ii. 36; sexual limitation of the transmission of peculiarities in man, ii. 72-73; on the effects of hard-drinking, ii. 289; inherited baldness with deficiency of teeth, ii. 326-327; occurrence of a molar tooth in place of an incisor, ii. 391; diseases occurring in alternate generations, ii. 401. SEDILLOT, on the removal of portions of bone, ii. 296. SEEDS, early selection of, ii. 204; rudimentary, in grapes, ii. 316; relative position of, in the capsule, ii. 345. SEEDS and buds, close analogies of, i. 411. SEEMANN, B., crossing of the wolf and Esquimaux dog, i. 22. SELBY, P. J., on the bud-destroying habits of the bullfinch, ii. 232. SELECTION, ii. 192-249; methodical, i. 214, ii. 194-210; by the ancients and semi-civilised people, ii. 201-210; of trifling characters, ii. 208-210; unconscious, i. 214, 217, ii. 174, 210-217; effects of, shown by differences in most valued parts, ii. 217-220; produced by accumulation of variability, ii. 220-223; natural, as affecting domestic productions, ii. 185-189, 224-233; as the origin of species, genera and other groups, ii. 429-432; circumstances favourable to, ii. 233-239; tendency of towards extremes, ii. 239-242; {477} possible limit of, ii. 242; influence of time on, ii. 243-244; summary of subject, ii. 246-249; effects of, in modifying breeds of cattle, i. 92, 93; in preserving the purity of breeds of sheep, i. 99-100; in producing varieties of pigeons, i. 213-218; in breeding fowls, i. 232-233; in the goose, i. 289; in the canary, i. 295; in the goldfish, i. 296; in the silkworm, i. 300-301; contrasted in cabbages and cereals, i. 323; in the white mulberry, i. 334; on gooseberries, i. 356; applied to wheat, i. 317-318; exemplified in carrots, &c., i. 326; in the potato, i. 331; in the melon, i. 360; in flowering plants, i. 365; in the hyacinth, i. 371; applied to bud-varieties of plants, i. 411; illustrations of, ii. 421-428. SELECTION, sexual, ii. 75. SELF-IMPOTENCE in plants, ii. 131-140; in individual plants, ii. 136-138; of hybrids, ii. 174. SELWYN, Mr., on the Dingo, i. 26. SELYS-LONGCHAMPS, on hybrid ducks, i. 190, ii. 46, 157; hybrid of the hook-billed duck and Egyptian goose, i. 282. SERINGE, on the St. Valery apple, i. 350. SERPENT Melon, i. 360. SERRES, Olivier de, wild poultry in Guiana, i. 237. SESAMUM, white-seeded, antiquity of the, ii. 429. Setaria, found in the Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 317. SETTERS, degeneration of, in India, i. 38; Youatt's remarks on, i. 41. SEX, secondary characters of, latent, ii. 51-52; of parents, influence of, on hybrids, ii. 267. SEXUAL characters, sometimes lost in domestication, ii. 74. SEXUAL limitation of characters, ii. 71-75. SEXUAL peculiarities, induced by domestication in sheep, i. 95; in fowls, i. 251-257; transfer of, i. 255-257. SEXUAL variability in pigeons, i. 161-162. SEXUAL selection, ii. 75. SHADDOCK, i. 335. SHAILER, Mr., on the moss-rose, i. 379-380. SHANGHAI fowls, i. 227. SHANGHAI sheep, their fecundity, i. 97. SHAN ponies, striped, i. 58. SHEEP, disputed origin of, i. 94; early domestication of, i. 94; large-tailed, i. 94, 95, 98, ii. 279; variations in horns, mammae and other characters of, i. 95; sexual characters of, induced by domestication, i. 95, 96; adaptation of, to climate and pasture, i. 96, 97; periods of gestation of, i. 97; effect of heat on the fleece of, i. 98-99, ii. 278; effect of selection on, i. 99-101; "ancon" or "otter" breeds of, i. 17, 92, 100; "Mauchamp-merino," i. 100-101; cross of German and merino, ii. 85-89; black, of the Tarentino, ii. 227; Karakool, ii. 278; Jaffna, with callosities on the knees, ii. 302; Chinese, ii. 315; Danish, of the bronze period, ii. 427; polydactylism in, ii. 14; occasional production of horns in hornless breeds of, ii. 30; reversion of colour in, ii. 30; influence of male, on offspring, ii. 68; sexual differences in, ii. 73; influence of crossing or segregation on, ii. 86, 95-96, 102-103; interbreeding of, ii. 119-120; effect of nourishment on the fertility of, ii. 111-112; diminished fertility of, under certain conditions, ii. 161; unconscious selection of, ii. 213; natural selection in breeds of, ii. 224, 225, 227; reduction of bones in, ii. 242; individual differences of, ii. 251; local changes in the fleece of, in England, ii. 278; partial degeneration of, in Australia, ii. 278; with numerous horns, ii. 291; correlation of horns and fleece in, ii. 326; feeding on flesh, ii. 303; acclimatisation of, ii. 305-306; mountain, resistance of, to severe weather, ii. 312; white, poisoned by Hypericum crispum, ii. 337. SHEEP dogs resembling wolves, i. 24. SHELLS, sinistral and dextral, ii. 53. SHERIFF, Mr. new varieties of wheat, i. 315, 317; on crossing wheat, ii. 104-105; continuous variation of wheat, ii. 241. SIAM, cats of, i. 47; horses of, i. 53. SHIRLEY, E. P., on the fallow-deer, ii. 103, 120. SHORT, D., hybrids of the domestic cat and Felis ornata, i, 45. SIBERIA, northern range of wild horses in, i. 52. SICHEL, J., on the deafness of white cats with blue eyes, ii. 329. SIDNEY, S., on the pedigrees of pigs, ii. 3; on cross-reversion in pigs, ii. 35; period of gestation in the pig, i. 74; production of breeds of pigs by intercrossing, i. 78, 95; fertility of the pig, ii. 112; effects of interbreeding on pigs, ii. 121-122; on the colours of pigs, ii. 210, 229. SIEBOLD, on the sweet potato, ii. 309. SIEBOLD, von Carl, on parthenogenesis, ii. 364. Silene, contabescence in, ii. 166. SILK-FOWLS, i. 230, ii. 67, 69. {478} SILK-MOTH, Arrindy, ii. 306, 312; Tarroo, ii. 157. SILK-MOTHS, i. 300-304; domesticated species of, i. 300; history of, ibid.; causes of modification in, i. 300-301; differences presented by, i. 301-304; crossing of, ii. 98; disease in, ii. 228; effects of disuse of parts in, ii. 298; selection practised with, ii. 197, 199; variation of, ii. 236; parthenogenesis in, ii. 364. SILKWORMS, variations of, i. 301-302; yielding white cocoons, less liable to disease, ii. 336. SILVER-GREY rabbit, i. 108, 111, 120. SIMONDS, J. B., period of maturity in various breeds of cattle, i. 87; differences in the periods of dentition in sheep, i. 96; on the teeth in cattle, sheep, &c., ii. 322; on the breeding of superior rams, ii. 196. SIMON, on the raising of eggs of the silk-moth in China, ii. 197. SIMPSON, Sir J., regenerative power of the human embryo, ii. 15. Siredon, breeding in the branchiferous stage, ii. 384. SISKIN, breeding in captivity, ii. 154. Sivatherium, resemblance of the, to Niata cattle, i. 89. SIZE, difference of, an obstacle to crossing, ii. 101. SKIN, and its appendages, homologous, ii. 325; hereditary affections of the, ii. 79. SKIRVING, R. S., on pigeons settling on trees in Egypt, i. 181. SKULL, characters of the, in breeds of dogs, i. 34; in breeds of pigs, i. 71; in rabbits, i. 116-120, 127; in breeds of pigeons, i. 163-165; in breeds of fowls, i. 260-266; in ducks, i. 282-283. SKULL and horns, correlation of the, ii. 333. SKYLARK, ii. 154. SLEEMAN, on the Cheetah, ii. 151. SLOE, i. 345. SMALL-POX, ii. 378. SMITER (pigeon), i. 156. SMITH, Sir A., on Caffrarian cattle, i. 88; on the use of numerous plants as food in South Africa, i. 307. SMITH, Colonel Hamilton, on the odour of the jackal, i. 30; on the origin of the dog, i. 16; wild dogs in St. Domingo, i. 28; on the Thibet mastiff and the alco, i. 28-29; development of the fifth toe in the hind feet of mastiffs, i. 35; differences in the skull of dogs, i. 34; history of the pointer, i. 42; on the ears of the dog, ii. 301; on the breeds of horses, i. 49; origin of the horse, i. 51; dappling of horses, i. 55; striped horses in Spain, i. 58; original colour of the horse, i. 60; on horses scraping away snow, i. 52; on Asinus hemionus, ii. 43; feral pigs of Jamaica, i. 77-78. SMITH, Sir J. E., production of nectarines and peaches by the same tree, i. 340; on Viola amoena, i. 368; sterility of Vinca minor in England, ii. 170. SMITH, J., development of the ovary in Bonatea speciosa, by irritation of the stigma, i. 403. SMITH, N. H., influence of the bull "Favourite" on the breed of Short-horn cattle, ii. 65. SMITH, W., on the inter-crossing of strawberries, i. 352. SNAKE-RAT, ii. 87, 88. SNAKES, form of the viscera in, ii. 344. SNAPDRAGON, bud-variation in, i. 381; non-inheritance of colour in, ii. 21; peloric, crossed with the normal form, ii. 70, 93; asymmetrical variation of the, ii. 322. SOIL, adaptation of plums to, i. 346; influence of, on the zones of pelargoniums, i. 366; on roses, i. 367; on the variegation of leaves, i. 383; advantages of change of, ii. 146-148. SOIL and climate, effects of, on strawberries, i. 353. Solanum, non-intercrossing of species of, ii. 91. Solanum tuberosum, i. 330-331. SOLID-HOOFED pigs, i. 75. SOLOMON, his stud of horses, i. 55. SOMERVILLE, Lord, on the fleece of Merino sheep, i. 99; on crossing sheep, ii. 120; on selection of sheep, ii. 195; diminished fertility of Merino sheep brought from Spain, ii. 161. SOOTY fowls, i. 230, 256. SOTO, Ferdinand de, on the cultivation of native plants in Florida, i. 312. Sorghum, i. 371. SPAIN, hawthorn monogynous in, i. 364. SPALLANZANI, on feral rabbits in Lipari, i. 113; experiments on salamanders, ii. 15, 293, 385; experiments in feeding a pigeon with meat, ii. 304. SPANIELS, in India, i. 38; King Charles's, i. 41; degeneration of, caused by interbreeding, ii. 121. SPANISH fowls, i. 227, 250, 253; figured, i. 226; early development of sexual characters in, i. 250, 251; furcula of, figured, i. 268. SPECIES, difficulty of distinguishing from varieties, i. 4; conversion of varieties into, i. 5; origin of, by natural selection, ii. 414-415; by mutual sterility of varieties, ii. 185-189. {479} SPENCER, Lord, on selection in breeding, ii. 195. SPENCER, Herbert, on the "survival of the fittest," i. 6; increase of fertility by domestication, ii. 111; on life, ii. 148, 177; changes produced by external conditions, ii. 281; effects of use on organs, ii. 295, 296; ascent of the sap in trees, ii. 296; correlation exemplified in the Irish elk, ii. 333-334; on "physiological units," ii. 375; antagonism of growth and reproduction, ii. 384; formation of ducts in plants, ii. 300. SPERMATOPHORES of the cephalopoda, ii. 383. SPERMATOZOIDS, ii. 363-364; apparent independence of, in insects, ii. 384. SPHINGIDAE, sterility of, in captivity, ii. 157. SPINOLA, on the injurious effect produced by flowering buckwheat on white pigs, ii. 337. SPITZ dog, i. 31. SPOONER, W. C., cross-breeding of sheep, i. 100, ii. 95-96, 120; on the effects of crossing, ii. 96-97; on crossing cattle, ii. 118; individual sterility, ii. 162. SPORES, reproduction of abnormal forms by, i. 383. SPORTS, i. 373; in pigeons, i. 213. SPOT pigeon, i. 156, 207. SPRENGEL, C. K., on dichogamous plants, ii. 90; on the hollyhock, ii. 107; on the functions of flowers, ii. 175. SPROULE, Mr., inheritance of cleft-palate and hare-lip, ii. 24. SPURS, of fowls, i. 255; development of, in hens, ii. 318. SQUASHES, i. 357. SQUINTING, hereditary, ii. 9. SQUIRRELS, generally sterile in captivity, ii. 152. SQUIRRELS, flying, breeding in confinement, ii. 152. "STAARHALSIGE Taube," i. 161. STAG, one-horned, supposed heredity of character in, ii. 12; degeneracy of, in the Highlands, ii. 208. STAMENS, occurrence of rudimentary, ii. 316; conversion of, into pistils, i. 365; into petals, ii. 392. Staphylea, ii. 168. STEENSTRUP, Prof., on the dog of the Danish Middens, i. 18; on the obliquity of flounders, ii. 53. STEINAN, J., on hereditary diseases, ii. 7, 79. STERILITY, in dogs, consequent on close confinement, i. 32; comparative, of crosses, ii. 103, 104; from changed conditions of life, ii. 148-165; occurring in the descendants of wild animals bred in captivity, ii. 160; individual, ii. 162; resulting from propagation by buds, cuttings, bulbs, &c., ii. 169; in hybrids, ii. 178-180, 386, 410-411; in specific hybrids of pigeons, i. 193; as connected with natural selection, ii. 185-189. STERNUM, characters of the, in rabbits, i. 123; in pigeons, i. 167, 174-175; in fowls, i. 268, 273; effects of disuse on the, i. 174-175, 273. STEPHENS, J. F., on the habits of the Bombycidae, i. 303. STEWART, H., on hereditary disease, ii. 79. STIGMA, variation of the, in cultivated Cucurbitaceae, i. 359; satiation of the, i. 402-403. STOCKS, bud-variation in, i. 381; effect of crossing upon the colour of the seed of, i. 398-399; true by seed, ii. 20; crosses of, ii. 93; varieties of, produced by selection, ii. 219; reversion by the upper seeds in the pods of, ii. 347-348. STOCKHOLM, fruit-trees of, ii. 307. STOKES, Prof., calculation of the chance of transmission of abnormal peculiarities in man, ii. 5. STOLONS, variations in the production of, by strawberries, i. 353. STOMACH, structure of the, affected by food, ii. 302. STONE in the bladder, hereditary, ii. 8, 79. STRAWBERRIES, i. 351-354; remarkable varieties of, i. 352-353; hautbois, dioecious, i. 353; selection in, ii. 200; mildew of, ii. 228; probable further modification of, ii. 243; variegated, effects of soil on, ii. 274. STRICKLAND, A., on the domestication of Anser ferus, i. 287; on the colour of the bill and legs in geese, i. 288. Strictoenas, i. 183. STRIPES on young of wild swine, i. 76; of domestic pigs of Turkey, Westphalia, and the Zambesi, i. 76-77; of feral swine of Jamaica and New Granada, i. 77; of fruit and flowers, i. 400, ii. 37; in horses, i. 56-60; in the ass, i. 62-63; production of, by crossing species of Equidae, ii. 42-43. Strix grallaria, ii. 302. Strix passerina, ii. 154. "STRUPP-TAUBE," i. 155. STRUTHERS, Mr., osteology of the feet in solid-hoofed pigs, i. 75; on polydactylism, ii. 13-14. STURM, prepotency of transmission of characters in sheep and cattle, ii. 66; absorption of the minority in crossed races, ii. 88; correlation of twisted horns and curled wool in sheep, ii. 326. {480} SUB-SPECIES, wild, of Columba livia and other pigeons, i. 204. SUCCESSION, geological, of organisms, i. 11. SUCKERS, bud-variation by, i. 384. SUGAR cane, sterility of, in various countries, ii. 169; white, liability of, to disease, ii. 228, 336. SUICIDE, hereditary tendency to, ii. 7, 78. SULIVAN, Admiral, on the horses of the Falkland Islands, i. 53; wild pigs of the Falkland Islands, i. 77; feral cattle of the Falkland Islands, i. 86, 102; feral rabbits of the Falkland Islands, i. 112. SULTAN fowl, i. 228, 255. Sus indica, i. 65, 67-70, ii. 110. Sus pliciceps, i. 69 (figured). Sus scrofa, i. 65, 66, ii. 110. Sus scrofa palustris, i. 68. Sus vittatus, i. 67. SWALLOWS, a breed of pigeons, i. 156. SWAYNE, Mr., on artificial crossing of varieties of the pea, i. 397. SWEET Peas, ii. 91; crosses of, ii. 93, 94; varieties of, coming true by seed, ii. 20; acclimatisation of, in India, ii. 311. SWEET William, bud-variation in, i. 381. SWINHOE, R., on Chinese pigeons, i. 28, 206; on striped Chinese horses, i. 59. SWITZERLAND, ancient dogs of, i. 19; pigs of, in the Neolithic period, i. 67-68; goats of, i. 101. SYCAMORE, pale-leaved variety of the, ii. 330. SYKES, Colonel, on a Pariah dog with crooked legs, i. 17; on small Indian asses, i. 62; on Gallus Sonneratii, i. 233; on the voice of the Indian Kulm cock, i. 259; fertility of the fowl in most climates, ii. 161. SYMMETRY, hereditary departures from, ii. 12. Symphytum, variegated, i. 384. SYPHILIS, hereditary, ii. 332. SYRIA, asses of, i. 62. Syringa persica, chinensis, and vulgaris, ii. 164.

TACITUS, on the care taken by the Celts in breeding animals, ii. 202. Tagetes signata, dwarf variety of, ii. 20. TAHITI, varieties of cultivated plants in, ii. 256. TAIL, occasional development of, in man, ii. 57; never curled in wild animals, ii. 301; rudimentary in Chinese sheep, ii. 315. TAIL-FEATHERS, numbers of, in breeds of pigeons, i. 158-159; peculiarities of, in cocks, i. 254-255; variability of, in fowls, i. 258; curled, in Anas boschas, and tame drakes, i. 280. TALENT, hereditary, ii. 7. TANKERVILLE, Earl of, on Chillingham cattle, i. 84, ii. 119. TANNER, Prof., effects of disuse of parts in cattle, ii. 299. TAPIR, sterility of the, in captivity, ii. 150. TARGIONI-TOZZETTI, on cultivated plants, i. 306; on the vine, i. 332; varieties of the peach, i. 342; origin and varieties of the plum, i. 345; origin of the cherry, i. 347; origin of roses, i. 366. TARSUS, variability of the, in fowls, i. 259; reproduction of the, in a thrush, ii. 15. TARTARS, their preference for spiral-horned sheep, ii. 209. TAVERNIER, abundance of pigeons in Persia, i. 205. Taxus baccata, ii. 18. TEEBAY, Mr., reversion in fowls, ii. 38. TEETH, number and position of, in dogs, i. 34; deficiency of, in naked Turkish dogs, i. 35; period of appearance of, in breeds of dogs, i. 35; precocity of, in highly bred animals, ii. 322; correlation of, with hair, ii. 326; double row of, with redundant hair, in Julia Pastrana, ii. 328; affected in form by hereditary syphilis and by pulmonary tubercle, ii. 332; fusion of, ii. 341; developed on the palate, ii. 391. TEGETMEIER, Mr., on a cat with monstrous teeth, i. 48; on a swift-like pigeon, i. 157; naked young of some pigeons, i. 170; fertility of hybrid pigeons, i. 192; on white pigeons, ii. 230; reversion in crossed breeds of fowls, i. 239-244; chicks of the white silk-fowl, i. 249; development of the cranial protuberance in Polish fowls, i. 250; on the skull in the Polish fowl, i. 257, 262; on the intelligence of Polish fowls, i. 264; correlation of the cranial protuberance and crest in Polish fowls, i. 274; development of the web in the feet of Polish fowls, i. 259; early development of several peculiarities in Spanish cocks, i. 250; on the comb in Spanish fowls, i. 253; on the Spanish fowl, ii. 306; varieties of game-fowls, i. 252; pedigrees of game-fowls, ii. 3; assumption of female plumage by a game cock, i. 253; natural selection in the game cock, ii. 225; pugnacity of game hens, i. 256; length of the middle toe in Cochin fowls, i. 259; origin of the Sebright bantam, ii. 54; differences in the size of fowls, i. 257; effect of crossing in fowls, i. 258, ii. 96; effects of interbreeding in fowls, ii. 124-125; incubation by mongrels of non-sitting races of fowls, ii. 44; inverse correlation of crest and comb in fowls, i. 274; {481} occurrence of pencilled feathers in fowls, ii. 40; on a variety of the goose from Sebastopol, i. 289; on the fertility of the peahen, ii. 112; on the intercrossing of bees, ii. 126. TEMMINCK, origin of domestic cats, i. 43; origin of domestic pigeons, i. 180; on Columba guinea, i. 182; on Columba leucocephala, i. 183; asserted reluctance of some breeds of pigeons to cross, i. 192; sterility of hybrid turtle-doves, i. 193; variations of Gallus bankiva, i. 235; on a buff-coloured breed of Turkeys, i. 293; number of eggs laid by the peahen, ii. 112; breeding of Guans in captivity, ii. 156; behaviour of grouse in captivity, ibid.; sterility of the partridge in captivity, ibid. TENDRILS in Cucurbitaceae, i. 358, ii. 316. TENNENT, Sir J. E., on the goose, i. 287; on the growth of the apple in Ceylon, ii. 277; on the Jaffna sheep, ii. 302. Teredo, fertilisation in, ii. 363. TERRIERS, wry-legged, ii. 245; white, subject to distemper, ii. 336. TESCHEMACHER, on a husked form of maize, i. 320. TESSIER, on the period of gestation of the dog, i. 29; of the pig, i. 74; in cattle, i. 87; experiments on change of soil, ii. 147. Tetrao, breeding of species of, in captivity, ii. 156. Tetrapteryx paradisea, ii. 156. Teucrium campanulatum, pelorism in, ii. 345. TEXAS, feral cattle in, i. 85. THEOGNIS, his notice of the domestic fowl, i. 246. THEOPHRASTUS, his notice of the peach, ii. 308. Thesium, ii. 284. THOMPSON, Mr., on the peach and nectarine, i. 342; on the varieties of the apricot, i. 344; classification of varieties of cherries, i. 347-348; on the "Sister ribston-pippin," i. 350; on the varieties of the gooseberry, i. 354, 355. THOMPSON, William, on the pigeons of Islay, i. 184; feral pigeons in Scotland, i. 190; colour of the bill and legs in geese, i. 288; breeding of Tetrao scotius in captivity, ii. 156; destruction of black-fowls by the osprey, ii. 230. THOMPSON, Prof. W., on the obliquity of the flounder, ii. 53. THORNS, reconversion of, into branches, in pear trees, ii. 318. THORN, grafting of early and late, i. 363; Glastonbury, i. 364. THRUSH, asserted reproduction of the tarsus in a, ii. 15. Thuja pendula or filiformis, a variety of T. orientalis, i. 362. THURET, on the division of the zoospores of an alga, ii. 378. THWAITES, G. H., on the cats of Ceylon, i. 46; on a twin seed of Fuchsia coccinea and fulgens, i. 391. TIBURTIUS, experiments in rearing wild ducks, i. 278. TIGER, rarely fertile in captivity, ii. 150, 151. Tigridia conchiflora, bud-variation in, i. 386. TIME, importance of, in the production of races, ii. 243. TINZMANN, self-impotence in the potato, ii. 137. TISSUES, affinity of, for special organic substances, ii. 380. TITMICE, destructive to thin-shelled walnuts, i. 356; attacking nuts, i. 357; attacking peas, ii. 231. TOBACCO, crossing of varieties of, ii. 108; cultivation of in Sweden, ii. 307. TOBOLSK, red-coloured cats of, i. 47. TOES, relative length of, in fowls, i. 259; development of fifth in dogs, ii. 317. TOLLET, Mr., his selection of cattle, ii. 199. TOMATO, ii. 91. TOMTITS. See Titmice. TONGUE, relation of, to the beak in pigeons, i. 168. TOOTH, occurrence of a molar, in place of an incisor, ii. 391. "TORFSCHWEIN," i. 68. TRAIL, R., on the union of half-tubers of different kinds of potatoes, i. 395. TREES, varieties of, suddenly produced, i. 361; weeping or pendulous, i. 361; fastigate or pyramidal, i. 361; with variegated or changed foliage, i. 362; early or late in leaf, i. 362-363; forest, non-application of selection to, ii. 237. "TREMBLEUR" (pigeons), i. 146. TREMBLEY, on reproduction in Hydra, ii. 359. "TREVOLTINI" silkworms, i. 301-302. Trichosanthes anguina, i. 360. TRICKS, inheritance of, ii. 6-7, 395. Trifolium minus and repens, ii. 164. TRIMORPHIC plants, conditions of reproduction in, ii. 181-184. TRISTRAM, H. B., selection of the dromedary, ii. 205-206. Triticum dicoccum, i. 319. Triticum monococcum, i. 319. Triticum spelta, i. 319. Triticum turgidum, i. 319. Triticum vulgare, wild in Asia, i. 312. {482} TRITON, breeding in the branchiferous stage, ii. 384. "TROMMEL-TAUBE," i. 154. "TRONFO" pigeon, i. 144. Tropaeolum, ii. 38. Tropaeolum minus and majus, reversion in hybrids of, i. 392. TROUBETZKOY, Prince, experiments with pear-trees at Moscow, ii. 307. TROUSSEAU, Prof., pathological resemblance of twins, ii. 252. TRUMPETER pigeon, i. 154; known in 1735, i. 207. TSCHARNER, H. A. de, graft-hybrid produced by inosculation in the vine, i. 395. TSCHUDI, on the naked Peruvian dog, i. 23; extinct varieties of maize from Peruvian tombs, i. 320, ii. 425. TUBERS, bud-variation by, i. 384-385. TUCKERMAN, Mr., sterility of Carex rigida, ii. 170. TUFTED ducks, i. 281. TULIPS, variability of, i. 370; bud-variation in, i. 385-386; influence of soil in "breaking," i. 385. TUMBLER pigeon, i. 150-153; short-faced, figured, i. 152; skull figured, i. 163; lower jaw figured, i. 165; scapula and furcula figured, i. 167; early known in India, i. 207; history of, i. 209; sub-breeds of, i. 220; young unable to break the egg-shell, ii. 226; probable further modification of, ii. 242. "TUEMMLER" (pigeons), i. 150. TUMOURS, ovarian, occurrence of hairs and teeth in, ii. 370; polypoid, origin of, ii. 381. "TUERKISCHE TAUBE," i. 139. TURBIT (pigeon), i. 148. TURKEY, domestic, origin of, i. 292-293; crossing of with North American wild Turkey, i. 292-293; breeds of, i. 293; crested white cock, i. 293; wild, characters of, i. 293-294; degeneration of, in India, i. 294, ii. 278; failure of eggs of, in Delhi, ii. 161; feral on the Parana, i. 190; change produced in by domestication, ii. 262. TURKEY, striped young pigs in, i. 76. TURNER (pigeon), i. 156. TURNER, W., on compensation in arteries and veins, ii. 300; on cells, ii. 370. TURNIPS, origin of, i. 325; reversion in, ii. 31; run wild, ii. 33; crosses of, ii. 93, 96; Swedish, preferred by hares, ii. 232; acclimatisation of, in India, ii. 311. TURNSPIT, on an Egyptian monument, i. 17; crosses of the, ii. 92. TURTLE-DOVE, white and coloured, crossing of, ii. 92. Turtur auritus, hybrids of, with T. cambayensis and T. suratensis, i. 194. Turtur risorius, crossing of, with the common pigeon, i. 193; hybrid of, with T. vulgaris, ibid. Turtur suratensis, sterile hybrids of, with T. vulgaris, i. 193; hybrids of, with T. auritus, i. 194. Turtur vulgaris, crossing of, with the common pigeon, i. 193; hybrid of, with T. risorius, ibid.; sterile hybrids of, with T. suratensis and Ectopistes migratorius, ibid. TUSKS of wild and domesticated pigs, i. 76, 77. Tussilago farfara, variegated, i. 384. TWIN-SEED Fuchsia coccinea and fulgens, i. 391. TYERMAN, B., on the pigs of the Pacific islands, i. 70, ii. 87; on the dogs of the Pacific islands, ii. 87. TYLOR, Mr., on the prohibition of consanguineous marriages, ii. 122-123.

UDDERS, development of the, ii. 300. Ulex, double-flowered, ii. 167. Ulmus campestris and effusa, hybrids of, ii. 130. UNIFORMITY of character, maintained by crossing, ii. 85-90. UNITS of the body, functional independence of the, ii. 368-371. UNITY or plurality of origin of organisms, i. 13. UPAS poison, ii. 380. UREA, secretion of, ii. 380. USE and disuse of parts, effects of, ii. 295-303, 352-353, 418-419; in rabbits, i. 124-128; in ducks, i. 284-286. UTILITY, considerations of, leading to uniformity, ii. 241.

VALENTIN, experimental production of double monsters by, ii. 340. Vallota, ii. 139. VAN BECK, Barbara, a hairy-faced woman, ii. 4. VAN MONS on wild fruit-trees, i. 312, ii. 260; production of varieties of the vine, i. 333; correlated variability in fruit-trees, ii. 330; production of almond-like fruit by peach-seedlings, i. 339. Vanessa, species of, not copulating in captivity, ii. 157. VARIABILITY, i. 4, ii. 371-373, 394-397, 406-420; causes of, ii. 250-270; correlated, ii. 319-338, 353-355, 419-420; law of equable, ii. 351-352; necessity of, for selection, ii. 192; of selected characters, ii. 238-239; of multiple homologous parts, ii. 342. {483} VARIATION, laws of, ii. 293-356; continuity of, ii. 241; possible limitation of, ii. 242, 416-417; in domestic cats, i. 45-48; origin of breeds of cattle by, i. 88; in osteological characters of rabbits, i. 115-130; of important organs, i. 359; analogous or parallel, i. 348-352; in horses, i. 55; in the horse and ass, i. 64; in fowls, i. 243-246; in geese, i. 288; exemplified in the production of fleshy stems in cabbages, &c., i. 326; in the peach, nectarine, and apricot, i. 342, 344; individual, in wheat, i. 314. VARIEGATION of foliage, i. 383, ii. 167-168. VARIETIES and species, resemblance of, i. 4, ii. 411-413; conversion of, into species, i. 5; abnormal, ii. 413; domestic, gradually produced, ii. 414. VARRO, on domestic ducks, i. 277; on feral fowls, ii. 33; crossing of the wild and domestic ass, ii. 206. VASEY, Mr., on the number of sacral vertebrae in ordinary and humped cattle, i. 79; on Hungarian cattle, i. 80. VAUCHER, sterility of Ranunculus ficaria and Acorus calamus, ii. 170. VEGETABLES, cultivated, reversion in, ii. 31-32; European, culture of, in India, ii. 168-169. VEITH, Mr., on breeds of horses, i. 49. Verbascum, intercrossing of species of, i. 336, ii. 93, 105-107; reversion in hybrids of, i. 392; contabescent, wild plants of, ii. 165; villosity in, ii. 277. Verbascum austriacum, ii. 136. Verbascum blattaria, ii. 105-106. Verbascum lychnitis, ii. 105-106, 136. Verbascum nigrum, ii. 136. Verbascum phoeniceum, ii. 107, 137; variable duration of, ii. 305. Verbascum thapsus, ii. 106. VERBENAS, origin of, i. 364; white, liability of, to mildew, ii. 228, 336; scorching of dark, ii. 229, 336; effect of changed conditions of life on, ii. 273. VERLOT, on the darkleaved Barberry, i. 362; inheritance of peculiarities of foliage in trees, i. 362; production of Rosa cannabifolia by bud-variation from R. alba, i. 381; bud-variation in Aralia trifoliata, i. 382; variegation of leaves, i. 383; colours of tulips, i. 386; uncertainty of inheritance, ii. 18; persistency of white flowers, ii. 20; peloric flowers of Linaria, ii. 58; tendency of striped flowers to uniformity of colour, ii. 70; non-intercrossing of certain allied plants, ii. 91; sterility of Primulae with coloured calyces, ii. 166; on fertile proliferous flowers, ibid.; on the Irish yew, ii. 241; differences in the Camellia, ii. 251; effect of soil on the variegated strawberry, ii. 274; correlated variability in plants, ii. 330. Verruca, ii. 53, 400. VERTEBRAE, characters of, in rabbits, i. 120-122; in ducks, i. 283-284; number and variations of, in pigeons, i. 165-166; number and characters of, in fowls, i. 266-268; variability of number of, in the pig, i. 74. VERTUCH, see Putsche. "VERUGAS," ii. 276. VESPUCIUS, early cultivation in Brazil, i. 311. VIBERT'S experiments on the cultivation of the vine from seed, i. 332. Viburnum opulus, ii. 185, 316. Vicia sativa, leaflet converted into a tendril in, ii. 392. VICUNAS, selection of, ii. 207. VILLOSITY of plants, influenced by dryness, ii. 277. VILMORIN, cultivation of the wild carrot, i. 326, ii. 217; colours of tulips, i. 386; uncertainty of inheritance in balsams and roses, ii. 18; experiments with dwarf varieties of Saponaria calabrica and Tagetes signata, ii. 20; reversion of flowers by stripes and blotches, ii. 37; on variability, ii. 262. Vinca minor, sterility in, ii. 170. VINE, i. 332-334; parsley-leaved, reversion of, i. 382; graft-hybrid produced by inosculation in the, i. 395; disease of, influenced by colour of grapes, ii. 228; influence of climate, &c., on varieties of the, ii. 278; diminished extent of cultivation of the, ii. 308; acclimatisation of the, in the West Indies, ii. 313. Viola, species of, i. 368. Viola lutea, different coloured flowers in, i. 408. Viola tricolor, reversion in, ii. 31, 47. VIRCHOW, Prof., blindness occurring in the offspring of consanguineous marriages, ii. 143; on the growth of bones, ii. 294, 381; on cellular prolification, ii. 295; independence of the elements of the body, ii. 369; on the cell-theory, ii. 370; presence of hairs and teeth in ovarian tumours, ii. 370; of hairs in the brain, ii. 391; special affinities of the tissues, ii. 380; origin of polypoid excrescences and tumours, ii. 381. VIRGIL on the selection of seed-corn, i. 318, ii. 203; of cattle and sheep, ii. 202. VIRGINIAN islands, ponies of, i. 52. Virgularia, ii. 378. VISION, hereditary peculiarities of, ii. 8-9; {484} in amphibious animals, ii. 223; varieties of, ii. 300; affections of organs of, correlated with other peculiarities, ii. 328. Vitis vinifera, i. 332-334, 375. Viverra, sterility of species of, in captivity, ii. 151. VOGEL, varieties of the date palm, ii. 256. VOGT, on the indications of stripes on black kittens, ii. 55. VOICE, differences of, in fowls, i. 259; peculiarities of, in ducks, i. 281; inheritance of peculiarities of, ii. 6. VOLZ, on the history of the dog, i. 16; ancient history of the fowl, i. 246; domestic ducks unknown to Aristotle, i. 277; Indian cattle sent to Macedonia by Alexander, ii. 202; mention of mules in the Bible, ii. 202; history of the increase of breeds, ii. 244. VON BERG on Verbascum phoeniceum, ii. 305. VOORHELM, G., his knowledge of hyacinths, i. 371, ii. 251. VROLIK, Prof., on polydactylism, ii. 12; on double monsters, ii. 340; influence of the shape of the mother's pelvis on her child's head, ii. 344.

WADERS, behaviour of, in confinement, ii. 156. WAHLENBERG, on the propagation of Alpine plants by buds, runners, bulbs, &c., ii. 169. "WAHLVERWANDTSCHAFT" of Gaertner, ii. 180. WALES, white cattle of, in the 10th century, i. 85. WALKER, A., on intermarriage, i. 404; on the inheritance of polydactylism, ii. 13. WALKER, D., advantage of change of soil to wheat, ii. 146. WALLACE, A. R., on a striped Javanese horse, i. 59; on the conditions of life of feral animals, ii. 32; artificial alteration of the plumage of birds, ii. 280; on polymorphic butterflies, ii. 399-400; on reversion, ii. 415; on the limit of change, ii. 417. WALLACE, Dr., on the sterility of Sphingidae hatched in autumn, ii. 158. WALLACHIAN sheep, sexual peculiarities in the horns of, i. 96. WALLFLOWER, bud-variation in, i. 382. WALLICH, Dr., on Thuja pendula or filiformis, i. 362. WALNUTS, i. 356-357; thin-shelled, attacked by tomtits, ii. 231; grafting of, ii. 259. WALSH, B. D., on galls, ii. 282, 283; his "Law of equable variability," ii. 351-352. WALTHER, F. L., on the history of the dog, i. 16; on the intercrossing of the zebu and ordinary cattle, i. 83. WARING, Mr., on individual sterility, ii. 162. WART hog, i. 76. WATERER, Mr., spontaneous production of Cytisus alpino-laburnum, i. 390. WATER melon, i. 357. WATERHOUSE, G. R., on the winter-colouring of Lepus variabilis, i. 111. WATERTON, C., production of tailless foals, i. 53; on taming wild ducks, i. 278; on the wildness of half-bred wild ducks, ii. 45; assumption of male characters by a hen, ii. 51. WATSON, H. C., on British wild fruit-trees, i. 312; on the non-variation of weeds, i. 317; origin of the plum, i. 345; variation in Pyrus malus, i. 348; on Viola amoena and tricolor, i. 368; on reversion in Scotch kail, ii. 32; fertility of Draba sylvestris when cultivated, ii. 163; on generally distributed British plants, ii. 285. WATTLES, rudimentary, in some fowls, ii. 315. WATTS, Miss, on Sultan fowls, i. 228. WEBB, James, interbreeding of sheep, ii. 120. WEBER, effect of the shape of the mother's pelvis on her child's head, ii. 344. WEEDS, supposed necessity for their modification, coincidently with cultivated plants, i. 317. WEEPING varieties of trees, i. 361. WEEPING habit of trees, capricious inheritance of, ii. 18-19. WEEVIL, injury done to stone-fruit by, in North America, ii. 231. WELSH cattle, descended from Bos longifrons, i. 81. WEST Indies, feral pigs of, i. 77; effect of climate of, upon sheep, i. 98. WESTERN, Lord, change effected by, in the sheep, ii. 198. WESTPHALIA, striped young pigs in, i. 76. WESTWOOD, J. O., on peloric flowers of Calceolaria, ii. 346. WHATELY, Archbishop, on grafting early and late thorns, i. 363. WHEAT, specific unity or diversity of, i. 312-313, 316-317; Hasora, i. 313; presence or absence of barbs in, i. 314; Godron on variations in, ibid.; varieties of, i. 314-315; effects of soil and climate on, i. 316; deterioration of, ibid.; crossing of varieties of, ibid., ii. 96, 104-105, 130; in the Swiss lake-dwellings, i. 317-319; selection applied to, i. 318, ii. 200; increased fertility of hybrids of, with Aegilops, ii. 110; advantage of change of soil to, ii. 146; {485} differences of, in various parts of India, ii. 165; continuous variation in, ii. 200; red, hardiness of, ii. 229, 336; Fenton, ii. 232; natural selection in, ii. 233; varieties of, found wild, ii. 260; effects of change of climate on, ii. 307; ancient variety of, ii. 429. WHITBY, Mrs., on the markings of silkworms, i. 302; on the silkmoth, i. 303. WHITE, Mr., reproduction of supernumerary digits after amputation, ii. 14; time occupied in the blending of crossed races, ii. 87. WHITE, Gilbert, vegetable diet of dogs, ii. 303. WHITE and white-spotted animals, liability of, to disease, ii. 336-337. WHITE flowers, most truly reproduced by seed, ii. 20. WICHURA, Max, on hybrid willows, ii. 50, 131, 267; analogy between the pollen of old-cultivated plants, and of hybrids, ii. 268. WICKING, Mr., inheritance of the primary characters of Columba livia in cross-bred pigeons, i. 201; production of a white head in almond tumblers, ii. 199. WICKSTED, Mr., on cases of individual sterility, ii. 162. WIEGMANN, spontaneous crossing of blue and white peas, i. 397; crossing of varieties of cabbage, ii. 130; on contabescence, ii. 165. WIGHT, Dr., sexual sterility of plants propagated by buds, &c., ii. 169. WILDE, Sir W. R., occurrence of Bos frontosus and longifrons in Irish crannoges, i. 81; attention paid to breeds of animals by the ancient Irish, ii. 203. WILDMAN, on the dahlia, ii. 216, 273. WILDNESS of the progeny of crossed tame animals, ii. 44-46. WILKES, Capt., on the taming of pigeons among the Polynesians, ii. 161. WILKINSON, J., on crossed cattle, ii. 104. WILLIAMS, Mr., change of plumage in a Hamburgh hen, i. 258. WILLIAMS, Mr., intercrossing of strawberries, i. 352. WILLIAMSON, Capt., degeneration of dogs in India, i. 37; on small Indian asses, i. 62. WILLIAMSON, Rev. W., doubling of Anemone coronaria by selection, ii. 200. WILLOWS, weeping, i. 361; reversion of spiral-leaved weeping, i. 383; hybrids of, ii. 267; galls of, ii. 282-283. WILLOUGHBY, F., notice of spot pigeons, i. 156; on a fantail pigeon, i. 208; on tumbler pigeons, i. 209; on the turbit, i. 209; on the barb and carrier pigeons, i. 211; on the hook-billed duck, i. 277. WILMOT, Mr., on a crested white Turkey cock, i. 293; reversion of sheep in colour, ii. 30. WILSON, B. O., fertility of hybrids of humped and ordinary cattle in Tasmania, i. 83. WILSON, Dr., prepotency of the Manx over the common cat, ii. 66. WILSON, James, origin of dogs, i. 16. WILSON, Mr., on prepotency of transmission in sheep, ii. 69; on the breeding of bulls, ii. 196. WINGS, proportionate length of, in different breeds of pigeons, i. 175-176; of fowls, effects of disuse on, i. 270-272; characters and variations of, in ducks, i. 284-286; diminution of, in birds of small islands, i. 286-287. WING-FEATHERS, number of, in pigeons, i. 159; variability of, in fowls, i. 258. WOLF, recent existence of, in Ireland, i. 16; barking of young, i. 27; hybrids of, with the dog, i. 32. WOLF-DOG, black, of Florida, i. 22. WOLVES, North American, their resemblance to dogs of the same region, i. 21-22; burrowing of, i. 27. WOODBURY, Mr., crossing of the Ligurian and common hive bees, i. 299, ii. 126; variability of bees, i. 298. WOODWARD, S. P., on Arctic Mollusca, ii. 256. WOOD, Willoughby, on Mr. Bates' cattle, ii. 118. WOOLER, W. A., on the young of the Himalayan rabbit, i. 109; persistency of the coloured calyx in a crossed Polyanthus, i. 365. WORRARA poison, ii. 380. WOUNDS, healing of, ii. 294. WRIGHT, J., production of crippled calves by shorthorned cattle, ii. 118; on selection in cattle, ii. 194; effect of close interbreeding on pigs, ii. 121-122; deterioration of game cocks by close interbreeding, ii. 124. WRIGHT, Strethill, on the development of the hydroida, ii. 368. WYMAN, Dr., on Niata cattle, and on a similar malformation in the codfish, i. 89; on Virginian pigs, ii. 227.

XENOPHON, on the colours of hunting dogs, ii. 209. XIMENES, Cardinal, regulations for the selection of rams, ii. 204.

"YAHOO," the name of the pigeon in Persia, i. 155. YAKS, domestication of, i. 82; selection of white-tailed, ii. 206, 209. {486} YAM, development of axillary bulbs in the, ii. 169. YARRELL, Mr., deficiency of teeth in hairless dogs, i. 34, ii. 326; on ducks, i. 279, ii. 262; characters of domestic goose, resembling those of Anser albifrons, i. 288; whiteness of ganders, i. 288; variations in goldfish, i. 296-297; assumption of male plumage by the hen-pheasant, ii. 51; effect of castration upon the cock, ii. 51-52; breeding of the skylark in captivity, ii. 154; plumage of the male linnet in confinement, ii. 158; on the dingo, ii. 263. YELLOW fever, in Mexico, ii. 276. YEW, fastigate, ii. 241. YEW, Irish, hardy in New York, ii. 309. YEW, weeping, i. 361; propagation of, by seed, ii. 18-19. YOLK, variations of, in the eggs of ducks, i. 281. YOUATT, Mr., history of the dog, i. 16-17; variations of the pulse in breeds of dogs, i. 35; liability to disease in dogs, i. 35, ii. 227; inheritance of goitre in dogs, ii. 10; on the greyhound, i. 34, 41; on King Charles' spaniels, i. 41; on the setter, i. 41; on breeds of horses, i. 49; variation in the number of ribs in the horse, i. 50; inheritance of diseases in the horse, ii. 10, 11; introduction of Eastern blood into English horses, ii. 212-213; on white Welsh cattle, i. 85, ii. 209; improvement of British breeds of cattle, i. 93; rudiments of horns in young hornless cattle, ii. 55, 315; on crossed cattle, ii. 104, 119; on Bakewell's long-horned cattle, ii. 118; selection of qualities in cattle, ii. 196; degeneration of cattle by neglect, ii. 239; on the skull in hornless cattle, ii. 333; disease of white parts of cattle, ii. 337; displacement of long-horned by short-horned cattle, ii. 426; on Angola sheep, i. 95; on the fleece of sheep, i. 99; correlation of horns and fleece in sheep, i. 95; adaptation of breeds of sheep to climate and pasture, i. 96; horns of Wallachian sheep, i. 96; exotic sheep in the Zoological Gardens, i. 96-97, ii. 305; occurrence of horns in hornless breeds of sheep, ii. 30; on the colour of sheep, ii. 30; on interbreeding sheep, ii. 120; on Merino rams in Germany, ii. 196; effect of unconscious selection on sheep, ii. 213; reversion of Leicester sheep on the Lammermuir Hills, ii. 224; on many-horned sheep, ii. 326; reduction of bone in sheep, ii. 242; persistency of character in breeds of animals in mountainous countries, ii. 64; on interbreeding, ii. 116; on the power of selection, ii. 194-195; slowness of production of breeds, ii. 244; passages in the Bible relating to the breeding of animals, ii. 201-202. YOUNG, J., on the Belgian rabbit, i. 106. YULE, Capt., on a Burmese hairy family, ii. 77, 327.

ZAMBESI, striped young pigs on the, i. 77. ZAMBOS, character of the, ii. 47. ZANO, J. G., introduction of rabbits into Porto Santo by, i. 112. Zea Mays, i. 320. ZEBU, i. 79; domestication of the, i. 82; fertile crossing of, with European cattle, i. 83, ii. 110. ZEBRA, hybrids of, with the ass and mare, ii. 42. Zephyranthes candida, ii. 164. Zinnia, cultivation of, ii. 261. ZOLLINGER on Malayan penguin ducks, i. 280. ZOOSPORE, division of, in Algae, ii. 378. "ZOPF-TAUBE," i. 154.

THE END.

LONDON: PRINTED BY W. CLOWES AND SONS, DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING CROSS.

* * * * *

NOTES

[1] 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., 1855, p. 267.

[2] Mr. Buckle, in his grand work on 'Civilisation,' expresses doubts on the subject owing to the want of statistics. See also Mr. Bowen, Professor of Moral Philosophy, in 'Proc. American Acad. of Sciences,' vol. v. p. 102

[3] For greyhounds, see Low's 'Domest. Animals of the British Islands,' 1845, p. 721. For game-fowls, see 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 123. For pigs, see Mr. Sidney's edit. of 'Youatt on the Pig,' 1860, pp. 11, 22.

[4] 'The Stud Farm,' by Cecil, p. 39.

[5] 'Philosophical Transactions,' 1755, p. 23. I have seen only second-hand accounts of the two grandsons. Mr. Sedgwick, in a paper to which I shall hereafter often refer, states that four generations were affected, and in each the males alone.

[6] Barbara Van Beck, figured, as I am informed by the Rev. W. D. Fox, in Woodburn's 'Gallery of Rare Portraits,' 1816, vol. ii.

[7] 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1833, p. 16

[8] Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., 1828, s. 34. Report by Pariset in 'Comptes Rendus,' 1847, p. 592.

[9] Hunter, as quoted in Harlan's 'Med. Researches,' p. 530. Sir A. Carlisle, 'Phil. Transact.,' 1814, p. 94.

[10] Girou de Buzareignues, 'De la Generation,' p. 282.

[11] 'Macmillan's Magazine,' July and August, 1865.

[12] The works which I have read and found most useful are Dr. Prosper Lucas's great work, 'Traite de l'Heredite Naturelle,' 1847. Mr. W. Sedgwick, in 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April and July, 1861, and April and July, 1863: Dr. Garrod on Gout is quoted in these articles. Sir Henry Holland, 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., 1855. Piorry, 'De l'Heredite dans les Maladies,' 1840. Adams, 'A Philosophical Treatise on Hereditary Peculiarities,' 2nd edit., 1815. Essay on 'Hereditary Diseases,' by Dr. J. Steinan, 1843. See Paget, in 'Medical Times,' 1857, p. 192, on the Inheritance of Cancer; Dr. Gould, in 'Proc. of American Acad. of Sciences,' Nov. 8, 1853, gives a curious case of hereditary bleeding in four generations. Harlan, 'Medical Researches,' p. 593.

[13] Marshall, quoted by Youatt in his work on Cattle, p. 284.

[14] 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1814, p. 94.

[15] 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., p. 33.

[16] This affection, as I hear from Mr. Bowman, has been ably described and spoken of as hereditary by Dr. Dondera, of Utrecht, whose work was published in English by the Sydenham Society in 1864.

[17] Quoted by Mr. Herbert Spencer, 'Principles of Biology,' vol. i. p. 244.

[18] 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review, 'April, 1861, p. 482-6; 'l'Hered. Nat.,' tom. i. pp. 391-408.

[19] Dr. Osborne, Pres. of Royal College of Phys. in Ireland, published this case in the 'Dublin Medical Journal' for 1835.

[20] These various statements are taken from the following works and papers:—Youatt on 'The Horse,' pp. 35, 220. Lawrence, 'The Horse,' p. 30. Karkeek, in an excellent paper in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1853, p. 92. Mr. Burke, in 'Journal of R. Agricul. Soc. of England,' vol. v. p. 511. 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 279. Girou de Buzareignues, 'Philosoph. Phys.,' p. 215. See following papers in 'The Veterinary:' Roberts, in vol. ii. p. 144; M. Marrimpoey, vol. ii. p. 387; Mr. Karkeek, vol. iv. p. 5; Youatt on Goitre in Dogs, vol. v. p. 483; Youatt, in vol. vi. pp. 66, 348, 412; M. Bernard, vol. xi. p. 539; Dr. Samesreuther, on Cattle, in vol. xii. p. 181; Percivall, in vol. xiii. p. 47. With respect to blindness in horses, see also a whole row of authorities in Dr. P. Lucas's great work, tom. i. p. 399. Mr. Baker, in 'The Veterinary,' vol. xiii. p. 721, gives a strong case of hereditary imperfect vision and of jibbing.

[21] Knight on 'The Culture of the Apple and Pear,' p. 31. Lindley's 'Horticulture,' p. 180.

[22] These statements are taken from the following works in order:—Youatt on 'The Horse,' p. 48; Mr. Darvill, in 'The Veterinary,' vol. viii. p. 50. With respect to Robson, see 'The Veterinary,' vol. iii. p. 580; Mr. Lawrence on 'The Horse,' 1829, p. 9; 'The Stud Farm,' by Cecil, 1851; Baron Cameronn, quoted in 'The Veterinary,' vol x. p. 500.

[23] 'Recreations in Agriculture and Nat. Hist.,' vol. i. p. 68.

[24] 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., 1828, s. 107.

[25] Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' band ii. s. 132.

[26] Vrolik has discussed this point at full length in a work published in Dutch, from which Mr. Paget has kindly translated for me passages. See, also, Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire's 'Hist. des Anomalies,' 1832, tom. i. p. 684.

[27] 'Edinburgh New Phil. Journal,' July, 1863.

[28] Some great anatomists, as Cuvier and Meckel, believe that the tubercle one side of the hinder foot of the tailless Batrachians represents a sixth digit. Certainly, when the hinder foot of a toad, as soon as it first sprouts from the tadpole, is dissected, the partially ossified cartilage of this tubercle resembles under the microscope, in a remarkable manner, a digit. But the highest authority on such subjects, Gegenbaur (Untersuchung. zur vergleich. anat. der Wirbelthiere: Carpus et Tarsus, 1864, s. 63), concludes that this resemblance is not real, only superficial.

[29] For these several statements, see Dr. Struthers, in work cited, especially on intermissions in the line of descent. Prof. Huxley, 'Lectures on our Knowledge of Organic Nature,' 1863, p. 97. With respect to inheritance, see Dr. Prosper Lucas, 'L'Heredite Nat.,' tom. i. p. 325. Isid. Geoffroy, 'Anom.,' tom. i. p. 701. Sir A. Carlisle, in 'Phil. Transact.,' 1814, p. 94. A. Walker, on 'Intermarriage,' 1838, p. 140, gives a case of five generations; as does Mr. Sedgwick, in 'Brit. and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1863, p. 462. On the inheritance of other anomalies in the extremities, see Dr. H. Dobell, in vol. xlvi. of 'Medico-Chirurg. Transactions,' 1863; also Mr. Sedgwick, in op. cit., April, 1863, p. 460. With respect to additional digits in the negro, see Prichard, 'Physical History of Mankind.' Dr. Dieffenbach ('Journ. Royal Geograph. Soc.,' 1841, p. 208) says this anomaly is not uncommon with the Polynesians of the Chatham Islands.

[30] 'The Poultry Chronicle,' 1854, p. 559.

[31] The statements in this paragraph are taken from Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. i. pp. 688-693.

[32] As quoted by Carpenter, 'Princ. of Comp. Physiology,' 1854, p. 480.

[33] Mueller's 'Phys.,' Eng. translat., vol. i. 1838, p. 407. A thrush, however, was exhibited before the British Association at Hull, in 1853, which had lost its tarsus, and this member, it was asserted, had been thrice reproduced: I presume it was lost each time by disease.

[34] 'Monthly Journal of Medical Science,' Edinburgh, 1848, new series, vol. ii. p. 890.

[35] 'An Essay on Animal Reproduction,' trans. by Dr. Maty, 1769, p. 79.

[36] Bonnet, 'Oeuvres d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. v., part i., 4to. edit., 1781, pp. 343, 350, 353.

[37] So with insects, the larvae reproduce lost limbs, but, except in one order, the mature insect has no such power. But the Myriapoda, which apparently represent the larvae of true insects, have, as Newport has shown, this power until their last moult. See an excellent discussion on this whole subject by Dr. Carpenter in his 'Princ. Comp. Phys.,' 1854, p. 479.

[38] Dr. Guenther, in Owen's 'Anatomy of Vertebrates,' vol. i., 1866, p. 567. Spallanzani has made similar observations.

[39] 'On the Anatomy of Vertebrates,' 1866, p. 170: with respect to the pectoral fins of fishes, pp. 166-168.

[40] 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 1839, pp. 24, 34. See, also, Dr. P. Lucas, 'l'Hered. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 33.

[41] 'Du Danger des Mariages Consanguins,' 2nd edit., 1862, p. 103.

[42] 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' July, 1863, pp. 183, 189.

[43] Verlot, 'La Production des Varietes,' 1865, p. 32.

[44] Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. xii., 1836, p. 368.

[45] Verlot, 'La Product. des Varietes,' 1865, p. 94.

[46] Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 121.

[47] Rev. W. A. Leighton, 'Flora of Shropshire,' p. 497; and Charlesworth's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i, 1837, p. 30.

[48] Verlot, op. cit., p. 93.

[49] For these several statements, see Loudon's 'Gard. Magazine,' vol. x., 1834, pp. 408, 180; and vol. ix., 1833, p. 597.

[50] These statements are taken from Alph. De Candolle, 'Bot. Geograph.,' p. 1083.

[51] Verlot, op. cit., p. 38.

[52] Op. cit., p. 59.

[53] Alph. De Candolle, 'Geograph. Bot.,' p. 1082.

[54] See 'Cottage Gardener,' April 10, 1860, p. 18, and Sept. 10, 1861, p. 456; 'Gard. Chron.,' 1845, p. 102.

[55] Darwin, in 'Journal of Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot.,' 1862, p. 94.

[56] Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., s. 10.

[57] Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' b. iv. s. 462. Mr. Brent, a great breeder of canaries, informs me that he believes that these statements are correct.

[58] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 245.

[59] 'British and Foreign Med.-Chirurg. Review,' July, 1861, pp. 200-204. Mr. Sedgwick has given such full details on this subject, with ample references, that I need refer to no other authorities.

[60] 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii., 1859, p. 299.

[61] 'Philosoph. Magazine,' vol. iv., 1799, p. 5.

[62] This last case is quoted by Mr. Sedgwick in 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1861, p. 484. For Blumenbach, see above-cited paper. See, also, Dr. P. Lucas, 'Traite de l'Hered. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 492. Also 'Transact. Lin. Soc.,' vol. ix. p. 323. Some curious cases are given by Mr. Baker in 'The Veterinary,' vol. xiii. p. 723. Another curious case is given in the 'Annales des Scienc. Nat.,' 1st series, tom. xi. p. 324.

[63] 'Proc. Royal Soc.,' vol. x. p. 297.

[64] Mr. Sproule, in 'British Medical Journal,' April 18, 1863.

[65] Downing, 'Fruits of America,' p. 5; Sageret, 'Pom. Phys.,' pp. 43, 72.

[66] Youatt on Sheep, pp. 20, 234. The same fact of loose horns occasionally appearing in hornless breeds has been observed in Germany: Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' b. i. s. 362.

[67] Youatt on Cattle, pp. 155, 174.

[68] Youatt on Sheep, 1838, pp. 17, 145.

[69] I have been informed of this fact through the Rev. W. D. Fox, on the excellent authority of Mr. Wilmot: see, also, remarks on this subject in an original article in the 'Quarterly Review,' 1849, p. 395.

[70] Youatt, pp. 19, 234.

[71] 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 231.

[72] Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. x., 1834, p. 396: a nurseryman, with much experience on this subject, has likewise assured me that this sometimes occurs.

[73] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1855, p. 777.

[74] Ibid., 1862, p. 721.

[75] See some excellent remarks on this subject by Mr. Wallace, 'Journal Proc. Linn. Soc.,' 1858, vol. iii. p. 60.

[76] Dureau de la Malle, in 'Comptes Rendus,' tom. xli., 1855, p. 807. From the statements above given, the author concludes that the wild pigs of Louisiana are not descended from the European Sus scrofa.

[77] Capt. W. Allen, in his 'Expedition to the Niger,' states that fowls have run wild on the island of Annobon, and have become modified in form and voice. The account is so meagre and vague that it did not appear to me worth copying; but I now find that Dureau de la Malle ('Comptes Rendus,' tom. xli., 1855, p. 690) advances this as a good instance of reversion to the primitive stock, and as confirmatory of a still more vague statement in classical times by Varro.

[78] 'Flora of Australia,' 1859, Introduct., p. ix.

[79] 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. pp. 54, 58, 60.

[80] Mr. Sedgwick gives many instances in the 'British and Foreign Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April and July, 1863, pp. 448, 188.

[81] In his edit. of 'Youatt on the Pig,' 1860, p. 27.

[82] Dr. P. Lucas, 'Hered. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 314, 892: see a good practical article on this subject in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1856, p. 620. I could add a vast number of references, but they would be superfluous.

[83] Koelreuter gives cases in his 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' 1766, s. 53, 59; and in his well-known 'Memoirs on Lavatera and Jalapa.' Gaertner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 437, 441, &c. Naudin, in his 'Recherches sur l'Hybridite, Nouvelles Archives du Museum,' tom. i. p. 25.

[84] Quoted by Mr. Sedgwick in 'Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1861, p. 485. Dr. H. Dobell, in 'Med.-Chirurg. Transactions,' vol. xlvi., gives an analogous case, in which, in a large family, fingers with thickened joints were transmitted to several members during five generations; but when the blemish once disappeared it never reappeared.

[85] Verlot, 'Des Varietes,' 1865, p. 63.

[86] 'Nouvelles Archives du Museum,' tom. i. p. 25. Alex. Braun (in his 'Rejuvenescence,' Ray Soc., 1853, p. 315) apparently holds a similar opinion.

[87] Mr. Teebay, in 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 72.

[88] Quoted by Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., s. 98.

[89] 'Essais Hist. Nat. du Paraguay,' tom. ii. 1801, p. 372.

[90] These facts are given on the high authority of Mr. Hewitt, in 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 248.

[91] 'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 97.

[92] 'Gardener's Chron. and Agricultural Gazette,' 1866, p. 528.

[93] Ibid., 1860, p. 343.

[94] Sclater, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1862, p. 163.

[95] 'History of the Horse,' p. 212.

[96] 'Mem. presentes par divers Savans a l'Acad. Royale,' tom. vi. 1835, p. 338.

[97] 'Letters from Alabama,' 1859, p. 280.

[98] 'Hist. Nat. des Mammiferes,' 1820, tom. i.

[99] 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1821, p. 20.

[100] Sclater, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1862, p. 163: this species is the Ghor-Khur of N.W. India, and has often been called the Hemionus of Pallas. See, also, Mr. Blyth's excellent paper in 'Journ. of Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' vol. xxviii., 1860, p. 229.

[101] Another species of wild ass, the true A. hemionus or Kiang, which ordinarily has no shoulder-stripes, is said occasionally to have them; and these, as with the horse and ass, are sometimes double: see Mr. Blyth, in the paper just quoted, and in 'Indian Sporting Review,' 1856, p. 320; and Col. Hamilton Smith, in 'Nat. Library, Horses,' p. 318; and 'Dict. Class. d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. iii. p. 563.

[102] Figured in the 'Gleanings from the Knowsley Menageries,' by Dr. J. E. Gray.

[103] Cases of both Spanish and Polish hens sitting are given in the 'Poultry Chronicle,' 1855, vol. iii. p. 477.

[104] 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, pp. 119, 163. The author, who remarks on the two negatives ('Journ. of Hort.,' 1862, p. 325), states that two broods were raised from a Spanish cock and Silver-pencilled Hamburgh hen, neither of which are incubators, and no less than seven out of eight hens in these two broods "showed a perfect obstinacy in sitting." The Rev. E. S. Dixon ('Ornamental Poultry,' 1848, p. 200) says that chickens reared from a cross between Golden and Black Polish fowls, are "good and steady birds to sit." Mr. B. P. Brent informs me that he raised some good sitting hens by crossing Pencilled Hamburgh and Polish breeds. A cross-bred bird from a Spanish non-incubating cock and Cochin incubating hen is mentioned in the 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. iii. p. 13, as an "exemplary mother." On the other hand, an exceptional case is given in the 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 388, of a hen raised from a Spanish cock and black Polish hen which did not incubate.

[105] 'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, pp. 165, 167.

[106] 'Natural History Review,' 1863, April, p. 277.

[107] 'Essays on Natural History,' p. 197.

[108] As stated by Mr. Orton, in his 'Physiology of Breeding,' p. 12.

[109] M. E. de Selys-Longchamps refers ('Bulletin Acad. Roy. de Bruxelles,' tom. xii. No. 10) to more than seven of these hybrids shot in Switzerland and France. M. Deby asserts ('Zoologist,' vol. v., 1845-46, p. 1254) that several have been shot in various parts of Belgium and Northern France. Audubon ('Ornitholog. Biography,' vol. iii. p. 168), speaking of these hybrids, says that, in North America, they "now and then wander off and become quite wild."

[110] 'Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 71.

[111] 'Expedition to the Zambesi,' 1865, pp. 25, 150.

[112] Dr. P. Broca, on 'Hybridity in the Genus Homo,' Eng. translat., 1864, p. 39.

[113] 'Nouvelles Archives du Museum,' tom. i. p. 151.

[114] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 582, 438, &c.

[115] 'Die Bastardbefruchtung ... der Weiden,' 1865, s. 23. For Gaertner's remarks on this head, see 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 474, 582.

[116] Yarrell, 'Phil. Transact.,' 1827, p. 268; Dr. Hamilton, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1862, p. 23.

[117] 'Archiv. Skand. Beitraege zur Naturgesch.,' viii. s. 397-413.

[118] In his 'Essays on Nat. Hist.,' 1838. Mr. Hewitt gives analogous cases with hen-pheasants in 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 12, 1864, p. 37. Isidore Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, in his 'Essais de Zoolog. Gen.' (suites a Buffon, 1842, pp. 496-513), has collected such cases in ten different kinds of birds. It appears that Aristotle was well aware of the change in mental disposition in old hens. The case of the female deer acquiring horns is given at p. 513.

[119] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 379.

[120] 'Art de faire Eclorre,' &c., 1749, tom. ii. p. 8.

[121] Sir H. Holland, 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., 1855, p. 31.

[122] Prof. Thomson on Steenstrup's Views on the Obliquity of Flounders: 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' May, 1865, p. 361.

[123] Dr. E. von Martens, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' March, 1866, p. 209.

[124] Darwin, 'Balanidae,' Ray Soc., 1854, p. 499: see also the appended remarks on the apparently capricious development of the thoracic limbs on the right and left sides in the higher crustaceans.

[125] Mormodes ignea: Darwin, 'Fertilization of Orchids,' 1862, p. 251.

[126] 'Journal of Horticulture,' July, 1864, p. 38. I have had the opportunity of examining these remarkable feathers through the kindness of Mr. Tegetmeier.

[127] 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 241.

[128] Carl Vogt, 'Lectures on Man,' Eng. translat., 1864, p. 411.

[129] On Cattle, p. 174.

[130] Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 353. With respect to the mammae in women, see tom. i. p. 710.

[131] 'Natural Hist. Review,' April, 1863, p. 258. See also his Lecture, Royal Institution, March 16, 1860. On same subject, see Moquin-Tandon, 'Elements de Teratologie,' 1841, pp. 184, 352.

[132] Verlot, 'Des Varietes,' 1865, p. 89; Naudin, 'Nouvelles Archives du Museum,' tom. i. p. 137.

[133] In his discussion on some curious peloric calceolarias, quoted in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 24, 1863, p. 152.

[134] For other cases of six divisions in peloric flowers of the Labiatae and Scrophulariaceae, see Moquin-Tandon, 'Teratologie,' p. 192.

[135] Moquin-Tandon, 'Teratologie,' p. 186.

[136] See Youatt on Cattle, pp. 92, 69, 78, 88, 163: also Youatt on Sheep, p. 325. Also Dr. Lucas, 'L'Hered. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 310.

[137] 'Hered. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 112-120.

[138] Sir H. Holland, 'Chapters on Mental Physiology,' 1852, p. 234.

[139] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 270.

[140] Mr. N. H. Smith, Observations on Breeding, quoted in 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 278.

[141] Quoted by Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 170. See Sturm, 'Ueber Racen,' 1825, s. 104-107. For the niata cattle, see my 'Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 146.

[142] Lucas, 'l'Heredite Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 112.

[143] Mr. Orton, 'Physiology of Breeding,' 1855, p. 9.

[144] Boitard and Corbie, 'Les Pigeons,' 1824, p. 224.

[145] 'Les Pigeons, pp. 168, 198.

[146] 'Das Ganze,' &c., 1837, s. 39.

[147] 'The Pigeon Book,' p. 46.

[148] 'Physiology of Breeding,' p.22; Mr. Hewitt, in 'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 224.

[149] Boitard and Corbie, 'Les Pigeons,' 1824, p. 226.

[150] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 256, 290, &c. Naudin ('Nouvelles Archives du Museum,' tom. i. p. 149) gives a striking instance of prepotency in Datura stramonium when crossed with two other species.

[151] Flourens, 'Longevite Humaine,' p. 144, on crossed jackals. With respect to the difference between the mule and the hinny, I am aware that this has generally been attributed to the sire and dam transmitting their characters differently; but Colin, who has given in his 'Traite Phys. Comp.,' tom. ii. pp. 537-539, the fullest description which I have met with of these reciprocal hybrids, is strongly of opinion that the ass preponderates in both crosses, but in an unequal degree. This is likewise the conclusion of Flourens, and of Bechstein in his 'Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,' b. i. s. 294. The tail of the hinny is much more like that of the horse than is the tail of the mule, and this is generally accounted for by the males of both species transmitting with greater power this part of their structure; but a compound hybrid which I saw in the Zoological Gardens, from a mare by a hybrid ass-zebra, closely resembled its mother in its tail.

[152] Mr. Hewitt, who has had such great experience in raising these hybrids, says ('Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, pp. 165-167) that in all, the head was destitute of wattles, comb, and ear-lappets; and all closely resembled the pheasant in the shape of the tail and general contour of the body. These hybrids were raised from hens of several breeds by a cock-pheasant; but another hybrid, described by Mr. Hewitt, was raised from a hen-pheasant by a silver-laced Bantam cock, and this possessed a rudimental comb and wattles.

[153] 'L'Hered. Nat.,' tom. ii. book ii. ch. i.

[154] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 264-266. Naudin ('Nouvelles Archives du Museum,' tom. i. p. 148) has arrived at a similar conclusion.

[155] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, pp. 101, 137.

[156] See some remarks on this head with respect to sheep by Mr. Wilson, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1863, p. 15.

[157] Verlot, 'Des Varietes,' 1865, p. 66.

[158] Moquin-Tandon, 'Teratologie,' p. 191.

[159] 'Nouvelles Archives du Museum,' tom. i. p. 137.

[160] 'L'Hered. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 137-165. See, also, Mr. Sedgwick's four memoirs, immediately to be referred to.

[161] On Sexual Limitation in Hereditary Diseases, 'Brit. and For. Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1861, p. 477; July, p. 198; April, 1863, p. 44; and July, p. 159.

[162] W. Scrope, 'Art of Deer Stalking,' p. 354.

[163] Boitard and Corbie, 'Les Pigeons,' p. 173; Dr. F. Chapuis, 'Le Pigeon Voyageur Belge,' 1865, p. 87.

[164] Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 349.

[165] 'Embassy to the Court of Ava,' vol. i. p. 320. The third generation is described by Capt. Yule in his 'Narrative of the Mission to the Court of Ava,' 1855, p. 94.

[166] 'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht,' 1837, s. 21, tab. i., fig. 4; s. 24, tab. iv., fig. 2.

[167] Kidd's 'Treatise on the Canary,' p. 18.

[168] Charlesworth, 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i., 1837, p. 167.

[169] Dr. Prosper Lucas, 'Hered. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 713.

[170] 'L'Hered. dans les Maladies,' 1840, p. 135. For Hunter, see Harlan's 'Med. Researches,' p. 530.

[171] 'L'Hered. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 850.

[172] Sedgwick, 'Brit. and For. Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April 1861, p. 485. I have seen three accounts, all taken from the same original authority (which I have not been able to consult), and all differ in the details! but as they agree in the main facts, I have ventured to quote this case.

[173] Prosper Lucas, 'Hered. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 400.

[174] Sedgwick, idem, July, 1861, p. 202.

[175] Piorry, p. 109; Prosper Lucas, tom. ii. p. 759.

[176] Prosper Lucas, tom. ii. p. 748.

[177] Prosper Lucas, tom. ii. pp. 678, 700, 702; Sedgwick, idem, April, 1863, p. 449, and July, 1863, p. 162; Dr. J. Steinan, 'Essay on Hereditary Disease,' 1843, pp. 27, 34.

[178] These cases are given by Mr. Sedgwick, on the authority of Dr. H. Stewart, in 'Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1863, pp. 449, 477.

[179] 'Hered. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 852.

[180] Communications to the Board of Agriculture, vol. i. p. 367.

[181] 'Review of Reports, North of England,' 1808, p. 200.

[182] 'Saeugethiere von Paraguay,' 1830, s. 212.

[183] Rengger, 'Saeugethiere,' &c., s. 154.

[184] White, 'Regular Gradation in Man,' p. 146.

[185] Dr. W. F. Edwards, in his 'Characteres Physiolog. des Races Humaines,' p. 23, first called attention to this subject, and ably discussed it.

[186] Rev. D. Tyerman, and Bennett, 'Journal of Voyages,' 1821-1829, vol. i. p. 300.

[187] Mr. S. J. Salter, 'Journal Linn. Soc.,' vol. vi., 1862, p. 71.

[188] Sturm, 'Ueber Racen, &c.,' 1825, s. 107. Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur.,' b. ii. s. 170, gives a table of the proportions of blood after successive crosses. Dr. P. Lucas, 'l'Heredite Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 308.

[189] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 463, 470.

[190] 'Nova Acta Petrop.,' 1794, p. 393: see also previous volume.

[191] As quoted in the 'True Principles of Breeding,' by C. H. Macknight and Dr. H. Madden, 1865, p. 11.

[192] With respect to plants, an admirable essay on this subject (Die Geschlechter-Vertheilung bei den Pflanzen: 1867) has lately been published by Dr. Hildebrand, who arrives at the same general conclusions as I have done.

[193] 'Teoria della Riproduzione Vegetal,' 1816, p. 12.

[194] Verlot, 'Des Varietes,' 1865, p. 72.

[195] Duval-Jouve, 'Bull. Soc. Bot. de France,' tom. x., 1863, p. 194.

[196] Extract of a letter from Sir R. Heron, 1838, given me by Mr. Yarrell. With respect to mice, see 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 180; and I have heard of other similar cases. For turtle-doves, Boitard and Corbie, 'Les Pigeons,' &c., p. 238. For the Game fowl, 'The Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 128. For crosses of tailless fowls, see Bechstein, 'Naturges. Deutsch.' b. iii. s. 403. Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 170, gives analogous facts with horses. On the hairless condition of crossed South American dogs, see Rengger, 'Saeugethiere von Paraguay,' s. 152: but I saw in the Zoological Gardens mongrels, from a similar cross, which were hairless, quite hairy, or hairy in patches, that is, piebald with hair. For crosses of Dorking and other fowls, see 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii. p. 355. About the crossed pigs, extract of letter from Sir R. Heron to Mr. Yarrell. For other cases, see P. Lucas, 'Hered. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 212.

[197] 'Internat. Hort. and Bot. Congress of London,' 1866.

[198] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 307. Koelreuter ('Dritte Fortsetszung,' s. 34, 39), however, obtained intermediate tints from similar crosses in the genus Verbascum. With respect to the turnips, see Herbert's 'Amaryllidaceae,' 1837, p. 370.

[199] 'Nouvelles Archives du Museum,' tom. i. p. 100.

[200] Richardson, 'Pigs,' 1847, pp. 37, 42; S. Sidney's edition of 'Youatt on the Pig,' 1860, p. 3.

[201] See Mr. W. C. Spooner's excellent paper on Cross-Breeding, 'Journal Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. xx., part ii.: see also an equally good article by Mr. Ch. Howard, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 320.

[202] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, pp. 649, 652.

[203] 'Bulletin de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' 1862, tom. ix. p. 463. See also, for other cases, MM. Moll and Gayot, 'Du Boeuf,' 1860, p. xxxii.

[204] 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii., 1854, p. 36.

[205] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 58.

[206] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1852, p. 765.

[207] Spooner, in 'Journal Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. xx., part ii.

[208] See Colin's 'Traite de Phys. Comp. des Animaux Domestiques,' tom. ii. p. 536, where this subject is well treated.

[209] 'Les Pigeons,' p. 37.

[210] Vol. i., 1854, p. 101.

[211] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, p. 110.

[212] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 553.

[213] Dr. Pigeaux, in 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. iii., July 1866, as quoted in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 1867, vol. xx. p. 75.

[214] 'Journal de Physiolog.,' tom. ii., 1859, p. 385.

[215] Dec. 1863, p. 484.

[216] On the Varieties of Wheat, p. 66.

[217] Rengger, 'Saeugethiere von Paraguay,' s. 336.

[218] See a memoir by MM. Lherbette and De Quatrefages, in 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii., July, 1861, p. 312.

[219] For the Norfolk sheep, see Marshall's 'Rural Economy of Norfolk,' vol. ii. p. 133. See Rev. L. Landt's 'Description of Faroe,' p. 66. For the ancon sheep, see 'Phil. Transact.,' 1813, p. 90.

[220] White's 'Nat. Hist. of Selbourne,' edited by Bennett, p. 39. With respect to the origin of the dark-coloured deer, see 'Some Account of English Deer Parks,' by E. P. Shirley, Esq.

[221] 'The Dovecote,' by the Rev. E. S. Dixon, p. 155; Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' Band iv., 1795, s. 17.

[222] 'Cattle,' p. 202.

[223] Mr. J. Wilkinson, in 'Remarks addressed to Sir J. Sebright,' 1820, p. 38.

[224] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1858, p. 771.

[225] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 87, 169. See also the Table at the end of volume.

[226] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 87, 577.

[227] 'Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' s. 137; 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 92, 181. On raising the two varieties from seed see s. 307.

[228] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 216.

[229] The following facts, given by Koelreuter in his 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 34, 39, appear at first sight strongly to confirm Mr. Scott's and Gaertner's statements; and to a certain limited extent they do so. Koelreuter asserts, from innumerable observations, that insects incessantly carry pollen from one species and variety of Verbascum to another; and I can confirm this assertion; yet he found that the white and yellow varieties of Verbascum lychnitis often grew wild mingled together: moreover, he cultivated these two varieties in considerable numbers during four years in his garden, and they kept true by seed; but when he crossed them, they produced flowers of an intermediate tint. Hence it might have thought that both varieties must have a stronger elective affinity for the pollen of their own variety than for that of the other; this elective affinity, I may add, of each species for its own pollen (Koelreuter, 'Dritte Forts.,' s. 39, and Gaertner, 'Bastarderz.,' passim) being a perfectly well-ascertained power. But the force of the foregoing facts is much lessened by Gaertner's numerous experiments, for, differently from Koelreuter, he never once got ('Bastarderz.,' s. 307) an intermediate tint when he crossed the yellow and white flowered varieties of Verbascum. So that the fact of the white and yellow varieties keeping true to their colour by seed does not prove that they were not mutually fertilised by the pollen carried by insects from one to the other.

[230] 'Amaryllidaceae,' 1837, p. 366. Gaertner has made a similar observation.

[231] Koelreuter first observed this fact. 'Mem. de l'Acad. St. Petersburg,' vol. iii. p. 197. See also C. K. Sprengel, 'Das Entdeckte Geheimniss,' s. 345.

[232] Namely, Barbarines, Pastissons, Giraumous: 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' tom. xxx., 1833, pp. 398 and 405.

[233] 'Memoire sur les Cucurbitaceae,' 1826, pp. 46, 55.

[234] 'Annales des Se. Nat.,' 4th series, tom. vi. M. Naudin considers these forms as undoubtedly varieties of Cucurbita pepo.

[235] 'Mem. Cucurb.,' p. 8.

[236] 'Zweite Forts.,' s. 53, namely, Nicotiana major vulgaris; (2) perennis; (3) Transylvanica; (4) a sub-var. of the last; (5) major latifol. fl. alb.

[237] Koelreuter was so much struck with this fact that he suspected that a little pollen of N. glutinosa in one of his experiments might have accidentally got mingled with that of var. perennis, and thus aided its fertilising power. But we now know conclusively from Gaertner ('Bastarderz.,' s. 34, 431) that two kinds of pollen never act conjointly on a third species; still less will the pollen of a distinct species, mingled with a plant's own pollen, if the latter be present in sufficient quantity, have any effect. The sole effect of mingling two kinds of pollen is to produce in the same capsule seeds which yield plants, some taking after the one and some after the other parent.

[238] Mr. Scott has made some observations on the absolute sterility of a purple and white primrose (Primula vulgaris) when fertilised by pollen from the primrose ('Journal of Proc. of Linn. Soc.,' vol. viii., 1864, p. 98); but these observations require confirmation. I raised a number of purple-flowered long-styled seedlings from seed kindly sent me by Mr. Scott, and, though they were all some degree sterile, they were much more fertile with pollen taken from the common primrose than with their own pollen. Mr. Scott has likewise described a red equal-styled cowslip (P. veris, idem, p. 106), which was found by him to be highly sterile when crossed with the common cowslip; but this was not the case with several equal-styled red seedlings raised by me from his plant. This variety of the cowslip presents the remarkable peculiarity of combining male organs in every respect like those of the short-styled form, with female organs resembling in function and partly in structure those of the long-styled form; so that we have the singular anomaly of the two forms combined in the same flower. Hence it is not surprising that these flowers should be spontaneously self-infertile in a high degree.

[239] 'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1780, part ii., pp. 84, 100.

[240] 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' tom. xxi. (1st series), p. 61.

[241] 'Bull. Bot. Soc. de France,' Dec. 27th, 1861, tom. viii. p. 612.

[242] Quoted by Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Naturelle Generale,' tom. iii. p. 476. Since this MS. has been sent to press a full discussion on the present subject has appeared in Mr. Herbert Spencer's 'Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. 1867, p. 457 et seq.

[243] For cats and dogs, &c., see Bellingeri, in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 2nd series, Zoolog., tom. xii. p. 155. For ferrets, Bechstein, 'Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,' Band i., 1801, s. 786, 795. For rabbits, ditto, s. 1123, 1131; and Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' B. ii. s. 99. For mountain sheep, ditto, s. 102. For the fertility of the wild sow, see Bechstein's 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' B. i., 1801, s. 534; for the domestic pig, Sidney's edit. of Youatt on the Pig, 1860, p. 62. With respect to Lapland, see Acerbi's 'Travels to the North Cape,' Eng. translat., vol. ii. p. 222. About the Highland cows, see Hogg on Sheep, p. 263.

[244] For the eggs of Gallus bankiva, see Blyth, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 2nd series, vol. i., 1848, p. 456. For wild and tame ducks, Macgillivray, 'British Birds,' vol. v. p. 37; and 'Die Enten,' s. 87. For wild geese, L. Lloyd, 'Scandinavian Adventures,' vol. ii. 1854, p. 413; and for tame geese, 'Ornamental Poultry,' by Rev. E. S. Dixon, p. 139. On the breeding of pigeons, Pistor, 'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht,' 1831, s. 46; and Boitard and Corbie, 'Les Pigeons,' p. 158. With respect to peacocks, according to Temminck ('Hist. Nat. Gen. des Pigeons,' &c., 1813, tom. ii. p. 41), the hen lays in India even as many as twenty eggs; but according to Jerdon and another writer (quoted in Tegetmeier's 'Poultry Book,' 1866, pp. 280, 282), she there lays only from four to nine or ten eggs: in England she is said, in the 'Poultry Book,' to lay five or six, but another writer says from eight to twelve eggs.

[245] 'The Art of Improving the Breed, &c.,' 1809, p. 16.

[246] For Andrew Knight, see A. Walker, on 'Intermarriage,' 1838, p. 227. Sir J. Sebright's Treatise has just been quoted.

[247] 'Cattle,' p. 199.

[248] Nathusius, 'Ueber Shorthorn Rindvieh,' 1857, s. 71: see also 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 270. Many analogous cases are given in a pamphlet recently published by Mr. C. Macknight and Dr. H. Madden, 'On the True Principles of Breeding;' Melbourne, Australia, 1865.

[249] Mr. Willoughby Wood, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1855, p. 411; and 1860, p. 270. See the very clear tables and pedigrees given in Nathusius' 'Rindvieh,' s. 72-77.

[250] Mr. Wright, 'Journal of Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. vii., 1846, p. 204.

[251] Youatt on Cattle, p. 202.

[252] Report British Assoc., Zoolog. Sect., 1838.

[253] Azara, 'Quadrupedes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. pp. 354, 368.

[254] For the case of the Messrs. Brown, see 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1855, p. 26. For the Foscote flock, 'Gard. Chron.,' 1860, p. 416. For the Naz flock, 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' 1860, p. 477.

[255] Nathusius, 'Rindvieh,' s. 65; Youatt on Sheep, p. 495.

[256] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1861, p. 631.

[257] Lord Somerville, 'Facts on Sheep and Husbandry,' p. 6. Mr. Spooner, in 'Journal of Royal Agricult. Soc. of England,' vol. xx., part ii. See also an excellent paper on the same subject in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 321, by Mr. Charles Howard.

[258] 'Some Account of English Deer Parks,' by Evelyn P. Shirley, 1867.

[259] 'The Art of Improving the Breed,' &c., p. 13. With respect to Scotch deer-hounds, see Scrope's 'Art of Deer Stalking,' pp. 350-353.

[260] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1861, p. 327.

[261] Sidney's edit. of Youatt on the Pig, 1860, p. 30; p. 33, quotation from Mr. Druce; p. 29, on Lord Western's case.

[262] 'Journal, Royal Agricult. Soc. of England,' 1846, vol. vii. p. 205.

[263] 'Ueber Rindvieh,' &c., s. 78.

[264] Sidney on the Pig, p. 36. See also note, p. 34. Also Richardson on the Pig, 1847, p. 26.

[265] Dr. Dally has published an excellent article (translated in the 'Anthropolog. Review,' May, 1864, p. 65), criticising all writers who have maintained that evil follows from consanguineous marriages. No doubt on this side of the question many advocates have injured their cause by inaccuracies: thus it has been stated (Devay, 'Du Danger des Mariages,' &c., 1862, p. 141) that the marriages of cousins have been prohibited by the legislature of Ohio; but I have been assured, in answer to inquiries made in the United States, that this statement is a mere fable.

[266] See his most interesting work on the 'Early History of Man,' 1865, chap. x.

[267] On Consanguinity in Marriage, in the 'Fortnightly Review,' 1865, p. 710; Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c.

[268] Sir G. Grey's 'Journal of Expeditions into Australia,' vol. ii. p. 243; and Dobrizhoffer, 'On the Abipones of South America.'

[269] 'The Art of Improving the Breed,' p. 13.

[270] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 245.

[271] 'Journal Royal Agricult. Soc.' 1846, vol. vii. p. 205; see also Ferguson on the Fowl, pp. 83, 317; see also 'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 135, with respect to the extent to which cock-fighters found that they could venture to breed in-and-in, viz., occasionally a hen with her own son; "but they were cautious not to repeat the in-and-in breeding."

[272] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 79.

[273] 'The Poultry Chronicle,' 1854, vol. i. p. 43.

[274] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 79.

[275] 'The Poultry Chronicle,' vol. i. p. 89.

[276] 'The Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 210.

[277] Ibid, 1866, p. 167; and 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. iii., 1855, p. 15.

[278] 'A Treatise on Fancy Pigeons,' by J. M. Eaton, p. 56.

[279] 'The Pigeon Book,' p. 46.

[280] 'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht,' 1837, s. 18.

[281] 'Les Pigeons,' 1824, p. 35.

[282] 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc.,' Aug. 6th, 1860, p. 126.

[283] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, pp. 39, 77, 158; and 1864, p. 206.

[284] 'Beitraege zur Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' 1844, s. 366.

[285] 'Amaryllidaceae,' p. 371.

[286] 'De la Fecondation,' 2nd edit., 1862, p. 79.

[287] 'Memoire sur les Cucurbitacees,' pp. 36, 28, 30.

[288] Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. viii., 1832, p. 52.

[289] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. p. 25.

[290] 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Bot., tom. vi. p. 189.

[291] 'Philosophical Transactions,' 1799, p. 200.

[292] 'Ueber die Bastarderzeugung,' 1828, s. 32, 33. For Mr. Chaundy's case, see Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. vii., 1831, p. 696.

[293] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1846, p. 601.

[294] 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1799, p. 201.

[295] Quoted in 'Bull. Bot. Soc. France,' vol. ii., 1855, p. 327.

[296] Gaertner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 259, 518, 526 et seq.

[297] 'Fortsetzung,' 1763, s. 29; 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 44, 96; 'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1782, part ii., p. 251; 'Nova Acta,' 1793, pp. 391, 394; 'Nova Acta,' 1795, pp. 316, 323.

[298] 'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' &c., 1865, s. 31, 41, 42.

[299] Max Wichura fully accepts this view ('Bastardbefruchtung,' s. 43), as does the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, in 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' Jan. 1866, p. 70.

[300] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 394, 526, 528.

[301] Koelreuter,' Nova Acta,' 1795, p. 316.

[302] Gaertner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 430.

[303] 'Botanische Zeitung,' Jan. 1864, s. 3.

[304] 'Monatsbericht Akad. Wissen,' Berlin, 1866, s. 372.

[305] International Hort. Congress, London, 1866.

[306] 'Proc. Bot. Soc. of Edinburgh,' May, 1863: these observations are given in abstract, and others are added, in the 'Journal of Proc. of Linn. Soc.,' vol. viii. Bot., 1864, p. 162.

[307] Prof. Lecoq, 'De la Fecondation,' 2nd edit., 1862, p. 76.

[308] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 64, 357.

[309] Idem, s. 357.

[310] 'Zweite Fortsetzung,' s. 10; 'Dritte Fort.,' s. 40.

[311] Duvernoy, quoted by Gaertner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 334.

[312] 'Gardner's Chronicle,' 1846, p. 183.

[313] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vii., 1830, p. 95.

[314] Prof. Lecoq, 'De la Fecondation,' 1845, p. 70; Gaertner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 64.

[315] 'Gardener's Chron.' 1866, p. 1068.

[316] 'Journal of Proc. of Linn. Soc.,' vol. viii., 1864, p. 168.

[317] 'Amaryllidaceae,' 1837, p. 371; 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii., 1847, p. 19.

[318] Loudon's 'Gardener's Magazine,' vol. xi., 1835, p. 260.

[319] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 470.

[320] 'Journal Hort. Soc., vol. v. p. 135. The seedlings thus raised were given to the Hort. Soc.; but I find, on inquiry, that they unfortunately died the following winter.

[321] Mr. D. Beaton, in 'Journal of Hort.,' 1861, p. 453. Lecoq, however ('De la Fecond.,' 1862, p. 369), states that this hybrid is descended from G. psittacinus and cardinalis; but this is opposed to Herbert's experience, who found that the former species could not be crossed.

[322] This is the conclusion of Prof. Devay, 'Du Danger des Mariages Consang.,' 1862, p. 97. Virchow quotes, in the 'Deutsche Jahrbuecher,' 1863, s. 354, some curious evidence on half the cases of a peculiar form of blindness occurring in the offspring from near relations.

[323] For England, see below. For Germany, see Metzger, 'Getreidearten,' 1841, s. 63. For France, Loiseleur-Deslongchamps ('Consid. sur les Cereales,' 1843, p. 200) gives numerous references on this subject. For Southern France, see Godron, 'Florula Juvenalis,' 1854, p. 28.

[324] 'A general Treatise of Husbandry,' vol. iii. p. 58.

[325] 'Gardener's Chronicle and Agricult. Gazette,' 1858, p. 247; and for the second statement, idem, 1850, p. 702. On this same subject, see also Rev. D. Walker's 'Prize Essay of Highland Agricult. Soc.,' vol. ii. p. 200. Also Marshall's 'Minutes of Agriculture,' November, 1775.

[326] Oberlin's 'Memoirs,' Eng. translat., p. 73. For Lancashire, see Marshall's 'Review of Reports,' 1808, p. 295.

[327] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, p. 186. For Mr. Robson's subsequent statements, see 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 18, 1866, p. 121. For Mr. Abbey's remarks on grafting, &c., idem, July 18, 1865, p. 44.

[328] 'Mem. de l'Acad. des Sciences,' 1790, p. 209.

[329] 'On the Varieties of Wheat,' p. 52.

[330] Mr. Spencer has fully and ably discussed this whole subject in his 'Principles of Biology,' 1864, vol. ii. ch. x. In the first edition of my 'Origin of Species,' 1859, p. 267, I spoke of the good effects from slight changes in the conditions of life and from cross-breeding, and of the evil effects from great changes in the conditions and from crossing widely distinct forms, as a series of facts "connected together by some common but unknown bond, which is essentially related to the principle of life."

[331] 'Essais de Zoologie Generale,' 1841, p. 256.

[332] Du Rut, 'Annales du Museum,' 1807, tom. ix. p. 120.

[333] 'Saeugethiere von Paraguay,' 1830, s. 49, 106, 118, 124, 201, 208, 249, 265, 327.

[334] 'The Naturalist on the Amazons,' 1863, vol. i. pp. 99, 193; vol. ii. p. 113.

[335] 'Embassy to the Court of Ava,' vol. i. p. 534.

[336] 'Journal,' vol. i. p. 213.

[337] 'Saeugethiere,' s. 327.

[338] On the Breeding of the larger Felidae, 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1861, p. 140.

[339] Sleeman's 'Rambles in India,' vol. ii. p. 10.

[340] Wiegmann's 'Archif fuer Naturgesch.,' 1837, s. 162.

[341] Rengger, 'Saeugethiere,' &c., s. 276. On the parentage of the guinea-pig, see also Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. Gen.'

[342] Although the existence of the Leporides, as described by Dr. Broca ('Journal de Phys.,' tom. ii. p. 370), is now positively denied, yet Dr. Pigeaux ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xx., 1867, p. 75) affirms that the hare and rabbit have produced hybrids.

[343] 'Quadrupeds of North America,' by Audubon and Bachman, 1846, p. 268.

[344] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. ix., 1836, p. 571; Audubon and Bachman's 'Quadrupeds of North America,' p. 221.

[345] Flourens, 'De l'Instinct,' &c., 1845, p. 88.

[346] See 'Annual Reports Zoolog. Soc.,' 1855, 1858, 1863, 1864; 'Times' newspaper, Aug. 10th, 1847; Flourens, 'De l'Instinct,' p. 85.

[347] 'Saeugethiere,' &c., s. 34, 49.

[348] Art. Brazil, 'Penny Cyclop.,' p. 363.

[349] 'The Naturalist on the River Amazon,' vol. i. p. 99.

[350] 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 691.

[351] According to Sir A. Burnes ('Cabool,' &c., p. 51), eight species are used for hawking in Scinde.

[352] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. vi., 1833, p. 110.

[353] F. Cuvier, 'Annal. du Museum,' tom. ix. p. 128.

[354] 'The Zoologist,' vol. vii.-viii., 1849-50, p. 2648.

[355] Knox, 'Ornithological Rambles in Sussex,' p. 91.

[356] 'The Zoologist,' vol. vii.-viii., 1849-50, p. 2566; vol. ix.-x., 1851-2, p. 3207.

[357] Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. der Stubenvoegel,' 1840, s. 20.

[358] 'Ornithological Biography,' vol. v. p. 517.

[359] A case is recorded in 'The Zoologist,' vol. i.-ii., 1843-45, p. 453. For the siskin breeding, vol. iii.-iv., 1845-46, p. 1075. Bechstein, 'Stubenvoegel,' s. 139, speaks of bullfinches making nests, but rarely producing young.

[360] Yarrell's 'Hist. British Birds,' 1839, vol. i. p. 412.

[361] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. History,' vol. ix., 1836, p. 347.

[362] 'Memoires du Museum d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. x. p. 314: five cases of parrots breeding in France are here recorded. See, also, 'Report Brit. Assoc. Zoolog.,' 1843.

[363] 'Stubenvoegel,' s. 105, 83.

[364] Dr. Hancock remarks ('Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. ii., 1838, p. 492), "it is singular that, amongst the numerous useful birds that are indigenous to Guiana, none are found to propagate among the Indians; yet the common fowl is reared in abundance throughout the country."

[365] 'A Week at Port Royal,' 1855, p. 7.

[366] Audubon, 'American Ornithology,' vol. v. pp. 552, 557.

[367] Moubray on Poultry, 7th edit., p. 133.

[368] Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. Gen. des Pigeons,' &c., 1813, tom. iii. pp. 288, 382; 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xii., 1843, p. 453. Other species of partridge have occasionally bred; as the red-legged (P. rubra), when kept in a large court in France (see 'Journal de Physique,' tom. xxv. p. 294), and in the Zoological Gardens in 1856.

[369] Rev. E. S. Dixon, 'The Dovecote,' 1851, pp. 243-252.

[370] Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. Gen. des Pigeons,' &c., tom. ii. pp. 456, 458; tom. iii. pp. 2, 13, 47.

[371] Bates, 'The Naturalist on the Amazons,' vol. i. p. 193; vol. ii. p. 112.

[372] Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. Gen.,' &c., tom. iii. p. 125. For Tetrao urogallus, see L. Lloyd, 'Field Sports of North of Europe,' vol. i. pp. 287, 314; and 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. vii., 1860, p. 600. For T. Scoticus, Thompson, 'Nat. Hist. of Ireland,' vol. ii., 1850, p. 49. For T. cupido, 'Boston Journal of Nat. Hist.,' vol. iii. p. 199.

[373] Marcel de Serres, 'Annales des Sci. Nat.,' 2nd series, Zoolog., tom. xiii. p. 175.

[374] Dr. Hancock, in 'Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist.' vol. ii., 1838, p. 491; R. Hill, 'A Week at Port Royal,' p. 8; 'Guide to the Zoological Gardens,' by P. L. Sclater, 1859, pp. 11, 12; 'The Knowsley Menagerie,' by Dr. Gray, 1846, pl. xiv.; E. Blyth, 'Report Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' May, 1855.

[375] Prof. Newton, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1860, p. 336.

[376] 'The Dovecote and Aviary,' p. 428.

[377] 'Ornithological Biography,' vol. iii. p. 9.

[378] 'Geograph. Journal,' vol. xiii., 1844, p. 32.

[379] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. v., 1832, p. 153.

[380] 'Zoologist,' vols. v.-vi., 1847-48, p. 1660.

[381] 'Transact. Entomolog. Soc.,' vol. iv., 1845, p. 60.

[382] 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. vii. p. 40.

[383] See an interesting paper by Mr. Newman, in the 'Zoologist,' 1857, p. 5764; and Dr. Wallace, in 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc.,' June 4th, 1860, p. 119.

[384] Yarrell's 'British Birds,' vol. i. p. 506; Bechstein, 'Stubenvoegel,' s. 185; 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1772, p. 271. Bronn ('Geschichte der Natur,' Band ii. s. 96) has collected a number of cases. For the case of the deer, see 'Penny Cyclop.,' vol. viii. p. 350.

[385] 'Journal de Physiologie,' tom. ii. p. 347.

[386] For additional evidence on this subject, see F. Cuvier, in 'Annales du Museum,' tom. xii. p. 119.

[387] Numerous instances could be given. Thus Livingstone ('Travels,' p. 217) states that the King of the Barotse, an inland tribe which never had any communication with white men, was extremely fond of taming animals, and every young antelope was brought to him. Mr. Galton informs me that the Damaras are likewise fond of keeping pets. The Indians of South America follow the same habit. Capt. Wilkes states that the Polynesians of the Samoan Islands tamed pigeons; and the New Zealanders, as Mr. Mantell informs me, kept various kinds of birds.

[388] For analogous cases with the fowl, see Reaumur, 'Art de faire Eclorre,' &c., 1749, p. 243; and Col. Sykes, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1832, &c. With respect to the fowl not breeding in northern regions, see Latham's 'Hist. of Birds,' vol. viii., 1823, p. 169.

[389] 'Mem. par divers Savans, Acad. des Sciences,' tom. vi., 1835, p. 347.

[390] Youatt on Sheep, p. 181.

[391] J. Mills, 'Treatise on Cattle,' 1776, p. 72.

[392] Bechstein, 'Stubenvoegel,' s. 242.

[393] Crawfurd's 'Descriptive Dict. of the Indian Islands,' 1856, p. 145.

[394] 'Bull. de la Soc. Acclimat., tom. ix., 1862, pp. 380, 384.

[395] For pigeons, see Dr. Chapuis, 'Le Pigeon Voyageur Belge,' 1865, p. 66.

[396] 'Swedish Acts,' vol. i., 1739, p. 3. Pallas makes the same remark in his Travels (Eng. translat.), vol. i. p. 292.

[397] A. Kerner, 'Die Cultur der Alpenflanzen,' 1864, s. 139; Watson's 'Cybele Britannica,' vol. i. p. 131; Mr. D. Cameron, also, has written on the culture of Alpine plants in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1848, pp. 253, 268, and mentions a few which seed.

[398] 'Beitraege zur Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' 1844, s. 333.

[399] 'Nova Acta Petrop.,' 1793, p. 391.

[400] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, pp. 44, 109.

[401] Dr. Herbert, 'Amaryllidaceae,' p. 176.

[402] Gaertner, 'Beitraege zur Kenntniss,' &c., s. 560, 564.

[403] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1844, p. 215; 1850, p. 470.

[404] 'Beitraege zur Kenntniss,' &c., s. 252, 333.

[405] 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii. 1847, p. 83.

[406] 'Beitraege zur Kenntniss,' &c., s. 117 et seq.; Koelreuter, 'Zweite Fortsetzung,' s. 10, 121; 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 57. Herbert, 'Amaryllidaceae,' p. 355. Wiegmann, 'Ueber die Bastarderzeugung,' s. 27.

[407] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 356.

[408] 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' 1816, p. 84; 'Traite du Citrus,' 1811, p. 67.

[409] Mr. C. W. Crocker, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1861, p. 1092.

[410] Verlot, 'Des Varietes,' 1865, p. 80.

[411] Verlot, idem, p. 88.

[412] Prof. Allman, Brit. Assoc., quoted in the 'Phytologist,' vol. ii. p. 483. Prof. Harvey, on the authority of Mr. Andrews, who discovered the plant, informed me that this monstrosity could be propagated by seed. With respect to the poppy, see Prof. Goeppert, as quoted in 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 1st, 1863, p. 171.

[413] 'Comptes Rendus,' Dec. 19th, 1864, p. 1039.

[414] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 681.

[415] 'Theory of Horticulture,' p. 333.

[416] Mr. Fairweather, in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iii. p. 406; Bosse, quoted by Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' B. ii. s. 77. On the effects of the removal of the anthers, see Mr. Leitner, in Silliman's 'North American Journ. of Science,' vol. xxiii. p. 47; and Verlot, 'Des Varietes,' 1865, p. 84.

[417] Lindley's 'Theory of Horticulture,' p. 333.

[418] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1865, p. 626; 1866, pp. 290, 730; and Verlot, 'Des Varietes,' p. 75.

[419] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 628. In this article I suggested the following theory on the doubleness of flowers.

[420] Quoted by Gaertner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 567.

[421] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 901.

[422] Lindley, 'Theory of Horticulture,' p. 175-179; Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. i. p. 106: Pickering, 'Races of Man;' Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' 1816, p. 101-110. Meyen ('Reise um Erde,' Th. ii. s. 214) states that at Manilla one variety of the banana is full of seeds; and Chamisso (Hooker's 'Bot. Misc.,' vol. i. p. 310) describes a variety of the bread-fruit in the Mariana Islands with small fruit, containing seeds which are frequently perfect. Burnes, in his 'Travels in Bokhara,' remarks on the pomegranate seeding in Mazenderan, as a remarkable peculiarity.

[423] Ingledew, in 'Transact. of Agricult. and Hort. Soc. of India,' vol. ii.

[424] 'De la Fecondation,' 1862, p. 308.

[425] Hooker's 'Bot. Misc.,' vol. i. p. 99; Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' p. 110.

[426] 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xvii. p. 563.

[427] Godron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 106; Herbert on Crocus, in 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. i., 1846, p. 254.—Dr. Wight, from what he has seen in India, believes in this view; 'Madras Journal of Lit. and Science,' vol. iv., 1836, p. 61.

[428] Wahlenberg specifies eight species in this state on the Lapland Alps: see Appendix to Linnaeus' 'Tour in Lapland,' translated by Sir J. E. Smith, vol. ii. pp. 274-280.

[429] 'Travels in North America,' Eng. translat., vol. iii. p. 175.

[430] With respect to the ivy and Acorus, see Dr. Bromfield in the 'Phytologist,' vol. iii. p. 376. See also Lindley and Vaucher on the Acorus.

[431] 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Zool., tom. iv. p. 280. Prof. Decaisne refers also to analogous cases with mosses and lichens near Paris.

[432] Mr. Tuckerman, in Silliman's 'American Journal of Science,' vol. xlv. p. 41.

[433] Sir J. E. Smith, 'English Flora,' vol. i. p. 339.

[434] G. Planchon, 'Flora de Montpellier,' 1864, p. 20.

[435] On the non-production of seeds in England see Mr. Crocker, in 'Gardener's Weekly Magazine,' 1852, p. 70; Vaucher, 'Hist. Phys. Plantes d'Europe,' tom. i. p. 33; Lecoq, 'Geograph. Bot. de l'Europe,' tom. iv. p. 466; Dr. D. Clos, in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Bot., tom. xvii., 1852, p. 129: this latter author refers to other analogous cases. On the non-production of pollen by this Ranunculus see Chatin, in 'Comptes Rendus,' June 11th, 1866.

[436] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 565. Koelreuter ('Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 73, 87, 119) also shows that when two species, one single and the other double, are crossed, the hybrids are apt to be extremely double.