we started from Copenhagen as early as the night before the 20th in order to be sure that we would not, in consequence of head winds or other unforeseen hindrances, arrive too late for the festivities in the capital of Sweden. In consequence of this precaution we arrived at the archipelago of Stockholm as early as the 23rd, so that we were compelled during the night between the 23rd and 24th to lie still at Dalaroe. Here we were met by Commander LAGERCRANTZ, who by the King's orders brought our families on the steamer Skoeldmoen to meet us.



On the 24th at 8 A.M. the Vega again weighed anchor in order to steam on slowly, past Vaxholm into Stockholm. We met innumerable flag-decked steamers by the way, fully laden with friends, known and unknown, who with shouts of rejoicing welcomed the Vega men home. The nearer we came to Stockholm, the greater became the number of steamers, that, arranged in a double line and headed by the Vega, slowly approached the harbour. Lanterns in variegated colours were lighted on the vessels, fireworks were let off, and the roar of cannon mingled with the loud hurrahs of thousands of spectators. After being greeted at Kastelholmen with one salute more the Vega anchored in the stream in Stockholm at 10 P.M.

The queen of the Maelar had clothed herself for the occasion in a festive dress of incomparable splendour. The city was illuminated, the buildings round the harbour being in the first rank. Specially had the King done everything to make the reception of the Vega expedition, which he had so warmly cherished from the first moment, as magnificent as possible. The whole of the Royal Palace was radiant with a sea of lights and flames, and was ornamented with symbols and ciphers in which the name of the youngest sailor on the Vega was not omitted.

An estrade had been erected from Logaorden to the landing-place. Here we were received by the town councillors, whose president, the Governor, welcomed us in a short speech, we were then conducted to the Palace, where, in the presence of her Majesty the Queen of Sweden, the members of the Royal House, the highest officials of the State and Court, &c., we were in the grandest manner welcomed in the name of the fatherland by the King of Sweden, who at the same time conferred upon us further marks of his favour and goodwill[397]. It was also at the Royal Palace that the series of festivities commenced with a grand gala dinner, on the 25th of April, at which the King in a few magnanimous words praised the exploit of the Vega. Then fete followed fete for several weeks.

On the 26th the Swedish Yacht Club gave an entertainment in the Grand Hotel under the presidency of Admiral Lagercrantz. Among those who were present may be mentioned his Majesty the King, the Crown Prince, Prince Oscar, Oscar Dickson, and Baron von Otter, Minister of Marine. On the evening of the same day there was a torchlight procession by pupils of the Technical High School. On the 27th there was a gala-play, to which all the Vega men were invited. On the 28th at a festive meeting of the Academy of the Sciences, a medal struck on account of the Vega expedition was distributed, the meeting being followed by a dinner given at the Hotel Phoenix by the Academy under the presidency of the Crown Prince. On the 30th April and 5th May banquets were given by the Publicist Club, and by the Idun Society, by the Naval Officers' Society to the officers of the Vega, and by the Stockholm Workman's Union to the crew. On the 7th and 8th May there were festivities at Upsala, the principal attraction of which consisted of gay, lively, and ingenious carnival representations, in which we received jocular addresses and homage from fantastically dressed representatives of the peoples of different countries and periods.



During this time there were daily received deputations addresses, and telegrams of welcome, among others from the riksdag of Sweden, the storting of Norway, and the principal towns of Norway and Finland, from the student corps at Upsala and Helsingborg, from the St. Petersburg Geographical Society, from women in Northern Russia (the address accompanied by a laurel wreath in silver), &c. In a word, the Stockholm fetes formed the climax of the remarkable triumphal procession from Japan to Stockholm, which stands unique in the history of festivities. Even after the Expedition was broken up in Stockholm, and the Vega had sailed on the 9th May for Karlskrona and Gothenburg, where she was again taken over by the whaling company that previously owned her, the fetes were repeated at these towns. They commenced anew when the Vega exhibition was opened with appropriate solemnities by His Majesty the King in one of the wings of the Royal Palace, and when some months after I visited Berlin, St. Petersburg, and my old dear fatherland, Finland.

But I may not weary my reader with more notes of festivities. It is my wish yet once again to offer my comrades' and my own thanks for all the honours conferred upon us both in foreign lands and in the Scandinavian North. And in conclusion I wish to express the hope that the way in which the accounts of the successful voyage of the Vega have been received in all countries will give encouragement to new campaigns in the service of research, until the natural history of the Siberian Polar Sea be completely investigated and till the veil that still conceals the enormous areas of land and sea at the north and south poles be completely removed, until man at last knows at least the main features of the whole of the planet which has been assigned him as a dwelling-place in the depths of the universe.

Hearty thanks last of all to my companions during the voyage of the Vega; to her distinguished commander Louis Palander, her scientific men and officers, her petty officers and crew. Without their courage and the devotion they showed to the task that lay before us, the problem of the North-East Passage would perhaps still be waiting for its solution.



ABSTRACT OF THE VOYAGE OF THE VEGA

Distance traversed English 1878 geographical miles Karlskrona—Copenhagen June 22—24 144 Copenhagen—Gothenburg ,, 26, 27 134 Gothenburg—Tromsoe July 4—17 1,040 Tromsoe—Chabarova ,, 21—30 930 Chabarova—Port Dickson Aug 1—6 580 Port Dickson—Cape Chelyuskin ,, 10—19 510 Cape Chelyuskin—Preobraschenie Island ,, 20—24 385 Preobraschenie Island—the Mouth of the Lena ,, 24—27 380 The Mouth of the Lena—Irkaipij Aug 27—Sept 12 1,260 Irkaipij—Pitlekaj Sept 18—28 235 The Wintering Sept 28, 1878— July 18, 1879

1879 Pitlekaj—St. Lawrence Bay July 18—20 190 St. Lawrence Bay—Port Clarence ,, 21, 22 120 Port Clarence—Konyam Bay ,, 26—28 160 Konyam Bay—St. Lawrence Island ,, 30, 31 90 St. Lawrence Island—Behring Island Aug 2—14 900 Behring Island—Yokohama Aug. 19—Sept 2 1,715 Yokohama—Kobe Oct. 11—13 360 Kobe—Nagasaki ,, 18—21 410 Nagasaki—Hong Kong Oct. 27—Nov 2 1,080 Hong Kong—Labuan Nov. 9—17 1,040 Labuan—Singapore ,, 21—28 750 Singapore—Point de Galle Dec. 4—15 1,510 Point de Galle—Aden Dec. 22—Jan. 7, 1880 2,200

1880 Aden—Suez Jan. 9—27 1,320 Suez—Naples Feb. 3—14 1,200 Naples—Lisbon Feb. 29—March 11 1,420 Lisbon—Falmouth March 16—25 745 Falmouth—Vlissingen April 5—8 345 Vlissingen—Copenhagen ,, 10—16 632 Copenhagen—Stockholm ,, 20—24 404 ————- Total 22,189

[Footnote 392: An accident also happened during the first half of the expedition, the steersman, in backing among drift-ice, having been thrown over the wheel and hurt very seriously. ]

[Footnote 393: Further particulars on this point are given in the Annual Address on the Progress of Geography by the Right Hon. the Earl of Northbrook (Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, 1880, p. 401). ]

[Footnote 394: During our visit to London we had no opportunity of taking part in any of the meetings of the Society, but some time after the Society gave Palander the Founders Gold Medal (I had in 1869 obtained the same distinction) and elected me an Honorary Corresponding Member. ]

[Footnote 395: These are enumerated in the Bulletin de la Societe de Geographie, Mai, 1880, p. 463. In the same part (p. 450) there is also a report of the speeches made at the seance de reception. ]

[Footnote 396: The medal was accompanied by an "extrait du registre de proces-verbaux du conseil municipal de la ville de Paris," a caligraphic masterpiece illuminated in various colours and gold. The Conseil municipal also ordered a detailed description of the fete to be printed, with the title Relation officielle de le reception de M. le Professeur Nordenskioeld par le conseil municipal de Paris le lundi 5 Avril 1880. ]

[Footnote 397: Among others to all who took part in the Expedition a Vega medal, specially struck, to be worn on a blue-yellow riband on the breast. It may perhaps be of interest for numismatists to know that the medals distributed on account of the Vega expedition are to be found delineated in the eighth and ninth parts of the Swedish Family Journal for 1880. To those that are there delineated there have since been added a medal struck by the Finnish Society of Sciences, and the Anthropological-Geographical Society's medal. ]



INDEX.

INDEX.

(n after the number of a page signifies note)

A

Aagaard, Aage, i. 302n

Acanthostephia Malmgreni, ii. 49

Actinia Bay, i. 331

Acton, Admiral, ii. 446

Adam's mammoth find, i. 408

Adam's Peak, ii. 431

Adam's wood, ii. 209

Aden, ii. 437

Ahlquist, A.E., i. 103

Aino race, the, ii. 199

Aitanga, Chukch woman, ii. 57; portrait, ii. 8

Akja, Lapp sledge, i. 83

Alasej, the river, discovered, ii. 161; mammoth find at, i. 408 Alaska, ii. 196

Alaska Commercial Company, ii. 257

Alauda alpestris, i. 129n

Albertus Magnus, i. 159

Alecto, see Antedon

Aleutian Islands, the, i. 161n, ii. 274n, 275n; discovered, ii. 196

Alexejev, Feodot, ii. 162, 164, 167

Alfred the Great, i. 46, 47, 215

Algae, on the inland-ice of Greenland, i. 178; in the Kara Sea, i. 185; at Behring Island, ii. 292

Alibert's graphite quarry, ii. 235

Alkhornet, i. 112

Almquist, E., i. 4, 37, 38, 93, 187, 208, 319, 320, 340, 436, 444, 465, 478, 504, 505; ii. 32, 242, 414, 434; excursion to Beli Ostrov, i. 200; report on a dead man laid out on the tundra, ii. 89; on the colour-sense of the Chukches, ii. 135; excursion in Ceylon, ii. 427; portrait, ii. 435.

Alophus (beetle), ii. 55

Altaic races, i. 103

Amber in China, ii. 399

America, the north-west coast of, first visited by Europeans, ii. 210n; Russian voyages to, ii, 196.

American whaler, near the Vega's winter-quarters, i. 467; voyages in the Siberian Polar sea, i. 27; accounts of the state of the ice north of Behring's Straits, i. 459

Amezaga, Captain, ii. 439

Ammonites with gold lustre, i. 273

Amossov, Feodot, ii. 170, 171

Amoretti, Carlo, ii. 215

Amulets, Chukch, i. 503, ii. 126, 134; Eskimo, ii. 239

Anadyr, the river, i. 22; ii. 75, 76, 164, 165, 167, 195; is discovered, ii. 162

Anadyrsk, ii. 165, 172

Anauls, ii. 166

Andersen, the photographer, ii. 304

Andrejev Land, ii. 202

Andrejev, Sergeant, ii. 202, 203

Androphagi, i. 77n; ii. 157n

Angara river, the, i. 374

Anian Sound, the, ii. 215.

Anika, Russian peasant, ii. 158

Anjou, Peter Feodorovitsch, i. 23; journey, ii. 209; portrait, ii. 207

Anjui river, market at the, ii. 14, 118

Ankudinov, Gerasim, i. 22; ii. 163, 167n

Anser bernicla, i. 118, 119, 247n; seen during the expedition, i. 321, 334, 343

—— brachyrhynchus, i. 126

—— hyperboreus, ii. 42

—— leucopsis, i. 126

—— pictus, ii. 42

—— segetum, i. 126

Antedon Eschrichtii, i. 324, 325

Anziphorov, the Cossack, ii. 174

Arachnids on Novaya Zemlya, i. 148

Archangel, i 167

Arimaspi, Herodotus' statement regarding, i. 407; ii. 150

Arnell, Dr., i. 383

Arvicola obscurus, ii. 44

Arzina, the situation of, i. 66

Asamayama, ascent of, ii. 349; descent of, ii. 351

Asia, views regarding its geography in the beginning of the 18th century, ii. 177

Astronomical determinations of position, the first in Siberia, ii. 178n

Atlassov, Volodimir, ii. 72, 167, 172

Aurora, the, at the Vega's winter quarters, ii. 35

Austrian Arctic Expedition, i. 266, 300

Avatscha Bay, ii. 181, 196

Avril, Ph., i. 400

B

BACHOFF, Ivan, ii. 200

Baer, K.E. von, i. 158; ii. 183, 276; voyage to Novaya Zemlya, i. 282

Baikal Lake, i. 374

Balaena Mysticetus, i. 151, 169

Balaenoptera Sibbaldii, i. 170

Baratieri, Major, ii. 446

Barents, i. 101, 108n, 422, 423; voyages, i. 232; wintering, i. 249; death, i. 253; discovery of relics from his wintering, i. 300

Barjatinsky, Ivan Petrovitsch, ii. 169

Barnacle Goose, see Anser bernicla

Barrington, D., i. 265

Barrow, J., i. 230; ii. 215

Bartlett, W., i. 467

Bassendine, James, i. 229

Baths in Japan, ii. 345

Baumhauer, ii. 36

Bavier, Consul, ii. 312, 326, 327

Bay-ice, i. 424

Beaker sponges, i. 426, 427

Bear Island, i. 12, 108, 115, 152; discovery of, i. 247

Bear Islands, the, ii. 171n, 195, 201, 202; the Vega arrives at, i. 421; geological formation, i. 428

Bear, land, ii. 45; see Polar bear

Beccari, ii. 439

Beck Friis, Baron, ii. 455

Beechey, F.W., i. 28; ii. 228n

Behemoth, i. 400

Behring, Vitus, i. 25, 28; ii. 183n, 193, 265; first voyage, ii. 179; second voyage, ii. 196; stay on Behring Island, ii. 265; death, ii. 265

Behring the younger, Captain, ii. 211

Behring Island, ii. 257; discovered, ii. 197, 262

Behring's Straits, ii. 218; its hydrography, ii. 242; is discovered, ii. 180, 181

Beli, Ostrov, i. 187; excursion to, i. 200; description of, i. 201; former visit to, i. 205; mapping of, ii. 185

Bellot, J.R., ii. 57

Belmonte, Prince, ii. 444

Bell Sound, i. 112, 122, 125, 129, 137, 183

Beluga, see White whale

Beluga Bay, i. 361

Bennet, Stephen, i. 152, 158, 291

Bentinck, Swedish officer, ii. 76n

Beormas, i. 48, 51

Beresov, ii. 184

Berggren, Sven, i. 176

Beryl, ii. 422

Berzelius, ii. 325

Besimannaja Bay, i. 73, 112, 344

Busk, i. 373

Bille, Admiral, ii. 456

Billings, J., ii. 78, 203, 254n

Biwa Lake, ii. 370

Bjelkov, hunter, ii. 204, 206

Black-lead pencil first mentioned, ii. 235n

Blischni Island, see Ljachoff's Island

Bludnaya river, the, ii. 191

Boedtker, Consul-general, ii. 440

Bog iron ore formations in the Kara Sea, i. 185, 186

Bolschaja Reka, ii. 196, 199

Bolschoj, Kamen, i. 173

Bolvan worship, Samoyed, i. 79, 87, 95

Bona Confidentia (vessel), i. 59; its fate, i. 225

Bona Esperanza,(vessel), i. 59; its fate, i. 225

Books, purchase of Japanese, ii. 364

Boergen, Dr., i. 143

Borgmaestareport, i. 115

Borneo, ii. 407, 413; excursion to the interior of, ii. 409

Borrowdale, graphite deposit at, ii. 235

Bosman, Cornelis, i. 257

Boulogne-sur-mer, arrival at, ii. 451

Bove, G., i. 4, 39, 190, 318, 502; ii. 2, 47, 242, 409, 447; excursion to Najtskaj, ii. 20; to the interior of the Chukch Peninsula, ii. 28; portrait, ii. 449

Bragin, Dmitri, ii. 275

Brandt, J.F., ii. 275, 276

Brandt, W., i. 279

Brandy, i. 440; ii. 116, 118

Brandywine Bay, i. 108

Briochov Islands, i. 210, 359, 381

Brown, Richard, i. 229n

Bruin, Cornelis de, ii. 72

Brun, Captain, i. 360

Brunel, Oliver, i. 234

Bruzewitz, E., i. 4, 39, 339, 353; ii. 18, 44, 447, 455; his measurements of the thickness of the ice, i. 465; excursion to Najtskaj, ii. 7; portrait, ii. 449

Buache, ii. 171

Buckland, John, i. 225

Buckland, William, ii. 228n

Buddhism in Japan, ii. 378

Buldakov, Timofej, ii. 163

Bulun, i. 362, 368

Burgomaster, i. 114; met with during the voyage, i. 191, 352; ii. 42

Burney, James, ii. 178

Burrough, Stephen, i. 60, 100, 169; his voyage, i. 217

Busa, Elisej, ii. 160

Busch, Henry, ii. 175

Buys, N., ii. 243

Bychov mouth of the Lena, the, i. 367; ii. 194

C

CABOOK, ii. 420, 421

Cabot, Sebastian, i. 56, 58, 217; portrait, i. 59

Cadamosto, ii. 73n

Cairo, stay in, ii. 443

Cairoli, premier, ii. 445, 446

Cannibals in the North, i. 77n; ii. 157n Canton, ii. 398

Cape Baranov, i. 25, 428; ii. 195, 206

Cape Borchaja, ii. 194

Cape Chelyuskin, i. 13, 19; arrival at, i. 336 reindeer there, i. 344, ii. 192n; flora, i. 340; is discovered, i. 17, 20; ii. 193

Cape Deschnev, ii. 68, 181

Cape Kammennoj, ii. 206

Cape Mattesol, ii. 186

Cape Medinski Savorot, ii. 223n

Cape Nassau, ii. 234

Cape North, i. 442; ii. 210

Cape Olenek, i. 363

Cape Onman, i. 456

Cape Prince of Wales, ii. 226

Cape Ruski Savorot, i. 223

Cape Schaitanskoj, i. 381

Cape Schelagskoj, i. 426, 447; ii. 201, 202

Cape St. John, i. 221, 222

Cape Thaddeus, i. 20; ii. 190

Cape Voronov, i. 219n

Cape Yakan, i. 27, 447

Capello, Brito, ii. 453

Carabus truncaticollis, ii. 55

Carlsen, Elling, ii. 294, 300

Carska Bay, i. 172

Carthaginians' traffic with African races, ii. 73

Caspian Sea, former views regarding, ii. 151

Castren's Island, i. 133

Ceylon, stay at, ii. 414; natives, ii. 424

Chabarova, i. 75; church of, i. 76

Chacke, Martin, ii. 214

Chamisso, A. von, ii. 235n

Chancelor, Richard, i. 13, 60; his voyage, i. 67; his death, i. 226n

Chatanga Bay, i. 20; ii. 189, 190

Chatanga river, the, i. 354; ii. 188, 192

Cheltinga, midshipman, ii. 198

Chenizyn, ii. 206, 209

China, stay in, ii. 396; communication with Europe, i. 373; its future, ii. 403

Chinese in Japan, ii. 363 at Hong Kong, their treatment, ii. 402; in Borneo, ii. 412

Chionoecetes opilio, ii. 63, 242

Cholodilov, ii. 270n

Chukches, the, compared with other Polar races, i. 92, 146; first meeting with, i. 430; at Cape Yakan, i. 433; barter with the, i. 439; at Irkaipij, i. 449; visit the Vega, i. 486, 513; at Cape Deschnev, ii. 220; at Konyam Bay, ii. 221, 245, 246; on the American side of Behring's Straits, ii. 81, 232; divided into reindeer and coast Chukches, ii. 81; number of, ii. 81; removals, ii. 93; carry on traffic between America and Siberia, ii. 14, 118; language, i. 489; ii. 82; diseases, ii. 87; position of the women, ii. 138; their history, physique, disposition, and manners, ii. 70

Chukotskojnos, i. 22; ii. 79, 164, 212

Chvoinoff, landmeasurer, i. 418; ii. 204

Chydenius, Carl, i. 142

Clarke, Charles, ii. 211

Clausen, Consul, ii. 443, 444, 446

Clothing, i. 37; of the Vega men, i. 476

Cloudberries, a powerful antiscorbutic, i. 42, 44

Cochrane, John Dundas, ii. 178

Coffee plantations, ii. 432

Coleoptera in Novaya Zemlya, i. 148; in North Siberia, i. 321; at Port Clarence, ii. 242

Collie, Dr., ii. 228n

Colmogro, i, 225; ii. 156

Colombo (Ceylon), ii. 427

Colour-blindness, ii. 135

Colours, Chukch, ii. 135

Commander's Islands, ii. 257

Cook, James, i. 13, 25, 28, 442, 445n; ii. 210

Cooke, Mr, ii. 408

Copenhagen, the Vega calls at, i. 4; reception at, ii. 455

Copper Island, ii. 257, 261, 270, 275

Corea, whales with European harpoons caught at, i. 264; Japanese campaign to, ii. 380

Coregonus caught by the Chukches, i. 494; ii. 18, 19

Corpse found in Chukch Land, i. 505; ii. 89

Corundum, ii. 400, 423

Cosmic dust, i. 329

Coughtrie, J.B., ii. 401

Coxe, J.H., ii. 211

Croyere, L'Isle de la, ii. 196, 198, 200

Crustacea, phosphorescent, ii. 55, 56

Cruys Eiland, i. 234

Crystals found on the ice, i. 327

Currents in the Siberian Polar Sea, i. 18

Cyqnus Bewickii, i. 127

Cystophora cristata, i. 165

D

Daat Island, i. 409

Dahl, Captain, i. 314

Daibutsu statues, ii. 379

Dale, Fr. de la, i. 237, 243

Dall, W.H. i. 459; ii. 213, 228n

Dallia delicatissima, ii. 59, 242

Dallmann, Captain, i. 313, 360, 459

Daubree, A., ii. 454

David, Russian ambassador, i. 54

Dawn (vessel), the, i. 317

Day-reckoning on board the Vega, i. 453n

Delisle, i. 171

De Long, Captain, i. 489

Dementiev, ii. 198

Deschnev Simeon, i. 20, 21, 25; ii. 181, 194; voyages of, ii. 164

Devil's Temple at Ratnapoora, ii. 427

Diamonds, ii. 416,422

Diastylis Rathkei, i. 198, 199

Diatoms, fresh-water, on sea ice, i. 189

Dickson Island, i. 191

Dietary of the expedition, i. 478

Diomede Island, ii. 218

Disco Island, i. 147n

Dittmar, C. von, ii. 79, 118

Dixon, Alexander C., ii. 414

Dog-fish, ii. 59

Dogs, Samoyed, i. 83; tow boats on the Yenisej, i. 385; Chukch, i. 501; ii. 94; sacrificed, ii. 255

Dolgans, i. 373

Dolgoi Island, i. 223, 236; ii. 184

Donis, Nic, i. 51; ii. 152

Doria, Marquis, ii. 439

Doerma, hunter, i. 300

Draba alpina, i. 340, 341; ii. 224

Dredgings, zoological, i. 174, 198, 324, 345, 350, 420, 426, 432, 451, 455; ii. 47, 68, 242, 362, 438

Driftwood, at Port Dickson, i. 198; at Beli Ostrov. i. 201

Drums, Shaman, ii. 24, 129

Dsungaria, i. 374

Dudino, i. 359; ii 192; thanksgiving service at, i. 369

Du Halde J.B., ii. 180n

Durfoorth, Cornelius, i. 60

Dutch, first voyage of the, i. 231; second voyage, i. 243; third voyage, i. 245

Dwina, the river, i. 54, 56, 67; ii. 157

Dyaks, ii. 323

Dybovski, Benedikt, ii. 294

E

Earth, changes of the surface of the, in the arctic regions, i. 438

East Cape, ii. 63,181

Edge, Thomas, i. 62n

Edward VI. of England, i. 58

Edward Bonaventure(vessel) i. 60, 66, 218; its fate i. 225n

Egypt, stay in, ii. 432

Ehlertz, Russian official, i. 360

Eider, i. 123, 191, 208; import of down, i. 125n

Eisen, G., i. 148

Elfving N.A., i. 460

Elliott, H.W., i. 162; ii. 258, 281n, 282

Elpidia glacialis, i. 184, 186

Emberiza lapponica, i. 129n; ii. 62

Emberiza nivalis, i. 129n, 191, 320, 334; ii. 41

Emeralds, ii. 422

England, stay in, ii. 448; development of its navigation, i. 58, north-east voyages from, i. 60, 215

Enhydris lutris, ii. 266, 271

Enontekis, the climate of, i. 45

Enoshima, excursion to, ii. 315

Ensamheten (island), i. 175, 335

Envall, A., i. 11

Erik the Red, ii. 146

Eschscholz Bay, ii. 212, 228

Eskimo in North America, i. 90, ii. 78n, 145

Eskimo at Port Clarence, banter with, ii. 228, 236; dress, ii. 232; implements ii. 229,233; boats, ii. 228; carvings, ii. 237, 240, 241; artistic skill, ii. 134; graves, ii. 239, 240; religion, ii. 239n

Eskimo in Asia, ii. 221

Eskimo on St. Lawrence Island, ii. 250

Eumetopias Stelleri, i. 446n; ii. 272, 274, 290

Europaeus, E.D., i. 203

Eurynorhynchus pygmaeus, ii. 43

Everloef, Consul-general, ii. 455

Evertebrates living by turns in fresh and salt water, i. 198

Exhibitions, Japanese, ii. 311, 390

Exiles, Siberian, i. 387

Express (ship), i. 9, 74, 174, 189, 200; voyage of, i. 357

F

Faddeyev Island, ii. 204, 206

Falcons on Yalmal i. 208

Falmouth, arrival at, ii. 448

Feodor, the Cossack, i. 195, 358

Ferry, Jules, i. 453

Figurin, the surgeon, ii. 209

Finmark, the settlement of, i. 51

Fins carry on navigation in the Murman Sea, i. 219, 239

Finsch, Richard, i. 76n, 172

Finsch, O., i. 205

Fire-drill, Chukch, ii. 121

Fixed dwellings, i. 193n

Flawes, Captain, i. 260

Fletcher, Giles, i. 101

Foehn wind, the, i. 276; ii. 35

Fomin, the Yakut, i. 17

Food-plants, Chukch, ii. 110

Ford, Charles, ii. 401

Foreland Sound, the, i. 137

Fossil plants at Mogi, ii. 392; at Labaan, ii. 407; in Egypt, ii. 440

Foal Bay, i. 106, 180

Fox, the Arctic (or mountain), i. 146; ii. 44, 269, 270; common ib.

Foeyn, Svend, i. 170

Fra Mauro's map, ii. 155

Franklin, Martin, ii. 443

Franz Josef Land, i. 182n, 266, 302, 422

Fraser (steamer), i. 9, 74, 174, 187, 189, 318; voyage, i. 357

Fretum Nassovicum (Yugor Schar), i. 14, 172, 242

Frost-bite, i. 474; ii. 87

Frost-formation, the Siberian, ii. 60

Frozen ground in Finland, ii. 60n

Fruholm, the climate of, i. 45n

Fuligula glacialis, i. 126, 208; found during the expedition, i. 334; ii. 46

—— Stelleri, ii. 46

Fusiyama, ii. 299, 370

Fusus deformis, ii. 243

G

Gadus navaga, i. 481

Gagarin, Prince, ii. 175

Gama, Vasco da, ii. 153

Gardiner, Charles, i. 301

Geertz, Dr., ii. 326, 364

Gefferson, William, i. 60

Gessner, Conrad, ii. 235n

Gillissy (Yenisej), i. 243, 244

Giusso, Count, ii. 443

Glacier-iceblocks in the Polar seas, ii. 422; burst asunder, i. 424

Glaciers, various kinds of, i. 181; formerly in North-Eastern Asia, ii. 227, 246

Gmelin, ii. 199

Gold lustre, stones with, on Novaya Zemlya, i. 273, 277

Gold diggings, Siberian, i. 393

Golovin, second mate, ii. 184

Golovin, Captain, ii. 329

Goltschicha, i. 193, 194, 313

Gooseland, i. 72, 126

Goreloj, Andrej, ii. 168

Gorm (larva of Oestrus tarandi), i. 137; ii. 129, 143

Gosho, palace in Kioto, ii. 374

Gothenburg, i. 34

Goulden, Captain, i. 264

Gourdon, William, i. 256

Graculus bicristatus, i. 453

Grandidier, ii. 452

Granite, weathered, ii. 419

Grant, U.S., General, ii. 333

Graphite, ii. 235

Graves, Siberian, i. 393; Chukch, i. 437; ii. 89, 225; Eskimo, ii. 238

Grebnitski, ii. 291n, 294

Greeks, geographical ideas of the, ii. 148

Green Harbour, i. 136

Greenland said to be continuous with Norway, i. 51; Inland-ice, i. 176

Greenland seal, i. 164, 165

Greenlander's dress, i. 41; compared with other Polar races, i. 90; ii. 144; are descended from Norse colonists, ii. 145

Grevy, President, ii. 452, 454

"Grip-claws" found in Siberia, ii. 408

Gubin, mate, i. 274

Gundersen, captain of the Express, i. 9

Gundersen, M., i. 301

Gusinnaya Semlya, see Gooseland

Gustaf Vasa's plan of a north-east passage, i. 57

Guturov, Peter, ii. 174

Gvosdarev, mate, i. 279

Gvosdev, Michael, ii. 74, 210n

Gyda Bay surveyed, ii. 186

Gygax, Dr, ii. 419

H

Haga dust, the, i. 330

Haimann, Guiseppe, ii. 440

Hakluyt, Richard, i. 60n

Hall, Captain, ii. 211

Halos, i. 246, 518

Hamy, Dr., ii. 452

Hardy, R. Spence, ii. 404

Hares, i. 507; ii. 44; snow-blind, i. 508.

Hartman, Hendrik, i. 243

Haven, P. von, ii. 186n

Health, state of, during the wintering, i. 478

Hecht, ii. 452

Hedenstroem, i. 23, 143, 408; travels, ii. 205; life, ii. 203n

Heemskerk, i. 254

Hellant, A., ii. 6n

Hennessy, Pope, ii. 401, 403

Hens, Jacob, ii. 74

Herald Island, ii. 212

Herbertsten, Sigismund von, i. 54; ii. 156

Herdebol, ore-tester, ii. 74

Herodotus on the geography of Asia, ii. 149, 154; on Androphagi, i. 77n; ii. 157n

Heuglin, Baron von, i. 302n

Hideyoshi, Taiko, ii. 380

Hinloopen Strait, i. 110, 112, 137

Hirosami, ii. 387

Histriophoca fasciata, ii. 219, 224, 254

Holland, development of its navigation, i. 231

Holmgren, A.E., i. 148

Holmgren, Fr., ii. 135

Holstein-Holsteinborg, Count, ii. 455

Homer, ii. 148

Hong Kong, ii. 398; rocks at, ii. 420

Hooper, ii. 79, 128, 220n, 222, 235n, 245, 249

Hoorn, Jan Cornelisz van, i. 257

Hope Island, i. 165

Horn Sound, i. 109, 110, 124, 137, 291

Hovgaard, A., i. 4, 39, 93, 187, 200, 202, 208, 457, 497; ii. 45, 112, 115, 327, 447; Excursion to Menka's home, i. 500; portrait, ii. 449

Hudson, Henry, i. 255

Hugo, Victor, ii. 454

Humbert, King, ii. 446

Hyacinth (precious stone), ii. 423

I

Ice, different kinds of, in the Polar Seas, i. 422; action on the sea-bottom, i. 188; thickness during the wintering, i. 465

Icebergs, i. 182; size of, i. 422

Ice Fjord, i. 112, 137, 344

Icing up, i. 451

Ides, Evert Yssbrants, i. 404

Idlidlja (island), ii. 27

Idothea entomon, i. 198, 415, 416, 420

—— Sabinei, i. 198, 415, 417

Ignatiev, ii. 163

Ikaho, ii. 334

Ilgin, mate, ii. 209

Illusions caused by mist, i. 347; ii. 32

Indians, driven, i. 52

Indigirka, ii. 195

Ingoen, i. 42

Inland-ice, i. 176, 182; ii. 246

Inland Sea, of Japan, ii. 384, 421

Inn, Japanese, ii. 313, 316

Insects, i. 147, 202, 343; ii. 54, 242; frozen stiff, i. 148; ii. 54; in a bird's nest, i. 118

Insula Tazata, ii. 155

Irbit, i. 179

Irgunnuk, i. 485; ii. 21

Irkaipij, i. 441; ii. 210

Irtisch, i. 373, 374; ii. 159

Islands in the Siberian Sea, accounts of, i. 22; ii. 169, 170, 171n Isleif, i. 144

Istoma, Gregory, i. 54; ii. 157

Italy, ii. 442

Ito-Keske, ii. 324

Ivanov, mate, i. 279

Ivanov, Rodivan, i. 269

Ivens, ii. 448

Ivory coat of mail, ii. 104

J

Jackman's voyages, i. 227, 229n

Jakovlev, Peter, ii. 275

Jauszoon, Harman, i. 243

Japan, ii. 395

Japanese, ii. 173, 174, 181

Japanese voyage round the world, i. 161n

Jeanette, the expedition of the, i. 448

Jinrikisha, ii. 317

Johannes de Plano Carpini, i. 102n

Johannesen, Chr., i. 9, 300, 353, 358, 365, 366

Johannesen, Edward, i. 185, 295

Johannesen, Soeren, i. 300

Jovius, Paulus, i. 57n

Jugaria, i. 172

Juschkov, i. 273

K

Kalias river, the, ii. 409

Kamakura, ii. 315

Kamchatka discovered, ii. 172; subjugated, ii. 167; first voyage to, ii. 176; its extent towards the south in old maps, ii. 181

Kamchatka river, the, ii. 172

Kamenni Ostrova, i. 318

Kaempfer, E., ii. 325

Kanin-nos, i. 222

Karaginsk Island, ii. 256

Kara port, the, i. 14; Pet sails through it, i. 229

Kara river, wintering at the, ii. 184

Kara Sea, the, voyage across, i. 187; its name, i. 172; its boundaries, i. 175, depth, i. 15, 184, 187; temperature of the water, i. 185; salinity, i. 185, 189; fauna, i. 184; algae, 185; icebergs uncommon in, i. 182, "ice-house," i. 182; navigated for the first time by West-Europeans, i. 227; voyages to, i. 286

Kargauts, i. 448

Karlskrona, i. 34

Karmakul Bay, i. 125, 255

Kascholong, ii. 238n

Kawamura, Admiral, ii. 301, 309, 369; portrait of, ii. 302

Kay, E.C. Lister, i. 360

Kegor, i. 243

Kellett, i. 448; ii. 212

Kellett Land, ii. 212

Keswick, ii. 401

Keulen's Atlas, ii. 72

Kilduin, i. 237

Killingworth, George, i. 66

Kindaekov, ii. 195

King's Bay, i. 137

Kini Balu mountain, ii. 413

Kioto, ii. 366, 372,375

Kirilov, secretary, ii. 183

Kita-Shira-Kava, ii. 305, 308

Kittiwake, see Larus tridactylus

Kittlitz, ii. 245

Kjellman, F.R., i. 3, 33, 38, 185, 189, 196, 201n, 202n, 319, 320, 327, 333, 340, 354, 437, 451, 468, 504, 523; ii. 15, 225, 240, 245, 254, 291, 292, 414, 434, 447; sketch of a day during the wintering, i. 513; portrait, ii. 435

Klapmyts, i. 165

Klingstedt, i. 271, 272

Klokov, i. 279

Knoop, Baron, i. 360

Koba-Yoschi, ii. 370, 383

Kobe, stay at, ii. 364

Koch, i. 148

Kola, i. 218, 253, 254

Kolesoff, I.P., i. 362, 364

Kolgujev Island, i. 62n, 229

Kolmogor, i. 226; ii. 156

Kolmogorzov, i. 22

Kolyma river, the, i. 427; ii. 162, 165, 166, 195, 201; discovered, ii. 163

Kolyutschin Bay, ii. 227, 246; Vega comes to, i, 456; its extent, ii. 31, 32, 76

Kolyutschin Island, i. 456, 485

Kompakova river, the, ii. 176

Konungs skuggja on the walrus, i. 159

Konyam Bay, ii. 221, 227; Vega comes to, ii. 245

Kopai, a Schelag, ii. 171

Korepovskoj, i. 315, 358

Korovin, hunter, ii. 274, 276n

Koryaeks, ii. 82, 167, 172

Koscheleff, ii. 125n

Koschelev, ii. 186

Koschevin, ii. 205

Kosirevskoj, Ivan, ii. 174

Kosmin, mate, ii. 209

Kostin Schar, i. 236

Kotelnoj Island, i. 24; ii. 204, 206, 207

Kotsches, i. 22n; ii. 160n Kotschuga, i. 374

Kotzebue, i. 28; ii. 212, 228n; stay at St. Lawrence Island, ii. 254

Krascheninnikov, ii. 80, 167n, 173n

Krassilinikoff, ii. 274

Krestovski Island, ii. 162

Krestovskoj, i. 193, 194

Krestovskoj arm, the, ii. 190

Kroma river, the, ii. 168

Krotov, Lieut., i. 279

Krusenstern, M. von, i. 161n; ii. 125n

Krusenstern, Paul von, the elder, i. 284

Krusenstern, Paul von, the younger, i. 287; his portrait, i. 285

Kueber, Dr., ii. 209

Kuehn, Franz, ii. 445

Kung Karl's Land, i. 137, 301n

Kurbski, S.T., ii. 157

Kuro-Sivo, ii. 295

Kusakov, ii. 170

Kusatsu, stay at, ii. 343; the healing power of the baths, ii. 345

Kutschum Khan, ii. 159

Kythay lacus, ii. 157

L

Labuan, ii. 405

Lagomys, ii. 222

Lagercrantz, ii. 456, 460

Lagoon formations, i. 433

Lagopus hyperboreus, i. 129, 191, 214, 334, 508

Lagopus subalpinus, ii. 46

La Madelene, ii. 216

La Martiniere, i. 257; his map, i. 259

Laminaria solidungula, i. 452

Lamps, Chukch, ii. 23

Landmarks, i. 228

Land worms, i. 148

Languet, Hubert, i. 57

Lapland, the Dutch navigation to, i. 227n

Lapps, the, dress, i. 40; spoken of by Othere, i. 48n, 51; compared with other Polar races, i. 90; skilful hunters, i. 224n

Lapp sparrow, see Emberiza lapponica

Laptev, Chariton, i. 20, 21, 367n; voyages, ii. 190

Laptev, Dimitri, i. 24; first voyage, ii. 193; second voyage, ii. 195

La Ronciere le Noury, ii. 452

Larus eburneus, i. 117, 118; ii. 137; met with during expedition, i. 343; ii. 42

—— glaucus, i. 114; met with during expedition, i. 191, 321, 352; ii. 47

—— Rossii, i. 119, 120; ii. 48

—— Sabinii, i. 119, 120, 508

—— tridactylus, i. 117; seen during expedition, i. 334, 352; ii. 42

Lasarev, i. 277

Lassinius, i. 24; ii. 187n; voyage, ii. 193

Laxman, ii. 329

Lectures during the wintering, ii. 7

Lemming, the, i. 146; met with during the expedition, i. 191, 343, 437; ii. 44

Lena (river), the, ascent of, i. 367; river area, i. 372n; navigable, i. 374; its natural beauty, ii. 188n; discovered, ii 160; Russian voyages from, ii. 187, 198

Lena (steamer), i. 7, 8, 9, 41, 75, 171, 187, 200; parting from Vega, i. 355; voyage up the river Lena, i. 367

Lena delta, the, i 367n

Leontiev, ii. 203

Leprosy in Japan ii. 345

Lesseps, ii. 441

Lestris Buffonii, i. 121, 334

—— parasitica, i. 121, 321, 334

—— pomarina, i. 121

Letters sent home, i. 496, 501; ii. 9

Lechtenberg, ii. 445

Lighthouse Island, i. 428

Lilljeborg, W, ii. 56

Limit of trees in the north of Europe and Asia, i. 42; at the Yenisej, i. 381, at the Lena, i. 43

Lindstrand, ii. 443

Linnaea borealis, ii. 240, 254

Linnaeus, ii. 43

Linschoten, i. 236, 237

Lisbon, stay in, ii. 447

L'Isle de la Croyere, ii. 196, 198, 200

Little Auk, see Mergulus alle

Ljachoff, i. 418, 419; ii. 204

Ljachoff's Island, ii. 162, 201, 204; Vega comes to, i. 415

Logan, J, i. 400

Lomme Bay, i. 112

London, stay at, ii. 451

Long, Captain, i. 26, ii. 212

Looms met with at Port Dickson, i. 191, 353

Loschkin, S., i. 273, 280

Loshak, i. 224

Lotterius, map by, ii. 77

Louise (steamer), i. 314, 360

Ludlow, miner, i. 217

Luiz, King of Portugal, ii. 448

Lundstroem, A.N., i. 3, 193, 205, 206

Lussov, ii. 203

Luetke, von, i. 14, 279; ii. 78, 212, 245; portrait, i. 278

M

MacClintock, i. 119

Machimura Masinovo, ii. 382

Mack, F.E., 298

Madvig, J.N., ii. 456

Maelson, F., i. 232

Magnetical observations during the wintering, i. 509

Magnus, Johannes, i. 51n

Magnus, Olaus, i. 145, 159; map of the North, i. 53, 56; views regarding the North-east Passage, i. 53n

Maeklin, F.W., i. 148

Malacca, Straits of, ii. 414

Malays on Labuan and Borneo, ii. 408, 412

Maldonado, L.F., i. 214

Malgin, N., ii. 169

Malm, A.W., i. 523

Malmgren, A.J., i. 119, 153

Maloj Island, ii. 204, 205

Malvano, Secretary of the Italian Cabinet, ii. 446

Malygin, i. 203, 272; ii. 184

Mammoth, i. 23, 30, 398, 445n; in Europe, i. 399; in Chukch Land, ii. 66; at Eschscholz Bay, i. 228n; old accounts of, i. 404; legends regarding its mode of life, i. 405

Maosoe, stay at, i. 41, 71; climate, i. 45

Maps of the North, i. 51

Marco Polo, see Polo

Markets in Siberia and Polar America, ii. 13, 118

Markham, Clements R., ii. 451

Markov, A., ii. 170

Marseilles, invitation to, ii. 447

Martino, Consul-general, ii 440

Massa, Isaak, ii. 249n; his map, i. 225n, 239n; ii. 158n

Massage in Japan, ii. 335

Matiuschin, midshipman, ii. 118n

Matotschkin Schar, i. 14, 70, 282; mountains in its neighbourhood, i. 173; stone ramparts on its shores, i. 188; surveyed, i. 282

Matveyev Island, i. 272

Maunoir, ii. 452

Maurice Island, i. 241

Maydell, G. von, i. 410; ii. 79

Medals in memory of the voyage of the Vega, ii. 306, 459n

Melchior, state councillor, ii. 456

Melguer, David, ii. 216

Melkaja Guba, i. 283

Menka, i. 495, 501; ii. 125; portrait, i. 495

Mergulus alle, i. 119

Mertens, ii. 245

Mesen, i. 51, 79; ii. 157

Mesenkin, i. 381; mammoth remains found at, i. 410

Messerschmidt, i. 405

Mestni Island, i. 174, 228, 241, 297

Meteorological observations, i. 481; ii. 33

Metridia armata, ii. 56

Metschigme Bay, ii. 29, 227

Meyenvaldt, mate, i. 213, 317

Mieralymma Dicksoni, i. 343

Middendorff, i. 17, 406n; ii. 246n

Migrating birds, ii. 41

Mikado, audience of, ii 305

Miller, i. 460

Mimisuka, the grave of the noses and ears, ii. 380

Minin, i. 16; ii. 186, 187

Minusinsk, i. 373

Mirabelli, A., ii. 444

Mogi, excursion to, ii. 390; fossil plants at, ii. 392

Mohn, i. 300

Moisture in the air, i. 484

Mokattam mountains, excursion to, ii. 440

Molin, A., ii. 175

Mollusca, land and fresh-water, at Port Clarence, ii. 242; at Konyam Bay, ii. 245; in Japan, ii. 362, 371; the northernmost, ii. 245

Mollusca, subfossil, in Siberia, i. 378

Moma, the river, ii. 168

Moore, Captain, ii. 79, 213, 245

Morgiovets, i. 223

Mormon Arcticus, i. 113

Morosko, L., ii. 172, 173

Maskwa (steamer), i. 360

Mosquitoes in the Polar regions, i. 147n

Motora, Simeon, ii. 165

Moxon, Joseph, i. 263

Mucheron, B., i. 232

Mueller, G.P., i. 16n, 21, 25; ii. 164n, 166, 167, 171, 172n, 183n, 199, 268n

Mueller, J.B., i. 405

Muenster, S., ii. 156n

Muravjev, Lieut., i. 272; ii. 183

Murman Sea, i. 14

Murray, Colin, ii. 415

Muscovy Company, i. 172, 217

Musk ox, discovery of the remains of, i. 411; ii. 228n; supposed occurrence of, on Wrangel Land, i. 449n

Mustela vulgaris, ii. 46

Mutnaja river, i. 268

Mutnoj Saliv, ii. 183

Myodes obensis, i. 146; ii. 44

Myodes torquatus, ii. 44

N

Nagasaki, arrival at, ii. 389

Nakasendo road, the, ii. 327, 352