Shaikh, Sheikh.—One of the four tribes of Muhammadans. A subcaste of Mehtar.

Shaiva, Saiva.—(A worshipper of Siva.) The term Shaiva Brahman is applied to Guraos.

Shandilya, Sandilya.—An eponymous gotra or section of Brahmans. A section of Darzi, Raj-Gond, Rawat (Ahir) and Sunar.

Shegudi.—See Segidi.

Shendia.—A section of Teli and Otari (Kasar).

Shenvi.—A subcaste of Maratha Brahmans in Hoshangabad.

Sheohare or Sivahare.—Subcaste of Kalar.

Shiah.—One of the two great sects of Muhammadans.

Shikari.—(A hunter.) A synonym for Pardhi or Bahelia.

Shimpi.—(A tailor.) Synonym for Darzi in the Maratha country.

Shishi ke Telwale.—Subcaste of Pardhi. They sell oil obtained from the bodies of crocodiles.

Siddi, Sidi, Habshi.—The name given to Africans, whether Abyssinians or Negroes. Habshi means one coming from El Habish, the Arabic name for North-East Africa. Siddi is a corruption of Saiyad, the designation of a descendant of the Prophet, and is commonly used as a term of respectful address in North Africa, like Sahib in India. The Bombay Gazetteer states [498] that about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the Bahmani dynasty became independent of Delhi and intercourse with Northern India ceased, the fashion arose of bringing to Western India large numbers of Abyssinians and other East Africans. Though most of the Habshis came to India as slaves, their faithfulness, courage and energy often raised them to positions of high trust in the Bahmani court. According to Orme, the successful Abyssinians gathered round them all of their countrymen whom they could procure either by purchase or invitation, including negroes from other parts of Africa, as well as Abyssinians. From their marriages, first with natives of India and afterwards among their own families, there arose a separate community, distinct from other Muhammadans in figure, colour and character. As soon as they were strong enough they formed themselves into an aristocratic republic and produced some of the most skilful and daring soldiers and sailors of Western India. The rulers of Janjira and Sachin States in Bombay are Siddis by descent.

They are now employed as stokers and firemen on steamers and as fitters and mechanics in the dockyards of Bombay, and are described [499] as "A hardy race with muscular frames, thick lips and crisp black hair—the very last men whom you would wish to meet in a rough-and-tumble, and yet withal a jovial people, well-disposed and hospitable to any one whom they regard as a friend." In other parts of India the Siddis are usually beggars and are described as 'Fond of intoxicating drinks, quarrelsome, dirty, unthrifty and pleasure-loving, obstinacy being their leading trait.' They worship Baba Ghor, an Abyssinian saint. [500]

It is recorded that the medicine called Silajit, a nervine tonic for the generative power, was formerly believed to be prepared from the flesh of Abyssinian boys. Mr. Hooper writes: "Silajit is allied to another ancient drug named Momiayi which has long been employed in the East. The original drug is said to have been made from Egyptian mummies, and subsequently to have been prepared by boiling down and extracting the essence of Abyssinian boys. Since the last source of supply has become scarce, several bituminous exudations are reported to have been substituted." [501] The drug is now said to be made from the gum of some stone in Hardwar, and this must be the bitumen referred to by Mr. Hooper. The virtue ascribed to the flesh of Abyssinian boys was no doubt based on their superior bodily strength and perhaps partly on the prolificacy of the negroes. In the case of mummies, as the body of the mummy was believed to have retained life or the capacity of life for many ages, its material would naturally possess extraordinary vitality and should be capable of imparting this quality to others when assimilated into their bodies.

Sidhira, Sithira.—A small occupational caste of Sambalpur and the Uriya States. The caste is not found elsewhere in India. They are braziers by trade, and in spite of their small numbers say they have three subcastes, one of which, the Luhura, works in iron. They are an impure caste, whose touch conveys pollution in Sambalpur. They accept alms from a Munda or Oraon on the occasion of a death in the latter's family, and have totemistic septs. They eat fowls and rats and consume much liquor. They also admit outsiders into the caste. It may be concluded, therefore, that they are an occupational caste formed from the tribes above mentioned or others, through adopting the calling of brass-workers. The adultery of a Sidhira woman with a man of any higher caste is looked upon as an absolutely trifling offence, and this is a common feature of low castes of mixed origin. As among many primitive tribes, one particular sept performs the ceremony of readmitting offenders to caste intercourse by sprinkling a little Ganges water over them. The man fulfilling this office is known as the Baikar, and after a wedding the bridal pair go to the Baikar's house and he pours two jars full of water over their heads and bodies. They go inside the house, and the bridegroom then comes out and gives the wet clothes to the Baikar with a small present. This appears to be a sort of purificatory ceremony at marriage.

Sidi.—Synonym of Siddi.

Silpi.—(A stone-mason.) Subcaste of Kammala.

Sindhi.—(Performers of dramas.) Subcaste of Madgi.

Sindhupushkar.—A subcaste of Brahmans in Khairagarh State, perhaps the same as the Marwari Pushkama Brahmans. It is said that Sindhu has the meaning of a lake.

Singade.—(From singh, horn, and gadna, to bury.) Subcaste of Koli. The members of this group, when their buffaloes die, bury the horns in their compound.

Singar.—(A fish.) A totemistic sept of Kawar. A section of Agharia.

Singaria.—Those who cultivate the Singara nut. Subcaste of Dhimar.

Singh.—(A lion.) The usual suffix to the names of Rajputs, Sikhs and castes which claim Rajput rank, such as Lodhis.

Singh, Singhi.—(Horn.) A totemistic sept of Dhanwar. A section of Kurmi, and of Oswal and Maheshri Bania.

Singhal.—(Ceylon.) A section of Brahmans in Damoh.

Singrore.—Subcaste of Kunbi and Lodhi.

Sikligar, Bardhia, Saiqalgar. [502]—A small caste of armourers and knife-grinders. The name Saiqalgar comes from the Arabic saiqal, a polisher, and Bardhia is from bardh, the term for the edge of a weapon. They number only about 450 persons in the Central Provinces and Berar, and reside mainly in the large towns, as Jubbulpore and Nagpur. The caste is partly Hindu and partly Muhammadan, but very few members of it in the Central Provinces profess the latter religion. In Bombay [503] the Muhammadan Sikligars are said to be Ghisaris or tinkers who were forcibly converted by Aurangzeb. The writer of the Belgaum Gazetteer [504] says that they are scarcely more than Muhammadans in name, as they practically never go to the mosque, keep Hindu gods in their houses, eschew beef, and observe no special Muhammadan rites other than circumcision. The Hindu Sikligars claim to be Rajputs and have Rajput sept names, and it is not unlikely that in old times the armourer's calling should have been adopted by the lower classes of Rajputs. The headquarters of the caste is in Gwalior, where there is probably still some scope for their ancient trade. But in British territory the Sikligar has degenerated into a needy knife-grinder. Mr. Crooke [505] describes him as "A trader of no worth. His whole stock-in-trade is a circular whetstone worked by a strap between two posts fixed in the ground. He sharpens knives, razors, scissors and sometimes swords."

Sirdar.—Title of the Kawar caste.

Siriswar.—(From siris, a tree.) A section of Gadaria.

Sirnet.—A clan of Rajputs.

Sirwa.—(A resident of the ancient city of Sravasti in Gonda district.) Subcaste of Teli.

Sita Padri.—Title of Vaishnava mendicants.

Sithira.—Synonym of Sidhira.

Solaha. [506]—A very small caste numbering less than a hundred persons in the Raipur District. The caste only deserves mention as affording an instance of an attempt to rise in the social scale. The Solahas are certainly of Gond origin. Their name appears to be a corruption of Tolaha, from tol, which means leather in Gondi or Telugu. Their exogamous sections, as Markam, Warai, Wika, Sori, Kunjam, are also Gond names, and like the Agarias they are an occupational offshoot of that great tribe, who have taken to the special profession of leather-curing and primitive carpentry. But they claim to belong to the Barhai caste and say that their ancestors immigrated from Benares at the time of a great famine there. In pursuance of the claim some of them employ inferior Brahmans as their priests. They also say that they accept food only from Brahmans and Rajputs, though they eat fowls, pork and even rats. Women of any other caste can be admitted into the community, but not men. The fact that they are not Barhais is sufficiently shown by their ignorance of carpentering tools. They do not even know the use of a rope for turning the drill and do it by hand with a pointed nail. They have no planes, and smooth wood with a chisel. Their business is to make musical instruments for the Gonds, which consist of hollow pieces of wood covered with skin to act as single or double drums. They use sheep and goat-skins, and after letting them dry scrape off the hair and rub them with a paste of boiled rice and powdered iron filings and glass.

Solanki, Solankhi.—A well-known clan of Rajputs, also called Chalukya. The name is perhaps derived from Sulakshana, one bearing an auspicious mark. A section of Pardhi and Gujar.

Sompura.—A subdivision of Gujarati Brahmans in Jubbulpore. They take their name from Somnath in Kathiawar.

Somvansi.—(Children of the Moon.) Subcaste of Mahar. A clan of Rajputs.

Sonar.—Synonym for Sunar in the Maratha country.

Sonbarha.—(Gold pig.) A section of Teli in Khairagarh, so named as they presented a golden pig to their king Bharam Deo.

Sonboyir.—(Gold plum.) A section of Teli in Nandgaon, so called because their ancestor presented a gold plum to their Raja.

Sonbukra.—(Yellow goat.) A totemistic sept of Kawar.

Sondi.—(Sondi, tiger.) A sept of Gonds in Raipur. It is said to be of mixed descent from all the septs, and can intermarry with any other.

Sondhi.—Synonym for Sundi.

Songainda.—(Gold unicorn.) A section of Teli in Khairagarh, so named because they presented a golden unicorn to their king Bharam Deo.

Sonha; Sonkutta.—(Wild dog.) A sept of Dhanwar, Kawar, Saonta or Santal, and Chero.

Soni.—Synonym for Sunar.

Sonjhara, Sonjharia.—(One who washes for gold in the beds of streams.) A caste. Subcaste of Binjhwar, Injhwar and Dhimar.

Sonkar.—A small caste found in the Chhattisgarh country, and also in Saugor and Damoh. The name Sonkar is said to be a corruption of Chunkar or lime-dealer, and the Sonkars of Saugor make their living by carrying clay and lime on donkeys for building and whitewashing walls. In Saugor they are also known as Beldar (navvy) and Gadhera (donkey-driver), and occupy a despised position. Possibly on this account a few of them in the northern Districts and the whole community in Chhattisgarh have abandoned their traditional calling, and have taken to growing vegetables like the Malis and Marars. Here their status is better, and they rank as a gardening caste. Their customs resemble those of the lower castes of Chhattisgarh. They obtain auspicious dates for their marriages and different ceremonies from Brahmans, but otherwise these are not employed, and the caste headman, known as Kurha or Sethia, officiates as priest. At their weddings the sacred post round which the couple walk must consist of a forked bough of the mahua tree divided in a V shape, and they take much trouble to find and cut a suitable bough. They will not take cooked food from the hands of any other caste, even from Brahmans.

Sonkarasaria.—(Impure gold.) A section of Bhona or Bhulia.

Sonkutri.—(Bitch of the wild dog.) A totemistic sept of Kawar.

Sonpakar.—(A tree.) A totemistic sept of Kawar and Chero.

Sonratan.—(Gold jewel.) A section of Chandnahu Kurmi.

Sonthaga.—(Gold-cheat.) A subdivision of Pardhans in Kawardha. They cheated people by passing false gold, and hence were so named.

Sonthal.—Synonym for Santal.

Sonwani.—(Sona-pani, gold-water.) This is a common sept among the primitive tribes and castes derived from them. The members of this sept occupy a quasi-priestly position, and readmit offenders into caste by giving them water to drink in which gold has been dipped. They also purify those who have got vermin in a wound by sprinkling this water over them. A section of Ahir and of Rawat or Chhattisgarhi Ahir; a sept of Dhoba, Dhanwar, Gond and Kawar; a section of Kalanga, Kumhar, Panka and Teli.

Sori.—A sept of Gond and Pardhan. Sori and Khusro are the two subsepts of the Markam sept.

Soyam.—(Worshipper of seven gods.) A division of Gond in Chanda.

Sravaka.—A Jain layman.

Sri Gaur Mala.—(A resident of Malwa.) Subcaste of Barhai.

Srimali.—(From the old city of Srimal in Rajputana.) A subcaste of Gujarati Brahman and Bania.

Srivastab, Sriwastab.—(From the old city of Sravasti in the north of Oudh.) A well-known subcaste of Kayasth. A subcaste of Bharbhunja, Darzi and Teli.

Sua.—(Parrot.) A section of Chadar, Khangar and Kasar. A sept of Bhatra and Kawar.

Suda.—Synonym of Sudh.

Sudh.—A caste. A subcaste of Kolta and Lohar.

Sudha.—Synonym of Sudh.

Sudho.—Synonym of Sudh.

Sudra.—The lowest of the four traditional castes. See Introduction. There is no Sudra caste at present in the Central Provinces. A subcaste of Barai.

Suibadiwa.—(Sui, porcupine.) A totemistic sept of the Dhurwa Gonds in Betul.

Suji.—(From sui, a needle.) Synonym for Darzi.

Sukul, Shukul.—(White.) A surname of Kanaujia Brahmans.

Sulankhi.—Subcaste of Mahli.

Sunar.—A caste of goldsmiths. Subcaste of Bishnoi.

Sundhi.—Synonym of Sundi.

Sungaria.—(One who keeps pigs.) Subcaste of Kumhar.

Sunni.—One of the two principal sects of Muhammadans who follow the orthodox traditions, Sunni meaning traditionist.

Sunri.—Synonym of Sundi.

Surait.—A name signifying persons of impure or mixed descent. A subcaste of Dhakar and Halba. A subcaste of Jharia Rawat (Ahir) in Bastar, being the offspring of Jharia Rawat fathers by women of other Rawat subcastes. A subcaste of Sonkar in Kanker, consisting of the offspring of illegitimate unions. A subcaste of Jhadi Telenga, Kumhar and Marar (Mali).

Suraj, Surya.—(The sun.) A section of Binjhwar, Gond, Khangar, Marar, Mowar, Rawat (Ahir) and Sansia (in Sambalpur).

Surajdhwaja.—A subcaste of Kayasth.

Surajvansi.—(Descendants of the Sun.) Name of one of the two great divisions of Rajputs. A clan of Rajputs. A subcaste of Barai, Khairwar and Kalar. A section of Chamar, Dhanwar, Gond and Koli.

Suratha.—A subdivision of Valmiki Kayasth.

Sureyam.—A Gond sept named after the sui or porcupine, because, it is said, a porcupine passed by when they were worshipping their god.

Surkhi.—(Red.) A clan of Surajvansi Rajputs.

Sutar.—The name of a carpenter in the Maratha Districts. Synonym of Barhai.

Suthra Shahi.—Synonym for Nanakpanthi.

Sutsale.—(A thread-weaver.) Subcaste of Koshti.

Suvarha.—Named after the suar or pig. Subcaste of Dhimar.

Swami or Aiya (Iyer).—(Master.) A title given to leaders of the religious orders. A title of Sanadhya Brahmans in Saugor. A subcaste of Jangam.

Swetambari.—A sect of Jains who put clothes on their images.

Tadvi.—A name for Muhammadan Bhils.

Tak, Takshac.—A clan of Rajputs, now extinct.

Takankar, Takari.—(From takna, to tap, to roughen the face of a mill-stone.) A synonym or subcaste of Pardbi. A synonym for the Pathrot or Pathrawat stone-workers in Berar, who are classed with Beldars.

Takle.—(Fallen.) A subcaste of Kasar, said to consist of the descendants of persons excommunicated for sexual offences.

Tamashawala.—(Showman.) A name given to Nats.

Tambatkar.—(A coppersmith.) Synonym for Tamera.

Tamboli, Tamoli.—(A seller of the prepared betel-leaves.) Synonym for Barai.

Tandan.—A subdivision of Saraswat Brahmans in Hoshangabad, perhaps so called from their being priests of the Tandan Khatris.

Tankiwala.—(A sharpener of grindstones.) Subcaste of Dhimar.

Tanti.—(Tanta, weaver's loom.) A caste. A subcaste of Bhulia and Mahli.

Tanti, Tatwa (from Sanskrit tantu, a fibre).—The great weaver caste of Bengal and Bihar. A few Tantis were enumerated in Raipur District in 1911. Sir H. Risley is of opinion that the Tantis are probably a functional group developed under the pressure of the natural demand for fine woven cloth. [507] One tradition of their origin is that the first ancestor of the caste was begotten by the celestial architect Viswakarma on a low Sudra woman. Viswakarma is regarded as the tutelary deity of the caste, and is worshipped twice a year with offerings of flowers, rice and sugar. Images are sometimes made of him, but more commonly the weaver's loom or some of the tools of the craft are regarded as the dwelling-place or symbol of the god. In past times the Tantis made the famous fine cotton cloth, known as abrawan or 'running water,' which was supplied only to the imperial zenana at Delhi. Sir H. Risley relates the following stories illustrating its gossamer texture. On one occasion a daughter of Aurangzeb was reproached on entering the room for her immodest attire, through which her limbs could be seen, and excused herself by the plea that she had on seven folds of cloth over her body. Again in the reign of Alivardi Khan (1742-56), a Dacca Tanti was flogged and banished from the city for not preventing his cow from eating up a piece of abrawan cloth which had been laid out to bleach on the grass. The famous female spinners who used to wind the fine native thread were still to be found in 1873, but their art has now died out. In illustration of their delicate touch it is told that one of them wound 88 yards of thread on a reel, and the whole weight of the thread was only one rati or two grains. Nowadays the finest thread spun weighs 70 yards to the rati. The best cloths were woven by the Dacca Tantis, to whom the Koshtis of Burhanpur in the Central Provinces stood second. The Bamanmara tank in the old village of Dhanpur in Pendra zamindari of Bilaspur is so named from the fact that about a century ago some Brahman traders were murdered on its bank for the sake of the fine cloths they were carrying rolled up in hollow bamboo sticks. In Bengal the Tantis are included among the castes from whom a Brahman can take water. Sir H. Risley is of opinion that they have to some extent raised themselves to this position by their own influence, their trade being prosperous and lucrative, and having long ago attained to the development of an urban industry. The ordinary status of the weaving castes being at the bottom of the social scale, the superior position of the Bengal Tantis is an interesting exception. It is analogous to that of the Koshtis in the Central Provinces, also a class of urban weavers, who rank above the impure castes, though they have not attained to the position of the Tantis, as Brahmans will not take water from them.

Tanwar.—A subcaste of Kawar, to which zamindars belong.

Tanwat, Tanwatkari.—A synonym for Panchal Sunar.

Tarane.—Synonym of Dobaile Teli.

Tasa.—Synonym of Chasa.

Tatwa.—Synonym for Tanti. (From Sanskrit tantu, a fibre.)

Tawaif.—(A prostitute.) Synonym for Kasbi.

Tekam.—(The teak tree.) One of the commonest clans of Gonds. A sept of Baiga, Bharewa, Binjhwar and Pardhan. A subdivision of Majhwar.

Telenga Dora.—(Telugu Lord.) A designation used by the Velama caste.

Telenge.—A Telugu name used by Balijas and other Telugu castes. Subcaste of Nai.

Telha.—Subcaste of Nagasia. The members of this subcaste mark the forehead of the bride with tel or oil at the marriage ceremony.

Teli.—A caste of oil-pressers. Subcaste of Barhai, Dangri and Gondhali.

Teli-Bania.—A group of the Teli caste who have taken to shopkeeping. Subcaste of Teli.

Teli-Kalar.—A mixed group of the Kalar and Teli castes. Subcaste of Teli.

Teli-Marar.—A subcaste of Marar.

Telkala.—Subcaste of Gandli.

Terah-hazar or Birbandhi.—(Thirteen thousand.) Subcaste of Chero.

Thakur.—(Lord.) The common title of Rajputs. This title is also used by Lodhis, Raj-Gonds and other landowning castes. A surname of Karhara Brahmans in Saugor. A section of Ahir, Marar (Mali), Panwar Rajput and Sudh.

Thakuria.—(Lordling.) A subcaste of Murao. A subcaste of Kol and Parja. A section of Darzi and Katia.

Thanapati.—(Master of the sacred place.) Synonym for Gandhmali.

Thapak.—A surname of Sanadhia Brahmans in Saugor. (From Sthapak, the consecrator of idols.)

Thapatkari.—Synonym of Beldar.

Thathari.—A caste of coppersmiths in Sambalpur.

Thatia.—A subtribe of Gonds, also called Gaiki or Mahato in Betul.

Thethwar.—(One who follows the straight path.) A subcaste of Rawat (Ahir) in Chhattisgarh.

Thotia, Thothia.—(Maimed.) A subdivision of Gonds and Pardhans, who live by begging from the Gonds.

Thuria.—Subcaste of Banjara in Sambalpur.

Tilokchandi.—(Bais.) A subdivision of the Bais clan of Rajputs.

Tirelle.—(Tirole.) Subcaste of Are.

Tirgam.—A subsept of the Uika clan of Gonds in Betul. A sept of Pardhan.

Tirmale, Tirmalle.—A small caste of wandering Telugu beggars. Nearly 400 were returned in the Central Provinces and Berar in 1911. Tirmales take about performing bulls. The animal is decorated with brass ornaments and bells, and his back is covered with a patched quilt of different colours. The Tirmale has a red turban with a scarf round his neck, and a follower carries a drum. The bull is cleverly trained and performs various tricks. The caste do this in the mornings, but in the afternoon they appear as Bairagis or ordinary beggars, and in the evening as sellers of various sacred articles, such as sandalwood, Ganges water and rudraksha beads. They take water from the Ganges in small phials and go down to the south of India selling it. On this account they are known in Poona as Kashi Kawadi or those who carry banghys from Kashi (Benares). In Telugu they are called Gangeddulu and in Tamil Endandi, both words meaning people who beg with bulls. They may properly be considered as a subcaste of Dasaris. [508] The Tirmales travel with their families like the Banjaras, and live in tents or sheds outside the village. Their marriages are generally celebrated in the month of Shrawan in the rains, when they return from their wanderings. They speak a corrupt Telugu among themselves, but Marathi to outsiders. They eat flesh and drink liquor. The dead are buried.

Tirmalle.—Synonym of Tirmale.

Tirtha.—Name of one of the ten orders of Gosains.

Titha.—(From titahri, a sandpiper.) A section of Basor.

Tiwari.—(Learned in three Vedas.) A family name of Kanaujia and Gaur Brahmans.

Tiyar.—A boating and fishing caste of Sambalpur and Bengal. In the Central Provinces they numbered 700 in 1911. The caste is a numerous one in Bengal and has been fully described by Sir H. Risley, [509] so that no detailed notice of it is necessary here. The name is derived from the Sanskrit tivara, a hunter, the Tiyars styling themselves the hunters of the sea. They came to the Central Provinces from Angul in Orissa, and they offer to the goddess Durga in Angul an oblation of 60 to 100 jian fish and a headload of lotus flowers on her special festival. In honour of Durga they observe a fast on the four Tuesdays of the months of Chait and Kunwar (March and September). In Chait they also worship their hooks and nets. At their marriages when a father has selected a bride for his son he consults an astrologer to compare their horoscopes. If the conjunction is unsatisfactory he will change the boy's name to suit the astrological calculations. The wedding is celebrated in the common fashion of the Uriya castes. If a bachelor marries a widow he first goes through the form of wedlock with a bunch of flowers. Among their caste penalties, that imposed for the killing of a cow may be mentioned. It is called the Gocharan Brit, and the offender is required to consort with cows for twenty-one days. He must mix and take his meals in the cowshed, and must copy the behaviour of the cows, lying down when they lie down, standing up when they stand up, following them when they walk about, and so on. At the expiration of this period he makes a pilgrimage to a certain village, and on his return partakes of the five products of the sacred cow and gives a feast to the caste. The Tiyars are a low caste, and eat fowls and drink liquor. They will admit a member of any higher caste on his giving a feast to the community. In the Central Provinces they have exogamous sections within which marriage is prohibited; these generally have titular names, as Padhan chief, Das slave, Guru preceptor, and so on. They catch fish with the ghani benda, a large bamboo basket covered with palm-tree bark, which is sunk under water and secured in the bed of the stream.

Todasai.—(Worshipper of six gods.) A section of Raj-Gond.

Tomara, Tuar, Tawar.—(Tomar, a club.) A well-known clan of Rajputs. A sept of Gond.

Toriya.—A name given to Gonds who worship twelve gods in Chanda.

Tumram.—(Tumria, a pumpkin.) A clan of Gond, said to be those who worship six gods.

Turi.—A caste. A synonym for Basors or bamboo-workers. A section of Kalanga.

Turk.—(Muhammadan.) A section of Panwa Rajput in Balaghat.

Turkan.—A subcaste of Bahna, so called because their forefathers are said to have been soldiers in the army of the king of Delhi.

Turkia, Kurkanya.—A Muhammadan group. Subcaste of Banjara, Chamar.

Uchla.—(A lifter.) Title for Bharota.

Uchle.—(Pickpocket.) Subcaste of Mang.

Uchodia.—A subcaste of Bhand.

Ud.—Subcaste of Chasa. See Odde.

Udainath.—A subdivision of Jogi.

Udaiputria.—(One belonging to Udaipur.) Subcaste of Dhobi.

Udasi.—A class of religious mendicants. See Nanakpanthi.

Uika, Oika.—A very common clan of Gonds, who are said to be worshippers of six gods.

Ukas.—A subcaste of Barhai.

Ulluka.—(An owl.) A totemistic sept of Sudh and Dumal.

Umre.—A subcaste of Bania. See subordinate article to Bania. A subcaste of Kalar, Nai and Teli.

Unayo, Unnaya.—(From Unan in Oudh.) A subdivision of Nigam Kayasth. It is also sometimes considered as a half subcaste, in addition to the twelve proper subcastes.

Unewal.—A subdivision of Rhedawal Brahmans found in Jubbulpore. They take their name from Una, a village in Kathiawar.

Upadhya.—(A teacher.) A surname of Kananjia and Sanadhya Brahmans. A title of Manbhao.

Upmanyu.—An eponymous section of Brahmans.

Uraon.—Synonym of Oraon.

Uriya,—(A native of Orissa.) A synonym for the Sansia caste of masons in Sambalpur. A subcaste of Ganda, Ghasia, Gond, Karan, Kewat, Koshti, Savar, Sundi and Sunar.

Urkara, Urkare.—(From Warkora, a wild cat in Gondi.) A section of Sunar and Gond.

Usrete.—A subcaste of Kurmi and Nai.

Uthaigira.—(A picker-up of that which has fallen.) Synonym of Sanaurhia.

Utkala.—(A resident of Orissa.) One of the five orders of Panch Gaur Brahmans inhabiting Orissa.

Vadar or Wadewar.—(A stone-cutter.) Synonym of Beldar.

Vade, Wade.—(A carpenter.) A sept of Maria Gonds.

Vadra.—(A carpenter.) Subcaste of Kammala.

Vaghe.—(From vagh, a tiger.) See Waghya.

Vaidika.—(Reciter of the Vedas.) A title of Brahmans.

Vaishnava.—(A worshipper of Vishnu.) A name for the mendicant orders of Vishnuite devotees and Bairagis.

Vaishnava Sunar.—A group of Sunars who claim to be Brahmans. See Panchal.

Vaishya.—Name of the third of the four classical castes. See Introduction. There is no Vaishya caste at present, but the Bania caste are considered, perhaps incorrectly, to be descended from the Vaishyas.

Vajantri, Wajantri.—(Musician.) A subcaste of Gurao. A synonym and section of Mang.

Vallabkacharya.—A Vishnuite sect and order of religious mendicants. See article Bairagi.

Valmika, Valmiki.—A subdivision of Khedawal Brahmans who take their name from the sage Valmika. A subcaste of Kayasths.

Vamachari Sect.—Synonym for Vam-Margi.

Vani.—Synonym for Bania.

Varade, Warade.—(A resident of Berar, a variant of Berari, q.v.) A subcaste of Simpi or Maratha Darzi. A subcaste of Dhangar and Nai.

Varendra or Barendra.—A subcaste of Bengali Brahmans.

Vartati.—(Pure.) Subcaste of Andh.

Vasishta or Vashishta.—Name of a famous saint in classical literature. An eponymous section of Brahmans.

Vellala.—The great cultivating caste of the Tamil country, to whom by general consent the first place in social esteem among the Tamil Sudra castes is awarded. They have a strength of more than 2 1/2 millions in India; in the Central Provinces there were in 1911 about 700 in Chanda, Nagpur and other Districts. In the Madras Census Report of 1901, Mr. Francis gives an interesting description of the structure of the caste and its numerous territorial, occupational and other subdivisions. He shows also how groups from lower castes continually succeed in obtaining admission into the Vellala community in the following passage: "Instances of members of other castes who have assumed the name and position of Vellalas are the Vettuva Vellalas, who are really Vettuvans; the Puluva Vellalas, who are only Puluvans; the Illam Vellalas, who are Panikkans; the Karaiturai (lord of the shore) Vellalas, who are Karaiyans; the Karukamattai (palmyra leaf stem) Vellalas, who are Balijas; the Guha (Rama's boatman) Vellalas, who are Sembadavans; and the Irkuli Vellalas, who are Vannans. The children of dancing girls also often call themselves Mudali, and claim in time to be Vellalas, and even Paraiyans assume the title of Pillai, and trust to its eventually enabling them to pass themselves off as members of the caste." The Vellalas will not touch the plough with their own hands. Some of them abstain from flesh and liquor, and prohibit the remarriage of widows with a view to raising their social status.

Vidur.—A caste. A subcaste of Gondhali, Kasar, Komti, Kunbi, and Lohar, comprising persons of illegitimate descent.

Vir.—Subcaste of Gopal.

Virmushti.—A class of Bairagis or religious mendicants.

Vishnu Swami.—A class of Bairagis or religious mendicants.

Vishwamitra.—Name of a famous saint in classical literature. An eponymous section of Brahmans.

Vyas.—A section of Brahmans and of Agharia.

Waddar.—A name for Telugu Oddes or navvies in Chanda. A subcaste of Beldar.

Wadewar.—Synonym of Odde or Beldar in Chanda.

Waghe.—(Wagh or bagh, a tiger.) A section of Koshti and Mana, a clan of Maratha.

Waghmare.—(Tiger-killer.) A clan of Arakh, Gopal and Mahar.

Wakkaliga, Okkiliyan.—A Canarese caste of cultivators, of which a few representatives were returned from Nagpur. They reside mainly in the Madura and Coimbatore Districts. The name is derived from the Canarese okkalu, [510] which means cultivation or agriculture.

Wakmar.—(One who left the pangat or caste feast while his fellows were eating.) Title of Hatkar.

Wandhekar.—Subcaste of Kunbi.

Wanjari.—Synonym for Banjara. Subcaste of Kunbi.

Warade.—(A resident of Berar.) Subcaste of Gurao.

Wartki.—(A washerman.) Synonym for Dhobi in the Maratha country.

Wasudeo, Wasdeo.—The name of the father of Krishna, the Hindu god. Synonym of Basdewa. A subcaste of Joshi.

Watkari. See Otari.

Wika.—Synonym for Uika, a well-known clan of Gonds.

Yadu, Yadava.—A well-known clan of Rajputs.

Yadubansi.—(Of the Yadu race.) A subcaste of Ahir.

Yadu-Bhatti.—Clan of Rajputs. Synonym for Yadu.

Yajur-Vedi.—A subcaste of Brahmans who follow the Yajur-Veda. They are also known as Madhyandan and Apastambha.

Yarande.—(One who presses the erandi or castor-oil seed.) Subcaste of Teli.

Yati.—(For Jati). A Jain ascetic.

Yelama.—Synonym of Velama.

Yogi.—Synonym of Jogi.

Yojna.—Subcaste of Komti.



SUBJECT INDEX

This Index contains references to general ethnological and other subjects referred to in the articles, either those on main castes and tribes in Part II., or those on religions and sects in Part I. These latter are usually distinguished by the letters R. for religion or S. for sect. Very occasionally a reference is made to one of the minor articles in the Glossary. The reference numbers are to the paragraphs of the articles. In the few cases where no reference number is given the subject is either treated generally in the article referred to, or the article itself is so short that further indication is unnecessary.

Abhiras, the—Ahir, 2

Aboriginal tribes, position of, in Hindu society—Bhuiya, 3

Acrobatic performances—Nat, 4, 5

Address, methods of—Bairagi 11, Brahman, 18, Gond, 72, Gosain, 5, Lodhi, 10, Muhammadan R., 32

Admission of outsiders—Arya Samaj R., 3, Bhaina, 6, Bhamta, 3, Bhil, 11, Dahait, 3, Dhanwar, 11, Gond, 70, Injhwar, 4, Jhadi Telenga, 3, Kaikari, 4, Kanjar, 8, Khond, 9, Mahli, 2, Mehtar, 5, Panka, 5, Turi, 6, Vellala,

Adoption—Bhamta, 3

Agricultural rites—Gond' 48, Kohli, 4, Kurmi, 32, Oraon, 21, 22

Agricultural superstitions—Kurmi, 33

Akali sect, the—Sikh R., 6

Akti or Akshit tritiya festival—Chitari, 6, Chitrakathi

Alcohol, prohibition of—Kalar 6

Ambagarhia Deo, worship of—Koshti, 3

Amulets—Bhil, 9, Sunar, 12

Ancestors, reincarnation of—Chamar, 7, Dhakar, 2, Gond, 37, 39, Khond, 5. Oraon, 10

Ancestors, worship of—Badhak, 9, Gond, 38, 42, Gowari, 5, Koshti, 4, Oraon, 14, Sansia, 3, Sundi, Thug, 17, Turi, 4

Angad Guru—Sikh R., 2

Animal hospitals—Jain R., 14

Animal sacrifices, in Greece—Kasai, 17 sacrifice of buffalo—Mahar, 2

Animals, kindness to—Bishnoi, 3, Dohor

Animals, veneration for—Bhil, 8, Gowari, 5, Jain R., 14, Kasai, Oraon, 20

Animism—Kasai, 4

Anniversaries of the dead—Kurmi, 28

Appearance and mode of life—Baiga, 7, 8, Beria, 1, Bhil, 12, Bhishti, Bhuiya, 14, Chamar, 1, Khatri, 1, Kirar, 4, Kohli, 5, Kol, 16, Korku, 10, Korwa, 2, Oraon, 23, Panwar Rajput, 13, Velama, 1

Arjun Guru—Sikh R., 2

Arts, origin of the—Mochi, 3

Arya Samaj R., prospects of—Arya Samaj R., 6

Assassination, methods of—Thug, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Astronomical beliefs and stories—Bhatra, 4, Dhuri, 3, Dumal, 4, Jadua Brahman, Joshi, 1-16, Mahar, 11, Turi, 4

Baigas, a branch of the Bhuiyas—Bhuiya, 6

Balak Das—Satnami S., 4

Banda, worship of—Kharia, 8

Banjari Devi, worship of—Banjara, 10

Bankrupt, going (or Diwala Nikalna)—Bhat, 16

Barber. See article Nai

Barber-surgeon—Nai, 6

Bathing—Gond, 64, Kurmi, 39

Beard, the—Nai, 11

Beggars or religious mendicants. See articles Bairagi, Fakir, Gosain, etc.

Begging, mode of—Aghori, 1, Basdewa, Gopal, Jogi, 11, Waghya

Bell-metal—Kasar, 4

Betel-vine, account of—Barai, 5

Betrothal—Passim. See especially Banjara, 6, Gadaria, 3, Gond, Kawar, 4, Kolta, 3, Korku, 4, Kunbi, 7, Kurmi, 5, Prabhu, 1, Rajput, Turi, 3

Bhang—Kalar, 10

Bhanwar ceremony (walking round the sacred post at marriage)—Kirar, 2, Kurmi, 9

Bhats and Charans—Bhat 2

Birth ceremonies—Passim, See especially Ahir 10, Chamur 8, Gond 28, 29, Halba 15, Jat 11, Kawar 6, Kunbi 10, 11, Kurmi 15-17, Mehtar 8-11, Muhammadan R. 7-9, Sonjhara 4; ceremony of second birth—Korku 10

Birthdays—Muhammadan R. 12

Blacksmiths—Lohar 5

Blanket-weaving—Gadaria 7

Blood, smeared on images of gods—Lakhera 5

Blood-covenant—Kewat 2, Khairwar 5

Brahmo Samaj R., veneration of, foundation of, progress of—Brahmo Samaj Religion 2, 3, 9

Branding the body—Gond 67, Oraon 11

Bride, purchase of—Agaria 2, Audhelia 2, Banjara 6, Dahait 3, Dangi 3, Kawar 4, Khadra, Kharia 5, Khond 4, Kir 2, Kohli 2, Kol 10, Panwar Rajput 7, Pardhi 3, Rajjhar 3

Bridegroom, dress of a—Daharia 3, Khangar 3, Sansia (Uria) 2

Buddhism compared with Jainism—Jain R. 2

Buffalo, as a corn god—Kumhar 9, Mahar 2

Bullocks, veneration for—Kunbi 24

Buradeo, worship of—Bhunjia 1, Gond 38, 45, Pardhan 4

Burial—Kurmi 23

Calendar, the Hindu—Joshi 1-15

Camel, sacrifice of the—Kasai 15

Cannibalism—Aghori 2, Birhor, Gond 52

Car Festival—Jain R. 11

Carpentering and woodwork—Barhai 6

Caste customs—Badhak 8, Balahi 3, Banjara 19, Chasa 3, Kabirpanthi S. 9, Panwar Rajput 13, Satnami S. 8. See also Admission of Outsiders.

Caste feasts—Kurmi 41, Intro. 82, 84

Caste Panchayat or committee—Alur 17, Brahman 20, Dhoba 5, Gond 73, Gowari 7, Halba 18, Kadera 3, Kawar 12, Kol 19, Oraon 27, Pardhan 6, Intro. 93

Caste rules and penalties—Passim. See especially Bharia 7, Brahman 20, Dhanwar 11, Dhimar 12, Dohor, Gond 73, 74, Gowari 7, Jat 13, Kamar 9, Kawar 12, Kol 18, Kurmi 44, Mahar 12, Mehtar 4, Panwar Rajput 12, Pardhi 4, Teli 11

Caste structure—Mehtar 3; origin of—Intro. 3, 4

Cattle, castration of—Chamar 15; slaughter of—Kasai 2; worship of—Banjara 13, Hatkar 2

Character. See Moral Character

Charans—Banjara 2, Bhat 9, 12

Children, devices for procuring—Kunbi 12, Mehtar 8, Muhammadan R. 7; superstitions about—Gond 31; traffic in—Ganda 2

Choti or scalp-lock—Nai 9

Circumcision—Muhammadan R. 13

Civil marriage act—Brahmo Samaj Religion 6

Clothes. See Dress

Cocoanut, legends about—Kabirpanthi S. 5

Conception, miraculous, of children—Dhanwar 1

Coppersmiths—Tamera

Counting, official counter or Medha Gantia—Bhatra 4, Parja 7, Intro. 60

Courtesans, education of—Kasbi 4

Couvade, practice of—Oraon 9, Sonjhara 4, Verukala, Intro. 60

Cow-killing, penalty for—Tiyar

Cradle songs—Chitari 5

Criminal practices—Badhak 17, Banjara 21, Beldar 6, Beria 2, Bharota 1, Chamar 16, Kanjar 5, Pardhan 6, Pasi 7. See also Theft

Crows, beliefs about—Kunbi 15

Cultivating status—Jat 5, Kunbi 4, Kurmi 45, Intro. 21

Cultivation—Gond 79; patch cultivation 80

Dacoity—Badhak 2, 3, 4, Korwa 10, Mang Garori, Mina 3, Pardhi 12, Pindari 4, 5, 6, Ramosi 2, Sansia 4, 5

Daily life—Maratha 8

Dancing—Gond 76, Gondhali, Kashi 3, 8, Kharia 12, Kol 17, Korwa 8, Majhwar 7, Oraon 25, 26, Parja 4

Dasahra festival—Kumhar 10, Mahar 2, Sunar 4

Dauwa or wet-nurse—Ahir 7

Dayanand Saraswati—Arya Samaj R. 1, 2

Days—Joshi 9, 16; omens from—Kawar 10, Parja 7

Dead, beliefs about the—Kurmi 29

Death ceremonies—Passim. See especially Bedar 3, Binjhwar 6, Bishnoi 8, Brahman 14, Chamar 7, Dhakar 3, Gond 32-38, Gosain 10, Gujar 6, Gurao 6, Halba 12, Kabirpanthi S. 7, Katia 4, Kawar 7, 8, Kharia 9, Khatri 4, Khojah, Khond 6, Kirar 3, Kol 14, Koli 6, Korku 9, Kunbi 14, Kunjra, Kurmi 20, 21, 22, 26, Lingayat, Mahar 6, Muhammadan R. 14, Panwar Rajput 11, Parsi R. 16, 17, Rajput 6, Sonjhara 5, Intro. 89

Dehendra Nath Tagore—Brahmo Samaj Religion 4

Deo Brahman, ceremony of—Bedar 2

Demeter, the goddess—Kumhar 7

Deshmukh and Deshpandia, offices of—Kunbi, 2

Devi, the goddess—Kumhar, 11

Dhar and Ujjain—Panwar Rajput, 3

Dharam Das, legend of—Kabirpanthi S., 4

Dharna, sitting—Aghori, 2, Bhat, 14, Maratha, 14

Dhatura—Kalar, 10

Digging earth for oven at wedding—Kirar, 2

Diseases—Mehtar, 13 magical cure for—Koshti, 6

Disguises—Badhak, 5, Bhamta, 1, Jadua Brahman, Thug, 7

Divorce—Binjhwar, 5, Chamar, 6, Dewar, 3, Dhanwar, 6, Dhimar, 4, Gadba, 2, Gond, 25, Halba, 10, Katia, 3, Kohli, 2, Koli, 4, Korku, 10, Koshti, 3, Kunbi, 8, Mahar, 5, Mina, 4, Muhammadan R., 6, Panwar Rajput, 8, Savar, 4, Taonla

Diwali Festival, the—Ahir, 15, Bania, 15

Dog—Banjara, 20; associated with the god Khandoba—Maratha, 7

Domestic animals, taboos about—Dhangar, 4, Mang, 7, Naoda, Sonjhara, 6

Doms, the—Kanjar, 4

Donkey, the—Dhobi, 7

Dravidian tribes, their origin and immigration—Kol, 4, 5, Intro., 37, 39

Dress—Banjara, 18, Bharia, 7, Bohra, 7, Brahman, 22, Darzi, 4, Gadba, 5, Gond, 61, Gosain, 4, Halba, 19, Jogi, 7, Kasbi, 8, Kawar, 11, Kol, 16, Korku, 10, Koshti, 7, Kunbi, 22, Kurmi, 37, 38, Mahar, 12, Muhammadan R., 31, Oraon, 23, 24, Pardhi, 5, Parsi R., 18, Rajput 11

Dyeing clothes—Rangrez, Chhipa

Ear, tearing the—Sunar, 10

Ear-piercing—Gond, 62, Kachhi, 5, Muhammadan R., 11, Sunar, 10, 11

Earth, beliefs about the—Bhunjia, 4

Earth-eating—Chitari, 3, Kurmi, 14

Earth-goddess—Kumhar, 11

Eating with relatives, taboos on—Gauria

Eclipse, legends about—Mehtar, 19, Teli, 8

Emasculation. See article Hijra

Eunuchs. See article Hijra

Evil eye—Bhatra, 8, Chitari, 4, Khangar, 3, Mahar, 11

Exogamous septs or clans—Passim. See especially Bhaina, 3, Brahman, 8, Chadar, 1, Dahait, 2, Dangi, 2, Gond, 12, Gowari, 3, Halba, 4, Jhadi Telenga, 2, Karan, Katia, 2, Kawar, 3, Kewat, 2, Khond, 3, Korku, 3, Kunbi, 5, Kurmi, 4 and Appendix, Lodhi, 4, Mahar, 5, Maratha, 4, Panwar Rajput, 6, Rajput, 4, Savar, 3, Intro., 48, 69

Extortionate practices of Bards—Bhat, 7

False bride, custom of—Dhobi, 2

Fasting for the crops—Kunbi, 7, Oraon, 22; other fasts—Jain R., 13, Thug, 18

Female palanquin bearers—Kahar, 3

Festivals—Gadba, 3, Gond, 53, Khond, 10, Maratha, 7, Oraon, 20, 21, Parja, 7

Fighting, methods of—Gosain, 9, Khond, 7, 8

Fights of animals—Kasai, 21

Fishing—Dhimar, 8

Flowers—Mali, 3, 4, 10

Folktales—Korwa, 11

Food—Baiga, 8, Bania, 17, Bharia, 7, Brahman, 21, Gadba, 5, Gond, 68, Kawar, 12, Khond, 9, Kol, 18, Kolta, 4, Korku, 10, Kunbi, 21, Kurmi, 40, Lodhi, 9, Mina (or Deswali), 4, Muhammadan R., 30, Parsi R., 18, Rajput, 8, Tiyar, Intro., 85, 88; leavings of food—Dhimar, 10

Foreign religions, adoption of—Mahar, 10, Mehtar, 16

Forest ascetics—Jogi, 5

Fosterage—Ahir, 7

Funeral priest—Kurmi, 26

Furniture—Baiga, 7, Kunbi, 20, Kurmi, 36

Games and pastimes—Kamar, Mal, Pardhi, 7, 11

Ganja (Indian hemp)—Kalar, 10, 11

Ganpati, worship of—Bania, 14, Koshti, 5; legend about—Kunbi, 16

Gardening—Mali, 10, Intro., 28

Ghasi Das (legends and teachings of)—Satnami S., 2, 3, 4

Ghosts, beliefs about—Bhat, 10, 11

Gipsies, origin of—Kanjar, 2

Girls dedicated to temples—Kashi, 2, Waghya

Goats and sheep—Dhangar, 5, Gadaria, 6

Gods, attitude towards the—Garpagari, 4; making contracts with the—Mehtar, 8

Going away ceremony (or Gauna)—Halba, 9, Katia, 3, Lodhi, 6, Panwar Rajput, 8

Gold, sanctity of—Sunar, 7; washing for—Sonjhara, 8

Gondwana—Gond, 2

Govind Singh, Guru—Sikh R., 3

Graveyards—Bohra, 4, Kurmi, 23

Grazing cattle—Ahir, 19

Greeting—See Address, methods of

Grinding grain—Kanjar, 9

Gur or sugar, the sacred—Thug, 16

Guru or spiritual preceptor—Bairagi, 13, Daharia, 3

Hailstorms, averting—Garpagari, 1, 4



Hair—Gond, 63, Jogi 7, Manbhao 3, Nai passim

Hair-cutting—Nai 3

Halal (sacrifice) rites of Muhammadan,—Atari 4, Kasai 3

Hanuman, the god—Garpagari 3, 4, Kunbi 12

Haveli, meaning of—Kurmi, 3

Heber, Bishop—Swami Narayan S. 3

Hindu R., aversion to—Satnami S. 7. See Religious Beliefs

Holi Festival—Bania 16, Gond 54, Khairwar 9, Mannewar

Homosexual practices—Hijra

Horoscopes—Prabhu 1

Horse—Maratha 7

Houses—Banjara 19, Bohra 7, Gond 60, Kunbi 19, Kurmi 34, Sonjhara 7; superstitions about—Gond 36, Kurmi 35, Parja 7

Human corpse, eating of—Aghori 2

Human sacrifices—Banjara 16, Gond 51, Khond 12, Oraon 17

Hun immigration, the—Gujar 1, 2, Panwar Rajput 1, 2

Hunting, methods of—Gond 81, Kolhati 6, Mal, Pardhi 8, 9, 10; ceremonial hunting—Bhatra 7, and Gond

Hypergamy—Brahman 10, Dangi 2, Daraihan, Lodhi 3, Mina 4, Murha 2, Intro. 16

Id festivals—Muhammadan R. 20, 21

Illegitimacy—Khatri 3, Vidur 3, Dhakar

Immorality of girls—Oraon 4

Impure castes—Intro. 40, 94

Incest, legend of—Lohar 1

Indoor servants—Dhimar 10, Kahar, 4

Infant-marriage—Dhuri 2, Khandait, Kir 2

Infanticide—Rajput 4

Inheritance—Kamar 6, Kawar 12, Khairwar 8, Kol 15, Korku 12, Kunbi 6, Rautia 5

Initiation, rites of—Bairagi 11, Bishnoi 4, Gosain 3, Kabirpanthi S. 6, Manbhao 2, Parmarthi S., Satnami S. 5, Sikh R. 4, Thug 19, Waghya, Intro. 83

Interest on money—Bania, 23, Muhammadan R. 35

Iron-working industry—Lohar 5; superstitions about iron—Lohar 2

Jain Banias—Bania, 9, and Bania, Parwar subcaste; Jain Guraos—Gurao 8

Jasondhis, the—Bhat 8

Jawaras or Gardens of Adonis—Kurmi 31

Jhambaji—Bishnoi 2

Juari as a food—Kunbi 21

Juggling—Jadua Brahman

Kabir, legend and teachings of—Kabirpanthi S. 1, 2, 3

Kali, worship of—Sakta S., Thug, 14; derived from the tiger—Thug, 14, 16, 22

Karan, legend of—Basdewa

Karma festival—Baiga 8, Binjhwar 8, Gond 56, Majhwar 7, Oraon 19

Kayasths, aversion to—Ghasia 8

Kazi—Muhammadan R. 25

Keshub Chandar Sen—Brahmo Samaj R. 5. 7

Kettle-drum—Ganda 5, Nagarchi

Khandoba, worship of—Bhil 8, Maratha 7, Waghya

Khatpati—Bhat 16

Khonds, rebellion of the—Khond 14

Kidnapping children—Banjara 17

King, legend of killing—Bhil 2

Kinship, basis of—Kasai 9, 10, 11

Kolarians and Dravidians, the—Kol 4, Intro. 35-39

Koli caste; derived from Kol tribes—Kohli, 1

Koran—Muhammadan R. 27

Krishna, the god—Ahir, 4, 12; worship of Krishna—Bairagi 7

Lac (bangles and toys)—Lakhera, 4, 9; industry—Lakhera 3

Lalbeg, worship of—Mehtar 15

Land, rules for occupation of—Khond 7; rights in—Bania 24; ownership of—Intro. 23

Language—Ahir 3, Baiga 10, Bhil 14, Gond 78, Halba 5, Kharia 14, Kol 5, 22, Kolam 1, Korku 14

Leather—Chamar 11, 12, 13

Leather-workers—Mochi 4

Legends of origin—Passim. See especially Agharia, Baiga, Balahi, Bhat, Bhoyar, Bhunjia, Brahman (Kanaujia and Nagar sub-castes), Chamar, Daharia, Dangi, Dhanwar, Dhimar, Halba, Holia, Jat, Kalar, Kasar, Kharia, Khatri, Kol, Komti, Korku, Lohar, Mali, Mang, Panwar Rajput, Parja, Sanaurhia, Sunar, Sundi, Teli

Levirate, the—Mang 4, Mina (or Deswali) 4, Parja 6, Sunar 3, Turi 3

Lingo, Gond hero, legend of—Gond 5-10

Liquor, drinking—Gond 69, Kalar 4, 7; and preparation of—Kalar 13; rice-beer—Kol 7, Oraon 26; toddy or date-palm liquor—Pasi 6

Liquor, sanctity of—Kalar 8, 9

Lizard hunting—Badhak15

Love charms—Kunbi 13

Lukman Hakim, worship of—Kadera 4

Madak or opium smoking—Kalar 11

Magic—Banjara 15, Bharia 6, Bhat 11, Bhatra 8, Dhanwar 10, Gauria, Gond 46, 49, Jhadi Telenga 7, Kawar 6, 10, Kol 13, Korku 8, Teli 14, Vam-Margi S.

Maha-Brahman, presents to—Kurmi 26

Manasa Devi—Nat 6

Maratha, derivation of name—Mahar 1, Maratha 2

Maratha immigration into the Central Provinces—Kunbi 2, 3

Maratha soldiers—Maratha 13, 15, 16

Marriage, barber's duties at—Nai 5

Marriage between relations, restrictions on—Balahi 2, Brahman 9, Dangi 3, Dhoba 2, Gond 15, Injhwar 3, Kai-kari 2, Kunbi 6, Murha 2, Panka 4, Tamera 2

Marriage by capture—Gond 22, Kolam 2, Oraon 6, Intro. 71, 72

Marriage cakes, the—Kurmi 7

Marriage crowns—Chitari 6

Marriage customs—Passim. See especially Baiga 4, Bania 11, Banjara 7, Bhatra 5, Binjhwar 3, 4, Brahman 11, Chamar 5, Daharia 3, Gadaria 3, Ganda 3, Gond 15-23, Halba 6, 8, Jat 8, Jhadi Telenga 4, Kachera 3, Kachhi 3, Kapewar, Kasbi 5, Kawar 4, Kayasth 8, Kharia 5, Khatri 4, Khond 4, Kol 10, Kolam 2, Kolta 3, Komti, Korku 5, Koshti 3, Kunbi 7, Kunjra, Kurmi, Lodhi 5, Mahar 5, Mali 6, Muhammadan R. 5, Oraon 6, Panwar Rajput 7, Parja 3, 4, 5, Prabhu 1, Raghuvansi 2, Rajput 5, Sansia 2, Teli 5, Turi 3

Masan Baba, worship of—Teli 7

Massage—Nai 4

Mecca, pilgrimage to—Muhammadan R. 18

Meghnath rites—Gond 55

Menstruation—Dhanwar 2, Gond 27, Halba 14, Kamar 4, Kunbi 10, Kurmi 12, 15

Migration—Bhuiya 5, Kirar, Kohli 1, Kol 5, Kunbi 2

Military system—Arab, Maratha 11, 12, 13, 15, 16

Milk—Ahir 20

Miscarriage—Kurmi 12

Monasteries—Bairagi 14, Gosain 8

Moneychangers and testers—Sunar 14

Moneylenders—Bania 18-24

Months, the Hindu—Joshi 11, 13

Moon, legends about—Bharia 6, Kunbi 16, Turi 4; the moon's path and daily mansions—Joshi 4, 8, 10, 15

Moral character, disposition, or conduct—Badhak 16, Banjara 22, Bhil 3, 12, Bhilala 5, Brahman 25, Chamar 17, Dangi 5, Gond 58, 59, Gujar 3, Hijra, Jat 4, Kohli 5, Kunbi 11, 23, 24, Kunjra, Manbhao 2, Oraon 28, Panwar Rajput 13, Pardhan 5, Parja 1, Pindari 7, Rajput 9, 10, 14, Thug 11, Turi 6

Mosques—Muhammadan R. 22

Mourning—Bania 13, Brahman 14, Chauhan, Dumal 4, Ganda 4, Gond 34, Kawar 7, Khatri 4, Kirar 3, Kunbi 15, Kurmi 25, 27; shaving hair for—Nai 15

Muhammadan and Hindu rites, mixture of—Bishnoi 5, Kunbi 18, Kunjra, Meo, Mukeri, Sikligar, Teli 8

Muhammadan castes—Muhammadan R. 3

Muhammadan tribal divisions, families and names—Muhammadan R. 4, 9

Muharram rites—Kunbi 18, Muhammadan R. 19

Mulla, the—Bohra 3, Muhammadan R. 24

Music, in connection with dancing—Kasbi 3

Musical instruments—Mochi

Nails, superstitions about—Nai 16

Nakshatras, the—Joshi 7, 8, 14

Namdeo Sect—Darzi 5

Names—Agaria 4, Baiga 5, Bhatra 10, Bhoyar 3, Chamar 8, Dhanwar 13, Gond 30, Halba 16, Jhadi Telenga 6, Joshi 18-21, Khond 5, Kol 20, Kolhati 5, Mahar 8, Sunar 2, Vidur 6

Naming of a child—Oraon 10, Vidur 6

Naming relations, taboos on—Bhatra 10, Dhanwar 13, Gond 72, Khond 9, Lodhi 10

Nanak—Nanakpanthi S. 1, Sikh R. 1

Nanakpanthi and Sikh sects, distinction between—Sikh R. 5

Narayandeo, worship of—Koshti 5, Panwar Rajput 9

Nudity of women—Garpagari 4

Numbers, superstitions about—Joshi 12

Oaths—Mahar 12

Oil-pressing—Teli 15

Omens, beliefs about—Ahir 16, Badhak 12, Baiga 6, Gond 21, 47, Kawar 10, Koli 3, Korku 8, Mang-Garori, Mina 3, Pardhi 4, Parja 7, Sansia 6, Thug 22, 23, 24

Opium—Kalar 10, 11, Rajput 9

Ordeals—Bharia 6, Kaikari 4, Kolhati 5, Pardhi 6, Sansia 7

Ornaments—Ahir 18, Gond 61, Kunbi 22, Sunar 6, 8, 9

Outram, Sir James—Bhil 4

Paida ceremony—Jat 10

Palanquin or Doli—Kahar 2

Parasurama, legend of—Panwar Rajput 2

Passover, the—Kasai 18

Pavilion or the marriage-shed—Kurmi 6

Pearls—Sunar 9

Physical type. See Appearance

Pickaxe, the Sacred—Thug 15

Pigs, breeding for sacrifice and estimation of—Kumhar 6, 8

Pipal tree, beliefs about—Kunbi 12

Pledge, or covenant, between married couple—Bhatra 5; with the gods—Bhat 14. See also Dharna

Pola festival—Kunbi 17

Polyandry, survivals of fraternal—Bhuiya 10, Khond 4, Korku 5, Oraon 7. See also Gowari 3

Polygamy—Agharia 3, Andh, Bania 12, Barai 3, Dangri, Dhuri 2, Gond 26, Kaikari 2, Kohli 2, Korwa 4, Kunbi 8, Kurmi 11, Mali 7, Muhammadan R. 6

Prannath—Dhami S.

Pregnancy, rites during—Chitari 3, Gond 28, Halba 15, Kasbi 6, Kunbi 10, Kurmi 13, Muhammadan R. 8

Priests, tribal—Koshti 5

Prostitution—Beria 3, Kasbi 2, 7

Proverbs—Arora, Bahna 5, Bharbhunja 3, Dhobi 7, Jogi 14, Julaha

Puberty rites—Gurao 3, Kaikari 3, Lodhi 7

Rajput and Jat, relations of—Jat 3

Rakshabandhan festival—Patwa

Ramazan, fast of—Muhammadan R. 17

Ram Das, Guru—Sikh R. 2

Ram Mohan Roy—Brahmo Samaj R. 1, 2

Red a lucky colour—Lakhera 5

Red dye on the feet—Lakhera 7

Red threads, custom of wearing—Lakhera 8

Relatives, taboos between—Kanjar 8, Kharia 6. See also Marriages between Relatives, and Naming Relatives

Religious beliefs—Passim. See especially collection of articles on Religions and Sects, and caste articles on Bishnoi, Manbhao, Bairagi and Gosain. Also articles Baiga 6, Banjara 10, Brahman 15, 16, Chamar 9, Gond 40-56, Khond 11, Korku 6, Koshti 5, Kunbi 16, Kurmi 30, Mahar 9, Oraon 15, 16, Thug 12; Hinduism, Intro. 90, 95, 96

Sacred thread, the—Brahman 17, Gurao 5, Kunbi 16, Lodhi 11; of the Jains—Jain R. 9; the sacred cord of the Parsis—Parsi R. 15

Sacrifices, beliefs about and method of—Kasai 22, 23

Sacrificial meal, the—Kasai 8, Kurmi 7, Lakhera 5, 6

Sacrificial method of slaughter—Kasai 22

Sacrificial slaughter for food—Kasai 20

Sahajanand Swami—Swami-Narayan S. 1

Sal flower festival—Oraon 20

San-hemp—Lorha

Sankrants—Joshi 6

Sati or burning of widows—Brahman 13

Scent—Atari 4

Sculpture, Hindu—Mochi 3

Sects. For individual sects see articles in section on Religions and Sects. For right-hand and left-hand sects see articles Mala and Vam-Margi S.

Self-torture—Jogi 4

Sewn clothes, wearing of—Darzi 3

Sexual morality—Gosain 11, Khond 4, Mali 6, Oraon 4, 21

Shankar Acharya—Gosain 2, Smarta S.

Shantik ceremony—Gurao 3, Maratha 6

Sheep—Gadaria 6, Dhangar 5

Shoes—Chamar 12, 14, Mochi 7

Sikh Council (Guru-Mata)—Sikh R. 7

Silajit—Siddi

Singaji, deified Ahir—Ahir 12

Singara or waternut—Dhimar 8

Sister's son, importance of—Bhamta 2, Dhera, Gowari 4, Gurao 5, Halba 7, Kamar 3, Pasi 5; marriage to maternal uncle's daughter— Bhatra 5, Parja 3; connection with uncle—Mehtar 13

Siva, the god. See article Saiva Sect

Sleeping-place or common dormitory—Bhuiya 9, Gond 71, Oraon 4; dormitory discipline—Oraon 12

Snake-bite, cure for—Gauria, Kir 3, Nat 6

Snake-worship and snake-charmers—Gond 43, Nat 6, Panwar Rajput 10

Social extravagance—Jat 10, Kirar 2, Kurmi 5, Maratha 8

Social life—Kunbi 19, Muhammadan R. 32

Social status and customs—Barhai 5, Basor 5, Bhat 4, Bhilala 1, Bhunjia 5, Brahman 18, Chamar 16, Dangi 4, Dewar 4, Halwai, Jat 5, Kahar 1, Kalar 4, Kolam 5, Koshti 8, Kumhar 3, Kunbi 5, Lodhi 2, 9, Lohar 2, Mahar 13, 14, Mali 1, Mehtar 17, Mina (or Deswali) 1, 4, Nat 3, Oraon 26, Pardhi 5, Sunar 5, Tanti, Teli 10, 13, Velama, Vidur 6

Soldiers. See articles Arab, Bhil, Khandait, Maratha, Paik, Rajput, Taonla

Soma, sacred liquor—Kalar 5; Homa liquor—Parsi R. 13

Songs—Bhat 17, Bhunjia 1, Chitari 5, Dhanwar 4, Gond 77, Gondhali, Kayasth 9, Murha 5, Panwar Rajput 7, Parja 4

Souls of the dead recalled—Ahir 11, Gond 37, Kharia 10, Khond 6, Kurmi 24, Lohar 4, Oraon 13, Taonla

Spangles for the forehead—Lakhera 6

Spells—Lohar 4

Spirits, beliefs in—Badhak 10, Bhat 15, Halba 13, Kalanga 3, Mahar 11, Panwar Rajput 10

Spirits-laying—Kawar 8 (of persons killed by tiger)

Subcastes—Passim. See especially Brahman 5, 6, 7, Chamaar 2, 3, Dhimar 2, Gond 11, Halba 3, Kalar 2, ,3, Kanjar 1-6, Kawar 2, Kayasth 7, Khond 2, Kol 2, 8, Korku 3, Kunbi 3, Kurmi 3, Lodhi 3, Lohar 3, Mali 5, Mehtar 2, Sunar 2, Intro. 5, 45-47

Suckling children—Kurmi 18

Sudra—Intro. 12

Suicide—Bhat 10, 13, Jasondhi, Rajput 14; burning of widows—Brahman 13

Suthra Shahi—Nanakpanthi S. 4

Sweetmeats, preparation of—Halwai

Swindling practices—Jadua Brahman, Jogi 13, Sunar 15, Yerukala

Taboos, on food—Dhakar 3, Kharia 6; of relationship—Sansia 3; general—Jat 13, Thug 23

Tank building—Kohli 3, Sansia (Uria) 4

Tanning—Chamaar 11

Tattooing—Bharia 7, Binjhwar 9, Brahman 23, Dhanwar 12, Gond 65, 66, Gowari 8, Halba 20, Kamar 10, Mahar 12, Oraon 11; suggested origin of—Sunar 11

Teeth, disposal of—Kaikari 3, Kunbi 10, Nai 16

Theft, and detection of—Bhamta 1, Bharia 6, Mang-Garori, Ramosi 3, Sanaurhia 3, Yerukala. See also Criminal practices

Threads as amulets—Lakhera 8, Patwa

Thugs derived from Kanjars and Doms—Thug 3

Tiger, worship of—Koshti 1, Panwar Rajput 10

Tirthakars of Jains—Jain R. 3, 12

Tobacco—Kalar 12

Tomb-stones—Gond 35

Totem, worship of—Kewat 1

Totemism—Agharia 2, Andh, Audhelia 2, Barai 2, Basor 3, Bhaina 3, Bharia 2, Bhil 6, Bhoyar 2, Bhulia, Chadar, Chasa 2, Chauhan, Dahait 2, Dhanwar 2, Dumal 2, Gadba 1, Gond 13, 14, Kalanga 2, Kawar 3, Kewat 2, Khadal, Khadra, Khangar 2, Kharia 4, Khond 3, Kol 9, Kurmi 4, Lodhi 4, Majhwar 4, Oraon 3, Parja 2, Rautia 2, Savar 3, Sudh, Intro. 49, 51

Traps for animals—Gond 81

Trees, spirits in—Kunbi 12

Turmeric—Mali 5

Twins, beliefs about—Kurmi 19

Udasi—Nanakpanthi S. 3

Ukika sacrifice, the—Muhammadan R. 10

Umbrella—Dahait 6, 7

Vaishnava, sect—Kasbi 7

Vaishya—Intro. 13

Valmiki, legend of—Mehtar 14

Vermilion and spangles, meaning of, substitutes for blood—Lakhera 5, 6

Village community—Intro. 22, 23, 73

Village gods—Banjara Devi in Banjara 10, Chordewa in Oraon 16, Khermata in Baiga 6, Kurmi 30, Maiya Andhiyari in Dhanwar 9, Mithu Bhukia in Banjara 11

Village menials—Chamaar 15, Dhimar 12, Gurao 1, Kahar 1, Kumhar 4, Mang 6

Village—priests (Bhumka Jhankar)—Binjhwar 9, Korku 7, Intro. 28

Villages—Gond 60, Korku 10, Kunbi 19

Vishnu, the god. See article Vaishnava Sect

Washerman—Dhobi 8

Washing clothes, method of—Dhobi 5, 6, Gond 64

Watchman, village—Kotwar, Ramosi 3, Intro. 27

Weapons—Khond 7

Weeping, custom of—Bharia 3, Chauhan, Gond 22

Widow-marriage—Passim. See especially Bania 12, Banjara 8, Brahman 12, Chamaar 6, Gauria (disposal of first husband's children), Gond 24, Gujar 5, Halba 10, Kirar 2, Kohli 2, Kori 2, Koshti 3, Kunbi 9, Kurmi 11, Mahar 5, Mali 7, Muhammadan R. 6, Panwar Rajput 8, Teli 6; sale of widows—Panwar Rajput 8; Sati or burning of widows—Brahman 13

Wine-drinking, legend of—Kalar 7. See Liquor

Witchcraft—Bhatra 8, Bhil 9, Gond 50, Kawar 10, Oraon 16

Women, sexual morality of—Gond, Gowari; seclusion of—Rajput, 13

Wool, sanctity of—Gadaria, 8; shearing and weaving—Gadaria, 7

Yadava tribe, the—Ahir, 4

Yawning—Chitari, 4

Yoga philosophy—Jogi, 1

Zend-Avesta—Parsi R., 3, 4

Zodiac, the—Joshi, 2-7



End of Vol. I



NOTES

[1] Indian Caste, p. 12.

[2] Dr. Wilson's Indian Caste (Times Press and Messrs. Blackwood), 1875, p. 88, quoting from Rig-Veda.

[3] Dr. Wilson's Indian Caste (Times Press and Messrs. Blackwood), 1875, p. 88, quoting from Rig-Veda.

[4] Rig-Veda, i. 11. Wilson, ibidem, p. 94.

[5] Wilson, ibidem, p. 99.

[6] Manu, ii. 17, 24.

[7] Barbarians or foreigners.

[8] See Burnett and Hopkins, Ordinances of Manu, s.v.

[9] Wilson, Indian Caste, p. 170, quoting Weber, Indische Studien, i. 170.

[10] A collection of rules for sacrifices and other rites, coming between the Vedas and the law-books, and dated by Max Mueller between 600-200 B.C.

[11] Wilson, Indian Caste, p. 182.

[12] Wilson, p. 184, quoting from Shrauta-sutra of Katyayana, 1. 1. 6.

[13] Manu, iv. 99; iii. 178.

[14] Wilson, pp. 421, 422.

[15] Wilson, p. 187, quoting from Hiranyakeshi Sutra.

[16] See article Mehtar in text.

[17] Wilson, p. 363, quoting from Smriti of Angira.

[18] Wilson, Indian Caste, p. 195, from Hiranyakeshi Sutra.

[19] Manu, viii. 417.

[20] Wilson, p. 260, quoting Mahabharata, viii. 1367 et seq.

[21] Wilson, p. 403, quoting from Vyavahara Mayukha.

[22] Wilson, p. 400, from Parashara Smriti.

[23] Wilson, p. 140, quoting from Atharva Veda, iv. 32. 1.

[24] Wilson, p. 211.

[25] Wilson, Indian Caste, referring to Ptolemy, vii. 1. 61 and vi. 120. 3.

[26] Wilson, pp. 113, 114.

[27] See for the impure castes para. 40 post.

[28] The word "aboriginal" is used here for convenience and not as conveying any assertion as to the origin of the pre-Aryan population.

[29] Bombay Gazetteer, Parsis of Gujarat, p. 213.

[30] Rig-Veda, 6. 3. 16, quoted by Wilson, Indian Caste, p. 110.

[31] Wilson, p. 109.

[32] Monier-Williams, Sanskrit Dictionary, pointed out by Mr. Crooke.

[33] Quoted by Wilson, p. 209. It would seem probable, however, that the Vaishyas must themselves have formed the rank and file of the fighting force, at least in the early period.

[34] Manu, i. 90.

[35] Wilson, Indian Caste, p. 193, quoting from Hiranyakeshi Sutra.

[36] Wilson, p. 260, quoting Mahabharata, viii. 1367 et seq.

[37] Mahabharata, xii. 2749 et seq.

[38] List of classes of Indian society given in the Purusha-Medha of the White Yajur-Veda, Wilson, pp. 126-135.

[39] Manu, viii. 113.

[40] Hopkin's and Burnett's Code of Manu, x. 64, 65, and footnotes.

[41] Mahabharata, xiii. 2510 et. seq., quoted by Wilson, p. 272.

[42] Manu, ix. 149, 157.

[43] Manu indeed declares that such children could not be initiated (x. 68), but it is clear that they must, as a matter of fact, have been capable of initiation or they could not possibly have been married in the father's caste.

[44] See article on Brahman for some further details.

[45] Wilson, Indian Caste, i. 440, quoting Brahma Vaivarrta Purana.

[46] See article Bhat for further discussion of this point.

[47] Dolichos uniflorus.

[48] See article Jat for a more detailed discussion of their status.

[49] Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Khandait.

[50] Proprietors of large landed estates.

[51] See article on Kunbi, para. 1.

[52] Village Communities, p. 127.

[53] History of the Marathas, vol. i. p. 25.

[54] Village Communities, pp. 226, 227.

[55] The Aryan Household, ed. 1891, p. 190.

[56] Ibidem, p. 228. Professor Hearn followed Sir Henry Maine in thinking that the clan was an expansion of the patriarchal joint family; but the reasons against this view are given subsequently.

[57] Memoir of Central India, vol. ii. p. 22.

[58] La Cite antique, 21st ed. pp. 66, 68.

[59] La Cite antique, 21 st ed. pp. 66, 68.

[60] Nigeria, quoted in Saturday Review, 6th April 1912.

[61] Religion of the Semites, p. 96.

[62] See article Sunar for a discussion of the sanctity of gold and silver, and the ornaments made from them.

[63] Michelia champaka, a variety of the jack or bread-fruit tree.

[64] See article Darzi for further discussion of the use of sewn clothes in India.

[65] See articles on Bhulia, Panka, Kori and Julaha.

[66] Traill's Account of Kumaon, Asiatic Researches, vol. xvi. (1828) p. 213.

[67] Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Bari.

[68] Pointed out by Mr. Crooke.

[69] The Marathi name for the god Hanuman.

[70] Linguistic Survey, vol. iv., Munda and Dravidian Languages, p. 7.

[71] Acacia catechu.

[72] See article on Gond.

[73] Linguistic Survey, p. 15.

[74] Introduction to The Mundas and their Country, p. 9.

[75] Linguistic Survey, p. 277.

[76] See for this the article on Kol, from which the above passage is abridged.

[77] Bombay Gazetteer, vol. xii. p. 175.

[78] Cochin Census Report, 1901, quoted in Sir H. Risley's Peoples of India, 2nd ed. p. 115.

[79] This was permissible in the time of Asoka, circa 250 B.C. Mr. V.A. Smith's Asoka, pp. 56, 58.

[80] Sir H. Risley's Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Tanti.

[81] See article Kanjar for a discussion of the connection of the gipsies and Thugs with the Kanjars.

[82] See article Chamar, para. 1.

[83] Loha, iron; tamba, copper; kansa, brass or bell-metal; sona, gold.

[84] Kanch, glass.

[85] Phul, flower; haldi,turmeric; jira, cumin.

[86] Crotalaria juncea. See article Lorha for a discussion of the objections to this plant.

[87] Morinda citrifolia. The taboo against the plant is either because the red dye resembles blood, or because a number of insects are destroyed in boiling the roots to extract the dye.

[88] See article on Brahman.

[89] Sonjhara is a separate caste as well as a subcaste of Dhimar.

[90] See article Kurmi, appendix, for some instances of territorial names.

[91] Wilson's Indian Caste, p. 439.

[92] Vol. i. pp. 272, 276.

[93] Studies in Ancient History, p. 123.

[94] See lists of totems of Australian and Red Indian tribes. Sir J.G. Frazer notes that the majority are edible animals or plants.

[95] Address to the British Association, 1902. I had not had the advantage of reading the address prior to the completion of this work.

[96] M'Lennan, Studies in Ancient History, p. 123, quoting from Grant's Origin and Descent of the Gael.

[97] Totemism and Exogamy, i. pp. 112, 120, ii. p. 536, iii. pp. 100, 162; Native Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 209-10; Native Tribes of South-East Australia p. 145; Native Tribes of Northern Australia (Professor Baldwin Spencer), pp. 21, 197; J.H. Weeks, Among the Primitive Bakongo, p. 99.

[98] See pp. II, 138, 190 (Edition 1891).

[99] Totemism and Exogamy, ii. pp. 338, 339.

[100] La Cite Antique, p. 254.

[101] The Origin of Civilisation, 7th ed. p. 246.

[102] W.W. Skeat, Malay Magic, pp. 52, 53.

[103] I. p. 253.

[104] 2nd ed. vol. i. pp. 169, 174. See also Sir E.B. Tylor's Primitive Culture, i. pp. 282, 286, 295; ii. pp. 170, 181, etc.

[105] See also Primitive Culture, i. pp. 119, 121, 412, 413, 514.

[106] Messrs. Spencer and Gillan, Native Tribes of Central Australia (London, Macmillan), p. 201.

[107] Linguistic Survey of India, vol. iv., Munda and Dravidian Languages, pp. 40, 41, 45.

[108] Linguistic Survey of India, vol. iv., Munda and Dravidian Languages, pp. 292, 294.

[109] Dr. A.H. Keane, The World's Peoples, London, Hutchinson, 1908, p. 50.

[110] Nimar Settlement Report.

[111] See also Primitive Culture, i. p. 408.

[112] The Oraons, pp. 408, 409.

[113] 2nd ed. vol. ii. p. 457 et seq.

[114] For instances of omens see article Thug and Index. Also Miss Harrison's Themis, pp. 98, 99.

[115] La Cite Antique, p. 225.

[116] W.W. Skeat, Malay Magic, pp. 178, 571.

[117] Early History of Mankind, 3rd ed. p. 143.

[118] Ibidem, p. 125.

[119] See article Joshi for examples of Hindu names.

[120] La Cite Antique, p. 357.

[121] p. 182, et seq.

[122] See para. 61.

[123] I. p. 430.

[124] See article on Nai.

[125] 2nd ed. vol. i. p. 57.

[126] Native Tribes of Central Australia, Introduction, p. 25.

[127] Dr. A. H. Keane, The Worlds Peoples, p. 62.

[128] For counting, see Primitive Culture, 5th ed. pp. 240, 254, 265, 266.

[129] Account of the Mewar Bhils, J.A.S.B., vol. xxiv. (1875) p. 369.

[130] Early History of Mankind, p. 293.

[131] Ibidem, p. 294.

[132] Ibidem, p. 295.

[133] See also Primitive Culture, i. p. 493, ii. p. 431.

[134] See article on Mochi for the Muhammadan reference. The Jewish reference is of course to the Second Commandment.

[135] Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 176.

[136] Ibidem, pp. 181, 182.

[137] The Golden Bough, 2nd ed. ii. p. 120.

[138] The Golden Bough, 2nd ed. iii. p. 301.

[139] Section on the Kol tribe in Dalton's Ethnology of Bengal.

[140] Mr. S.C. Roy, The Oraons, p. 262.

[141] See also Primitive Culture, 5th ed. ii. pp. 243, 244, 246.

[142] See article on Brahman.

[143] See article Bairagi.

[144] Native Tribes of Central Australia, pp. 185, 186.

[145] Ibidem, pp. 154, 155.

[146] Primitive Culture, 5th ed. ii. pp. 243, 244.

[147] Primitive Culture, 5th ed. ii. pp. 243, 244.

[148] Dr. A.W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 146. In this case the reference seems to be to any one of several totems of a sub-class.

[149] Dr. A.W. Howitt, Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 145.

[150] Ibidem, pp. 148, 149.

[151] The Religion of the Semites, pp. 273, 274.

[152] Primitive Paternity, vol. i. pp. 272, 273.

[153] The Religion of the Semites, p. 265.

[154] See paragraph 80 below and the article on Kasai.

[155] The Origin of Civilisation, p. 240.

[156] See The Golden Bough, ii. p. 396 et seq.

[157] This view of sacrifice was first enunciated by Professor Robertson Smith in the article on Sacrifice in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, and The Religion of the Semites.

[158] History of Human Marriage, p. 324.

[159] Many instances are also given by Mr. Hartland in Primitive Paternity.

[160] Native Tribes of South-East Australia, p. 481.

[161] Primitive Marriage, p. 135, footnote.

[162] Totemism and Exogamy, ii. p. 473, iii. pp. 34, 76, 101, 225, 272, 308, 360. The Australians have secret Churinga names, the Churingas apparently representing the spirits of ancestors which have returned to the totem. (Spencer and Gillan, ibidem, Appendix A.)

[163] Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia, pp. 198, 200.

[164] Native Tribes of Central Australia, p. 70; Natives of Australia, Mr. N.W. Thomas, p. 75.

[165] Totemism and Exogamy, iii. pp. 93, 120, 122, 124, 226, ii. p. 6.

[166] Totemism and Exogamy, vol. iv.

[167] See article Lakhera for further discussion of the marking with vermilion and its substitutes.

[168] La Cite Antique, Paris, Librairie Hachette, 21st ed. p. 4.

[169] La Cite Antique, p. 45.

[170] This word seems to mean elder sister, and is applied by the girls to their sex-totem, the emu-wren.

[171] Native Tribes of S.-E. Australia, p. 149.

[172] History of Human Marriage, pp. 418-420.

[173] The People of India (Thacker & Co.), pp. 171, 173.

[174] Tribes and Castes of the N.-W.P. and Oudh, art. Nunia.

[175] Religion and Customs of the Oraons, Memoirs, As. Socy. of Bengal, vol. i. No. 9.

[176] Mr. S.C. Roy, The Oraons, p. 247.

[177] See article on Rajput, para. 9.

[178] Professor W. E. Hearn's Aryan Household (London, Longmans, Green & Co.), p. 160.

[179] At first the whole gens were the heirs, Ancient Law, p. 221. The group of agnatic kinsmen are mentioned in Early Law and Custom, pp. 238, 239, but not directly as heirs.

[180] Aryan Household, p. 28, quoting Becker's Charicles, p. 394.

[181] Aryan Household, p. 160, quoting Plutarch, Quaestiones Romanae, c. 6.

[182] La Cite Antique, 21st ed. Paris, Hachette et Cie.

[183] Aryan Household, p. 215.

[184] La Cite Antique, p. 299.

[185] La Cite Antique, p. 304.

[186] Ibidem, pp. 128, 129.

[187] Ibidem, p. 318.

[188] Ibidem, p. 129.

[189] Ibidem, p. 273.

[190] Ibidem, p. 129.

[191] Ibidem, p. 320.

[192] La Cite Antique, p. 279.

[193] Ibidem, pp. 281, 282.

[194] Ibidem, p. 281.

[195] Ibidem, p. 320.

[196] La Cite Antique, p. 179.

[197] Ibidem.

[198] Ibidem.

[199] Ibidem, p. 181.

[200] La Cite Antique, p. 113.

[201] Ibidem, pp. 186-188.

[202] La Cite Antique, ibidem.

[203] Pp. 151, 154.

[204] The above account of the festival and pilgrimage is taken from the Rev. T.P. Hughes' Dictionary of Islam, articles Idu-l-Azha and Hajj.

[205] La Cite Antique, p. 134.

[206] Ibidem, p. 127.

[207] Para. 48 above.

[208] See article on Rajput, para. 9.

[209] The Magic Art, ii. p. 89, quoting Satapatha Brahmana.

[210] See article on Kasai.

[211] See account in article on Kasai.

[212] Orpheus, pp. 123, 125.

[213] 7th ed. p. 300.

[214] Origin of Civilisation, 7th ed. p. 299.

[215] The Dasahra: an Autumn Festival of the Hindus, Folk-lore, March 1915. Some notice of the Dasahra in the Central Provinces is contained in the article on Kumhar.

[216] Crooke, loc. cit. p. 41.

[217] See also article Mahar.

[218] La Cite Antique, pp. 202, 204.

[219] Imperial Gazetteer of India, ii. p. 312.

[220] Totemism and Exogamy, vol. ii. pp. 528, 530.

[221] Ibidem.

[222] Totemism and Exogamy, vol. ii. p. 608; The Golden Bough, 2nd ed. vol. iii. p. 407.

[223] Dr. A.H. Keane, The World's Peoples, p. 138.

[224] Mr. L.D. Barnett's Antiquities of India, p. 171.

[225] The Golden Bough, 2nd ed. vol. i. pp. 234, 235.

[226] Ibidem, vol. ii. pp. 9, 10.

[227] Other features of the sacramental rite, strengthening this hypothesis, are given in the article Kabirpanthi Sect. The account is taken from Bishop Westcott's Kabir and the Kabirpanth.

[228] See articles Dewar, Bhunjia, Gauria, Sonjhara, Malyar.

[229] Some instances are given in the article on Kalar and on Rajput, para. 9.

[230] Dr. A.H. Keane, The World's Peoples, pp. 129, 130.

[231] Para. 11.

[232] For further notice of Vishnu and Siva see articles Vaishnava and Saiva sects; for Devi see article Kumhar, and for Kali, article Thug; for Krishna, article Ahir; for Ganpati, article Bania.

[233] See above, para. 13.

[234] La Cite Antique, p. 341.

[235] Early History of Mankind, pp. 259, 260. The needfire, as described by Sir E.B. Tylor, had the character of a purificatory rite, but it may be doubted whether this was its original form, any more than in the case of the Suovetaurilia or Pola ceremonies.

[236] Mr. J.T. Marten's Central Provinces Census Report, p. 238.

[237] For further notice of this offence see article Sunar under Ear-piercing.

[238] Para. 61.

[239] "Tarpeia" in M. Salomon Reinach's Cults, Myths and Religions (English edition, London, David Nutt, 1912).

[240] Cults, Customs, p. 130.

[241] Maclagan, Punjab Census Report, p. 174.

[242] Burn, United Provinces Census Report, p. 82.

[243] Cults, Customs, p. 144.

[244] Ibidem, pp. 176, 177.

[245] Cults, Customs, pp. 148, 149.

[246] Maclagan, l.c.

[247] Ibidem.

[248] J. T. Marten, Census Report (1911).

[249] Lillingston, p. 45, on the authority of Max Mullet. Professor Oman states, however, that he had but little acquaintance with the Vedas (Brahmans, Tkeists, p. 103), and if this was so it would seem likely that his knowledge of the other ancient languages was not very profound. But he published a book in Persian and knew English well.

[250] Oman, quoting from Dr. George Smith's Life of Dr. Alexander Duff, vol. i. p. 118.

[251] Oman, quoting Mary Carpenter's Last Days in England of the Raja Ram Mohan Roy, p. 67.

[252] Lillingston, p. 51.

[253] Brahmans, Theists, p. 105.

[254] Brahmans, Theists, p. 111.

[255] Lillingston, p. 73.

[256] Brahmans, Theists, p. 116.

[257] Ibidem, p. 113.

[258] Brahmans, Theists, p. 118.

[259] Lillingston, p. 96.

[260] Brahmans, Theists, p. 133.

[261] Brahmans, Theists, pp. 131, 139, 140.

[262] Brahmans, Theists, p. 148.

[263] This article is compiled from the notices in Wilson's Hindu Sects, As. Res. vol. xvi. pp. 79-81; Sir E. Maclagan's Punjab Census Report, 1891; and Mr. Bhimbhai Kirparam's Hindus of Gujarat, Bombay Gazetteer, vol. ix.

[264] Captain C.E. Luard, in Central India Census Report (1901), p. 88.

[265] Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat (Mr. Bhimbhai Kirparam), p. 545.

[266] This information was kindly furnished by the Diwan of Panna, through the Political Agent at Bundelkhand.

[267] Barth, p. 148.

[268] Hopkins, p. 310, and The Jains, p. 40.

[269] Barth, p. 149.

[270] The Jainas, pp. 38-47.

[271] The writer is inclined to doubt whether either Buddhism or Jainism were really atheistic, and to think that they were perhaps rather forms of pantheism; but the above is the view of the best authorities.

[272] The Jainas, p. 10.

[273] The Jainas, p. 6.

[274] Ibidem, p. 10.

[275] Moor's Hindu Infanticide, pp. 175-176.

[276] Marten, C.P. Census Report (1911), p. 67.

[277] Maclagan, Punjab Census Report (1891), p. 183.

[278] Mr. Marten's Central Provinces Census Report, 1911.

[279] The particulars about the Tirthakars and the animals and trees associated with them are taken from The Jainas.

[280] Jonesia Asoka.

[281] Cedrela toona.

[282] Grislea tomentosa.

[283] Eugenia jambolana.

[284] Michelia champaka.

[285] Crooke, Things Indian, art. Pinjrapol.

[286] Moor, Hindu Infanticide, p. 184.

[287] Rajasthan, vol. i. p. 449, and pp. 696, 697, App.

[288] Central Provinces Census Report, 1911.

[289] Westcott, Op. cit. p. 3.

[290] Op. cit. p. 12.

[291] Kabir and the Kabirpanth, pp. 115 and 116.

[292] Raipur District.

[293] The description of the Chauka service is mainly taken from Bishop Westcott's full and detailed account.

[294] Ficus glomerata.

[295] Sherring, Hindu Castes and Tribes, iii. pp. 96, 123.

[296] By Surgeon-Major Cornish.

[297] Bombay Census Report, 1901, pp. 181-183.

[298] Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies, p. 117.

[299] Mr. Marten's C.P. Census Report (1911), Subsidiary Table, ix., Occupation, p. 276.

[300] Short for Amir or Prince.

[301] Siddik means veracious or truthful, and he was given the name on account of his straightforward character (Bombay Gazetteer.)

[302] Supplemental Glossary, vol. i. p. 195.

[303] Mr. A. M. T. Jackson in Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj;, p. 10.

[304] Bombay Gazetteer, ibidem.

[305] Hughes' Dictionary of Islam, s. v. Marriage.

[306] Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj. p. 166.

[307] Ibidem, p. 66.

[308] Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj. pp. 147,148, from which the whole paragraph is taken.

[309] Bomb. Gas. Muh. Guj. p. 150.

[310] Temple's Proper Names of the Punjabis, pp. 41, 43.

[311] Qanun-Islam, p. 20.

[312] Ibidem.

[313] Qanun-i-Islam, pp. 26, 27.

[314] Ibidem, pp. 30, 35.

[315] Hughes, Notes on Muhammadanism, pp. 122, 131.

[316] Qanun-i-Islam, p. 286.

[317] Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj. pp. 168, 170.

[318] Dictionary of Islam, art. Inheritance.

[319] Hughes, Notes on Muhammadanism, pp. 63, 75.

[320] See post. The account is compiled mainly from the Dictionary of Islam, articles Idu-l-Azha and Hajj.

[321] Bomb. Gas. Muh. Guj. p. 138.

[322] Hughes, Dictionary of Islam, s.v. Idu-l-Azha.

[323] Hughes, ibidem.

[324] Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj. p. 131.

[325] Professor Margoliouth's Muhammadanism.

[326] Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj. p. 131.

[327] Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj. pp. 132, 135.

[328] Bomb. Gaz., ibidem.

[329] Professor Margoliouth's Muhammadanism and the Dictionary of Islam.

[330] Early Developments of Muhammadanism, pp. 87, 97.

[331] Notes on Muhammadanism, p. 168.

[332] Dictionary of Islam, s.v. Food.

[333] Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj. pp. 100-103, and Dictionary of Islam, art. Dress and Ornaments.

[334] Hughes, Notes on Muhammadanism.

[335] Qanun-i-Islam, pp. 24, 25. This account is a very old one, and the elaborate procedure may now have been abandoned.

[336] Hughes, Dictionary of Islam, s.v. Fitrah.

[337] Bomb. Gaz. Muh. Guj. pp. 143, 144.

[338] Hughes, Dictionary of Islam, s.v. Whistling.

[339] C.P. Census Report, 1911, p. 66.

[340] This article is compiled from Sir Denzil Ibbetson's Punjab Census Report of 1881, and Sir E.D. Maclagan's Punjab Census Report of 1891.

[341] Ibbetson, para. 260.

[342] Maclagan, para. 88.

[343] Maclagan, loc. cit.

[344] Ibbetson, para. 265.

[345] Maclagan, para. 95.

[346] Tribes and Castes, article Suthra Shahi.

[347] C.P. Census Report (1911), p. 69.

[348] P. 276.

[349] Orpheus, p. 94.

[350] Ibidem.

[351] Haug, loc. cit. pp. 69, 70.

[352] Orpheus, pp. 91, 92.

[353] Haug, pp. 267, 268.

[354] Haug, p. 269.

[355] Haug, pp. 272, 273.

[356] Great Religions of India.

[357] Great Religions of India.

[358] Orpheus, p. 96.

[359] Ibidem, p. 98.

[360] Haug, p. 199.

[361] Sykes' Persia and its People, p. 180; Great Religions of India, p. 173.

[362] Bombay Gazetteer, vol. ix. part ii., Parsis of Gujarat p. 190.

[363] Bombay Gazetteer, ibidem.

[364] Bombay Gazetteer, vol. ix. part ii., Parsis of Gujarat, pp. 233, 237.

[365] P. 133.

[366] Bombay Gazetteer, vol. ix. part ii., Parsis of Gujarat, pp. 221-226.

[367] Bombay Gazetteer, vol. ix. part ii., Parsis of Gujarat, p. 231.

[368] Ibidem, pp. 239-242.

[369] Bombay Gazetteer, vol. ix. part ii., Parsis of Gujarat, pp. 241, 243.

[370] Bombay Gazetteer, Parsis of Gujarat, pp. 205, 207, 219, 220.

[371] See also article on Kalar.

[372] Aegle marmelos.

[373] Dr. Bhattacharya's Hindu Castes and Sects, p. 371.

[374] See articles Kumhar, Thug and Sakta sect.

[375] See art. Sakta Sect.

[376] Mr. Marten's C. P. Census Report, 1911.

[377] India Census Report (1901), p. 360.

[378] Hindu Castes and Sects (Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta), pp. 407-413.

[379] Sir E. Gait's note, India Census Report.

[380] Hindu Castes and Sects.

[381] This article is based principally on a paper by Mr. Durga Prasad Pande, Tahsildar, Raipur.

[382] Bilaspur Settlement Report (1888), p. 45.

[383] Some of Mr. Chisholm's statements are undoubtedly inaccurate. For instance, he says that Ghasi Das decided on a temporary withdrawal into the wilderness, and proceeded for this purpose to a small village called Girod near the junction of the Jonk and Mahanadi rivers. But it is an undoubted fact, as shown by Mr. Hira Lal and others, that Ghasi Das was born in Girod and had lived there all his life up to the time of his proclamation of his gospel.

[384] Ibidem.

[385] Luffa acutangula.

[386] Solanum melangenum.

[387] Some of the Bundela raids in the north of the Province were made on the pretext of being crusades for the protection of the sacred animal.

[388] From Mr. Durga Prasad Pande's paper.

[389] This text is recorded by Mr. Durga Prasad Pande as follows:

"Bhaji chhurai bhanta chhurdi Gondli karat chhonka Lai bhaji ke chhurawate Gaon la marai chauka. Sahib ke Satnamia; 'Thonka.'"

Or

"We have given up eating vegetables, we eat no brinjals: we eat onions with more relish; we eat no more red vegetables. The chauka has been placed in the village. The true name is of God; (to which the pair replied) 'Amen.'"

[390] See article Nanakpanthi for an account of Nanak's creed.

[391] Here again, Sir D. Ibbetson notes, it is often the women who are the original offenders: "I have often asked Sikhs how it is that, believing as they do in only one God, they can put any faith in and render any obedience to Brahmans who acknowledge a large number of deities, and their answer in every case has been that they do not themselves believe in them; but their women do, and to please them they are obliged to pay attention to what the Brahmans say."

[392] Punjab Census Report (1891), para. 107.

[393] Account of the Sikhs, Asiatic Researches.

[394] Apparently the Scripture of Govind, the tenth guru.

[395] 'Hurrah for the Guru's Khalsa, Victory to the Guru.'

[396] Sir Lepel Griffin's Life of Ranjit Singh.

[397] Based on the account of the sect in the volume, Hindus of Gujarat, of the Bombay Gazetteer, and The Swami-Narayan Sect pamphlet, printed at the Education Society's Press, Bombay, 1887.

[398] Bishop Heber's Narrative of a Journey through the Upper Provinces, pp. 143, 153.

[399] The Swami-Narayan Sect, pp. 4, 22. The above details are given, because in the Bombay Gazetteer the Swami is said to have prohibited the taking of food with low-caste people, and caste pollution; and this appears incorrect.

[400] The Swami-Narayan Sect, p. 25.

[401] Bombay Ducks, p. 194.

[402] For a suggested explanation of the myth of Parasurama see article Panwar Rajput.

[403] See also article Ahir.

[404] Kabirpanthi, Nanakpanthi, Dadupanthi, Swami-Narayan, etc.

[405] This article is based on Professor Wilson's Hindu Sects, M. Chevrillon's Romantic India, and some notes collected by Munshi Kanhya Lal of the Gazetteer Office.

[406] Dhatura alba, a plant sacred to Siva, whose seed is a powerful narcotic, and is used to poison travellers.

[407] This article consists entirely of extracts from the article on the Wahhabi sect in the Rev. T. P. Hughes' Dictionary of Islam.

[408] Irvine, Army of the Mughals, p. 198.

[409] Irvine, Army of the Mughals, p. 232.

[410] Summary of the Maratha and Pindari Campaigns, p. 264.

[411] Bombay Gazetteer, vol. ix. part ii. p. 16.

[412] Madras Census Report (1891), p. 221.

[413] Punjab Census Report (1881), para. 543.

[414] Berar Census Report (1881), p. 128.

[415] Punjab Census Report (1881), para. 529.

[416] Khan Bahadur Lutfullah Faridi in Bombay Gazetteer, Muh. Guj.

[417] Berar Census Report, ibidem.

[418] In 1911 about 3000 persons belonging to the caste were returned, mainly from Bilaspur District, and the Korea and Sarguja States.

[419] Crooke, vol. i. p. 184.

[420] Eastern India, ii. p. 467.

[421] North-West Provinces Gazetteer, vol. xiv., Mirzapur, p. 365.

[422] Ethnographic Notes in Southern India, page 72.

[423] This article consists of extracts from Mr. Crooke's account of the caste in his Tribes and Castes.

[424] Eastern India, ii. 248.

[425] Punjab Census Report (1881), para. 542.

[426] Tribes and Castes, art. Bhatia.

[427] Rajasthan, ii. p. 292.

[428] Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Bind.

[429] Tribes and Castes of the N.W.P. and Oudh, art. Bind.

[430] Bauhinia scandens.

[431] Ethnology of Bengal. pp. 158, 221.

[432] See art. Bhunjia.

[433] Linguistic Survey of India, vol. iv., Munda and Dravidian Dialects, p. 102.

[434] Caldwell's Dravidian Grammar, pp. 123 and 134. Captain Glasfurd says: 'The termination war is a Telugu affix signifying person or man' (Settlement Report of the Upper Godavari District (1868), p. 26).

[435] This article consists only of extracts from the accounts of Colonel Dalton and Sir H. Risley.

[436] Dalton's Ethnology of Bengal, pp. 126, 127.

[437] Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Chero.

[438] See also art. Daharia for a discussion of the origin of that caste.

[439] Tribes and Castes, art. Dhalgar.

[440] From a paper by Narayan Bohidar, Schoolmaster, Sonpur State.

[441] This article is based on papers by Mr. D.P. Kshirsagar, Naib-Tahsildar, Buldana, and Mr. Khandekar, Headmaster, Nandura.

[442] Madras Census Report (1901), p. 149.

[443] Bhandara Settlement Report (Mr. A.B. Napier), p. 8.

[444] Criminal Tribes of the C.P., p. 61.

[445] Buchanan, i. p. 331.

[446] B.G. Muh. Guj., p. 84.

[447] This article is based on information collected by Mr. Hira Lai in Betul.

[448] Art. Dom. in Tribes and Castes of Bengal, and of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh.

[449] See article Are.

[450] Thana Gazetteer, pp. 119, 120.

[451] Sholapur Gazetteer, p. 158.

[452] Madras Census Report (1891), p. 238.

[453] Ibidem, p. 280.

[454] Satara Gazetteer, p, 41.

[455] Nasik Gazetteer, p. 54.

[456] This account is taken from inquiries made by Mr. Hira Lal in Patna.

[457] Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Bauri.

[458] From a paper by Mr. Kripasindh Tripathi, Headmaster, Saria Middle School, Sarangarh State.

[459] From pag, a foot.

[460] Malcolm, Memoir of Central India, ii. p. 21.

[461] This paper is compiled from notes taken by Mr. Hira Lal at Raj-Nandgaon and Betul.

[462] Perhaps Pandanus fascicularis.

[463] This article is compiled from papers by C. Ramiah, Kanungo, Sironcha, and W.G. Padaya Naidu, clerk, District Office, Chanda.

[464] Mysore Census Report (1891), p. 205.

[465] This article is compiled from a paper by Mr. Ghasinam Dani, Deputy Inspector of Schools, Bastar State.

[466] The caste numbered 85 persons in 1911. The above notice is compiled from a paper by Mr. Krishna Sewak, Naib-Tahsildar, Bargarh.

[467] Based on inquiries made by Mr. Hira Lal, Assistant Gazetteer Superintendent in Bhandara.

[468] Madras Census Report (1901), p. 168.

[469] Bombay Gazetteer, Guj. Mukh. p. 18.

[470] Elliott's Memoirs, vol. i. p. 54.

[471] Crooke's Tribes and Castes, vol. i. p. 161.

[472] Madras Census Report (1891), p. 303.

[473] India Census Report (1891), p. 200.

[474] Man, November 1909.

[475] Tone, Letter on the Marathas (1798), India Office Tracts, p. 25.

[476] Lane, Modern Egyptians, p. 373.

[477] Census Report (1891), p. 211.

[478] From a paper by Mr. Rajaram Gangadhar Deshpande, Tahsildar, Wardha.

[479] Settlement Report of the Upper Godavari District (1868), quoted in Mr. Nunn's Monograph on the Gold and Silver Industries of the Central provinces.

[480] Monograph on the Gold and Silver Industries, loc. cit.

[481] Berar Census Report (1881), p. 219.

[482] Based on a paper by Mr. Ali Mustafa, Naib-Tahsildar, Hatta.

[483] Census Report (1891), p. 179.

[484] In the introduction to Firishta's History (Elliot, vi. p. 568), it is stated that Roh is the name of a particular mountain (country) which extends in length from Swat and Bajaur to the town of Siwi belonging to Bhakar. In breadth it stretches from Hasan Abdul to Kabul. Kandahar is situated in this country. (Crooke's Hobson-Jobson, p. 766.)

[485] Mr. Crooke's Tribes and Castes, vol. iv. pp. 165, 166.

[486] Proper Names of the Punjabis, p. 74.

[487] Indian Life and Sentiment, p. 99.

[488] Linguistic Survey, vol. iv. p. 30.

[489] Linguistic Survey, vol. iv., Munda and Dravidian Languages, p. 79.

[490] Ibidem, pp. 84, 85.

[491] Ethnology of Bengal, p. 235 et seq.

[492] Tribes and Castes of Bengal, App. I.

[493] Ibidem, pp. 222, 223.

[494] This article is written from papers by Mr. G.A. Khan, Assistant Commissioner, Venkatesh Tumaiya Ayawar, Schoolmaster, Chanda, and Mr. G. Padaya Naidu, District Officer, Chanda.

[495] North Arcot Manual, i. p. 200.

[496] North Arcot Manual, i. p. 242.

[497] Based on a paper by G. Pydiah Naidu of the Gazetteer Office.

[498] Vol. xi. p. 433.

[499] Mr. Edwardes, Byways of Bombay, p. 79.

[500] Bombay Gazetteer, ibidem.

[501] J.A.S.B., No. 3 of 1903, p. 103.

[502] Partly based on a note by Mr. C.J. Irwin, Assistant Commissioner, Jubbulpore.

[503] Bombay Gazetteer, vol. xvii. (Sholapur), p. 234.

[504] Bombay Gazetteer, Belgaum, p. 250.

[505] Tribes and Castes, art. Sikligar.

[506] Based on a paper by Mr. Gokul Prasad, Naib-Tahsildar, Dhamtari.

[507] Tribes and Castes of Bengal, art. Tanti.

[508] Madras Census Report (1901), p. 153.

[509] Tribes and Castes of Bengal, s.v.

[510] Madras Census Report (1891), p. 243.

THE END