[437] 'Teoria della Riproduzione Veg.,' 1816, p. 73.

[438] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 573.

[439] Ibid., s. 527.

[440] 'Transactions Phil. Soc.,' 1799, p. 202. For Koelreuter, see 'Mem. de l'Acad. de St. Petersbourg,' tom. iii., 1809 (published 1811), p. 197. In reading C. K. Sprengel's remarkable work, 'Das entdeckte Geheimniss,' &c., 1793, it is curious to observe how often this wonderfully acute observer failed to understand the full meaning of the structure of the flowers which he has so well described, from not always having before his mind the key to the problem, namely, the good derived from the crossing of distinct individual plants.

[441] This abstract was published in the fourth edition (1866) of my 'Origin of Species;' but as this edition will be in the hands of but few persons, and as my original observations on this point have not as yet been published in detail, I have ventured here to reprint the abstract.

[442] The term unconscious selection has been objected to as a contradiction: but see some excellent observations on this head by Prof. Huxley ('Nat. Hist. Review,' Oct. 1864, p. 578), who remarks that when the wind heaps up sand-dunes it sifts and unconsciously selects from the gravel on the beach grains of sand of equal size.

[443] Sheep, 1838, p. 60.

[444] Mr. J. Wright on Shorthorn Cattle, in 'Journal of Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. vii. pp. 208, 209.

[445] H. D. Richardson on Pigs, 1817, p. 44.

[446] 'Journal of R. Agricult. Soc.,' vol. i. p. 24.

[447] Sheep, pp. 520, 319.

[448] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. viii., 1835, p. 618.

[449] 'A Treatise on the Art of Breeding the Almond Tumbler,' 1851, p. 9.

[450] 'Recreations in Agriculture,' vol. ii. p. 409.

[451] Youatt on Cattle, pp. 191, 227.

[452] Ferguson, 'Prize Poultry,' 1854, p. 208.

[453] Wilson, in 'Transact. Highland Agricult. Soc.,' quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1844, p. 29.

[454] Simmonds, quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1855, p. 637. And for the second quotation, see Youatt on Sheep, p. 171.

[455] Robinet, 'Vers a Soie,' 1848, p. 271.

[456] Quatrefages, 'Les Maladies du Ver a Soie,' 1859, p. 101.

[457] M. Simon, in 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. ix., 1862, p. 221.

[458] 'The Poultry Chronicle,' vol. i., 1854, p. 607.

[459] J. M. Eaton, 'A Treatise on Fancy Pigeons,' 1852, p. xiv., and 'A Treatise on the Almond Tumbler,' 1851, p. 11.

[460] 'Journal Royal Agricultural Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 22.

[461] 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii., 1855, p. 596.

[462] Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gen.,' tom. iii. p. 254.

[463] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 198.

[464] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 152.

[465] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 369.

[466] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 381.

[467] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 285.

[468] Rev. W. Bromehead, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1857, p. 550.

[469] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1862, p. 721.

[470] Dr. Anderson, in 'The Bee,' vol. vi. p. 96; Mr. Barnes, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1844, p. 476.

[471] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' 1859, tom. ii. p. 69; 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1854, p. 258.

[472] On Sheep, p. 18.

[473] Volz, 'Beitraege zur Kulturgeschichte,' 1852, s. 47.

[474] Mitford's 'History of Greece,' vol. i. p. 73.

[475] Dr. Dally, translated in 'Anthropological Review,' May 1864, p. 101.

[476] Volz, 'Beitraege,' &c., 1852, s. 80.

[477] 'History of the World,' ch. 45.

[478] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1848, p. 323.

[479] Reynier, 'De l'Economie des Celtes,' 1818, pp. 487, 503.

[480] Le Couteur on Wheat, p. 15.

[481] Michel, 'Des Haras,' 1861, p. 84.

[482] Sir W. Wilde, an 'Essay on Unmanufactured Animal Remains,' &c., 1860, p. 11.

[483] Col. Hamilton Smith, 'Nat. Library,' vol. xii., Horses, pp. 135, 140.

[484] Michel, 'Des Haras,' p. 90.

[485] Mr. Baker, 'History of the Horse,' Veterinary, vol. xiii. p. 423.

[486] M. l'Abbe Carlier, in 'Journal de Physique,' vol. xxiv., 1784, p. 181: this memoir contains much information on the ancient selection of sheep; and is my authority for rams not being killed young in England.

[487] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 389.

[488] Communications to Board of Agriculture, quoted in Dr. Darwin's 'Phytologia,' 1800, p. 451.

[489] 'Memoire sur les Chinois,' 1786, tom. xi. p. 55; tom. v. p. 507.

[490] 'Recherches sur l'Agriculture des Chinois,' par L. D'Hervey-Saint-Denys, 1850, p. 229. With respect to Khang-hi, see Huc's 'Chinese Empire,' p. 311.

[491] Anderson, in 'Linn. Transact.,' vol. xii. p. 253.

[492] 'Mem. de l'Acad.' (divers savans), tom. vi., 1835, p. 333.

[493] 'Des Quadrupedes du Paraguay,' 1801, tom. ii. p. 333, 371.

[494] 'The Great Sahara,' by the Rev. H. B. Tristram, 1860, p. 238.

[495] Pallas, 'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1777, p. 249; Moorcroft and Trebeck, 'Travels in the Himalayan Provinces,' 1841.

[496] Quoted from Raffles, in the 'Indian Field,' 1859, p. 196; for Varro, see Pallas, ut supra.

[497] Erman's 'Travels in Siberia,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 453.

[498] See also 'Journal of R. Geograph. Soc.,' vol. xiii. part i. p. 65.

[499] Livingstone's 'First Travels,' pp. 191, 439, 565; see also 'Expedition to the Zambesi,' 1865, p. 465, for an analogous case respecting a good breed of goats.

[500] Andersson's 'Travels in South Africa,' pp. 232, 318, 319.

[501] Dr. Vavasseur, in 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii., 1861, p. 136.

[502] 'The Natural History of Dee Side,' 1855, p. 476.

[503] 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. vii., 1860, p. 457.

[504] 'Cattle,' p. 48.

[505] Livingstone's Travels, p. 576; Andersson, 'Lake Ngami,' 1856, p. 222. With respect to the sale in Kaffraria, see 'Quarterly Review,' 1860, p. 139.

[506] 'Memoire sur les Chinois' (by the Jesuits), 1786, tom. xi. p. 57.

[507] F. Michel, 'Des Haras,' pp. 47, 50.

[508] Col. Hamilton Smith, Dogs, in 'Nat. Lib.,' vol. x. p. 103.

[509] Azara, 'Quadrupedes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. p. 324.

[510] Sidney's edit. of Youatt, 1860, pp. 24, 25.

[511] 'Rural Economy of Yorkshire,' vol. ii. p. 182.

[512] Moll et Gayot, 'Du Boeuf,' 1860, p. 547.

[513] 'The India Sporting Review,' vol. ii. p. 181; 'The Stud Farm,' by Cecil, p. 58.

[514] 'The Horse,' p. 22.

[515] 'History of England,' vol. i. p. 316.

[516] 'Uber Bestaendigkeit der Arten.'

[517] Youatt on Sheep, p. 315.

[518] 'Ueber Shorthorn Rindvieh,' 1857, s. 51.

[519] Low, 'Domesticated Animals,' 1845, p. 363.

[520] 'Quarterly Review,' 1849, p. 392.

[521] H. von Nathusius, 'Vorstudien ... Schweineschaedel,' 1864, s. 140.

[522] See also Dr. Christ, in 'Ruetimeyer's Pfahlbauten,' 1861, s. 226.

[523] The passage is given 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' 1858, p. 11.

[524] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 394.

[525] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, p. 85.

[526] See Mr. Wildman's address to the Floricult. Soc., in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 86.

[527] 'Journal of Horticulture,' Oct. 24th, 1865, p. 239.

[528] Prescott's 'Hist. of Mexico,' vol. ii. p. 61.

[529] Sageret, 'Pomologie Physiologique,' 1830, p. 47; Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' 1816, p. 88; Godron, 'De l'Espece,' 1859, tom. ii. pp. 63, 67, 70. In my tenth and eleventh chapters I have given details on the potato; and I can confirm similar remarks with respect to the onion. I have also shown how far Naudin concurs in regard to the varieties of the melon.

[530] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 27.

[531] 'The Anthropological Treatises of Blumenbach,' 1865, p. 292.

[532] Mr. J. J. Murphy in his opening address to the Belfast Nat. Hist. Soc., as given in the Belfast Northern Whig, Nov. 19, 1866. Mr. Murphy here follows the line of argument against my views previously and more cautiously given by the Rev. C. Pritchard, Pres. Royal Astronomical Soc., in his sermon (Appendix, p. 33) preached before the British Association at Nottingham, 1866.

[533] On the Vision of Fishes and Amphibia, translated in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xviii., 1866, p. 469.

[534] Fourth edition, 1866, p. 215.

[535] Quoted by Youatt on Sheep, p. 325. See also Youatt on Cattle, pp. 62, 69.

[536] MM. Lherbette and De Quatrefages, in 'Bull. Soc. Acclimat.,' tom. viii., 1861, p. 311.

[537] 'The Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 123.

[538] Youatt on Sheep, p. 312.

[539] 'Treatise on the Almond Tumbler,' 1851, p. 33.

[540] Dr. Heusinger, 'Wochenschrift fuer die Heilkunde,' Berlin, 1846, s. 279.

[541] Youatt on the Dog, p. 232.

[542] 'The Fruit-trees of America,' 1845, p. 270: for peaches, p. 466.

[543] 'Proc. Royal Soc. of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius,' 1852, p. cxxxv.

[544] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1856, p. 379.

[545] Quatrefages, 'Maladies Actuelles du Ver a Soie,' 1859, pp. 12, 214.

[546] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1851, p. 595.

[547] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 476.

[548] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1852, pp. 435, 691.

[549] Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' 1801, B. i. s. 310.

[550] Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 224.

[551] G. Lewis's 'Journal of Residence in West Indies,' 'Home and Col. Library,' p. 100.

[552] Sidney's edit. of Youatt on the Pig, p.24.

[553] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, pp. 476, 498; 1865, p. 460. With respect to the heartsease, 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1863, p. 628.

[554] 'Des Jacinthes, de leur Culture,' 1768, p. 53: on wheat, 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1846, p. 653.

[555] W. B. Tegetmeier, 'The Field,' Feb. 25, 1865. With respect to black fowls, see a quotation in Thompson's 'Nat. Hist. of Ireland,' 1849, vol. i. p. 22.

[556] 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. vii. 1860, p. 359.

[557] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. 2nd series, 1835, p. 275. For raspberries, see 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1855, p. 154, and 1863, p. 245.

[558] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 806.

[559] Ibid., 1850, p. 732.

[560] Ibid., 1860, p. 956.

[561] J. De Jonghe, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 120.

[562] Downing, 'Fruit-trees of North America,' pp. 266, 501: in regard to the cherry, p. 198.

[563] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1849, p. 755.

[564] 'Journal of Horticulture,' Sept. 26th, 1865, p. 254; see other references given in chap. x.

[565] Mr. Selby, in 'Mag. of Zoology and Botany,' Edinburgh, vol. ii., 1838, p. 393.

[566] The Reine Claude de Bavay, 'Journal of Horticulture,' Dec. 27, 1864, p. 511.

[567] Mr. Pusey, in 'Journal of R. Agricult. Soc., vol. vi. p. 179. For Swedish turnips, see 'Gard. Chron.,' 1847, p. 91.

[568] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 98.

[569] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1866, p. 732.

[570] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1862, pp. 820, 821.

[571] 'On the Varieties of Wheat,' p. 59.

[572] Mr. Hewitt and others, in 'Journal of Hort.,' 1862, p. 773.

[573] 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 405.

[574] Col. Le Couteur, 'Journal Roy. Agricult. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 43.

[575] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1845, p. 273.

[576] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 157.

[577] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 368.

[578] 'A Review of Reports,' 1808, p. 406.

[579] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1853, p. 45.

[580] Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gen.,' tom. iii. p. 49. On the Cochineal Insect, p. 46.

[581] Capt. Marryat, quoted by Blyth in 'Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' vol. xxviii. p. 229.

[582] Mr. Oxley, 'Journal of the Indian Archipelago,' vol. ii., 1848, p. 645.

[583] Mr. Abbey, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Dec. 1, 1863, p. 430.

[584] 'On Naval Timber,' 1831, p. 107.

[585] Mr. Baily, in 'The Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii., 1854, p. 150. Also vol. i. p. 342; vol. iii. p. 245.

[586] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1855, December, p. 171; 1856, January, pp. 248, 323.

[587] 'Ueber Shorthorn Rindvieh,' 1857, s. 51.

[588] 'The Veterinary,' vol. xiii. p. 720. For the Glamorganshire cattle, see Youatt on Cattle, p. 51.

[589] J. M. Eaton, 'A Treatise on Fancy Pigeons,' p. 82; Ferguson, on 'Rare and Prize Poultry,' p. 162; Mr. Brent, in 'Cottage Gardener,' Oct. 1860. p. 13.

[590] 'Die Racen des Schweines,' 1860, s. 48.

[591] See some good remarks on this head by M. de Quatrefages, 'Unite de l'Espece Humaine,' 1861, p. 119.

[592] Verlot, 'Des Varietes,' 1865, p. 94.

[593] Mr. Patrick Sheriff, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1858, p. 771.

[594] 'Pomologie Physiolog.,' 1830, p. 106.

[595] Youatt on Sheep, p. 521.

[596] 'A Treatise on the Almond Tumbler,' p. i.

[597] M. J. de Jonghe, in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1858, p. 173.

[598] Max. Mueller, 'Science of Language,' 1861, p. 223.

[599] Youatt on Cattle, pp. 116, 128.

[600] 'Domesticated Animals,' p. 188.

[601] Volz, 'Beitraege zur Kulturgeschichte,' 1852, s. 99 et passim.

[602] Blaine, 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 213.

[603] 'Des Jacinthes,' &c., Amsterdam, 1768, p. 43; Verlot, 'Des Varietes,' &c., p. 86. On the reindeer, see Linnaeus, 'Tour in Lapland,' translated by Sir J. E. Smith, vol. i. p. 314. The statement in regard to German shepherds is given on the authority of Dr. Weinland.

[604] Mueller's 'Physiology,' Eng. translation, vol. ii. p. 1662. With respect to the similarity of twins in constitution, Dr. William Ogle has given me the following extract from Professor Trousseau's Lectures ('Clinique Medicale,' tom. i. p. 523), in which a curious case is recorded:—"J'ai donne mes soins a deux freres jumeaux, tous deux si extraordinairement ressemblants qu'il m'etait impossible de les reconnaitre, a moins de les voir l'un a cote de l'autre. Cette ressemblance physique s'etendait plus loin: ils avaient, permettez-moi l'expression, une similitude pathologique plus remarquable encore. Ainsi l'un d'eux que je voyais aux neothermes a Paris malade d'une ophthalmie rhumatismale me disait, 'En ce moment mon frere doit avoir une ophthalmie comme la mienne;' et comme je m'etais recrie, il me montrait quelques jours apres une lettre qu'il venait de recevoir de ce frere alors a Vienne, et qui lui ecrivait en effet—'J'ai mon ophthalmie, tu dois avoir la tienne.' Quelque singulier que ceci puisse paraitre, le fait non est pas moins exact: on ne me l'a pas raconte, je l'ai vu, et j'en ai vu d'autres analogues dans ma pratique. Ces deux jumeaux etaient aussi tous deux asthmatiques, et asthmatiques a un effroyable degre. Originaires de Marseille, ils n'ont jamais pu demeurer dans cette ville, ou leurs interets les appelaient souvent, sans etre pris de leurs acces; jamais ils n'en eprouvaient a Paris. Bien mieux, il leur suffisait de gagner Toulon pour etre gueris de leurs attaques de Marseilles. Voyageant sans cesse et dans tous pays pour leurs affaires, ils avaient remarque que certaines localites leur etaient funestes, que dans d'autres ils etaient exempts de tout phenomene d'oppression."

[605] Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 352; Moquin Tandon, 'Teratologie Vegetale,' 1841, p. 115.

[606] Metzger, 'Die Getreidearten,' 1841, s. 39.

[607] On the date-palm, see Vogel, 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 1854, p. 460. On Indian varieties, Dr. F. Hamilton, 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xiv. p. 296. On the varieties cultivated in Tahiti, see Dr. Bennett, in Loudon's 'Mag. of N. Hist.,' vol. v., 1832, p. 484. Also Ellis, 'Polynesian Researches,' vol. i. pp. 375, 370. On twenty varieties of the Pandanus and other trees in the Marianne Island, see 'Hooker's Miscellany,' vol. i. p. 308. On the bamboo in China, see Huc's 'Chinese Empire,' vol. ii. p. 307.

[608] 'Treatise on the Culture of the Apple,' &c., p. 3.

[609] Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione Veg.,' p. 125.

[610] See Dr. Hooker's Memoir on Arctic Plants in 'Linn. Transact.,' vol. xxiii, part ii. Mr. Woodward, and a higher authority cannot be quoted, speaks of the Arctic mollusca (in his 'Rudimentary Treatise,' 1856, p. 355) as remarkably subject to variation.

[611] Bechstein, in his 'Naturgeschichte der Stubenvoegel,' 1840, s. 238, has some good remarks on this subject. He states that his canary-birds varied in colour, though kept on uniform food.

[612] 'The Plant,' by Schleiden, translated by Henfrey, 1848, p. 169. See also Alex. Braun, in 'Bot. Memoirs,' Ray. Soc., 1853, p. 313.

[613] Messrs. Hardy and Son, of Maldon, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1856, p. 458.

[614] 'Quadrupedes du Paraguay,' 1801, tom. ii. p. 319.

[615] McClelland on Indian Cyprinidae, 'Asiatic Researches,' vol. xix. part ii., 1839, pp. 266, 268, 313.

[616] Quoted by Sageret, 'Pom. Phys.,' 1830, p. 43.

[617] 'The Fruits of America,' 1845, p. 5.

[618] M. Cardan, in 'Comptes Rendus,' Dec. 1848, quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1849, p. 101.

[619] M. Alexis Jordan mentions four excellent pears found in woods in France, and alludes to others ('Mem. Acad. de Lyon,' tom. ii. 1852, p. 159). Poiteau's remark is quoted in 'Gardener's Mag.,' vol. iv., 1828, p. 385. See 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1862, p. 335, for another case of a new variety of the pear found in a hedge in France. Also for another case, see Loudon's 'Encyclop. of Gardening,' p. 901. Mr. Rivers has given me similar information.

[620] Duval, 'Hist. du Poirier,' 1849, p. 2.

[621] I infer that this is the fact from Van Mons' statement ('Arbres Fruitiers,' 1835, tom. i. p. 446) that he finds in the woods seedlings resembling all the chief cultivated races of both the pear and apple. Van Mons, however, looked at these wild varieties as aboriginal species.

[622] Downing, 'Fruit-trees of North America,' p. 422; Foley, in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 412.

[623] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1847, p. 244.

[624] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, p. 383; 1850, p. 700; 1854, p. 650.

[625] 'Die Getreidearten,' 1843, s. 66, 116, 117.

[626] Sabine, in 'Hort. Transact.,' vol. iii. p. 225; Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 119.

[627] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, p. 112; on Zinnia, 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 852.

[628] 'The Chrysanthemum, its History, &c.,' 1865, p. 3.

[629] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1855, p. 54; 'Journal of Horticulture,' May 9, 1865, p. 363.

[630] Quoted by Verlot, 'Des Varietes,' &c., 1865, p. 28.

[631] 'Examination of the Characteristics of Genera and Species:' Charleston, 1855, p. 14.

[632] Mr Hewitt, 'Journal of Hort.,' 1863, p. 39.

[633] Devay, 'Mariages Consanguins,' pp. 97, 125. In conversation I have found two or three naturalists of the same opinion.

[634] Mueller has conclusively argued against this belief, 'Elements of Phys.,' Eng. translat., vol. ii., 1842, p. 1405.

[635] 'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1780, part ii. p. 84, &c.

[636] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 249, 255, 295.

[637] 'Nova Acta, St. Petersburg,' 1794, p. 378; 1795, pp. 307, 313, 316; 1787, p. 407.

[638] 'De la Fecondation,' 1862, p. 311.

[639] 'Amaryllidaceae,' 1837, p. 362.

[640] Abstracted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 1081.

[641] This was the opinion of the elder De Candolle, as quoted in 'Dic. Class. d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. viii. p. 405. Puvis, in his work, 'De la Degeneration,' 1837, p. 37, has discussed this same point.

[642] 'Comptes Rendus,' Novembre 21, 1864, p. 838.

[643] 'Nova Acta, St. Petersburg,' 1794, p. 391.

[644] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 507, 516, 572.

[645] 'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' &c., 1865, s. 24.

[646] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 452, 507.

[647] 'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' s. 56.

[648] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 423.

[649] 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' &c., 1766, s. 85.

[650] 'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' &c., 1865, s. 92; see also the Rev. M. J. Berkeley on the same subject, in 'Journal of Royal Hort. Soc.,' 1866, p. 80.

[651] Dr. P. Lucas has given a history of opinion on this subject: 'Hered. Nat.,' 1847, tom. i. p. 175.

[652] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 499.

[653] Idem., tom. iii. pp. 392, 502.

[654] See his interesting work, 'Metamorphoses de l'Homme,' &c., 1862, p. 129.

[655] 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' &c., s. 123; 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 249.

[656] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1853, p. 183.

[657] Mr. Wildman, 'Floricultural Soc.,' Feb. 7, 1843, reported in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1843, p. 86.

[658] Mr. Robson, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 13th, 1866, p. 122.

[659] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, p. 24.

[660] Ibid., 1862, p. 83.

[661] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1845, p. 660.

[662] Ibid., 1863, p. 628.

[663] 'Journal of Hort.,' 1861, pp. 64, 309.

[664] 'Des Varietes,' &c., p. 76.

[665] Engel, 'Sur les Prop. Medicales des Plantes,' 1860, pp. 10, 25. On changes in the odours of plants, see Dalibert's Experiments, quoted by Beckman, 'Inventions,' vol. ii. p. 344; and Nees, in Ferussac, 'Bull. des Sc. Nat.,' 1824, tom. i. p. 60. With respect to the rhubarb, &c., see also 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1849, p. 355; 1862, p. 1123.

[666] Hooker, 'Flora Indica,' p. 32.

[667] Naudin, 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' 4th series, Bot., tom. xi., 1859, p. 81. 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1859, p. 464.

[668] Moorcroft's 'Travels,' &c., vol. ii. p. 143.

[669] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1861, p. 1113.

[670] Royle, 'Productive Resources of India,' p. 59.

[671] 'Personal Narrative,' Eng. translat., vol. v. p. 101. This statement has been confirmed by Karsten ('Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Rhynchoprion:' Moscow, 1864. s. 39), and by others.

[672] 'Organic Chemistry,' Eng. translat., 1st edit., p. 369.

[673] Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 155.

[674] Darwin, 'Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 434.

[675] These statements on disease are taken from Dr. Boudin's 'Geographie et de Statistique Medicales,' 1857, tom. i. p. xliv. and lii.; tom. ii. p. 315.

[676] E. Desor, quoted in the 'Anthrop. Rev.,' 1863, p. 180. For much confirmatory evidence, see Quatrefages, 'Unite de l'Espece Humaine,' 1861, p. 131.

[677] 'Ceylon,' by Sir J. E. Tennent, vol. i., 1859, p. 89.

[678] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 52.

[679] 'Journal of Horticultural Soc.,' vol. vii., 1852, p. 117.

[680] 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. p. 160.

[681] See Lecoq on the Villosity of Plants, 'Geograph. Bot.,' tom. iii. pp. 287, 291; Gaertner, 'Bastarderz.,' s. 261; Mr. Musters, on the Opuntia, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1846, p. 444.

[682] 'Pom. Phys.,' p. 136.

[683] 'Ampelographie,' 1849, p. 19.

[684] Gaertner, 'Bastarderz.,' s. 606, has collected nearly all recorded facts. Andrew Knight (in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii. p. 160) goes so far as to maintain that few varieties are absolutely permanent in character when propagated by buds or grafts.

[685] Mr. Blyth, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xx., 1847, p. 391.

[686] 'Natural History Review,' 1862, p. 113.

[687] 'Journal of Roy. Geographical Soc.,' vol. ix., 1839, p. 275.

[688] 'Travels in Bokhara,' vol. iii. p. 151.

[689] See also, on the influence of marshy pastures on the wool, Godron, 'L'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 22.

[690] Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gen.,' tom. iii. p. 438.

[691] Azara has made some good remarks on this subject, 'Quadrupedes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. p. 337. See an account of a family of naked mice produced in England, 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1856, p. 38.

[692] 'Die Fauna der Pfahlbauten,' 1861, s. 15.

[693] 'Schweinschaedel,' 1864, s. 99.

[694] 'Travels in Siberia,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 228.

[695] A. R. Wallace, 'Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro,' p. 294.

[696] 'Naturgeschichte der Stubenvoegel,' 1840, s. 262, 308.

[697] 'Hist. Nat. Gen.,' tom. iii. p. 402.

[698] 'Bull. de la Soc. Imp. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii. p. 351.

[699] See an account of Mr. Gregson's experiments on the Abraxus grossulariata, 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc.,' Jan. 6th, 1862: these experiments have been confirmed by Mr. Greening, in 'Proc. of the Northern Entomolog. Soc.,' July 28th, 1862. For the effects of food on caterpillars, see a curious account by M. Michely, in 'Bull. de la Soc. Imp. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii. p. 563. For analogous facts from Dahlbom on Hymenoptera, see Westwood's 'Modern Class. of Insects,' vol. ii. p. 98. See also Dr. L. Moeller, 'Die Abhaengigkeit der Insecten,' 1867, s. 70.

[700] 'The Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. 1866. The present chapters were written before I had read Mr. Herbert Spencer's work, so that I have not been able to make so much use of it as I should otherwise probably have done.

[701] 'Proc. Acad. Nat. Soc. of Philadelphia,' Jan. 28th, 1862.

[702] See Mr. B. D. Walsh's excellent papers in 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Philadelphia,' Dec. 1866, p. 284. With respect to the willow, see idem, 1864, p. 546.

[703] See his admirable Histoire des Galles, in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat. Bot.,' 3rd series, tom. xix., 1853, p. 273.

[704] Kirby and Spence's 'Entomology,' 1818, vol. i. p. 450; Lucaze-Duthiers, idem, p. 284.

[705] 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Philadelphia,' 1864, p. 558.

[706] Mr. B. D. Walsh, idem, p. 633; and Dec. 1866, p. 275.

[707] Mr. B. D. Walsh, idem, 1864, p. 545, 411, 495; and Dec. 1866, p. 278. See also Lucaze-Duthiers.

[708] Lucaze-Duthiers, idem, pp. 325, 328.

[709] 'Linnaea,' vol. xvii., 1843; quoted by Dr. M. T. Masters, Royal Institution, March 16th, 1860.

[710] Hewett C. Watson, 'Cybele Britannica,' vol. i., 1847, p. 11.

[711] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, p. 629.

[712] 'Memoire sur la Production Artificielle des Monstrosites,' 1862, pp. 8-12; 'Recherches sur les Conditions, &c., chez les Monstres,' 1863, p. 6. An abstract is given of Geoffroy's Experiments by his son, in his 'Vie, Travaux, &c.,' 1847, p. 290.

[713] Paget, 'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 483.

[714] 'Researches upon the Venom of the Rattle-snake,' Jan. 1861, by Dr. Mitchell, p. 67.

[715] Mr. Sedgwick, in 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' July 1863, p. 175.

[716] 'An Essay on Generation,' Eng. translat., p. 18; Paget, 'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 209.

[717] 'An Essay on Animal Reproduction,' Eng. translat., 1769, p. 79.

[718] Carpenter's 'Principles of Comp. Physiology,' 1854, p. 479.

[719] Charlesworth's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i., 1837, p. 145.

[720] Paget, 'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' vol. i. p. 239.

[721] Quoted by Carpenter, 'Comp. Phys.,' p. 479.

[722] Paget, 'Lectures,' &c., p. 257.

[723] These cases are given by Blumenbach in his 'Essay on Generation,' pp. 52, 54.

[724] 'Cellular Pathology,' trans. by Dr. Chance, 1860, pp. 27, 441.

[725] Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' vol. i., 1853, p. 357.

[726] Paget, idem, p. 150.

[727] 'The Principles of Biology,' vol. ii., 1866, chap. 3-5.

[728] 'Lectures on Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 71.

[729] 'Comptes Rendus,' Sept. 26th, 1864, p. 539.

[730] 'The Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. p. 243.

[731] Idem, vol. ii. p. 269.

[732] Idem, vol. ii. p. 273.

[733] Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' vol. ii. p. 209.

[734] Mueller's 'Phys.,' Eng. translat., pp. 54, 791. Prof. Reed has given ('Physiological and Anat. Researches,' p. 10) a curious account of the atrophy of the limbs of rabbits after the destruction of the nerve.

[735] Quoted by Lecoq, in 'Geograph. Bot.,' tom. i., 1854, p. 182.

[736] 'Das Abaendern der Voegel,' 1833, s. 74.

[737] Nathusius, 'Die Racen des Schweines,' 1860, s. 53, 57; 'Vorstudien ... Schweineschaedel,' 1864, s. 103, 130, 133.

[738] 'Journal of Agriculture of Highland Soc.,' July, 1860, p. 321.

[739] 'Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. p. 263.

[740] 'Natural History Review,' vol. iv., Oct. 1864, p. 617.

[741] 'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 27.

[742] Andersson, 'Travels in South Africa,' p. 318. For analogous cases in South America, see Aug. St. Hilaire, 'Voyage dans le Province de Goyaz,' tom. i. p. 71.

[743] Brickell's 'Nat. Hist. of North Carolina,' 1739, p. 53.

[744] Livingstone, quoted by Youatt on Sheep, p. 142. Hodgson, in 'Journal of Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' vol. xvi., 1847, p. 1006, &c. &c.

[745] 'Naturalist Library,' Dogs, vol. ii. 1840, p. 104.

[746] 'De l'Espece,' tom. i., 1859, p. 367.

[747] 'Ceylon,' by Sir J. E. Tennent, 1859, vol. ii. p. 531.

[748] For the foregoing statements, see Hunter's 'Essays and Observations,' 1861, vol. ii. p. 329; Dr. Edmondston, as quoted in Macgillivray's 'British Birds,' vol. v. p. 550; Menetries, as quoted in Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' B. ii. s. 110.

[749] These statements on the intestines are taken from Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gen.,' tom. iii. pp. 427, 441.

[750] Gilbert White, 'Nat. Hist. Selbourne,' 1825, vol. ii. p. 121.

[751] Burdach, 'Traite de Phys.,' tom. ii. p. 267, as quoted by Dr. P. Lucas, 'L'Hered. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 388.

[752] This and several other cases are given by Colin, 'Physiologie Comp. des Animaux Dom.,' 1854, tom. i. p. 426.

[753] M. Michely de Cayenne, in 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii., 1861, p. 563.

[754] Quatrefages, 'Unite de l'Espece Humaine,' 1861, p. 79.

[755] 'Flora,' 1835, B. ii. p. 504.

[756] Alph. De Candolle, 'Geograph. Bot.,' tom. ii. p. 1078.

[757] Royle, 'Illustrations of the Botany of the Himalaya,' p. 19.

[758] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, pp. 204, 219.

[759] Rev. R. Everest, 'Journal As. Soc. of Bengal,' vol. iii. p. 19.

[760] Youatt on Sheep, 1838, p. 491.

[761] Royle, 'Prod. Resources of India,' p. 153.

[762] Tegetmeier, 'Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 102.

[763] Dr. R. Paterson, in a paper communicated to Bot. Soc. of Canada, quoted in the 'Reader,' 1863. Nov. 13th.

[764] See remarks by Editor in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1848, p. 5.

[765] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 938. Remarks by Editor and quotation from Decaisne.

[766] J. de Jonghe, of Brussels, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1857, p. 612.

[767] Ch. Martius, 'Voyage Bot. Cotes Sept. de la Norvege,' p. 26.

[768] 'Journal de l'Acad. Hort. de Gand,' quoted in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1859, p. 7.

[769] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1851, p. 396.

[770] Idem., 1862, p. 235.

[771] On the authority of Labat, quoted in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1862, p. 235.

[772] MM. Edwards and Colin, 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 2nd series, Bot., tom. v. p. 22.

[773] 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 337.

[774] 'Swedish Acts,' Eng. translat., 1739-40, vol. i. Kalm, in his 'Travels,' vol. ii. p. 166, gives an analogous case with cotton-plants raised in New Jersey from Carolina seed.

[775] De Candolle, 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 339.

[776] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1862, p. 235.

[777] Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione Veg.,' 1816, p. 125; and 'Traite du Citrus,' 1811, p. 359.

[778] 'Essai sur l'Hist. des Orangers,' 1813, p. 20, &c.

[779] Alph. De Candolle, 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 882.

[780] 'Ch. Darwin's Lehre von der Entstehung,' &c., 1862, s. 87.

[781] Decaisne, quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1865, p. 271.

[782] For the magnolia, see Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. xiii., 1837, p. 21. For camellias and roses, see 'Gard. Chron.,' 1860, p. 384. For the yew, 'Journal of Hort.,' March 3rd, 1863, p. 174. For sweet potatoes, see Col. von Siebold, in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1855, p. 822.

[783] The Editor, 'Gard. Chron.,' 1861, p. 239.

[784] Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. xii., 1836, p. 378.

[785] 'Gardeners Chron.,' 1865, p. 699.

[786] 'Arboretum et Fruticetum,' vol. iii. p. 1376.

[787] Mr. Robson, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, p. 23.

[788] Dr. Bonavia, 'Report of the Agri.-Hort. Soc. of Oudh,' 1866.

[789] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, April, 24th, p. 57.

[790] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, p. 291.

[791] Mr. Beaton, in 'Cottage Gardener,' March 20th, 1860, p. 377. Queen Mab will also stand stove heat, see 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1845, p. 226.

[792] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, p. 439.

[793] Quoted by Asa Gray, in 'Am. Journ. of Sci.,' 2nd series, Jan. 1865, p. 106.

[794] For China, see 'Memoire sur les Chinois,' tom, xi., 1786, p. 60. Columella is quoted by Carlier, in 'Journal de Physique,' tom. xxiv. 1784.

[795] Messrs. Hardy and Son, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1856, p. 589.

[796] Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. des Anomalies,' 1836, tom. ii. pp. 210, 223, 224, 395; 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1775, p. 313.

[797] Pallas, quoted by Youatt on Sheep, p. 25.

[798] Youatt on Cattle, 1834, p. 174.

[799] 'Encyclop. Method.,' 1820, p. 483: see p. 500, on the Indian zebu casting its horns. Similar cases in European cattle were given in the third chapter.

[800] Pallas, 'Travels,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 243.

[801] Mr. Beaton, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' May 21, 1861, p. 133.

[802] Lecoq, 'De la Fecondation,' 1862, p. 233.

[803] 'Annales du Museum,' tom. vi. p. 319.

[804] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 392. Prof. Huxley applies the same principle in accounting for the remarkable, though normal, differences in the arrangement of the nervous system in the Mollusca, in his great paper on the Morphology of the Cephalous Mollusca, in 'Phil. Transact.,' 1853, p. 56.

[805] 'Elements de Teratologie Veg.,' 1841, p. 113.

[806] Prof. J. B. Simonds, on the Age of the Ox, Sheep, &c., quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1854, p. 588.

[807] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. i. p. 674.

[808] Quoted by Isid. Geoffroy, idem, tom. i. p. 635.

[809] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 250.

[810] A. Walker on Intermarriage, 1838, p. 160.

[811] 'The Farrier and Naturalist,' vol. i., 1828, p. 456.

[812] Godron, 'Sur l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 217.

[813] 'Quadrupedes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. p. 333.

[814] On Sheep, p. 142.

[815] 'Ueber Racen, Kreuzungen, &c.,' 1825, s. 24.

[816] Quoted from Conolly, in 'The Indian Field,' Feb. 1859, vol. ii. p. 266.

[817] 'Domesticated Animals of the British Islands,' pp. 307, 368.

[818] 'Proceedings Zoolog. Soc.,' 1833, p. 113.

[819] Sedgwick, 'Brit. and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April 1863, p. 453.

[820] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1849, p. 205.

[821] 'Embassy to the Court of Ava,' vol. i. p. 320.

[822] 'Narrative of a Mission to the Court of Ava in 1855,' p. 94.

[823] Those statements are taken from Mr. Sedgwick, in the 'Medico-Chirurg. Review,' July 1861, p. 198; April 1863, pp. 455 and 458. Liebreich is quoted by Professor Devay, in his 'Mariages Consanguins,' 1862, p. 116.

[824] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i., 1829, pp. 66, 178. See also Dr. P. Lucas, 'L'Hered. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 428, on the inheritance of deafness in cats.

[825] 'Annales des Sc. Nat.' Zoolog., 3rd series, 1847, tom. viii. p. 239.

[826] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1864, p. 1202.

[827] Verlot gives several other instances, 'Des Varietes,' 1865, p. 72.

[828] 'Arbres Fruitiers,' 1836, tom. ii. pp. 204, 226.

[829] 'Annales du Museum,' tom. xx. p. 188.

[830] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1843, p. 877.

[831] Ibid., 1845, p. 102.

[832] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 402. See also M. Camille Dareste, 'Recherches sur les Conditions,' &c., 1863, pp. 16, 48.

[833] Rev. E. S. Dixon, 'Ornamental Poultry,' 1848, p. 111; Isidore Geoffroy, 'Hist. Anomalies,' tom. i. p. 211.

[834] 'On the Breeding of Domestic Animals,' 1829, p. 6.

[835] Youatt on Cattle, 1834, p. 283.

[836] Mr. Herbert Spencer ('Principles of Biology,' 1864, vol. i. pp. 452, 468) takes a different view; and in one place remarks: "We have seen reason to think that, as fast as essential faculties multiply, and as fast as the number of organs that co-operate in any given function increases, indirect equilibration through natural selection becomes less and less capable of producing specific adaptations; and remains fully capable only of maintaining the general fitness of constitution to conditions." This view that natural selection can do little in modifying the higher animals surprises me, seeing that man's selection has undoubtedly effected much with our domesticated quadrupeds and birds.

[837] Dr. Prosper Lucas apparently disbelieves in any such connexion, 'L'Hered. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 88-94.

[838] 'British Medical Journal,' 1862, p. 433.

[839] Boudin, 'Geograph. Medicale,' tom. i. p. 406.

[840] This fact and the following cases, when not stated to the contrary, are taken from a very curious paper by Prof. Heusinger, in 'Wochenschrift fuer Heilkunde,' May 1846, s. 277.

[841] Mr. Mogford, in the 'Veterinarian,' quoted in 'The Field,' Jan. 22, 1861, p. 545.

[842] 'Edinburgh Veterinary Journal,' Oct. 1860, p. 347.

[843] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' 1832, tom. i. pp. 22, 537-556; tom. iii. p. 462.

[844] 'Comptes Rendus,' 1855, pp. 855, 1029.

[845] Carpenter's 'Comp. Phys.,' 1854, p. 480; see also Camille Dareste, 'Comptes Rendus,' March 20th, 1865, p. 562.

[846] 'Elements of Physiology,' Eng. translat, vol. i., 1838, p. 412. With respect to Vrolik, see Todd's 'Cyclop. of Anat. and Phys.,' vol. iv., 1849-52, p. 973.

[847] 'Teratologie Veg.,' 1841, livre iii.

[848] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. pp. 4, 5, 6.

[849] 'Teratologie Veg.,' p. 156. See also my paper on climbing plants in 'Journal of Linn. Soc. Bot.,' vol. ix., 1865, p. 114.

[850] 'Memoires du Museum,' &c., tom. viii. p. 178.

[851] Loudon's 'Encyclop. of Gardening,' p. 829.

[852] Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 324.

[853] 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' 1st series, tom. xix. p. 327.

[854] 'Comptes Rendus,' Dec. 1864, p. 1039.

[855] Ueber Foetale Rachites, 'Wuerzburger Medicin. Zeitschrift,' 1860, B. i. s. 265.

[856] 'Teratologie Veg.,' p. 192. Dr. M. Masters informs me that he doubts the truth of this conclusion; but the facts to be given seem to be sufficient to establish it.

[857] 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 2nd, 1861, p. 253.

[858] It would be worth trial to fertilise with the same pollen the central and lateral flowers of the pelargonium, and of some other highly cultivated plants, protecting them of course from insects: then to sow the seed separately, and observe whether the one or the other lot of seedlings varied the most.

[859] Quoted in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 24, 1863, p. 152.

[860] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 612. For the Phalaenopsis, see idem, 1867, p. 211.

[861] Memoires ... des Vegetaux,' 1837, tom. ii. p. 170.

[862] 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 23, 1861, p. 311.

[863] 'Nouvelles Archives du Museum,' tom. i. p. 137.

[864] Hugo von Mohl, 'The Vegetable Cell,' Eng. tr., 1852, p. 76.

[865] The Rev. H. H. Dombrain, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, June 4th, p. 174; and June 25th, p. 234; 1862, April 29th, p. 83.

[866] 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xxiii., 1861, p. 360.

[867] 'Die Getreidearten,' 1843, s. 208, 209.

[868] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 198.

[869] Quoted in 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1866, p. 74.

[870] 'Ueber den Begriff der Pflanzenart,' 1834, s. 14.

[871] 'Domesticated Animals,' 1845, p. 351.

[872] Bechstein, 'Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,' Band iv., 1795, s. 31.

[873] 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc. of Philadelphia,' Oct. 1863, p. 213.

[874] Quoted by Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' 1853, p. 159.

[875] Dr. Lachmann, also, observes ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. History,' 2nd series, vol. xix., 1857, p. 231) with respect to infusoria, that "fissation and gemmation pass into each other almost imperceptibly." Again, Mr. W. C. Minor ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series, vol. xi. p. 328) shows that with Annelids the distinction that has been made between fission and budding is not a fundamental one. See Bonnet, 'Oeuvres d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. v., 1781, p. 339, for remarks on the budding-out of the amputated limbs of Salamanders. See, also, Professor Clark's work 'Mind in Nature,' New York, 1865, pp. 62, 94.

[876] Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' 1853, p. 158.

[877] Idem, pp. 152, 164.

[878] On the Asexual Reproduction of Cecydomyide Larvae, translated in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' March 1866, pp. 167, 171.

[879] See some excellent remarks on this head by Quatrefages, in 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' Zoolog., 3rd series, 1850, p. 138.

[880] 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 2nd series, vol. xx., 1857, pp. 153-455.

[881] 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, 1850, tom. xiii.

[882] 'Transact. Phil. Soc.,' 1851, pp. 196, 208, 210; 1853, p. 245, 247.

[883] 'Beitrage zur Kenntniss,' &c., 1844, s. 345.

[884] 'Nouvelles Archives du Museum,' tom. i. p. 27.

[885] As quoted by Sir J. Lubbock in 'Nat. Hist. Review,' 1862, p. 345.

[886] 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xxiv., 1863, p. 62.

[887] 'Parthenogenesis,' 1849, pp. 25-26. Prof. Huxley has some excellent remarks ('Medical Times,' 1856, p. 637) on this subject, in reference to the development of star-fishes, and shows how curiously metamorphosis graduates into gemmation or zoid-formation, which is in fact the same as metagenesis.

[888] Prof. J. Reay Greene, in Guenther's 'Record of Zoolog. Lit.,' 1865, p. 625.

[889] Fritz Mueller's 'Fuer Darwin,' 1864, s. 65, 71. The highest authority on crustaceans, Prof. Milne Edwards, insists ('Annal. des Sci. Nat.,' 2nd series, Zoolog., tom. iii. p. 322) on their metamorphoses differing even in closely allied genera.

[890] Prof. Allman, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series, vol. xiii., 1864, p. 348; Dr. S. Wright, idem, vol. viii., 1861, p. 127. See also p. 358 for analogous statements by Sars.

[891] 'Tissus Vivants,' 1866, p. 22.

[892] 'Cellular Pathology,' translat. by Dr. Chance, 1860, pp. 14, 18, 83, 460.

[893] Paget, 'Surgical Pathology,' vol. i., 1853, pp. 12-14.

[894] Idem, p. 19.

[895] Mantegazza, quoted in 'Popular Science Review,' July 1865, p. 522.

[896] 'De la Production Artificielle des Os,' p. 8.

[897] Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. ii. pp. 549, 560, 562; Virchow, idem, p. 484.

[898] For the most recent classification of cells, see Ernst Haeckel's 'Generelle Morpholog.,' Band ii., 1866, s. 275.

[899] 'The Structure and Growth of Tissues,' 1865, p. 21, &c.

[900] Dr. W. Turner, 'The present Aspect of Cellular Pathology,' 'Edinburgh Medical Journal,' April, 1863.

[901] This term is used by Dr. E. Montgomery ('On the Formation of so-called Cells in Animal Bodies,' 1867, p. 42), who denies that cells are derived from other cells by a process of growth, but believes that they originate through certain chemical changes.

[902] Prof. Huxley has called my attention to the views of Buffon and Bonnet. The former ('Hist. Nat. Gen.,' edit. of 1749, tom. ii. pp. 54, 62, 329, 333, 420, 425) supposes that organic molecules exist in the food consumed by every living creature; and that these molecules are analogous in nature with the various organs by which they are absorbed. When the organs thus become fully developed, the molecules being no longer required collect and form buds or the sexual elements. If Buffon had assumed that his organic molecules had been formed by each separate unit throughout the body, his view and mine would have been closely similar.

Bonnet ('Oeuvres d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. v., part i., 1781, 4to edit., p. 334) speaks of the limbs having germs adapted for the reparation of all possible losses; but whether these germs are supposed to be the same with those within the buds and sexual organs is not clear. His famous but now exploded theory of emboitement implies that perfect germs are included within germs in endless succession, pre-formed and ready for all succeeding generations. According to my view, the germs or gemmules of each separate part were not originally pre-formed, but are continually produced at all ages during each generation, with some handed down from preceding generations.

Prof. Owen remarks ('Parthenogenesis,' 1849, pp. 5-8), "Not all the progeny of the primary impregnated germ-cell are required for the formation of the body in all animals: certain of the derivative germ-cells may remain unchanged and become included in that body which has been composed of their metamorphosed and diversely combined or confluent brethren: so included, any derivative germ-cell, or the nucleus of such, may commence and repeat the same processes of growth by imbibition, and of propagation by spontaneous fission, as those to which itself owed its origin;" &c. By the agency of these germ-cells Prof. Owen accounts for parthenogenesis, for propagation by self-division during successive generations, and for the repairs of injuries. His view agrees with mine in the assumed transmission and multiplication of his germ-cells, but differs fundamentally from mine in the belief that the primary germ-cell was formed within the ovarium of the female and was fertilised by the male. My gemmules are supposed to be formed, quite independently of sexual concourse, by each separate cell or unit throughout the body, and to be merely aggregated within the reproductive organs.

Lastly, Mr. Herbert Spencer ('Principles of Biology,' vol. i., 1863-4, chaps. iv. and viii.) has discussed at considerable length what he designates as physiological units. These agree with my gemmules in being supposed to multiply and to be transmitted from parent to child; the sexual elements are supposed to serve merely as their vehicles; they are the efficient agents in all the forms of reproduction and in the repairs of injuries; they account for inheritance, but they are not brought to bear on reversion or atavism, and this is unintelligible to me; they are supposed to possess polarity, or, as I call it, affinity; and apparently they are believed to be derived from each separate part of the whole body. But gemmules differ from Mr. Spencer's physiological units, inasmuch as a certain number, or mass of them, are, as we shall see, requisite for the development of each cell or part. Nevertheless I should have concluded that Mr. Spencer's views were fundamentally the same with mine, had it not been for several passages which, as far as I understand them, indicate something quite different. I will quote some of these passages from pp. 254-256. "In the fertilised germ we have two groups of physiological units, slightly different in their structures."... "It is not obvious that change in the form of the part, caused by changed action, involves such change in the physiological units throughout the organism, that these, when groups of them are thrown off in the shape of reproductive centres, will unfold into organisms that have this part similarly changed in form. Indeed, when treating of Adaptation, we saw that an organ modified by increase or decrease of function can but slowly so react on the system at large as to bring about those correlative changes required to produce a new equilibrium; and yet only when such new equilibrium has been established, can we expect it to be fully expressed in the modified physiological units of which the organism is built—only then can we count on a complete transfer of the modification to descendants."... "That the change in the offspring must, other things equal, be in the same direction as the change in the parent, we may dimly see is implied by the fact, that the change propagated throughout the parental system is a change towards a new state of equilibrium—a change tending to bring the actions of all organs, reproductive included, into harmony with these new actions."

[903] M. Philipeaux ('Comptes Rendus,' Oct. 1, 1866, p. 576, and June, 1867) has lately shown that when the entire fore-limb, including the scapula, is extirpated, the power of regrowth is lost. From this he concludes that it is necessary for regrowth that a small portion of the limb should be left. But as in the lower animals the whole body may be bisected and both halves be reproduced, this belief does not seem probable. May not the early closing of a deep wound, as in the case of the extirpation of the scapula, prevent the formation or protrusion of the nascent limb?

[904] 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Bot., tom. xiv., 1850, p. 244.

[905] See some very interesting papers on this subject by Prof. Lionel Beale, in 'Medical Times and Gazette,' Sept. 9th, 1865, pp. 273, 330.

[906] Third Report of the R. Comm. on the Cattle Plague, as quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1866, p. 446.

[907] In a cod-fish, weighing 20 lb., Mr. F. Buckland ('Land and Water,' 1867, p. 57) calculated the above number of eggs. In another instance, Harmer ('Phil. Transact.,' 1767, p. 280) found 3,681,760 eggs. For the Ascaris, see Carpenter's 'Comp. Phys.,' 1854, p. 590. Mr. J. Scott, of the Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh, calculated, in the same manner as I have done for some British orchids ('Fertilisation of Orchids,' p. 344), the number of seeds in a capsule of an Acropera, and found the number to be 371,250. Now this plant produces several flowers on a raceme and many racemes during a season. In an allied genus, Gongora, Mr. Scott has seen twenty capsules produced on a single raceme: ten such racemes on the Acropera would yield above seventy-four millions of seed. I may add that Fritz Mueller informs me that he found in a capsule of a Maxillaria, in South Brazil, that the seed weighed 42-1/2 grains: he then arranged half a grain of seed in a narrow line, and by counting a measured length found the number in the half-grain to be 20,667, so that in the capsule there must have been 1,756,440 seeds! The same plant sometimes produces half-a-dozen capsules.

[908] 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series, vol. viii., 1861, p. 490.

[909] Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' p. 27; Virchow, 'Cellular Pathology,' translat. by Dr. Chance, pp. 123, 126, 294; Claude Bernard, 'Des Tissus Vivants,' pp. 177, 210, 337; Mueller's 'Physiology,' Eng. translat., p. 290.

[910] Virchow, 'Cellular Pathology,' trans. by Dr. Chance, 1860, pp. 60, 162, 245, 441, 454.

[911] Idem, pp. 412-426.

[912] See Rev. J. M. Berkeley, in 'Gard. Chron.,' April 28th, 1866, on a bud developed on the petal of the Clarkia. See also H. Schacht, 'Lehrbuch der Anat.,' &c., 1859, Theile ii. s. 12, on adventitious buds.

[913] Mr. Herbert Spencer ('Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. p. 430) has fully discussed the antagonism between growth and reproduction.

[914] The male salmon is known to breed at a very early age. The Triton and Siredon, whilst retaining their larval branchiae, according to Filippi and Dumeril ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series, 1866, p. 157), are capable of reproduction. Ernst Haeckel has recently ('Monatsbericht Akad. Wiss. Berlin,' Feb. 2nd, 1865) observed the surprising case of a medusa, with its reproductive organs active, which produces by budding a widely different form of medusa; and this latter also has the power of sexual reproduction. Krohn has shown ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series, vol. xix., 1862, p. 6) that certain other medusae, whilst sexually mature, propagate by gemmae.

[915] See his excellent discussion on this subject in 'Nouvelles Archives du Museum,' tom. i. p. 151.

[916] Various physiologists have insisted on this distinction between growth and development. Prof. Marshall ('Phil. Transact.,' 1864, p. 544) gives a good instance in microcephalous idiots, in which the brain continues to grow after having been arrested in its development.

[917] 'Compte Rendu,' Nov. 14, 1864, p. 800.

[918] As previously remarked by Quatrefages, in his 'Metamorphoses de l'Homme,' &c., 1862, p. 129.

[919] Guenther's 'Zoological Record,' 1864, p. 279.

[920] Sedgwick, in 'Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April 1863, p. 454.

[921] Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. i., 1832, pp. 435, 657; and tom. ii. p. 560.

[922] Virchow, 'Cellular Pathology,' 1860, p. 66.

[923] Moquin-Tandon, 'Teratologie Veg.,' 1841, pp. 218, 220, 353. For the case of the pea, see 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1866, p. 897.

[924] Mueller's 'Physiology,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 407.

[925] See some remarks to this effect by Sir H. Holland in his 'Medical Notes,' 1839, p. 32.

[926] This is the view taken by Prof. Haeckel, in his 'Generelle Morphologie' (B. ii. s. 171), who says: "Lediglich die partielle Identitaet der specifischconstituirten Materie im elterlichen und im kindlichen Organismus, die Theilung dieser Materie bei der Fortpflanzung, ist die Ursache der Erblichkeit."

[927] In these remarks I, in fact, follow Naudin, who speaks of the elements or essences of the two species which are crossed. See his excellent memoir in the 'Nouvelles Archives du Museum,' tom. i. p. 151.

[928] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' 1859, tom. ii. p. 44, &c.

[929] Journal Proc. Linn. Soc., 1858, vol. iii. p. 60.

[930] 'The Quarterly Journal of Science,' Oct. 1867, p. 486.

[931] M. Rufz de Lavison, in 'Bull. Soc. Imp. d'Acclimat.,' Dec. 1862, p. 1009.

[932] 'Races of Man,' 1850, p. 315.

[933] 'Travels in Peru,' Eng. translat., p. 177.

[934] Youatt on Cattle, 1834, p 200: on Pigs; see 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1854, p. 410.

[935] 'Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten,' 1865.

[936] Morlot, 'Soc. Vaud. des Scien. Nat,' Mars 1860, p. 298.

[937] Ruetimeyer, 'Die Fauna der Pfahlbauten,' 1861, s. 30.

[938] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. i., 1859, p. 368.

[939] 'Geographie Botan.,' 1855, p. 989.

[940] Pickering, 'Races of Man,' 1850, p. 318.

[941] 'Journal of a Horticultural Tour,' by a Deputation of the Caledonian Hist. Soc., 1823, p. 293.



* * * * *



Corrections made to printed original.

p. iii. "APPEARANCE WITH ADVANCING AGE": 'ARPEARANCE' in original.

p. vi. "SLIGHT CHANGES SUFFICIENT": 'SUFFICENT' in original.

p. 61. "bearing in mind what has been said": 'bearnig' in original.

p. 78. "not attached to any particular period": 'particuliar' in original.

p. 243. "it permits innumerable individuals to be born": 'permitts' in original.

p. 294. "liable to complete absorption": 'absortion' in original.

p. 297. "found that when the animal was compelled ...": 'found than ...' in original.

p. 318. "branches in a rudimentary condition": 'rudimentry' in original.

p. 384. "force themselves into a minute orifice": 'into' was printed on next line in original, after 'must'.

THE END