and police regulations; fires; alarm towers, paved streets; revenue; pavements, public baths, port of Ganfu; the province and other provinces of Manzi, garrisons; horoscopes, funeral rites; palace of the expelled king; church, house registers; hostel regulations; canals; markets and squares; fruits and fish shops; women of the town, physicians and astrologers, courts of justice; vast consumption of pepper; inhabitants' character—their behaviour to women and foreigners; hatred of soldiers; pleasures on the lake and in carriage excursions; palace of the king; the king's effeminacy and ruin; tides; plan of; notices by various writers of; wealth of; ships. Kin-sha Kiang, "River of Golden Sands" (upper branch of Great Kiang, Brius). Kinshan, see Golden Island. Kinto, or Hintu, Mongol general. Kipchak (Ponent), Southern Russia, events related by Polo in; sovereigns; people of; extent of empire. Kirghiz Kazak. Kirghiz, the. Kiria. Kirk, Sir John, and Raphia palm. Kis, Kish, or Kais (Kisi), now Ghes, or Kem, island in Persian Gulf, merchants; described. Kishik, Kishikan, Kizik, Keshikchi, see Keshican. Kishm (Casem). —— or Brakht (Oaracta), island in the Persian Gulf. Kistna River. Kitubuka, General. Kiu-chau. Kiulan (Quilon), see Coilum. Kizil Irmak, the. Kizil River. Kneeling oxen. Kobad, the Sassanian. Kobdo. Koh-Banan (Cobinan). Koja (Coja), a Tartar envoy from Persia. Kokcha River. Kok-Tash, greenstone of Samarkand. Kolastri, or Kolatiri Rajas. Ko-li-ki-sze. Kolkhoi of Ptolemy, identified. Kollam, see Coilum. Koloman, see Coloman. Kolyma, bird-hunting at. [Greek: Komakon]. Komar. [Greek: Komaria akron]. Konar tree, Marco Polo's apples of Paradise. Kondachi. Konkan, Konkan-Tana. Korano, epithet on Indo-Scythic coins. Korea, History of. Koresh king. Kornish, or K'o-tow (Khen-theu). Kosakio, a general against Japan. Kosseir. Kotcheres, Kurds of Mosul. Kotlogh, or Kutlugh, Sultan of Kerman. Kotlogh Shah, the Chaghataian prince. Kotrobah Island. Kouyunjik, sculptures at. Kozlov, Lieutenant K.P., on the Lob-nor. Kuang-chou. Kubenan (Cobinan), a Kuh-banan "Hill of the Terebinths or Wild Pistachios". Kublai (Cublay), Kaan, the Great Khan, his envoys meet the two elder Polos; receives and questions the Polos; sends them as envoys to the Pope; his desire for Christian teachers, and for oil from the lamp in the Holy Sepulchre; gives them a Golden Tablet; his reception of the three Polos; sends Marco on an embassy; Marco grows in favour; allows the Polos to depart with Tablets of Authority; rumour of his death; sends a napkin of asbestos to the Pope; his greatness and power; his milk libations; his inscription at Shangtu; Chinghiz's prophecy; his lineage, age, and accession; Nayan's revolt; Nayan's defeat and death; rebukes anti-Christian gibes; returns to Cambaluc; treats four religions with equal respect; his views on Christianity; how he rewards his captains; his personal appearance; his wives and ladies-in-waiting; his palace at Cambaluc; builds Cambaluc city; his bodyguard; order of his feasts; celebration of his birthday; his distribution of robes; his New Year's feast; his elephants; the K'o-tow; adopts Chinese ancestor-worship; his game laws; his hunting establishment; his masters of hounds; how he goes a-hunting; how his year is spent; Ahmad's influence, oppression, and death; his treatment of Mahomedans; his mint and paper-money; his purchase of valuables; his twelve great Barons; his posts and runners; remission of taxes; his justice; a tree planter; his store of corn; charity to the poor; his astrologers; gaol deliveries, and prohibition of gambling; his early campaign in Yun-nan; and the king of Mien and Bangala; Litan's plot; sends Bayan to invade Manzi; his dealings with Bayan; satisfied with the Polo's mangonels; appoints Mar Sarghis governor of Chinghian-fu; the city of Kinsay; his revenue from Kinsay; from Zayton; his expedition against Chipangu (Japan); sends force against Chamba; attempts to gain Java; his death; sends to buy Ceylon ruby; sends for religions of Sakya; testifies to miraculous powers of Sakya's dish; intercourse with Ma'bar; with Kaulam; missions to Madagascar; Kaidu's wars with him. —— Khan, territories and people subject to (Turkistan), (Tangut and Mongolia); (Tibetan frontier and Yun-nan); (Western China); (N. Eastern China); (Manzi); (Sinju); (Caiju); Chinghian-fu; (Chinginju); (Suju); (Tanpigu); (Chonka); (Zayton); (Chamba); (Sumatra). Kuche character. Kudatku Bilik, an Uighur poem. Kuhistan, or Hill country of Persia. Kukachin, see Cocachin. Kukin-Tana. Kukju (Genkju), Kublai's son. Kuku-Khotan (Blue Town), depot for Mongolian trade with China. Ku-kwan, Customs' Barrier. Kulab, lions in, Salt Mines. Kulan, Asinus Onager, the Gor Khar of Persia. Kulasaikera. Kumar, see Komar. Kumhari, Kumari, see Comari. Kumiz, kimiz (kemiz), Mare's milk, Tartar beverage, sprinkling of. Kummajar. Kunburn Monastery. Kunduz. Kunduz (beaver or sable). Kunduz-Baghlan. Kung-ki-cheng (Fei-ch'eng). Kungurats, Kunkurats (Ungrat), a Mongol tribe. Kunichi (Cunichi, or Chinuchi), "The Keepers of the Mastiff Dogs". Kuniyah (Conia), Iconium, Koniah. Kunlun (Pulo Condore). Kurd dynasty. Kurdistan (Curdistan). Kurds, the. Kureh-i-Ardeshir (Kuwashir). Kuria Maria Islands. Kuridai, Kublai's son. Kurkah, great drum. Kurmishi. Kurshids of Luristan. Kurut (Curd). Kus, Cos (in Egypt). Kushluk, the Naiman. Kutan, son of Okkodai. Kutchluk Khan (Buddhist), Chief of the Naimans. Kutuktemur, Kublai's son. Kutulun, Princess. Kuwinji, see Kaunchi. Kuyuk Khan. Kwa-chau (Caiju), at mouth of Great Canabon Yang-tse-Kiang. Kwan Hsien. Kwansinfu. Kwawa, i.e. Java, etymology. Kwei-chau (Cuiju). Kwei-hwa-ch'eng, or Kuku Khotan. Kweilei River. Kyung-sang province.

Lac (Wallachia), Lacz. Ladies' dresses in Badakhshan. Ladies of Kinsay. Lagong. Lahore (Dalivar, Dilivar). Lahsa. Lajwurd mines. Lake, Caindu. —— Fanchau. —— Kinsay. —— of Palace at Cambaluc. —— Pleasure parties on. —— Talifu. —— Yunnan-fu. Laknaoti. Lakshamana Deva, king of Kashmir. Lamas of Tibetan Buddhism; their superstitions and rites; their monasteries; marriage. (See also Bakhshi.). Lambri, kingdom of; situation of. Lances of Sago Palm. Lanchang. Land of Darkness, market in. Langdarma. Langting Balghasun. Languages used in Mongol Court and administration. Lan-Ho. Lanja Balus, or Lankha balus. Lanka (Ceylon). Lan Ki Hien (Nan-Che-hien). Lanner Falcons. Lan-tsang kiang (Mekong) River. Lao-Kiun, or Lao-Tseu, the Philosopher. Laos, people of. Lar, or Lat-Desa. —— province. Latin version of Polo's Book. Latins, the term. Latse, Tibetan for musk. Lauredano, Agnes. Laurus Camphora. Lawek, Lawaki. Laxities of marriage customs, see Marriage. Layard, Mr. Layas, see Ayas. —— Gulf of. Leather, embroidered mats of Guzerat. Leaves, used for plates; green leaves said to have a soul. Lecomte on Chinese war vessels. Lembeser, Ismaelite fortress. Lenzin. Leon I., king of Lesser Armenia. Leon II., king of Lesser Armenia. Leon III., king of Lesser Armenia. Leon VI., last king of Lesser Armenia. Leopards, taught to sit on horseback; (Cheetas) kept for the Chase by Kublai. Lepechin, Professor. Le Strange, Guy. Leung Shan. Levant, term applied by Polo to the kingdom of the Mongol Khans. Lewchew. Lewis, see St. Lewis. Lewis XI. and XII. (France). Lew-sha, old Chinese name for Lop Desert. Leyes, see Ayas. Lhasa, Labrang Monastery at. Li, Chinese measure, supposed to be confounded with miles. Liampo (Ningpo). Liang, or tael. Liang-chau in Kansuh. Liao dynasty. Liao-tong. Libanos, [Greek: Libanophoros] and [Greek: libanotophoros chora]. Libro d'Oro. Licinius, Emperor.
Lide (Liti). Lieuli Ho. Lign-aloes (eagle-wood), etymology; in Sumatra. Ligor. Ligurium, the precious stone, Liguire. Li H'ien, Tartar ruler of Tangut. Likamankwas of Abyssinian kings. Li-kiang fu. Limyrica. Lindley. Lindsay, Hon. R. Linga. Linju. Lin-ngan (Hang-chau). Lin-ngan in Yun-nan. Lintching-y, or Linchinghien. Lin-t'sing chau. Lion and Sun. Lions, black. —— on the Oxus, Chinese notion of. —— (apparently for tigers) kept for the chase by Kublai, skins of striped; how hunted with dogs (See also Tigers.). Lion's Head Tablets. Lire, various Venetian. —— of gold. Lisbon. Lissu, or Lisau tribe. Litai. Litan, rebellion of. Lithang. Little Orphan Rock. Liu Pang, founder of 1st Han dynasty. Liu Pei (Luo Pe), of the Han dynasty. Livre des Merveille. Livres of gold. —— Parisis. —— Tournois. Li Yuan-hao, founder of the Hsi Hsia dynasty, Tangut. Lo, tribes of S.W. China so-called. —— Chinese name of part of Siam. Lob, see Lop. Locac, kingdom of. Lockhart, Dr. W. Lokok. Lolo tribes. Longevity of Brahmins and Jogis. Longfellow. Lop, city and lake, desert. Lophaburi. Loping. Lor, see Luristan. Lord, Dr. Percival. Loess, brownish-yellow loam. Loups cerviers (lynx). Low castes. Lowatong River. Loyang, Bridge of. Luban. Luban-Jawi. Luban-Shehri. Lubbies. Lucky and unlucky hours and days. Luddur Deo. Luh-ho-ta Pagoda, Hang-chau. Lukon-Kiao (Hun-ho, Pulisanghin River). Lukyn Port. Lung-yin. Luristan (Lor, Lur), kingdom of Persia; Great and Little; character of Lurs or people of. Lusignan, John de. Lut, Desert of (Dasht-i-Lut). Lu-tzu tribe. Lynxes, trained to hunt, in Cuncun.

Ma Twan-lin, the Chinese Pliny. Maaden, turquoise mines at. Maatum, or Nubia. Ma'bar (Maabar, i.e. Coromandel coast), province of India; its brother kings; pearl fishery; etymology; limits; obscurity of history; port visited by Polo; nakedness of people, king, his jewels; his wives, "Trusty Lieges," treasure; horses imported; superstitious customs; ox-worship; Govis, Ib.; no horses bred; other customs; mode of arrest for debt; great heat; regard for omens; astrology, treatment of boys; birds, girls consecrated to idols; customs in sleeping; ships at Madagascar. Macartney's Map. Macgregor, Sir C, "Journey through Khorasan". Machin, city of (Canton). Machin, Mahachin (Great China), used by Persian writers as synonymous with Manzi. Maclagan, Major-General (R.E.). Madagascar (Madeigascar), confused with Magadoxo; etymology; traces of ancient Arab colonisation. Madai, Madavi, Maudoy. Madjgars. Madar-Des, Eastern Panjab. Madras. Madura. Maestro, or Great Bear, said to be invisible in Sumatra. Magadha. Magadoxo, confused with Madagascar. Magapatana, near Ceylon. Magi, the three, legend as told by Mas'udi; source of fancies about; names assigned to. Magic, of Udyana, Lamaitic, (See also Sorcerers.). Magical darkness (dry fog and dust storms). Magnet, Mount. Magyars. Mahar Amlak, king of Abyssinia. Mahavan. Mahmud Kalhati, prince of Hormuz. Mahmud of Ghazni. Mahmudiah Canal. Mahomed (Mahommet), his account of Gog and Magog; his Paradise; his alleged prophecy of the Mongols; his use of mangonels. Mahomed, supposed worship of idols of. —— II., uses the old engines of war. —— Tarahi. —— Tughlak of Delhi, his copper token currency. —— Shah of Malacca. Mahomedan revolts in China. —— conversion of Malacca. —— conversion of states in Sumatra. —— butchers in Kashmir. —— butchers in Maabar. —— king of Kayal. —— merchants at Kayal. —— settlements on Abyssinian coast. Mahomedans (Saracens), in Turcomania; in and near Mausul; their universal hatred of Christians; in Tauris; in Persia; their hypocrisy about wine; at Yezd; Hormuz; Cobinan; Tonocain; Sapurgan; Taican; Badakhshan, Wakhan, etc.; Kashgar; strife with Christians in Samarkand; Yarkand; Khotan; Pein; Charchan; Lop; Tangut; Chingintalas; Kanchau; Sinju; Egrigaia; Tenduc, their half-breed progeny; in northern frontier of China, alleged origin of: their gibes at Christians; Kublai's dislike of; in Yun-nan; in Champa; in Sumatra; troops in Ceylon; pilgrims to Adam's Peak; honour St. Thomas; in Kesmacoran; in Madagascar; in Abyssinia; in Aden; outrage by; at Esher; Dufar; Calatu; Hormuz; Ahmad Sultan one. Mailapur (Shrine of St. Thomas). Maiman. Maistre, the word. Maitreya Buddha. Majapahit, empire of (Java). Majar (Menjar). Major, R.H., on Australia. Makdashan, see Magadoxo. Malabar, Melibar, Malibar, Manibar, fleets; products; imports, Chinese ships in. Malacca, foundation of; chronology. Malacca, Straits of. Malaiur, island and city. Mal-Amir, or Aidhej. Malasgird. Malay Peninsula, invasion of Ceylon; chronicle; language; origin of many geographical names. Malayo, or Tana Malayu. Malcolm, Sir John. Maldive Islands. Male in Burma. Male and Female Islands, legend widely diffused. Malifattan. Malik al Dhahir, king of Samudra. —— al Mansur. —— al Salih, king of Samudra. —— Kafur. Malli, the. Malpiero, Gasparo. Malte-Brun. Malwa. Mamaseni. Mamre, tree of. Man, barbarians. Man, Col. Henry. Manchu dynasty. Mancopa. Mandale in Burma. Mandarin language. Mangalai, third son of Kublai, his palace. Mangalore. Mangla and Nebila Islands. Mangonels made by Polos for attack of Saianfu, etymology; account of; a barbarous lubricant for. Mangu (Mangku, Mongu) Khan, Kublai's elder brother; his death; reign; massacre at his funeral. Mangu-Temur (Mungultemur). Manjanik (Manjaniki). —— Kumgha. Manjanikis (Mangonellas). (See Mangonels.). Manji, see Manzi. Manjushri, Bodhisatva. Manphul, Pandit. Mansur Shah. Mantze, Man-tzu, Mantszi, Aborigines. Manuel, Comnenus, Emperor. Manufactures, Kublai's. Manuscripts of Polo's Book. Manzi (Facfur), king of, his flight; his charity; his effeminacy; his death; his palace at Kinsay. (See Faghfur.) —— (Mangi) province, White City of the Frontier; entrance to; conquest of; character of the people; its nine kingdoms, 1200 cities and squares; its bamboos; no sheep in; dialects; called Chin; ships and merchants in India, —— queen of, surrenders; her report of Kinsay. Map, constructed on Polo's data, Hereford; Roger Bacon's; Marino Sanudo's; Medicean; Catalan; Fra Mauro's; Ruysch's; Mercator's; Sanson's. Mapillas, or Moplahs. Maps, allusions to, in Polo's book, early mediaeval; of the Arabs; in the palace at Venice. Marabia, Maravia, Maravi. Marah Silu. Maramangalam, site of Kolkhoi. Marash. Maratha. Mardin (Merdin). Mare's milk, see Kumiz. Margaritone. Marignolli, John. Market days. Markets in Kinsay. —— Squares in Kinsay. Marks of Silver. Marriage customs in Khotan. —— customs in Kanchau. —— customs of the Tartars. —— (posthumous) amongst Tartars. —— laxities of different peoples. —— laxities in Thibet. Mar Sarghis. Marsden's edition of Polo. Martin, Dr. Ernest, of French Legation at Pekin. Martini, his Atlas Sinensis; his account of Kinsay. Martyrs, Franciscan. Masalak-al-Absar. Mashhad (Meshed), or Varsach River. Mashiz. Maskat. Mastiff Dogs, Keepers of the. Mastiffs of Tibet, see Dogs. Mastodon, bogged. Mas'ud II., Ghiath ed-din-Seljuk dynasty. Mas'udi. Masulipatam. Matchlocks, manufacture at Kerman, at Taianfu. Ma-t'eu (Matu). Mati Dhivaja, see Bashpah Lama. Matitanana. Matityna (Martinique). Maetzner, Eduard. Maundevile, Sir John (John a Beard), on lying in water; Cloths of Tartary; Trees of the Sun; Dry Tree; his Book of Travels; English version; his tomb. Maung Maorong, or Pong, Shan kingdom. Mauro, Fra, his map. Mausul (Mosul), kingdom of. Mauvenu (Malvennez), the phrase. Mayers, W.F. Mayhew, A.L., on Couvade. Mazanderan, province. Mecchino, Ginger. Medressehs at Sivas. Mekhitar. Mekong River (Lan-tsang kiang). Mekran, often reckoned part of India. Mekranis. Melchior, one of the Magi. Melibar, see Malabar. Melic, the title. Melons, dried, of Shibrgan. Menangkabau. Mendoza. Menezes, Duarte. Mengki, envoy to Java. Menjar (Majar?). Menuvair and Grosvair. Merghuz Boiruk Khan. Merkit (Mecrit, Mescript), a Tartar tribe. Meshid (more correctly Mashhad). Messengers, Royal Mongol. Mexico. Meyer, Paul, Alexandre le Grand. Miafarakain. Miau-tzu. Mien, Amien, Ava (Burma), king of, his battle with Tartars; City of; its gold and silver towers; how it was conquered; communications and war with Mongols; Chinese notices. Mikado. Military engines of the Middle Ages, dissertation on; two classes; Trebuchets; Balista; shot used, carrion, live men, bags of gold; Mangonel; Napoleon's experiments with heavy shot; size and accuracy; length of range (Sanudo on); effect of Mangonel on Saracens; procured by Kublai for siege of Siang-yang; Chinese and Persian histories on; known to Mongols and Chinese; the Karabugha, or Calabra; the P'ao. Milk, portable, or curd. Milk, rite of sprinkling Mare's. Million, use of the numeral. Millione, Millioni, nickname for Polo and his book. Millioni, Corte del. Milne. Minao district. Mines and Minerals, see Iron, Silver, etc. Minever, see Menuvair. Ming, the Chinese dynasty which ousted the Mongols, A.D. 1368, their changes in Peking; their paper-money; their effeminate customs; expeditions to India; annals. Mingan, Khan's Master of Hounds. Ming-ti, Emperor. Minjan, dialect of. Minotto, Professor A.S. Min River (in Fokien). —— River (in Szech'wan). Mint, the Khan's. Mintsing-hien. Mious River. Miracle Stories, fish in Lent; Mountain moved; St. Barsamo's girdles; Holy Fire; Stone at Samarkand; at St. Thomas' Shrine.
Mirat. Mire French for leech. Mirkhond. Mirobolans. Miskal, a weight. (See also Saggio.). Misri, sugar-candy. Missionary Friars, powers conferred on, in China in 14th century. —— Martyrs. Moa of New Zealand. Modhafferians, the. Modun Khotan ("Wood-ville"). Moghistan. Mohammed, son of Yusuf Kelefi, founder of Shiraz. Mohammerah. Mohiuddin. Mokli, the Jelair. Molayu. Molebar, see Malabar. Molephatan. Moliere, Pastorale Comique. Moluccas. Mombasa. Momein. Monasteries of Idolaters (Buddhists). Money, paper. —— values. Mongol conquests, capture Soldaia; Bolghar; treachery and cruelty; their inroads; Bakh city; invade Balakhshan; invasion of Poland and Silesia. Mongon Khan, see Mangu. Mongotay (Mangkutai), a Mongol officer. Monkeys, passed off as pygmies. Monks, idolatrous. (See Monasteries.). Monnier, Marcel, his visit to Karakorum, on the Ch'eng-tu Suspension Bridge. Monoceros and Maiden, legend of. Monophysitism. Monsoons. Montecorvino, John, Archbishop of Cambaluc. Monte d'Ely. Montgomerie, Major T.G. (R.E.) (Indian Survey), on fire at great altitudes; position of Kashgar and Yarkund. Monument at Si-ngan fu, Christian. Moon, Mountains of the. Moore, Light of the Harem. Moplas, see Mapillas. Morgan, E. Delmar. Mortagne, siege of. Morus alba, silk-worm tree. Moscow, Tartar Massacre at. Mosolin, or Muslin (Mosolini), Mo-sze, Arab Maucili. Mossos, a tribe. Mosta'sim Billah, last Abbaside Khalif of Baghdad, story of his avarice and death. Mostocotto. Mosul (Mausul). Motapalle, see Mutfili. Motawakkil, Khalif. Moule, Bishop G.E. Mount, Green, in Palace grounds at Peking. —— St Thomas. —— D'Ely, see Monte d'Ely. Mountain, Old Man of the, see Old Man of the. —— Miracle of the. —— Road in Shensi, extraordinary. Mourning customs, at Hormuz; in Tangut; at Kinsay. Mozambique Channel. Muang, term applied in Shan countries (Laos and W. Yunnan) to fortified. towns, as:— Muang-Chi; Muang, or Maung Maorong; Muang Shung; Muang Yong. Mulahidah (Mulehet, Alamut, Chinese Mulahi), epithet of Ismaelites. Mulberry Trees. Mul-Java. Mueller, F.W.K. Mueller, Professor Max, on Couvade; on stories of Buddha and St. Josafat. Multan. Munal pheasant (Lopophorus impeyanus), described by Aelian. Mung (Nicaea). Mungasht, hill fort, stronghold of the Atabegs. Mungul, name applied to Tartars. (See Mongol.). Mungul-Temur and Mongo-Temur, see Mangu-Temur. Murad Beg, of Kunduz. Murghab River. Murray, Dr. J.A.H., on Couvade. —— Hugh. Murus Ussu (Brius, Upper Kiang). Mus, Merdin (Mush, Mardin). Musa'ud, Prince of Hormuz. Musk, animal (Moschus). —— earliest mention of and use in medicine. Muslin, see Mosolin. Mutfili (Motapalle for Telingana), its diamonds; identified. Muza. Mynibar. Mysore. Mystic number, see Numbers.

Nac, Nasich, Naques (Nakh), a kind of brocade. Nachetti, silk stuff interwoven with gold. Nakhut, gold brocade. Nakkara (Naccara, Nacaires), the great kettledrum signalling action. Nakshatra. Nalanda. Nan-Chao, formerly Ai-Lao, Shan dynasty in Yun-nan. Nancouri. Nanghin (Ngan-king). Nangiass, Mongol name of Manzi. Nankau, archway in Pass of, with polyglot inscription. Nanking, not named by Polo. Nanwuli. Naobanjan. Naoshirwan. Naphtha in the Caucasian country. —— Fire used in war by the Karaunahs. Napier, Sir C. Napoleon III., his researches and experiments on mediaeval engines of war. Narikela-Dvipa. Narin-Kaleh, fortress. Narkandam, volcanic island. Narsinga, King of. Narwhal tusk, mediaeval Unicorn's Horn. Nasich, see Nac. Nasruddin (Nescradin), officer in the Mongol Service. Nassir-uddin, Mahmud, Sultan of Delhi. Natigay, Tartar idol. Nava-Khanda, or Nine Divisions of Ancient India. Navapa (Lop?). Naversa (ancient Anazarbus), in Cilicia, under Taurus. Nayan, Kublai's kinsman, his revolt, Kublai marches against; routed in battle; put to death by Kublai. earchus at Hormuz. Nebila and Mangla islands. Nebuchadnezzar. Necklaces, precious. Necuveran, see Nicobar. Negapatam, Chinese Pagoda at. Negroes described. Negropont. Nellore. Nemej, Niemicz ("Dumb"), applied to Germans by Slavs. Nerghi, Plain of. Neri (pigs). Nescradin, see Nasruddin. Nesnas (a goblin). Nestorian Christians, at Mosul, Tauris; Kashgar; Samarkand; Yarkand; Tangut; Kamul; Chingintalas; Sukchur; Kampichu, Kan-chau; their diffusion in Asia; among the Mongols; Erguiul and Sinju; Egrigaia; Tenduc; China; Yachi, or Yun-nan fu; Cacanfu; Yang-chau; one in Polo's suite; churches at Chinghianfu; church at Kinsay; at St. Thomas; Patriarch of; Metropolitan. Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople. Nevergun Pass. New Year Festival at Kublai's Court. Neza Tash Pass. Ngan-king (Nanghin). Ngan-ning-ho River. Ngantung, Mongol general. Ngo-ning, or Ho-nhi. Nia (ancient Ni-jang), in Khotan. Nias Island. Nibong Palm. Nicaea of Alexander. Nicholson, Edward B. Nicobar (Necuveran) Islands, etymology and people. Nicolas of Pistoia. Nicolas, Christian name of Ahmad Sultan. —— Friar, of Vicenza. Nicolas IV., Pope. Nieuhoff. Nigudar (Nogodar), Mongol princes. Nigudarian bands. Nilawar (Nellore). Nile, sources of. Nileshwaram. Nimchah Musulman, "Half-and-Halfs". Nine, auspicious number among Tartars. Nine Provinces (India), (China). Ning-hsia, or hia (Egrigaia). Ningpo. Ning-yuan fu. Niriz, steel mines of. Nirvana, figures of Buddha in. Nishapur. Niuche (Yuche), Chinese name for the Churches or race of Kin Empire. Noah's Ark in Armenia. Nobles of Venice, Polo's claim to be one. Nochdarizari, mountains north of Kabul. Nogai Khan, his intrigues and wars; his history; wars with Toctai. Nogodar (Nigudar), King of the Caraonas, story of. Nomad tribes of Persia. Nomogan (Numughan), Kublai's son. None, Nono, Nuna, title given to younger brothers or subordinate princes North, regions of the Far. North Star, see Pole-Star. Note Book, Polo's. Novgorod. Nubia, St. Thomas, alleged use of elephants in. Nukdaris, tribe west of Kabul. Nuksan Pass. Numbers, mystic or auspicious, Nine; one hundred and eight. Nuna, see None. Nusi-Ibrahim. Nutmegs. Nyuche, or Churche, race of Kin Emperors, see Niuche.

Oak of Hebron, see Terebinth. Oaracta (Kishm, or Brakht). Obedience of Ismaelites, extraordinary. Obi River. Observatory at Peking. Ocean Sea, other seas, parts of. Ocoloro Island. Odoric, Friar, on Kinsay; on Fu-chau; Zayton; Java; Champa; Sumatra; on sago tree; on products of Ceylon; St. Thomas's; Pepper Forest; brazil-wood; Thana. Oger, the Dane. Ogotai Khan, see Okkodai. Oil from the Holy Sepulchre, fountain of (Naphtha) at Baku; whale. —— head (Capidoglio, or Sperm whale). —— walnut and Sesame. Oirad, or Uirad (Horiad), a great Tartar tribe. Okkodai Khan, third son of Chinghiz. Olak, Illuk, Aulak, see Lac. Old Man of the Mountain (Aloadin), his envoys to St. Lewis; account of; how he trained his Assassins; the Syrian; his subordinate chiefs; his end; modern representative. Oljaitu Khan, his correspondence with European princes, his tomb. Oman. Omens, much regarded in Maabar, by the Brahmans. Onan Kerule, near Baikal. Ondanique (fine kind of steel), Andaine, Andanicum, Hundwaniy, in Kerman; Chingintalas. Oppert, Dr. Gustavus, Book on Prester John, Der Presbyter Johannes in Sage und Geschichte. Orang Gugu. Orang Malayu River. Or Batuz. Orbelian, John, identified by Bruun with Prester John. Ordos, the Mongols of. Organa (Jerun), Persian Gerun. Oriental phrases in Polo's dictation. Orissa. Orkhon River. Orleans, defence of. —— Isle d'. Orloks, or Marshals of the Mongol Host. Oroech. Oron, Mongol for a region or realm. Orphani, strange customs of the. Osci, the word. Ostriches. Ostyaks. Otto, Bishop of Freisingen. Oulatay (Uladai), Tartar envoy from Persia. Ovis Poli, see Sheep. Oweke, see Ucaca. Owen, Professor. Owen, Rev. Gray, on the Lolos. Owo, Mongol for Musk. Oxen, humped, in Kerman, wild, shaggy (Yaks). —— wild (Beyamini), in East Tibet; Burma; in Bengal; Anin; worshipped; figures of, worn. Oxenham, Atlas. Oxydracae, the. Oxyrhynchus. Oxus Valley and River. Ozene.

Pacamuria (Baccanor). Pacauta! (an invocation). Pacem, see Pasei. Paddle-wheel barges. Paderin, Mr., visits Karakorum. Padishah Khatun of Kerman. Padma Sambhava. Pagan (in Burma), ruins at; empire of. —— Old (Tagaung). Pagaroyang, inscriptions from. Paggi Islands. Pagodas, Burmese, alleged Chinese in India. Pahang. Pai, or Peyih tribe. Paipurth (Baiburt). Pai-yen-ching. Paizah, or Golden Tablet of Honour. —— and Yarligh. Pakwiha, China ware. Pala, a bird. Palace of Khan at Chagannor, at Chandu (Shangtu); of cane; at Langtin; Cambaluc; on Green Mount; at Kenjanfu (Si-ngan fu); of the Empire of Manzi at Kinsay; in Chipangu, paved and roofed with gold. Palembang. Paliolle, Or de, for gold dust. Palladius, the Archimandrite. Palm (Measure). Palm Wine, see Wine of Palm. Pamier (Pamir), Plain of, its wild sheep; great height; pasture, etc.; described by Hiuen Tsang, Wood, Goes, Abdul Mejid, Colonel Gordon and others; Dr. M.A. Stein on; Lord Curzon on number of. Pan-Asiatic usages. Pandarani, or Fandaraina. Pandit Manphul. Pandrethan in Kashmir, Buddhist temple at. Pandyan kings. Panja River, or Upper Oxus. Panjab. Panjkora. Panjshir. Pantaleon, coins of. Panthe, or Mahomedan Kingdom in Yun-nan. Panya (or Pengya), in Burma. Pao-ki h'ien. Paonano Pao. Pape, Papesifu. Paper-money (Chao), Kublai's made from bark, modern. (See also Currency.). Papien River. Paquier, Professor. Paradise, Apples of. —— in legend of the Cross. —— of Persia. —— of the Old Man of the Mountain, destroyed. —— Rivers of. Parakrama Bahu I. Paramisura, founder of Malacca. Parapomisadae. Parasol. Paravas. Parez, Pariz, turquoise mines of. —— falcons of. Pariahs (Paraiyar), etymology of. Parker, E.H. Parlak, or Perlak, see Ferlec. —— Tanjong. Parliament, Tartar. Parpa iron mines. Parrot, Professor, first to ascend Mount Ararat. Parrots. Partridges, black; Jirufti; great (Chakors); in mew. (See also Francolin.). Parwana, a traitor eaten by the Tartars. Paryan silver mines. Pascal of Vittoria, Friar. Pasei, Pacem (Basma), a kingdom of Sumatra. —— Bay of. —— History of. Pasha-Afroz. Pasha and Pashagar tribes. Pashai, what region intended. —— Dir. Passo (or Pace), Venetian. Patarins, heretics. Patera, debased Greek, from Badakhshan. Patlam. Patra, or Alms-dish of Buddha, miraculous properties; Holy Grail of Buddhism. Patriarchs of Eastern Christians. (See also Catholicos and Nestorian.). Patteik-Kara. Patterns, beast and bird, on silk, etc. Patu, see Batu. Paukin (Pao-ying). Pauthier, G., remarks on text of Polo. Paved roads in China. —— streets of Kinsay. Payan, see Bayan. Payangadi. Pa-yi writing, specimen of. Peaches, yellow and white (apricots). Peacocks at St. Thomas's, special kind in Coilum. Pearls, in Caindu; rose-coloured in Chipangu; fishery of; pearls and precious stones of kingdom of Maabar. Pears, enormous. Pedir. Pedro, Prince of Portugal. Pegu and Bengal confounded. Pei-chau (Piju). Pein (Pim), province, site of. Peking, white pagoda at. (See Cambaluc.). Pelly, Col. Sir Lewis, British Resident at Bushire. Pema-ching. Pemberton, Captain R. Pentam (Bintang). Pepper, daily consumption of, at Kinsay, change in Chinese use of; great importation at Zayton, duty on; white and black; in Coilum; Eli and Cananore; Melibar; Guzerat; trade in, to Alexandria. Pepper Country. Peregrine falcons. Perla (Ferlec). Persia, extent of name to Bokhara, spoken of; three Magi of; its eight kingdoms. Persia and India, boundary of. Persian applied to language of foreigners at Mongol Court. Persian Gulf (Sea of India?). Peshawar. Peter, Tartar slave of Marco Polo's. Pharaoh's rats (Gerboa). Phayre, Major-General Sir Arthur. Pheasants, large and long tailed, Reeves's. Pheng (the Rukh). Philip the Fair. Philip III. and IV. of France. Philippine Islands. Phillips, G. Phipps, Captain. Phra Rama, Siamese kings so-called. Phungan, Phungan-lu (Fungul?). Physician, a virtuous. Physicians. Pianfu (P'ing-yang fu). Piccoli. Pichalok. Pievtsov, General, expedition. Pigeon posts. Pig-shells. Piju (Pei-chau). Pilgrimage, to Adam's Sepulchre in Ceylon, to Shrine of St. Thomas. "Pillar Road". Pima (Pim). Pinati, king of Kaulam. Pine woods in Mongolian desert. —— in South China. P'ing-chang, Fanchan, or second class Minister. P'ing-yang fu (Pianfu). Pinna-Cael (Punnei-Kayal). Pipino, Friar Francesco. Pirabandi or Bir Pandi (Vira Pandi). Pirada. Pirates of Malabar, Guzerat; Tana; Somnath; Socotra. Piratical customs at Eli. Pistachioes. Plane, Oriental or Chinar. Plano Carpini. Pog, or Fiag River. Poison, antidote to. Poisoning guests, custom of. Poisonous pasturage. Poison wind. Poland, Mongol invasion of. Pole, or Jackdaw on Polo's scutcheon. Pole-star, invisible in Java the Less, visible again in India. Police, of Cambaluc; Kinsay. Politeness of Chinese. Polo, Andrea, grandfather of Marco. —— Antonio, illegitimate son of Elder Marco. —— Bellela, second daughter, died before 1333. —— Donata, wife of Traveller, sale of property to her husband; death between 1333-1336; before Council; may have been Loredano. —— or Bragadino, Fantina, eldest daughter of Traveller. —— Felice, a cousin. —— Fiordelisa, wife of last. Polo, Fiordelisa, daughter of Maffeo the Younger. —— Maffeo, brother of Nicolo, in Kan-chau; time of death between 1309 and 1318. —— Maffeo, brother of Traveller, probabilities as to birth; will of; abstract from. —— Marco, the elder son of Andrea, Uncle of the Traveller, his will. —— Marco, the Traveller, veracity; perplexities in his biography; Ramusio's notices, extracts from; recognition of his names of places, paralleled with Columbus; nicknamed Millioni; story of his capture at Curzola; writes his book in prison at Genoa; release and marriage; arms; claim to nobility; supposed autograph; his birth, circumstances of; is taken to East; employed by Kublai, mentioned in Chinese Records; mission to Yun-nan; governor of Yang-chau; employed at Kan-chau, Kara Korum, Champa and Indian Seas; returns home; mentioned in his Uncle Marco's will; commands a galley at Curzola; taken prisoner and carried to Genoa; his imprisonment there; dictates his book to Rusticiano; release and return to Venice; evidence as to story of capture; dying vindication of his book; executor to his brother Maffeo; record of exemption from municipal penalty; gives copy of book to T. de Cepoy; marriage and daughters; lawsuit with Paulo Girardo, proceeding regarding house property; illness and last will; probable date of death; place of burial; professed portraits of; alleged wealth; estimate of him and of his book; true claims to glory; faint indications of personality; rare indications of humour; absence of scientific notions; geographical data in book; his acquisition of languages, ignorance of Chinese, deficiencies in Chinese notices; historical notices; allusions to Alexander; incredulity about his stories; contemporary recognition; by T. de Cepoy, Friar Pipino; J. d'Acqui, Giov. Villani, and P. d'Abano; notice by John of Ypres; borrowings in poem of Bauduin de Sebourc; Chaucer and; influence on geography, obstacles to its effect; character of mediaeval cosmography; Roger Bacon as geographer; Arab maps; Marino Sanudo's map; Medicean; Carta Catalana largely based on Polo's book; increased appreciation of Polo's book; confusions of nomenclature; introduction of block-printing into Europe and Polo; dictates his narrative; found at Venice; his age; noticed and employed by Kublai; grows in favour, many missions; returns from one to India; escapes from the Karaunas; hears of breed of Bucephalus; recovers from illness in hill climate; hears from Zulficar about Salamander; at Kan-chau; brings home hair of yak; and head and feet of musk deer; witnesses events connected with Ahmad's death; noticed in Chinese annals; whether he had to do with Persian scheme of paper currency in; sent by Khan into Western provinces; governor of Yang-chau; probable extent of his authority; aids in constructing engines for siege of Siang-yang; difficulties as to this statement; on number of vessels on Great Kiang; ignorant of Chinese; on greatness of Kinsay; his notes; sent to inspect amount of revenue from Kinsay; his great experience; never in islands of Sea of Chin; in kingdom of Chamba; historical anecdotes; detained five months in Sumatra, stockade party against wild people; brings Brazil seed to Venice; partakes of tree-flour (sago); takes some to Venice; in six kingdoms of Sumatra; witnesses arrest for debt in Maabar; his erroneous view of Arabian coast; Indian geography; his unequalled travels; Venetian documents about him. —— Marco, called Marcolino, son of Nicolo the Younger. —— Marco, last male survivor. —— Marco, others of this name. —— Maroca, sister of Nicolo the Younger. —— or Delfino, Moreta, youngest daughter. Polo, Nicolo and Maffeo, sons of Andrea, their first journey; cross Black Sea to Soldaia; visit Volga country, etc.; go to Bokhara; join envoys to Khan's Court; Kublai's reception of; sent back as envoys to Pope; receive a Golden Tablet; reach Ayas; Acre; Venice; find young Marco there —— Nicolo, Maffeo and Marco, proceed to Acre; set out for East, recalled from Ayas; set out again with Pope's letters, etc.; reach Kublai's Court; are welcomed; see on their journey outward; their alleged service in capture of Siang-yang; Khan refuses them permission to return home; allowed to go with ambassadors; receive Golden Tablets; on return; story of their arrival at Venice; scheme to assert their identity. —— Nicolo, his alleged second marriage and sons; probable truth as to time of; his illegitimate sons; approximate time of his death; his tomb. —— Nicolo the Younger, cousin of traveller. —— Stefano and Giovannino, illegitimate brothers of Traveller. —— (?), or Trevisano (?), Fiordelisa, perhaps second wife of Nicolo Polo the Elder, and mother of Maffeo the Younger. —— or Trevisano, Maria, last survivor of the family, doubts as to her kindred. —— Family, its duration and end, according to Ramusio, origin; last notices of. (For relationship of different Polos, see table). —— Family, branch of S. Geremia. Po-lut (Pa-lut), incense. Polygamy, supposed effect on population. Pomilo (Pamir). Pompholyx. Ponent, or West, term applied by Polo to Kipchak, the Mongol Khanate of the Volga, see Kipchak. Pong (Mediaeval Shan State). Poods, Russian. Popinjays. Population, vast, of Cathay. Porcelain manufacture, fragments found at Kayal; Chinese. —— shells, see Cowries. Porcupines. Pork, mention of, omitted. Postin, sheep-skin coat. Posts, post-houses and runners, in Siberia. Po-sz' (Persia). Potala at L'hasa. Pottinger. Poultry, kind of, in Coilum, in Abyssinia (guinea-fowl?). Pound, sterling. Pourpre, or Purpura. P'o-yang Lake. Pozdneiev, Professor. Precious stones or gems, how discovered by pirates. Prester John (Unc Can, Aung or Ung Khan), Tartar tribute to; account of; marriage relations with Chinghiz; insults Chinghiz' envoys; "these be no soldiers"; marches to meet Chinghiz; real site of battle with Chinghiz; his real fate; slain in battle; his lineage in Tenduc; and the Golden King. Prices of horses, see Horses. Printing, imaginary connection of Polo's name with introduction of. Private names supposed. Prjevalsky, Colonel N.M. Probation of Jogis, parallel. Prophecy regarding Bayan. Proques, the word. Prostitutes; at Cambaluc, Kinsay. Provinces, thirty-four of Kublai's Empire. Pseudo-Callisthenes. Ptolemies' trained African elephants. Ptolemy, Sarmatic Gates. P'u-chau fu. Pu-ch'eng. Puer and Esmok. Pukan Mien-Wang. Pulad Chingsang. Pulisanghin, River and Bridge. Pulo Bras. Pulo Condore (Sondur and Condur). Pulo Gommes (Gauenispola). Pulo Nankai, or Nasi. Pulo We, Wai, or Wey. Punnei-Kayal. Puranas, the. Purpura, see Pourpre. Putchok. Putu-ho, "Grape R.". Pygmies, factitious (?).

Qal'ah Asgher, hot springs at. Qara Ars-lan Beg, king of Kerman. Quails in India. Queen of Mutfili. Quicksilver and sulphur potion. —— as regarded by alchemists. Quills of the Ruc, see Ruc. Quilon, Kaulam, etc., see Coilum. Qumadin (Camadi)

Rabelais. Rabbanta, a Nestorian monk. Radloff, Dr. W., map. Rain. Rainald, of Dassel, Archbishop. Rain-makers, see Conjurers. Rainy season. Rajkot leather-work. Rakka, Rakshasas. Rama Kamheng, king. Rameshwaram. Ramnad. Rampart of Gog and Magog. Ramusio, Giov. Battista, passim, his biographical notices of Polo; his edition of Polo. Rana Paramita's Woman Country. Ranking, John. Raonano-Rao. Rapson, E.J. Ras Haili. —— Kumhari. Rashiduddin, alias Fazl-ulla Rashid, Persian statesman and historian of the Mongols, frequently quoted in the Notes. Ravenala tree (Urania speciosa). Raw meat eaten. Rawlinson, Sir H. Reclus, Asie russe, on Caspian Sea fisheries. Red gold and red Tangas. Re Dor. Red Sea, trade from India to Egypt by, described in some texts as a river; possible origin of mistake. Red sect of Lamas. Refraction, abnormal. Reg Ruwan, of Kabul. —— of Seistan. Reindeer ridden. Religion, indifference of Chinghizide Princes to, occasional power of among Chinese. Remission of taxation by Kublai Rennell, Major James. Reobarles (Rudbar, etc.). Revenue of Kinsay. Rhinoceros (Unicorn), in Sumatra, habits; four Asiatic species. —— Tichorinus. Rhins, Dutreuil de. Rhubarb, Rheum palmatum. Riant, Comte. Ricci, Matteo. Rice. Rice-wine, at Yachi. —— trade on Grand Canal. Richard II. Richthofen, Baron F. von, on Fungul; on Tanpiju. Right and Left, ministers of the. Rio Marabia. Rishis (Eremites) of Kashmir. "River of China". Roads radiating from Cambaluc. Robbers in Persia. Robbers' River. Robes distributed by Kublai. Roborovsky, Lieutenant. Rochefort, "faire la couvade". Rockets. Rockhill (Rubruck and Diary of a Journey), on the titles Khan, Khatun, etc.; on horn horse-shoes; earliest mention of name Mongol in Oriental works; Mongol storm-dispellers; charge of cannibalism against Tibetans; on Bonbo Lamas; Tablets (hu); mechanical contrivances at E. Court; Mongol etiquette; Chinese leather-money; Mongol post-stations; pocket-spittoons; from Peking to Si-ngan fu; descent of Yellow River; road between T'ung-kwan and Si-ngan fu; two famous Uigur Nestorians; on the word Salar; on the Hui-hui sects; on the Alan; on branch of Volga Bulgars. Rofia palm (sagus ruffia). Roiaus dereusse (?). Rome, the Sudarium at. Rondes, ingenious but futile explanation of. Rook, in Chess. Rori-Bakkar, Sepoy name for Upper Sind. Rosaries, Hindu. Rostof and Susdal, Andrew, Grand Duke of. Roth, H. Ling, on couvade. Rouble. Roxana, daughter of Darius, wife of Alexander. Roze de l'Acur. Rubies, Balas, of Ceylon; of Adam's Peak. Rubruquis, or Rubruc, Friar William de. Ruby mines in Badakhshan. Ruc (Rukh), or Gryphon, bird called, described, its feathers and quills; wide diffusion and various forms of fable; eggs of the Aepyornis; Fra Mauro's story; genus of that bird, condor; discovery of bones of Harpagornis in New Zealand; Sindbad, Rabbi Benjamin, romance of Duke Ernest; Ibn Batuta's sight of Ruc; rook in chess; various notices of. Rudbar-i-Lass, Robbers' River. —— (Reobarles), district and River. Rudder, single, noted by Polo as peculiar, double, used in Mediterranean. Rudkhanah-i-Duzdi (Robbers' River). Rudkhanah-i-Shor (Salt River). Rudra Deva, King of Telingana. Rudrama Devi, Queen of Telingana. Rukh, Shah. Rukhnuddin, Mahmud, Prince of Hormuz. —— Masa'ud. —— Khurshah, son of Alaodin, Prince of the Ismaelites. Rum. Runiz. Ruomedam-Ahomet, King of Hormuz. Rupen, Bagratid, founder of Armenian State in Cilicia. Rupert, Prince. Rueppell's Table of Abyssinian kings. Russia (Rosia), annexes Georgia, great cold, Arab accounts of; silver mines; subject to Tartars; conquered by Batu. —— leather, clothes of. Russians, trusty lieges of king. Rustak. Rusticiano of Pisa, introduces himself in prologue; writes down Polo's book; extracts and character of his compilation; his real name; his other writings. Ruysch's map.

Saadi. Saba (Sava, Savah), city of the Magi. Sabaste, see Sivas. Sable, its costliness. Sabreddin. Sabzawur. Sachiu (Sha-chau). Sacrifices of people of Tangut. —— human. Sadd-i-Iskandar, rampart of Alexander. Saffron, fruit-serving purposes of. Sagacity of sledge-dogs. Sagamon Borcan, see Sakyamuni Buddha. Sagatu, general of Kublai's. Saggio (1/6 oz.). Sago. Saianfu, see Siang-yang-fu. Saif Arad, king of Abyssinia. Saifuddin Nazrat, ruler of Hormuz. Saimur (Chaul). Sain Khan (or Batu). St. Anno of Cologne. St. Barlaam and St. Josafat, story of Buddhist christianised. St. Barsauma (Barsamo, Brassamus), and monastery of. St. Blasius (Blaise), Church at Sivas. St. Brandon. St. Buddha! St. Epiphanius. St. George, Church of, in Sivas, at Quilon. St. Helena. St. James' Shrine, Gallicia. St. John the Baptist, Church of, in Samarkand. —— Major Oliver. St. Leonard's Convent in Georgia, and the fish miracle. St. Lewis, his campaign on the Nile. St. Martin, Vivien de, Map. St. Mary's Island, Madagascar. St. Matthew, Monastery near Mosul. St. Matthew's Gospel, story of the Magi. St. Nina. St. Sabba's at Acre. St. Thomas, the Apostle, his shrine in India; his murderers, and their hereditary curse; reverenced by Saracens and heathen; miracles in India; story of his death; tradition of his preaching in India; translation of remains to Edessa; King Gondopharus of legend a real king; Roman Martyrology; the localities; alleged discovery of reliques; the Cross; church ascribed to; in Abyssinia. St. Thomas's Isle. —— Mounts. Saker falcons. Sakta doctrines. Sakya Muni (Sagamon Borcan) Buddha, death of; recumbent figures of; story of; his footmark on Adam's Peak; Alms dish, Holy Grail; tooth relique. Salamander, the. Salar (Ho-chau). Salem, dragoman, explores Rampart of Gog. Salghur, Atabegs of Fars. Salih, Malik, son of Badruddin Lulu. Salsette Island. Salt, H., his version of Abyssinian chronology. —— rock, in Badakhshan; used for currency; extracted from deep wells; in Carajan province; manufactured in Eastern China; manufacture, revenue and traffic in; trade on the Kiang; junks employed therein. —— stream. Salwen River, or Lu-Kiang. Samagar. Samana. Samara, kingdom of, see Sumatra. Samarkand (Samarcan), story of a miracle at; colony near Peking from. Sampson, Theos., on grapes in China. Samsunji Bashi. Samudra, see Sumatra. Samuel, his alleged tomb at Savah. San Giovanni Grisostomo, parish in Venice where the Ca' Polo was; theatre. San Lorenzo, Venice, burial place of Marco and his father. Sandu, see Chandu. Sanf, see Champa. Sangin, Sangkan River. Sanglich, dialect of. Sang-Miau, tribe of Kwei-chau. Sangon, the Title (Tsiang-kiun). Sanitary effects of Mountain air. Sanjar, sovereigns of Persia. Sankin Hoto, Dalai. Sanuto of Torcelli, Marino, his World Map; on long range. Sappan wood, see Brazil. Sapta-Shaila. Sapurgan (Saburkan, Shaburkan, Shibrgan). Saputa, Scue, peculiar use of. Saracanco (Saraichik), on the Yaik. Saracens, see Mahomedans. Sarai (Sara), capital of Kipchak, city and its remains; perhaps occupied successive sites. —— Sea of (Caspian). Saras, crane (Grus antigone). Saratov. Sarbizan Pass. Sardines. Sardu Pass. Sarghalan River. Sarha, Port of Sumatra. Sarhadd River. Sar-i-kol, Lakes. Sarsati. Sartak, the Great Khan's ambassador to Hulaku. Sassanian dynasty. Sati, see Suttee. Satin, probable origin of word. Saum, Sommo, silver ingots used in Kipchak; apparently the original rouble. Sauromatae. Savah (Saba). Savast (Siwas). Scanderoon, Gulf of. Scasem. Scherani, bandits. Schiltberger, Hans. Schindler, General Houtum-. Schlegel, Dr. G. Schmidt, Professor I.J. Schoenborn, Carl. Schuyler, Eugene. Scidmore, Miss E., on the Tide. Scotra, see Socotra. Sea of Chin. —— England. —— Ghel, or Ghelan. —— India. —— Rochelle. —— Sarain. Seal, Imperial. Sebaste, see Sivas. Sebourc, Bauduin de, see Bauduin de Sebourc. Sees of Latin Church. —— Nestorian Church. Sefaviehs, the. Seilan, see Ceylon. Self-decapitation. Selitrennoye Gorodok (Saltpetre Town). Seljukian dynasty. —— Turks. Selles, chevaux a deux, the phrase. Semal tree. Semedo. Semenat, see Somnath. Sempad, Prince, High Constable of Armenia. Sendal, a silk texture. Sendaus, generally Taffetas. Sendemain, king of Seilan. Seneca, Epistles. Senecherim, king of Armenia. Seni, Verzino. Senshing. Sensin, ascetics, devotees living on bran. Sentemur. Sepulchre of Adam, see Adam's Sepulchre. —— of our Lord, oil from. Serano, Juan de. Serazi (Shiraz), kingdom of Persia. Serendib. Seres, Sinae, their tree wool; ancient character of the. Serpents, great, i.e. alligators. Sertorius. Sesame. Sesnes, mediaeval form of cygnet, cigne. Seta Ghella, seta Leggi (Ghelle), silk. Seth's mission to Paradise. Sevan Lake. Seven Arts, the. Severtsoff, shoots the Ovis Poli, on the name Bolor. Seyyed Barghash, Sultan of Zanzibar. Shabankara, or Shawankara (Soncara). Shabar, son of Kaidu. Sha-chau (Sachin), "Sand-district". Shadow, augury from length of Shah Abbas, his Court. —— Jahan. Shahr-i-Babek, turquoise mine at. Shahr-i-Nao (Siam). Shahr Mandi, or Pandi. Shah Werdy, last of the Kurshid dynasty. Shaibani Khan. Shaikh-ul-Jibal. Shaikhs (Esheks), in Madagascar. Shakespeare, on relation of gold to silver. Shaliat. Shamanism. (See also Devil-Dancing.). Shampath, ancestor of Georgian kings. Shamsuddin Shamatrani. Shamuthera, see Sumatra. Shan (Laotian, or Thai). —— race and country. —— dynasty in Yun-nan. —— ponies. —— state of Pong, see Pong. Shanars of Tinnevelly, their devil-worship. Shang-hai. Shangking-Fungking. Shangtu, Shangdu (Chandu), Kublai's City and Summer Palace; Dr. Bushell's description of; Kublai's annual visit to. Shangtu Keibung. Shan-hai-kwan. Shankarah, Shabankara (Soncara). Shan-si. Shan-tung, silk in; pears from. Shao-hing-fu. Shao-ling, pariah caste of. Sharakhs. Shara-ul-buks (Forest of box on the Black Sea). Sharks and shark charmers. Shauls, or Shuls, the. Shawankara (Soncara). Shaw, R.B. Shawls of Kerman. Sheep, fat-tailed in Kerman. —— four-horned at Shehr. —— large Indian. —— none in Manzi. —— of Pamir (Ovis Poli). —— wild, of Badakhshan (Kachkar, Ovis Vignei). —— with trucks behind. —— Zanghibar. Sheep's head given to horses. Shehr, or Shihr, see Esher. Shehrizor (Kerkuk). Shenrabs. Shen-si. Shentseu tribe. Sheuping. Shewa, cool plateau of. Shibrgan (Sapurgan). Shieng, Sheng, or Sing, the Supreme Board of Administration. Shien-sien, Shin-sien. Shighnan (Syghinan), ruby mines. Shijarat Malayu, or Malay Chronicle. Shikargah, applied to animal pattern textures, Benares brocades. Shing-king, or Mukden. Ships, of the Great Khan, of India at Fuju; of Manzi described; mediaeval, accounts of; in Japan; in Java Seas; at Eli. Shiraz (Cerazi). Shireghi. Shirha. Shirwan. Shi-tsung, Emperor. Shoa. Shob'aengs of Nicobar. Shodja ed-din Kurshid, Kurd. Shor-Rud (Salt River). Shot of Military Engines. Shpilevsky. Shulistan (Suolstan). Shuls of Shauls, people of Persia. Shut up nations, legend of the. Shweli River. Siam, king of. Siang-yang-fu (Saianfu), Kublai's siege of; Polo's aid in taking; difficulties in Polo's account; not removed by Pauthier, notice by Wassaf, Chinese account, Rashiduddin's; treasure buried. Siberia. Sibree, on rofia palm. Sick men put to death and eaten by their friends. Siclatoun, kind of texture. Siddharta. Sidi Ali. Sien, Sien-Lo, Sien-Lo-Kok (Siam, Locac). Sifan. Sigatay, see Chagatai. Sighelm, envoy from King Alfred to India. Si Hia, language of Tangut. Si-hu, Lake of Kinsay or Hang-chau. Sijistan. Siju (Suthsian). Sikintinju (Kien-chow). Silesia, Mongol invasion of. Silk, called Ghelle (of Gilan), manufacture at Yezd; at Taianfu; in Shan-si and Shen-si; in Kenjanfu; Cuncun; Sindafu; Kwei-chau; Tasinfu; Piju; Pao-ying-Hien; Nanghin; Chinhiang-fu; Chinginju; Suju; Vughin; Kinsay; Ghiuju. —— cotton tree. —— duty on. —— and gold stuffs. —— stuffs and goods, Turcomania, Georgia; Baghdad; Yezd; Kerman; Tenduc province; Cambaluc; Juju; Sindafu; Cacanfu; Chinangli; Suju; Vughin; Kinsay; in animal patterns; with Cheetas; of Kelinfu; with giraffes. Silk, tent ropes, bed furniture. —— trade at Cambaluc, at Kinsay. —— worms. Silver chairs. —— imported into Malabar, Cambay. —— Island. —— mines at Baiburt, Gumish-Khanah; in Badakhshan; in N. Shansi; Yun-nan; Russian. —— plate in Chinese taverns. Simon, Metropolitan of Fars. —— Magus. Simum, effects of. Simurgh. Sinbad, his story of the diamonds; of the Rukh. Sind (Sindhu-Sauvira). Sindabur (Goa). Sindachu (Siuen-hwa fu). Sindafu (Chengtu-fu). Sindhu-Sauvira (Sindh-Sagor). Si-ngan fu (Kenjanfu), Christian inscription at. Singapore, Singhapura. Singkel. Singphos. Sings. Singtur, Mongol Prince. Singuyli (Cranganor). Sinhopala (Accambale), king of Chamba. Sinju (Si-ning fu). —— (Ichin-hien). Sinju-matu. Sinkalan, Sin-ul-Sin, Maha-chin, or Canton. Sinope. Siraf (Kish, or Kais?). Sir-i-Chashma. Sirikol, Lake and River. Sirjan or Shirjan. Sis. Sistan. Sitting in air. Siu chau. Siuen-hwa-fu, see Sindachu. Siva. Sivas, Siwas, Sebaste, Sevasd (Savast). Siwastan. Siwi, gigantic cotton in. Sixtus V., Pope. Siya-gosh, or lynx. Siyurgutmish. Sladen, Major. Slaves in Bengal. Sledges, dog-. Sleeping-mats, leather. Sluices of Grand Canal. Smith, G., Bishop of Hongkong. Smith (R.E.), Major R.M. Sneezing, omen from. Socotra (Scotra), island of, history of; Christian Archbishop; aloes of. Soer (Suhar). Sofala, trade to China from. Sogoman Borcan, see Sakya Muni. Sol, Arbre, see Arbre. Soldaia, Soldachia, Sodaya (the Oriental Sudak). Soldan, a Melic. Soldurii, trusty lieges of Celtic kings. Soli, Solli (Chola, or Tanjore), kingdom of. Solomon, house of, in Abyssinia. Soltania, Archbishop of (See Sultaniah.). Somnath (Semenat), gates of. Sonagar-pattanam. Soncara (Shawankara). Sender Bandi Davar, see Sundara Pandi. Sondur and Condur (Pulo Condore Group). Sorcerers, sorceries of Pashai (Udyana), Kashmir; Lamas and Tibetans. —— Dagroian, Socotra (See also Conjurers.). Sornau (Shahr-i-Nau), Siam. Sotiates, tribe of Aquitania. Soucat. Southey, St. Romuald. Spaan, Ispahan. Sposk, district. Spezerie. Spice, Spicery. Spice wood. Spices in China, duty on. Spikenard. Spinello Aretini, fresco by. Spirit drawings and spiritual flowers. Spirits haunting deserts. Spiritualism in China. Spittoons, pocket. Spodium (Spodos). Sport and game, in Shan-si; Cachanfu; Cuncun; Acbalec Manzi; Tibet; Caindu; Zardandan; Mien; Linju; Cagu; Nanghin; Saianfu; Ching-hiang-fu; Chinginju; Changan; Kinsay; Fuju; Lambri; Maabar; Comari; Eli. Springolds. Springs, hot. Sprinkling of drink, a Tartar rite. Squares at Kinsay. Sri-Thammarat. Sri-Vaikuntham. Sse River. Stack, E., visits Kuh Banan. Star Chart. Star of Bethlehem, traditions about. Steamers on Yangtse-kiang. Steel mines at Kerman, in Chingintalas; Indian; Asiatic view of. Stefani, Signor. Stein, Dr. M.A., on Sorcery in Kashmir, on Paonano Pao; on Pamirs; on site of Pein. Stiens of Cambodia. Stirrups, short and long. Stitched vessels. Stockade erected by Polo's party in Sumatra. Stone, miracle of the, at Samarkand. —— the green. —— towers in Chinese cities. —— umbrella column. Stones giving invulnerability. Suakin. Submersion of part of Ceylon. Subterraneous irrigation. Suburbs of Cambaluc. Subutai, Mongol general. Su-chau (Suju), plan of. Suchnan River. Sudarium, the Holy. Suddhodhana. Sugar, Bengal, manufactured; art of refining; of Egypt and China. Suh-chau (Sukchur). Suicides before an idol. Sukchur, province Sukkothai. Sukkothai. Suklat, broadcloth. Sukum Kala'. Suleiman, Sultan. Sulphur and quicksilver, potion of longevity. Sultaniah, Monument at (See Soltania.). Sultan Shah, of Badakhshan. Sumatra (Java the Less), described, its kingdoms; circuit. Sumatra, Samudra, city and kingdom of (Samara for Samatva); legend of origin; Ibn Batuta there; its position; latest mention of; wine-pots. Sumbawa. Summers, Professor. Sumutala, Sumuntala, see Sumatra. Sun and moon, trees of the. Sundara Pandi Devar, Sondar Bandi Davar, king in Ma'bar, his death; Dr. Caldwell's views about. Sundar Fulat (Pulo Condore Group). Sung, a native dynasty reigning in S. China till Kublai's conquest, their paper-money, effeminacy; cremation; Kublai's war against; end of them. Sunnis and Shias. Suolstan (Shulistan), a kingdom in Persia. Superstitions in Tangut, the devoted sheep or ram (Tengri Tockho), the dead man's door; as to chance shots; in Carajan; devil-dancing; property of the dead; Sumatran; Malabar; as to omens. Sur-Raja. Survival, instances of. Sushun, Regent of China, execution of. Su-tash, the Jadek. Suttees in S. India, of men. Svastika, sacred symbol of the Bonpos. Swans, wild, at Chagan-Nor. Swat. —— River. Swi-fu. Sword blades of India. Syghinan, see Shighnan. Sykes, Major P. Molesworth. Sylen (Ceylon). Symbolical messages, Scythian and Tartar. Syrian Christians. Syrrhaptes Pallasii, see Barguerlac. Szechenyi, Count. Sze-ch'wan (Ch'eng-tu), aborigines.

Tabashir. Tabbas. Table of the Great Khan. Tables, how disposed at Mongol feasts. Tablet, Emperor's, adored with incense. Tablets of Authority, Golden (Paizah), presented by Khan to Polos; lion's head and gerfalcon; bestowed on distinguished captains, inscription; cat's head; granted to governors of different rank. —— worshipped by Cathayans. Tabriz (Tauris). Tachindo, see Ta-ts'ien-lu. Tacitus, Claustra Caspiorum, Pass of Derbend. Tactics, Tartar. Tacuin. Tadinfu. Taeping Insurrection and Devastations. Taeping, or Taiping, Sovereigns' effeminate customs. Taffetas. Taft, near Yezd, turquoise at. Tafurs. Tagachar. Tagaung. Tagharma Pass. Taghdungbash River. Taianfu (T'ai-yuan-fu), king of N. China. Taiani. Taican, see Talikan. Taichau (Tigu). T'aiching-Kwan. Taidu, Daitu, Tatu, Kublai's new city of Cambaluc. Taikung, see Tagaung. Tailed men, in Sumatra, elsewhere; English. Tailors, none in Maabar. Taimuni tribe. Taiting-fu (Tadinfu), or Yenchau. Taitong-fu, see Tathung. Tai-tsu, Emperor. T'ai Tsung, Emperor. Tatyang Khan (Great King), king of the Naimans. Tajiks of Badakhshan, great topers. Takfur. Takhtapul. Taki-uddin, Abdu-r Rahman. Takla-Makan. Talains. Talas River. Tali, gold mines. Talifu (Carajan). Talikan, Thaikan (Taican). Tallies, record by. Tamarind, pirates use of. Tamerlan. Tana (Azov). —— near Bombay, kingdom of Tana-Maiambu. Tana-Malayu. Tanasi cloth. Tanduc, see Tenduc. T'ang dynasty. Tangnu Oola, branch of Altai. Tangut province, Chinese Si Hia, or Ho Si, five invasions of. Tangutan, term applied to Tibetan speaking people round the Koko-nor. Tanjore, Suttee at; Pagoda at; fertility of. Tankiz Khan, applied to Chinghiz. Tanpiju (Shaohing?). Tantras, Tantrika, Tantrists. Tao-lin, a Buddhist monk. Tao-sze (Taosse), sect, female idols of the. Ta-pa-Shan range. Taprobana, mistakes about. Tarakai. Tarantula. Tarcasci. Tarem, or Tarum. Tares of the parable. Tarikh-i-Rashidi. Tarmabala, Kublai's grandson. Tarok, Burmese name for Chinese. Tarok Man and Tarok Myo. Tartar language, on Tartar, its correct form; misuse by Ramusio. Tartars, different characters used by; identified with Gog and Magog; ladies; their first city; original country, tributary to Prester John; revolt and migration; earliest mention of the word; make Chinghiz their king; his successors; their customs and religion; houses; waggons; chastity of their women; polygamy, etc.; their gods and idols; their drink (Kumiz); cloths; arms, horses, and war customs; military organization; sustenance on rapid marches; blood-sucking; portable curd; tactics in war; degeneracy; administration of justice; laws against theft; posthumous marriage; the cudgel; Rubruquis' account of; Joinville's; custom before a fight; want of charity to the poor; conquerors of China, history of; excellence in archery; objection to meddling with things pertaining to the dead; admiration of the Polo mangonels; employment of military engines; their cruelties; arrows; marriage customs. —— in the Far North. —— of the Levant, see Levant. —— of the Ponent, see Ponent. Tartary cloths. Tarungares, tribe. Tash Kurgan. Tatariya coins. Tathung, or Taitongfu. Ta-t'sien-lu, or Tachindo, Tartsedo. Ta Tsing River. Tattooing, artists in. Tatu (Taichu). —— River. Tauris, see Tabriz. Taurizi, Torissi. Tawalisi. Taxes, see Customs, Duties. Tchakiri Mondou (Modun). Tchekmen, thick coarse cotton stuff. Tea-houses at Kingsze. Tea trees in E. Tibet. Tebet, see Tibet. Tedaldo, see Theobald. Teeth, custom of casing in gold. —— of Adam or of Buddha. —— conservation of, by Brahmans. Tegana. Teghele, Atabeg of Lur. Teimur (Temur), Kublai's grandson and successor. Tekla, Hamainot. Tekrit. Telingana, see Tilinga. Telo Samawe. Tembul (Betel), chewing. Temkan, Kublai's son. Temple, connection of Cilician Armenia with Order of. —— Master of the. Temple's account of the Condor. Temujin, see Chinghiz. Tenduc, or Tanduc, plain of, province of. Tengri, Supreme deity of Tartars. Tennasserim, (Tanasari). Tents, the Khan's. Terebinth, of Mamre. Terlan, goshawk. Terra Mountains. Terra Australis. Te-Tsung, Emperor. Thai, Great and Little, race. Thaigin. Thai-yuanfu (Taianfu). Thard-wahsh, see Patterns, Beast and Bird. Theft, Tartar punishment of. Theistic worship. Thelasar. Theobald, or Tedaldo of Piacenza, chosen Pope as Gregory X.; sends friars with the Polos and presents. Theodorus, king of Abyssinia. Theodosius the Great. Theophilus, Emperor of Constantinople. —— missionary. Thevenot, Travels. Thian Shan. Thiante-Kiun. Thin l'Eveque, siege of. Thinae of Ptolemy. Tholoman, see Coloman. Thomas, Edward. —— of Mancasola, Bishop of Samarcand. Thread, Brahmanical. Three kingdoms (San-Kwe). Threshold, a great offence to step on the. Thuran Shah's History of Hormuz. Tibet (Tebet) province, boundary of; its acquisition by Mongols; organisation under Kublai; dogs of. Tibetan language and character, origin of the Yue-chi. Tibetans, superstitions of; and Kashmiris (Tebet and Keshimur), sorceries of; accused of cannibalism. Tides in Hang-chau estuary. Tierce, half tierce, etc., hours of. Tiflis. Tigado, Castle of. Tigers (called lions by Polo), trained to the chase; in Cuncun; in Caindu; Kwei-chau. (See also Lions.). Tigris River (Volga), at Baghdad. Tigudar (Acomat Soldan). Tiju. Tiles, enamelled. Tilinga, Telingana, Tiling, Telenc. Tiling. Timur of Toumen, chief of the Nikoudrians. Timur the Great. Timurids, the. Ting, 10 taels of silver = tael of gold. Tinju. Tinnevelly. Tithe on clothing material. Tithing men, Chinese (Pao-kia). Titus, Emperor. Tjajya, see Choiach. Toba race. Toctai, king, see Toktai. Tod, Colonel James. Toddy, see Wine of Palm. Togan. Toghontemur, last Mongol Emperor, his wail. Toghrul I. —— Shah of Kerman. Togrul Wang Khan, see Prester John. Toka Tumir. Tokat. Toktai Khan (Toctai, Lord of the Ponent), wars with Noghai; his symbolic message. Tolan-nur (Dolonnur). Toleto, John de, Cardinal Bishop of Portus. Tolobuga. Toman (Tuman, etc.), Mongol word for 10,000. Tongking, Tungking. Tooth-relique of Buddha, history of. Torchi, Dorje, Kublai's first-born. Tornesel. Toro River. Torshok. Torture by constriction in raw hide. Toscaul, toskaul (toscaol), watchman. Tournefort, on cold at Erzrum. Tower and Bell Alarm at Peking, at Kinsay. Toyan (Tathung?). Trade at Layas, by Baghdad; at Tauris; at Cambaluc; in Shan-si; on the Great Kiang; at Chinangli; at Sinju Matu; Kinsay; Fu-chau; Zayton; Java; Malaiur; Cail; Coilum; Melibar; Tana; Cambaet; Kesmacoran; Socotra. —— of India with Hormuz, with Egypt by Aden; with Esher; with Dofar; with Calatu. Trades in Manzi, alleged to be hereditary. Tramontaine. Transmigration. Traps for fur animals. Travancore, Rajas of. Treasure of Maabar kings. Trebizond, Emperors of, and their tails. Trebuchets. Trees, of the Sun and Moon, superstitions about; by the highways; camphor; producing wine; producing flour (sago). Tregetoures. Trench, Archbishop. Trevisano, Azzo. —— Marc' Antonio, Doge. Trincomalee. Tringano. Trinkat. 'Trusty lieges,' devoted comrades of king of Maabar. T'sang-chau. T'siang-kiun ('General'). T'sien T'ang River, bore in. T'si-nan-fu (Chinangli). T'sing-chau. T'sing-ling range. T'si-ning-chau. Tsin-tsun. Tsiuan-chau, T'swanchau, see Zayton. Tsongkhapa, Tibetan Reformer. Ts'uan-chou, see Zayton. Tsukuzi in Japan. Tsung-ngan-hien. Tsushima, Island. Tuan, Prince, chief of the Boxers. Tuc, tuk, tugh, commanders of 100,000, horse-tail or yak-tail; standard. Tudai, Ahmad Khan's wife. Tudai-Mangku (Totamangu or Totamangul). Tu-fan, ancient name of Tibet. Tughan, Tukan, Kublai's son. Tughlak Shah, of Delhi (a Karaunah). Tuktuyai Khan. Tu-ku-hun. Tuli, or Tulin, fourth son of Chinghiz. Tuman, see Toman. Tumba, Angelo di, Marco di. Tun, city of E. Persia. Tung-'an in Fokien. Tungani, or Converts, Mahomedans in N. China and Chinese Turkestan. Tung-chau (Tinju). Tung-hwang-hien, ancient Shachau. Tung-kwan, fortress of the Kin sovereigns. Tung-lo (Kumiz). Tunguses. Tunny fish. Tun-o-kain (Tunocain), kingdom of Persia. Turbit (radex Turpethi). Turcomania (Anatolian Turkey). Turgaut, day-watch. Turkey, Great (Turkestan). Turkistan chiefs send mission to kings of India. Turkmans and Turks, distinction between, horses. Turks, ancient mention of, friend of Polo's; and Mongols. Turmeric. Turner, Lieutenant Samuel, describes Yak of Tartary. Turquans, Turkish horses. Turquoises in Kerman, in Caindu. Turtle doves. Turumpak, Hormuz. Tutia (Tutty), preparation of. Tuticorin. Tu T'song, Sung Emperor of China. Tver. Twelve, a favourite round number. —— Barons over Khan's Administration. Twigs or arrows, divination by. Tyuman. Tyunju, porcelain manufacture. Tylor, Dr. E.B., on Couvade. Tzarev. Tzaritzyn.

Ucaca (Ukak, Ukek, Uwek), Ukak of Ibn Batuta, a different place. Uch-baligh. Uch-Multan. Udoe country. Udong. Udyana. Ughuz, legend of. Uighur character, parent of present Mongol writing. Uighurs, the. Uiraca. Uirad, see Oirad. Ujjain, legend of, (Ozene). Ukak. (See Ucaca.). Ulatai (Oulatay), Tartar envoy from Persia. Ulakhai. Ulan Muren (Red River). Ulugh Bagh, on Badakhshan border. —— Mohammed. Ulus, the. U-man and Pe-man (Black and White Barbarians). Umbrellas. Unc Can (Aung Khan), see Prester John Ung (Ungkut), Tartar tribe.. Ungrat (Kungurat), Tartar tribe. Unicorn (Rhinoceros), in Burma, Sumatra; legend of Virgin and; horns of. Unken, City. Unlucky hours. U-nya-Mwezi superstition. Urduja, Princess. Uriangkadai. Uriangkut (Tunguses). Urianhai, the. Urumtsi. Urzu. Uspenskoye (called also Bolgarskoye). Uttungadeva, king of Java. Uwek, see Ucaca. Uzbeg Khan of Sarai. Uzbegs of Kunduz. Uzun Tati, coins, Chinese porcelain from.

Vair, the fur and animal. —— as an epithet of eyes. Valaghir district. Vambery, Prof. Hermann. Vanchu (Wangchu), conspires with Chenchu against Ahmad. Van Lake. Varaegian, Varangian. Varaha Mihira, astronomer. Vardoj River. Varini. Varsach, or Mashhad River. Vasmulo. Vateria Indica. Veil of the Temple, [Greek: peplos babylonios]. Vellalars. Venadan, title of king of Kaulam. Venetians, factory at Soldaia, expelled from Constantinople. Venice, return of Polos to; its exaltation after Latin conquest of Constantinople; its nobles; Polo's mansion at; galleys; archives at; articles brought from East by Marco to. Ventilators at Hormuz. Verlinden, Belgian missionary. Verniques. Verzino Colombino. (See also Brazil.). Vessels, war, stitched of Kerman ([Greek: ploiaria rhapta]). (See also Ships.). Vial, Paul, French missionary. Vijayanagar. Vikramajit, legend of. Vikrampur. Villard de Honnecourt, Album of. Vincent of Beauvais. Vincenzo, P. Vineyards, in Taican, Kashgar; Khotan; in N. China. Vinson, Prof., on Couvade. Virgin of Cape Comorin. Visconti, Tedaldo, or Tebaldo, see Theobald of Piacenza. Vissering, on Chinese Currency. Vochan (Unchan, Yungchan), battle there. Vogels, J. Vokhan, see Wakhan. Volga, called Tigris. Vos, Belgian Missionary. Vughin. Vuju in Kiangnan. —— in Chekiang.

Wadoe tribe. Wakf. Wakhan (Vokhan), dialect. —— Mountains. Wakhjir Pass. Wakhijrui Pass, see Wakhjir Pass. Wakhsh, branch of the Oxus. Wakhtang II., king of Georgia. Walashjird. Wallachs. Wall of Alexander (or Caucasian). —— of Gog and Magog (i.e. China). Walnut-oil. Wami River. Wang, Chinese silk. Wang, king of Djungar. Wangchu, see Vanchu Wapila. Warangol Ku. Warangs. Warner, Dr. War vessels, Chinese. Wassaf, the historian, his character of the Karaunahs; notices of Hormuz; eulogy of Kublai; story of Kublai; his style; account of taking of Siang-yang; of Kinsay; Maabar; horse trade to India; treatment of them there; extract from his history. Water, bitter. —— custom of lying in, consecration by Lamas. —— Clock. Wathek, Khalif. Wa-tzu, Lolo slaves. Weather-conjuring. Wei dynasty. Weights and measures. Wei-ning. Wei River in Shen-si. —— in Shan-tung. Wen River. Wen-chow. Westermarck, Human Marriage. Whale oil, including spermaceti. Whales, in Socotra; Madagascar; species of Indian Ocean; sperm (Capdoille). Wheaten bread not eaten, at Yachi. White bears. —— bone, Chinese for Lolos. —— camels. —— City, meaning of term among Tartars. —— City, of Manzi frontier. —— Devils. —— Feast at Kublai's City. —— Horde. —— horses and mares, offered to Khan. Whittington and his cat in Persia. Wild asses and oxen, see Asses and Oxen. William of Tripoli, Friar, his writings. Williams, Dr. S.W., on the Chinese year, on elephants at Peking. Williamson, Rev. A. Wilson, General Sir C. Wind, poison (Simum), monsoons. Wine, of the vine, Persians lax in abstaining from, —— boiled. —— of ancient Kapisa, Khotan; at Taianfu; imported at Kinsay. —— rice (Samshu or darasun), and of wheat; at Yachi; spices, etc., in Caindu; Kien-ch'ang; Cangigu; Coloman; Kinsay. —— Palm (toddy). —— from sugar. —— date. —— (unspecified), at Khan's table, not used in Ma'bar; nor by Brahmans. "Winter" used for "rainy season". Wo-fo-sze, "Monastery of the lying Buddha". Wolves in Pamir. Women, Island of. Women, of Kerman, their embroidery; mourners; of Khorasan, their beauty; of Badakhshan; Kashmir; Khotan; Kamul, fair and wanton; Tartar good and loyal; Erguiul, pretty creatures; of the town; of Tibet, evil customs; Caindu; Carajan; Zardandan, couvade; Anin; Kinsay, charming; respectful treatment of; Kelinfu, beautiful; Zanghibar, frightful. Wonders performed by the Bacsi. Wood, Lieutenant John, Indian Navy, his elucidations of Polo in Oxus regions. Wood-oil. Wool, Salamander's. Worship of Mahomet (supposed). —— of fire, Tartar; Chinese. —— of first object seen in the day. Worshipping the tablets. Wu-chau (Vuju). Wukiang-hien (Vughin). Wuesus, or Wesses, people of Russia. Wu-ti, Emperor. Wylie, Alexander.

Xanadu. Xavier, at Socotra. Xerxes.

Ya-chau. Yachi (Yun-nan-fu), city. Yadah, Jadagari, Jadah-tash, science and stone of weather-conjurer. Yaik River. Yaju, and Majuj, see Gog and Magog. Yak (dong), their tails carried to Venice; used in India for military decorations. Ya'kub Beg of Kasghar. Yakuts. Yalung River. Yam, or Yamb (a post-stage or post-house). Yamgan. Yang-chau (Yanju), city, Marco's government there. Yarbeg of Badakhshan. Yarkand (Yarcan). Yarligh and P'aizah. Yasdi (Yezd). —— silk tissue. Yashm, jade. Yasodhara, bride of Sakya Sinha. Yavanas. Yazdashir. Ydifu. Year, Chinese, Mongol and Chinese cycle. Yelimala, see Monte d'Ely. Yeliu Chutsai, statesman and astronomer. Yellow, or orthodox Lamas. Yemen (See also Aden.). Yeng-chau (in Shan-tung). —— (in Che-kiang). Yen-king (Old Peking). Yen-Ping. Yenshan. Yesubuka. Yesudar. Yesugai, father of Chinghiz. Yetsina (Etzina). Yezd (Yasdi), silk fabrics of. Yiu-ki River. Yoritomo, descendants of. Yonting Ho River. Yotkan, village. Youth, Island of. Yrac, province. Ysemain of Hiulie, western engineer. Yu, see Jade. Yuan Ho. Yu-chow, gold and silver mines. Yue-chi. Yuen, Mongol Imperial dynasty, so styled. Yuen-hao, kingdom of Tangut. Yuen ming-yuen, palace. Yuen shi, History of Mongol Dynasty in China. Yugria, or Yughra, in the Far North. Yuh-shan. Yule, Sir Henry, on Ravenala; on Maundeville. Yun-Hien, a Buddhist Abbot. Yung-chang fu (Shen-si). —— (Yun-nan, Vochan). Yung Lo, Emperor. Yun-nan (Carajan), province, conquerors of; Mahomedans. Yun-nan-fu city, see Yachi. Yurungkash (white Jade) River. Yusuf Kekfi. Yuthia, Ayuthia (Ayodhya), mediaeval capital of Siam. Yvo of Narbonne.

Zabedj. Zaila. Zaituniah, probable origin of satin. Zampa, see Champa. Zanghibar (Zangibar, Zanjibar, Zanzibar), currents off; Ivory trade; its blacks, women. Zanton (Shantung ?). Zanzale, James, or Jacob Baradaeus, Bishop of Edessa. Zapharan, monastery near Baghdad. Zardandan, or "Gold Teeth," a people of W. Yun-nan, identity doubtful; characteristic customs. Zarneke, Fr. Zayton, Zaitun, Zeiton, Cayton, (T'swan-chau, Chwan-chau, or Chinchew of modern charts); the great mediaeval port of China; Khan's revenue from; porcelain; language; etymology; mediaeval notices; identity; Chinchew, a name misapplied; Christian churches at; ships of. Zayton, Andrew, Bishop of. Zebak Valley. Zebu, humped oxen. Zedoary. Zenghi. Zerms (Jerms). Zerumbet. Zettani. Zhafar, see Dhafar. Zic (Circassia). Zikas. Zimme, see Kiang-mai. Zinc. Zinj, Zinjis. Zobeidah, the lady. Zorza, see Chorcha. Zu-'lkarnain (Zulcarniain), "the Two Horned," an epithet of Alexander. Zurficar (Zurpica, Zulficar), a Turkish friend of Marco Polo's.



SER MARCO POLO

NOTES AND ADDENDA TO SIR HENRY YULE'S EDITION, CONTAINING THE RESULTS OF RECENT RESEARCH AND DISCOVERY

BY HENRI CORDIER



PREFACE

There is no need of a long Preface to this small book. When the third edition of the Book of Ser Marco Polo was published in 1903, criticism was lenient to the Editor of YULE'S grand work, and it was highly satisfactory to me that such competent judges as Sir Aurel STEIN and Sven HEDIN gave their approval to the remarks I made on the itineraries followed in Central Asia by the celebrated Venetian Traveller.

Nevertheless occasional remarks having been made by some of the reviewers, proper notice was taken of them; moreover, it was impossible to avoid some mistakes and omissions in a work including several hundreds of pages. As years went on, extensive voyages were undertaken by travellers like Sir Aurel STEIN, Sven HEDIN, PELLIOT, KOZLOV, and others, who brought fresh and important information. I had myself collected material from new works as they were issued and from old works which had been neglected. In the mean time I had given a second edition of Cathay and the Way Thither, having thus an opportunity to explore old ground again and add new commentaries to the book.

All this material is embodied in the present volume which is to be considered but as a supplementary volume of "Addenda" and "Corrigenda" to the Book itself. I have gathered matter for a younger editor when a fourth edition of the Book of Ser Marco Polo is undertaken, age preventing the present editor to entertain the hope to be able to do the work himself.

To many who lent their aid have I to give my thanks: all are named in the following pages, but I have special obligation to Sir Aurel STEIN, to Dr. B. LAUFER, of Chicago, to Sir Richard TEMPLE, and to Prof. Paul PELLIOT, of the College de France, Paris, who furnished me with some of the more important notes. A paper by Prof. E.H. PARKER in the Asiatic Quarterly Review proved also of considerable help.

HENRI CORDIER.

PARIS, 8, RUE DE SIAM,

11th of November, 1919.



A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SIR HENRY YULE'S WRITINGS.

—— Notes [miscellaneous] by H. Yule, Palermo, August 28th, 1872. (Indian Antiquary, I. 1872, pp. 320-321.)

—— "Discovery of Sanskrit." By H. Yule, Palermo, Dec. 26th, 1872. (Indian Antiquary, II. 1873, p. 96.)

—— "Sopeithes, King of the [Greek: Kaekeoi]." By H. Yule. (Indian Antiquary, II. 1873, p. 370.)

—— The Geography of Ibn Batuta's Travels in India. By Col. H. Yule, Palermo. (Indian Antiquary, III. 1874, pp. 114-117, 209-212.)

—— The Geography of Ibn Batuta's Travels. By Col. H. Yule, C.B. (Ibid. pp. 242-244.)

—— Mediaeval Ports of Western and Southern India, etc., named in the Tohfat-al-Majahidin. By Col. H. Yule, C.B., Palermo. (Indian Antiquary, III. 1874, pp. 212-214.)

—— Malifattan. By Col. H. Yule, C.B., Palermo. (Indian Antiquary, IV. 1875, pp. 8-10.)

—— Champa. By H. Yule. (Indian Antiquary, VI. 1877, pp. 228-230.) From the Geog. Mag., March, 1877, IV. pp. 66-67. Written for the Encyclopaedia Britannica, but omitted.

—— Specimen of a Discursive Glossary of Anglo-Indian Terms. By H.Y. and A.C.B. (Indian Antiquary, VIII. 1879, pp. 52-54, 83-86, 173-176, 201-204, 231-233.)



SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SIR HENRY YULE'S WRITINGS

MARCO POLO AND HIS BOOK

INTRODUCTORY NOTICES

PROLOGUE

Sarai—Shang tu—Khitan inscription

BOOK I. ACCOUNT OF REGIONS VISITED OR HEARD OF ON THE JOURNEY FROM THE LESSER ARMENIA TO THE COURT OF THE GREAT KAAN AT CHANDU

Baudas—Nasich—Death of Mostas'im—Tauris—Cala Ataperistan—Persia— Fat-tailed sheep—The Caraunas Robbers—Pashai—Hormos—Tun-o-Kain— Tutia—Arbre sec—Old Man of the Mountain—Road to Sapurgan—Dogana— Badakhshan—Wakhan—Plateau of Pamir—Paonano Pao—Yue Chi—Bolor— Khotan—Pein—City of Lop—Great Desert—Camul—Chingintalas—Sukchur —Campichu—Etzina—Tatar—Karacathayans—Keraits—Death of Chingiz Khan—Tailgan—Marriage—Tengri—Coats of Mail—Reindeer— Sinju—Gurun—King George—Tenduc—Christians.

BOOK II. PART I. THE KAAN, HIS COURT AND CAPITAL

Nayan—P'ai Tzu—Mongol Imperial Family—Hunting Leopard— Cachar Modun—Bark of Trees—Value of Gold—Ch'ing siang—Cycle of Twelve—Persian.

BOOK II. PART II. JOURNEY TO THE WEST AND SOUTH-WEST OF CATHAY

Wine and Vines—Christian Monument at Si-ngan fu—Khumdan—Mubupa— Chien tao—Sindafu—Tibet—Wild Oxen—Kiung tu—Karajang— Zardandan—Couvade—King of Mien—Burma—Nga-tshaung-gyan—Caugigu.

BOOK II. PART III. JOURNEY SOUTHWARD THROUGH EASTERN PROVINCES OF CATHAY AND MANZI

Ch'ang Lu Salt—Sangon-Li T'an—Sinjumatu—Great Canal—Caiju —Lin Ngan—Yanju—Yang Chau—Siege of Saianfu—P'ao—Alans— Vuju—Kinsay—Silky Fowls—Sugar—Zaitun.

BOOK III. JAPAN, THE ARCHIPELAGO, SOUTHERN INDIA, AND THE COASTS AND ISLANDS OF THE INDIAN SEA

Nafun—Japanese War—Chamba—Pulo Condore—Locac—Lawaki—Pentam— Tana-Malayu—Malacca—Sumatra—Ferlec—Sago Tree—Angamanain— Dog-headed Barbarians—Ceylon—Sagamoni Borcan—Barlaam and Josaphat— Tanjore—Chinese Pagoda at Negapatam—Suttees in India—Maabar—St. Thomas—Calamina—Cail—Sappan—Fandaraina—Gozurat—Two Islands called Male and Female—Scotra—The Rukh—Giraffes—Zanghibar—Aden— Esher—Dufar—Frankincense.

BOOK IV. WARS AMONG THE TARTAR PRINCES AND SOME ACCOUNT OF THE NORTHERN COUNTRIES

Russia

APPENDICES

LIST OF MSS. OF MARCO POLO'S BOOK SO FAR AS THEY ARE KNOWN

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MARCO POLO'S BOOK

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PRINTED EDITIONS

TITLES OF SUNDRY BOOKS AND PAPERS WHICH TREAT OF MARCO POLO AND HIS BOOK

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE

ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS

INDEX



MARCO POLO AND HIS BOOK.

INTRODUCTORY NOTICES.

Introduction, p. 6.

Speaking of Pashai, Sir Aurel Stein (Geog. Journ.), referring to the notes and memoranda brought home by the great Venetian traveller, has the following remarks: "We have seen how accurately it reproduces information about territories difficult of access at all times, and far away from his own route. It appears to me quite impossible to believe that such exact data, learned at the very beginning of the great traveller's long wanderings, could have been reproduced by him from memory alone close on thirty years later when dictating his wonderful story to Rusticiano during his captivity at Genoa. Here, anyhow, we have definite proof of the use of those 'notes and memoranda which he had brought with him,' and which, as Ramusio's 'Preface' of 1553 tells us (see Yule, Marco Polo, I., Introduction, p. 6), Messer Marco, while prisoner of war, was believed to have had sent to him by his father from Venice. How grateful must geographer and historical student alike feel for these precious materials having reached the illustrious prisoner safely!"

Introduction, p. 10 n.

KHAKHAN.

"Mr. Rockhill's remarks about the title Khakhan require supplementing. Of course, the Turks did not use the term before 560 (552 was the exact year), because neither they nor their name 'Turk' had any self-assertive existence before then, and until that year they were the 'iron-working slaves' of the Jou-jan. The Khakhan of those last-named Tartars naturally would not allow the petty tribe of Turk to usurp his exclusive and supreme title. But even a century and a half before this, the ruler of the T'u-kuh-hun nomads had already borne the title of Khakhan, which (the late Dr. Bretschneider agreed with me in thinking) was originally of Tungusic and not of Turkish origin. The T'u-kuh-hun were of the same race as the half-Mongol, half-Tungusic Tobas, who ruled for two centuries over North China.... The title of Khakhan, in various bastard forms, was during the tenth century used by the Kings of Khoten and Kuche, as well as by the petty Ouigour Kings of Kan Chou, Si Chou, etc." (E.H. PARKER, Asiatic Quart. Rev., Jan., 1904, pp. 139-140.)

Introduction, p. 19. [The] second start [of the Venetians] from Acre took place about November, 1271.

M. Langlois remarks that the last stay of the Polos at Acre was necessarily before the 18th November, 1271, date of the departure of Gregory X. for the West. Cf. Itineraires a Jerusalem et Descriptions de la Terre-Sainte rediges en francais aux XI'e, XII'e et XIII'e siecles, publ. par H. MICHELANT et G. RAYNAUD (Geneve, 1882), pp. xxviii-xxix:

"La date de 1269, donnee seulement par un des manuscrits de la redaction de Thibaut de Cepoy, pour le premier sejour a Acre des Polo et leur rencontre avec Tedaldo Visconti, qui allait etre elu pape et prendre le nom de Gregoire X., date preferee par tous les editeurs a celles evidemment erronees de Rusticien de Pise (1260) et des huit autres manuscrits de Thibaut de Cepoy (1250 et 1260), n'est pas hors de toute discussion. M.G. Tononi, archipretre de Plaisance, qui prepare une histoire et une edition des ceuvres de Gregoire X., me fait remarquer que les chroniqueurs ne placent le depart de Tedaldo pour la Terre-Sainte qu'apres celui de S. Louis pour Tunis (2 juillet 1270), et que, d'apres un acte du Tresor des Chartes, Tedaldo etait encore a Paris le 28 decembre 1269. Il faudrait done probablement dater de 1271 le premier et le deuxieme sejour des Polo a Acre, et les placer tous deux entre le 9 mai, epoque de l'arrivee en Terre-Sainte d'Edouard d'Angleterre,—avec lequel, suivant l'Eracles, aborda Tedaldo—et le 18 novembre, date du depart du nouveau pape pour l'Occident." (Cf. Hist. litt. de la France, XXXV, Marco Polo.)

Introduction, p. 19 n.

I have here discussed Major Sykes' theory of Polo's itinerary in Persia; the question was raised again by Major Sykes in the Geographical Journal, October, 1905, pp. 462-465. I answered again, and I do not think it necessary to carry on farther this controversy. I recall that Major Sykes writes: "To conclude, I maintain that Marco Polo entered Persia near Tabriz, whence he travelled to Sultania, Kashan, Yezd, Kerman, and Hormuz. From that port, owing to the unseaworthiness of the vessels, the presence of pirates, the fact that the season was past, or for some other reason, he returned by a westerly route to Kerman, and thence crossed the Lut to Khorasan."

I replied in the Geographical Journal, Dec., 1905, pp. 686-687: "Baghdad, after its fall in 1258, did not cease immediately to be 'rather off the main caravan route.' I shall not refer Major Sykes to what I say in my editions of 'Odorico' and 'Polo' on the subject, but to the standard work of Heyd, Commerce du Levant, Vol. 2, pp. 77, 78. The itinerary, Tabriz, Sultania, Kashan, Yezd, was the usual route later on, at the beginning of the fourteenth century, and it was followed, among others, by Fra Odorico, of Pordenone. Marco Polo, on his way to the Far East—you must not forget that he was at Acre in 1271—could not have crossed Sultania, which did not exist, as its building was commenced by Arghun Khan, who ascended the throne in 1284, and was continued by Oeljaitu (1304-1316), who gave the name of Sultania to the city." Cf. Lieut.-Col. P.M. SYKES, A History of Persia, 1915, 2 vols., 8vo; II., p. 181 n.

Introduction, p. 21. M. Pauthier has found a record in the Chinese Annals of the Mongol dynasty, which states that in the year 1277, a certain POLO was nominated a second-class commissioner or agent attached to the Privy Council, a passage which we are happy to believe to refer to our young traveller.

Prof. E.H. Parker remarks (Asiatic Quart. Review, 3rd Series, Vol. XVII., Jan., 1904, pp. 128-131): "M. Pauthier has apparently overlooked other records, which make it clear that the identical individual in question had already received honours from Kublai many years before Marco's arrival in 1275. Perhaps the best way to make this point clear would be to give all the original passages which bear upon the question. The number I give refer to the chapter and page (first half or second half of the double page) of the Yuan Shi:—

A. Chap. 7, p. 1-2/2: 1270, second moon. Kublai inspects a court pageant prepared by Puh-lo and others.

B. Chap. 7, p. 6-1/2: 1270, twelfth moon. The yue-shi chung-ch'eng (censor) Puh-lo made also President of the Ta-sz-nung department. One of the ministers protested that there was no precedent for a censor holding this second post. Kublai insisted.

C. Chap. 8, p. 16-1/2: 1275, second moon. Puh-lo and another sent to look into the Customs taxation question in Tangut.

D. Chap. 8, p. 22-1/2: 1275, fourth moon. The Ta-sz-nung and yue-shi chung-ch'eng Puh-lo promoted to be yue-shi ta-fu.

E. Chap. 9, p. 11-2/2: 1276, seventh moon. The Imperial Prince Puh-lo given a seal.

F. Chap. 9, p. 16-2/2: 1277, second moon. The Ta-sz-nung and yue-shi ta-fu, Puh-lo, being also suean-wei-shi and Court Chamberlain, promoted to be shu-mih fu-shi, and also suean-hwei-shi and Court Chamberlain.

"The words shu-mih fu-shi the Chinese characters for which are given on p. 569 of M. Cordier's second volume, precisely mean 'Second-class Commissioner attached to the Privy Council,' and hence it is clear that Pauthier was totally mistaken in supposing the censor of 1270 to have been Marco. Of course the Imperial Prince Puh-lo is not the same person as the censor, nor is it clear who the (1) pageant and (2) Tangut Puh-los were, except that neither could possibly have been Marco, who only arrived in May—the third moon—at the very earliest.