Then is inserted, an abstract from Lefort, Liege Herald, at the end of the 17th century, from Jean d'Outremeuse, which we quote from another publication of Dr. Bormans' as it contains the final sentence: "Mort enfin, etc." not to be found in the paper of the Bibliophile Belge.

In his introduction to the Chronique et geste de Jean des Preis dit d'Outremeuse, Brussels, F. Hayez, 1887 (Collection des Chroniques belges inedites), Dr. Stanislas Bormans writes, pp. cxxxiii.-cxxxiv.: "L'an M.CCC.LXXII, mourut a Liege, le 12 Novembre, un homme fort distingue par sa naissance, avant de s'y faire connoitre sous le nom de Jean de Bourgogne dit a la Barbe. Il s'ouvrit neanmoins au lit de la mort a Jean d'Outremeuse, son compere, et institue son executeur testamentaire. De vrai il se titra, dans le precis de sa derniere volonte, messire Jean de Mandeville, chevalier, comte de Montfort en Angleterre, et seigneur de l'isle de Campdi et du chateau Perouse. Ayant cependant eu le malheur de tuer, en son pays, un comte qu'il ne nomme pas, il s'engagea a parcourir les trois parties du monde. Vint a Liege en 1343. Tout sorti qu'il etoit d'une noblesse tres-distinguee, il aima de s'y tenir cache. Il etoit, au reste, grand naturaliste, profond philosophe et astrologue, y joint en particulier une connoissance tres singuliere de la physique, se trompant rarement lorsqu'il disoit son sentiment a l'egard d'un malade, s'il en reviendroit ou pas. Mort enfin, on l'enterra aux F.F. Guillelmins, au faubourg d'Avroy, comme vous avez vu plus amplement cydessous."

It is not the first time that the names Jean de Mandeville and Jean a la Barbe are to be met with, as Ortelius, in his description of Liege, included in his Itinerary of Belgium, has given the epitaph of the knightly physician:[37(1)]

"Leodium primo aspectu ostentat in sinistra ripa (nam dextra vinetis plena est,) magna, & populosa suburbia ad collium radices, in quorum iugis multa sunt, & pulcherrima Monasteria, inter quae magnificum illud ac nobile D. Laurentio dicatum ab Raginardo episcopo, vt habet Sigebertus, circa ann. sal. M XXV aedificatum est in hac quoq. regione Guilelmitaru Coenobium in quo epitaphiu hoc Ioannis a Mandeuille excepimus: Hic iacet vir nobilis Dns Ioes de Mandeville al Dcus ad barbam miles dns de Capdi natus de Anglia medicie pfessor deuotissimus orator et bonorum largissimus paupribus erogator qui toto quasi orbe lustrato leodii diem vite sue clausit extremum ano Dni M CCC deg. LXXI deg.[37(2)] mensis novebr die XVII.[37(3)]

"Haec in lapide, in quo caelata viri armati imago, leonem calcantis, barba bifurcata, ad caput manus benedicens, & vernacula haec verba: vos ki paseis sor mi pour lamour deix proies por mi. Clypeus erat vacuus, in quo olim laminam fuisse dicebant aeream, & eius in ea itidem caelata insignia, leonem videlicet argenteum, cui ad pectus lunula rubea, in campo caeruleo, quem limbus ambiret denticulatus ex auro, eius nobis ostendebat & cultros, ephippiaque, & calcaria, quibus vsum fuisse asserebat in peragrando toto fere terrarum orbe, vt clarius eius testatur itinerarium, quod typis etiam excusum passim habetur."[37]

Dr. Warner writes in the National Biography:

"There is abundant proof that the tomb of the author of the Travels was to be seen in the Church of the Guillemins or Guillelmites at Liege down to the demolition of the building in 1798. The fact of his burial there, with the date of his death, 17th November, 1372, was published by Bale in 1548 (Summarium f. 149 b), and was confirmed independently by Jacob Meyer (Annales rerum Flandric. 1561, p. 165) and Lud. Guicciardini. (Paesi Bassi, 1567, p. 281.)"

In a letter dated from Bodley's Library, 17th March, 1884, to The Academy, 12th April, 1884, No. 623, Mr. Edward B. Nicholson drew attention to the abstract from Jean d'Ontremeuse, and came to the conclusion that the writer of Mandeville's relation was a profound liar, and that he was the Liege Professor of Medicine, John of Burgundy or a la Barbe. He adds: "If, in the matter of literary honesty, John a Beard was a bit of a knave, he was very certainly no fool."

On the other hand, M. Leopold Delisle,[38] has shown that two manuscripts, Nouv. acq. franc. 4515 (Barrois, 24) and Nouv. acq. franc. 4516 (Barrois, 185), were part formerly of one volume copied in 1371 by Raoulet of Orleans and given in the same year to King Charles V. by his physician Gervaise Crestien, viz. one year before the death of the so-called Mandeville; one of these manuscripts—now separate—contains the Book of Jehan de Mandeville, the other one, a treatise of "la preservacion de epidimie, minucion ou curacion d'icelle faite de maistre Jehan de Bourgoigne, autrement dit a la Barbe, professeur en medicine et cytoien du Liege," in 1365. This bringing together is certainly not fortuitous.

Sir Henry Yule traces thus the sources of the spurious work: "Even in that part of the book which may be admitted with probability to represent some genuine experience, there are distinct traces that another work has been made use of, more or less, as an aid in the compilation, we might almost say, as a framework to fill up. This is the itinerary of the German knight William of Boldensele, written in 1336 at the desire of Cardinal Talleyrand de Perigord. A cursory comparison of this with Mandeville leaves no doubt of the fact that the latter has followed its thread, using its suggestions, and on many subjects its expressions, though digressing and expanding on every side, and too often eliminating the singular good sense of the German traveller. After such a comparison we may indicate as examples Boldensele's account of Cyprus (Mandeville, Halliwell's ed. 1866, p. 28, and p. 10), of Tyre and the coast of Palestine (Mandeville, 29, 30, 33, 34), of the journey from Gaza to Egypt (34), passages about Babylon of Egypt (40), about Mecca (42), the general account of Egypt (45), the pyramids (52), some of the particular wonders of Cairo, such as the slave-market, the chicken-hatching stoves, and the apples of Paradise, i.e. plantains (49), the Red Sea (57), the convent on Sinai (58, 60), the account of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (74-76), etc."

He adds: "It is curious that no passage in Mandeville can be plausibly traced to Marco Polo, with one exception. This is (Halliwell's ed., p. 163) where he states that at Ormus the people, during the great heat, lie in water,—a circumstance mentioned by Polo, though not by Odoric. We should suppose it most likely that this fact had been interpolated in the copy of Odoric used by Mandeville; for, if he had borrowed it direct from Polo, he would have borrowed more." (Encyclopaedia Britannica, p. 474.)

"Leaving this question, there remains the more complex one whether the book contains, in any measure, facts and knowledge acquired by actual travels and residence in the East. We believe that it may, but only as a small portion of the whole, and that confined entirely to the section of the work which treats of the Holy Land, and of the different ways of getting thither, as well as of Egypt, and in general of what we understand by the Levant." (Ibid. p. 473.)

Dr. Warner deals the final blow in the National Biography: "The alphabets which he gives have won him some credit as a linguist, but only the Greek and the Hebrew (which were readily accessible) are what they pretend to be, and that which he calls Saracen actually comes from the Cosmographia of aethicus! His knowledge of Mohammedanism and its Arabic formulae impressed even Yule. He was, however, wholly indebted for that information to the Liber de Statu Saracenorum of William of Tripoli (circa 1270), as he was to the Historiae Orientis of Hetoum, the Armenian (1307), for much of what he wrote about Egypt. In the last case, indeed, he shows a rare sign of independence, for he does not, with Hetoum, end his history of the sultanate about 1300, but carries it onto the death of En-Nasir (1341), and names two of his successors. Although his statements about them are not historically accurate, this fact and a few other details suggest that he may really have been in Egypt, if not at Jerusalem, but the proportion of original matter is so very far short of what might be expected that even this is extremely doubtful."

With this final quotation, we may take leave of John of Mandeville, alias John a Beard.

H.C.

[1] "The raphia, here called the 'Devil's date,' is celebrated as having the largest leaf in the vegetable Kingdom," etc. In his translation of Lacerda's journey he calls it Raphia vinifera.

[2] MANDEVILLE, Jehan de [By Edward Byron Nicholson, M.A., and Colonel Henry Yule, C.B.] Ext. from the Encyclopaed. Britan. 9th ed., xv. 1883, ppt. 4to., pp. 4.

[3] Encyclop. Brit. xv. p. 473.

[4] British Museum, Harley, 4383, f. 1 verso.

[5] Les Voyages en Asie an XIV'e siecle du Bienheureux frere Odoric de Pordenone. Paris, 1891, p. cxvi.

[6] Bibliographische Untersuchungen ueber die Reise-Beschreibung des Sir John Maundeville.—Dem Herrn Samuel Gottfried Reiche, Rector und Professor des Gymnasiums zu St. Elisabet in Breslau und Vice-Praeses der Schlesischen Gesellschaft fuer Vaterlaendische Cultur, Ritter des rothen Adlerordens, zur Feier Seines Amts-Jubelfestes am 30. October 1840 im Namen des Gymnasiums zu St. Maria Magdalena gewidmet von Dr. Carl. Schoenborn, Director, Rector und Professor.—Breslau, gedruckt bei Grass, Barth und Comp., ppt. 4to. pp. 24.

[7] Bibliographia geographica Palaestinae. Zunaechst kritische Uebersicht gedruckter und ungedruckter Beschreibungen der Reisen ins heilige Land. Von Titus Tobler.—Leipzig, Verlag von S. Hirzel. 1867, 8vo., pp. iv.-265.: C. 1336 (1322-1356). Der englische ritter John Maundeville, pp. 36-39.

[8] Bibliotheca geographica Palestinae. Chronologisches Verzeichniss der auf die Geographie des Heiligen Landes bezueglichen Literatur von 333 bis 1878 und Versuch einer Cartographie. Herausgegeben von Reinhold Roehricht. Berlin, H. Reuther, 1890, 8vo, pp. xx-742.

[9] Bibliotheca Sinica.—Dictionnaire bibliographique des ouvrages relatif sa l'empire chinois par Henri Cordier. Paris, Ernest Leroux, 1878-1895, 3 vol. 8vo. col. 943-959, 1921-1927, 2201.

[10] Jean de Mandeville. Ext. du T'oung Pao, vol. ii. No. 4, Leide, E.J. Brill, 1891, 8vo, pp. 38.

[11] Jch Otto von diemeringen ein Thumherre zu Metz in Lothoringen. han dises buch verwandelvsz welschs vnd vsz latin zu tuetsch durch das die tuetschen luete ouch mogent dar inne lesen von menigen wunderlichen sachen die dor inne geschribe sind. von fremden landen vn fremden tieren von fremden lueten vnd von irem glouben von. iren wesen von iren kleidern. vnd vo vil andern wun deren als hie noch in den capitelen geschriben stat. Und ist das buch in fuenf teil geteilt vnd saget das erst buch von den landen vnd von den we gen vsz tuetschen nider landen gen Jerusalem zu varen. vnd zu sant Ka therine grab vnd zu dem berg Synai. vnd von den landen vnd von den wundern die man vnterwegen do zwischen vinden mag. Jtem von des herren gewalt vnd herrschafft der do heisset der Soldan vnd von sinem wesen. Das ander buch saget ob ymant wolt alle welt vmbfaren was lands vnd was wunders er vinden mocht. Jn manchen steten vn in vil insulen dor inne er kame. vnd saget ouch von den wegen vnd von den la den vn lueten was in des grossen herre land ist. & do heisset zu latin Ma gnus canis das ist zu tuetsch der grosz hunt. der ist so gar gewaltig vnd so rich das im vff erden an gold an edlem gestein vnan anderm richtum niemant gelichen mag. on allein priester Johann von Jndia. Das drit buch saget von des vor genanten herren des grossen hunds glowben vn gewonheit vnd wie er von erst her komen ist vnd von andern sachen vil Das vierde buch saget von jndia vnd von priester Johann vnd von siner herschafft. von sinem vrsprung vnd von siner heiligkeit von sinem glou ben von siner gewonheit vnd vil andern wundern die in sinem lande sind Das fuenfft buch saget von manchen heydischen glouben vnd ir gewon heit vn ouch von menigerlei cristen glouben die gensit mers sint die doch nit gar vnsern glouben hand. Jtem von menigerlei Jueden glouben vnd wie vil cristen land sint vnd doch nicht vnsern glouben haltend noch re chte cristen sind. Folio; black letter.

[12] Ce liure est eppelle ma // deuille et fut fait i compose // par monsieur iehan de man // deuille cheualier natif dagle // terre de la uille de saict alei // Et parle de la terre de pro // mission cest assavoir de ieru // salem et de pluseurs autres // isles de mer et les diuerses i // estranges choses qui sont es // dites isles.

Ends recto f deg.. 88: Cy finist ce tres plaisant // liure nome Mandeville par // lanc moult autentiquement // du pays et terre d'oultre mer // Et fut fait La Mil cccc // lxxx le iiii lour dauril, s.l., without any printer's name; small folio; ff. 88; sig. a (7 ff.)—l. (9 ff.); others 8 ff.—Grenville Library, 6775.

[13] F. 1 recto: Ce liure est appelle // mandeuille et fut fait et // compose par monsieur // iehan de mandeuille che // ualier natif dangleterre // de la uille de sainct alein // Et parle de la terre de // promission cest assavoir // de iherusalem et de plu // seurs autres isles de mer // et les diuerses et estran // ges choses qui sont esd' // isles.—Ends verso f. 93: Cy finist ce tresplay // sant liure nome Mande // cccclxxx le viii iour de // freuier a la requeste de // Maistre Bartholomieu // Buyer bourgoys du dit // lyon. Small folio.

[14] F. 1 recto. Jtinerarius domi//ni Johanis de ma//deville militis.—F. 2 recto: Tabula capitulorum in // itinerarium ad partes Jhe=// rosolimitanas. & ad vlterio // res trasmarinas domini Jo//hannis de Mandeville mili//tis Jncipit feliciter.—F. 4. recto: Jncipit Itinerarius a ter//ra Anglie in ptes Jherosoli =//mitanas. & in vlteriores tras//marinas. editus primo in li//gua gallicana a milite suo au//tore Anno incarnatonis dni //M. ccc. lv. in ciuitate Leodi // ensi. & paulo post in eade ciui//tate traslatus in hanc forma // latinam. //

Ends f. 71 verso: Explicit itinerarius domini // Johannis de Mandeville // militis. Small 4to, black letter, ff. 71 on a col., sig. a-i iij; a-h by 8 = 64 ff.; i, 7 ff.

[15] Reysen.—s.l.n.d., without printer's name; fol. 108 ff. on 2 col. black letter, without sig., etc.

F. 1 recto: Dit is die tafel van // desen boecke // (D)at eerste capittel van // desen boeck is Hoe dat Jan va//mandauille schyet wt enghe//lat.... f. 108 v deg. 26th line: regneert in allen tiden // Amen // pp. Laus deo in altissimo //.

See Campbell, supra, p. 599.

[16] F. 1 verso: Tractato de le piu marauegliose cosse e piu notabile che // se trouano in le parte del modo redute & collecte soto bre//uita in el presente copedio dal strenuissimo caualer spero // doro Johanne de Mandauilla anglico nato ne la Cita // de sancto albano el quale secodo dio prncialmente uisi // tato quali tute le parte habitabel de el modo cossi fidelm // te a notato tute quelle piu degne cosse che la trouato e ve//duto in esse parte & chi bene discorre qsto libro auerra p // fecta cognitione de tuti li reami puincie natione e popu//li gente costumi leze hystorie & degne antiquitate co bre//uitade le quale pte da altri non sono tractate & parte piu // cosusamete dalchu gran ualente homini son state tocate & amagiore fede el psato auctore in psona e stato nel 1322. in//yerusalem Jn Asia menore chiamata Turchia i Arme//nia grande e in la picola. Jn Scythia zoe in Tartaria in // persia Jn Syria o uero suria Jn Arabia in egipto alto // & in lo inferiore in libia in la parte grande de ethiopia in // Caldea in amazonia in india mazore in la meza & in la // menore in div'se sette de latini greci iudei e barbari chri//stiani & infideli & i molte altre prouincie como appare nel // tractato de sotto.—Ends f. 114 verso: Explicit Johannes d'Madeuilla impressus Medio//lani ductu & auspicijs Magistri Petri de corneno pre // die Callendas augusti M.CCCCLXXX. Joha//ne Galeazo Maria Sfortia Vicecomitte Duce no // stro inuictissimo ac principe Jucondissimo. Small 4to; ff. 114; sig. a-o x 8 = 112 ff.; 1 f. between a and b.

[17] Gesta Pont. Leodiensium.—Vita Radvlphi de Rivo ex eius scriptis: "Obijt Radulphus anno, 1483."

[18] This passage is not to be found in the Egerton MS. 1982, nor in the Latin versions.

[19] Bib. Untersuchungen.

[20] Altenglische Sprachproben nebst einem Woerterbuche unter Mitwirkung von Karl Goldbeck herausgegeben von Eduard Maetzner. Erster Band: Sprachproben. Zweite Abtheilung: Prosa. Berlin. Weidmannsche Buchhandlung. (Vol. i. 1869, large 8vo, pp. 415; vol. i., John Maundeville, pp. 152-221.)

[21] Encyclopaedia. Brit., p. 475.

[22] Nat. Biog. p. 23-24.

[23] The Academy, x. p. 477.—Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed., XV., p. 475.

[24] The // Voiage // and // Travaile // of // Sir John Maundevile, kt. // Which Treateth of the // Way to Hierusalem; and of // Marvayles of Inde, // With other // Ilands and Countryes. //—Now publish'd entire from an Original MS. // in the Cotton Library. //—London: // Printed for J. Woodman, and D. Lyon, in // Russel-Street, Covent-Garden, and C. Davis, // in Hatton-Garden. 1725, 8vo, 5. ff. n. c.+pp. xvi.—384+4 ff. n. c.

[25] The Voiage and Travayle of Sir John Maundeville Knight which treateth of the way towards Hierosallun and of marvayles of Inde with other ilands and countreys. Edited, Annotated, and Illustrated in Facsimile by John Ashton.... London, Pickering & Chatto, 1887, large 8vo., pp. xxiv.-289.

[26] L.c. p. vi.

[27] The Voiage and Travaile of Sir John Maundevile, Kt. which treateth of the way to Hierusalem; and of Marvayles of Inde, with other ilands and countryes. Reprinted from the Edition of A.D. 1725. With an introduction, additional notes, and Glossary. By J.O. Halliwell. Esq., F.S.A., F.R.A.S. London: Published by Edward Lumley, M.D.CCC.XXXIX., 8vo, pp. xvii.-xii.-326.

The Voiage and Travaille of Sir John Maundevile ... By J.O. Halliwell, London: F.S. Ellis, MDCCCLXVI., 8vo, pp xxxi.-326.

[28] The Buke of John Maundeuill being the Travels of sir John Mandeville, knight 1322-1356 a hitherto unpublished English version from the unique copy (Egerton Ms. 1982) in the British Museum edited together with the French text, notes, and an introduction by George F. Warner, M.A., F.S.A., assistant-keeper of Manuscripts in the British Museum. Illustrated with twenty-eight miniatures reproduced in facsimile from the additional MS. 24,189. Printed for the Roxburghe Club. Westminster, Nichols and Sons.... MDCCCLXXXIX., large 4to, pp. xlvi.+232+28 miniatures.

[29] There are in the British Museum twenty-nine MSS. of Mandeville, of which ten are French, nine English, six Latin, three German, and one Irish. Cf. Warner, p. x.

[30] Cf. Warner, p. 61.

[31] Mayence, Chapter's Library: "Incipit Itinerarius fidelis Fratris ODERICI, socii Militis Mendavil, per Indiam."—Wolfenbuettel, Ducal Library, No. 40, Weissemburg: "Incipit itinerarius fratris ODERICI socii militis Mandauil per Indiam."—HENRI CORDIER, Odoric de Pordenone, p. lxxii. and p. lxxv.

[32] Purchas, His Pilgrimes, 3rd Pt., London, 1625: "and, O that it were possible to doe as much for our Countriman Mandeuil, who next (if next) was the greatest Asian Traueller that euer the World had, & hauing falne amongst theeues, neither Priest, nor Leuite can know him, neither haue we hope of a Samaritan to releeue him."

[33] Astley (iv. p. 620): "The next Traveller we meet with into Tartary, and the Eastern Countries, after Marco Polo, is Friar Odoric, of Udin in Friuli, a Cordelier; who set-about the Year 1318, and at his Return the Relation of it was drawn-up, from his own Mouth, by Friar William of Solanga, in 1330. Ramusio has inserted it in Italian, in the second Volume of his Collection; as Hakluyt, in his Navigations, has done the Latin, with an English Translation. This is a most superficial Relation, and full of Lies; such as People with the Heads of Beasts, and Valleys haunted with Spirits: In one of which he pretends to have entered, protected by the Sign of the Cross; yet fled for Fear, at the Sight of a Face that grinned at him. In short, though he relates some Things on the Tartars and Manci (as he writes Manji) which agree with Polo's Account; yet it seems plain, from the Names of Places and other Circumstances, that he never was in those Countries, but imposed on the Public the few Informations he had from others, mixed with the many Fictions of his own. He set out again for the East in 1331; but warned, it seems, by an Apparition a few Miles from Padua, he returned thither, and died." And a final blow in the index: "Oderic, Friar, Travels of, iv. 620 a. A great liar!!"

[34] E.B. Nicholson.—Letters to the Academy, 11th November, 1876; 12th February, 1881. E.B.N. and Henry Yule, MANDEVILLE, in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed., 1883, pp. 472-475.

[35] Die ungedruckten Lateinischen Versionen Mandeville's. (Beilage zum Programm des Gymnasiums zu Crefeld.) 1886.

[36] Untersuchungen ueber Johan von Mandeville und die Quellen seiner Reisebeschreibung. Von Albert Bovenschen. (Zeitschrift d. Ges. fuer Erdkunde zu Berlin, XXIII. Bd., 3 u. 4 Hft. No. 135, 136, pp. 177-306.)

[37] (1) Itinerarivm // per nonnv. las // Galliae Belgicae partes, // Abrahami Ortelii et // Ioannis Viviani. // Ad Gerardvm Mercatorem, // Cosmographvm. // Antverpiae, // Ex officina Christophori Plantini. // clo. lo. lxxxiv. // small 8vo, pp. 15-16.

(2) Read 1372.

(3) Purchas, His Pilgrimes, 3rd Pt., Lond., 1625, reproduces it on p. 128: "Hic jacet vir nobilis, D. Ioannes de Mandeville, aliter dictus ad Barbam, Miles, Dominus de Campdi, natus de Anglia, Medicinae Professor, deuotissimus, orator, & bonorum largissimus pauperibus erogator qui toto quasi orbe lustrato, Leodij diem vitae suae clausit extremum. Anno Dom. 1371, Mensis Nouembris, die 17."

[38] Bibliotheque nationale:—Catalogue des manuscrits des fonds Libri et Barrois. Paris, 1888. 8vo. cf. pp. 251-253.



INDEX

Aas, Asu, see Alans. Abacan, a Tartar general. Abah, see Avah. Abaji, Kublai's son. Abaka (Abaga), Khan of Persia. Abano, Pietro of, his notice of Polo. Abash (Habsh), see Abyssinia. Abba Gregory. Abbas, Shah. Abbott, Consul Keith E.. Abdul Kuri islands. —— Mejid. Abeskun (Baxon), on the Caspian. Abher. Abkashian forests, boxwood of the. Abnus, ebony. Abraha, ruler of Yemen. Abraiaman, see Brahmans. Abubakr, Atabeg of Fars. —— Ibrahim, and Mahomed, engineers employed by Kublai. Abu'l Abbas Ahmed VII., Khalif of Baghdad. —— Fazl Abulfeda, his geography; at the siege of Acre. Abulfiez Khan, king of Bokhara. Abu Nasr Mohammed IX., Khalif of Baghdad. —— Said. Abyssinia (Abash), its king's punishment of Soldan of Aden; dominion on the coast, mediaeval history and chronology; table of kings; wars with Mahomedan states. Acbalec Manzi, "White City of the Manzi frontier". Acbalec or Acbaluc (Cheng-ting fu). Accambale, king of Champa. Achar. Achin, Acheh, Achem, its gold and lign-aloes; conversion of; its great power at one time; elephants at. —— Head. Achmath, the Bailo, see Ahmad. Acomat Soldan (Ahmad Sultan), seizes throne of Tabriz; goes to encounter Argon; rejects his remonstrance; defeats and takes him; hears of Argon's escape, is taken and put to death; notes on the history. Acorn bread. Acqui, Friar Jacopo d', his notice of Polo. Acre, Broils at, between Venetians and Genoese; plan of; captured by Saracens; wickedness of; Polos at. Adam, Bishop and Pope of China. —— Seth, and the Tree of Life, legend of. Adamodana, Castle of. Adam's Apple. —— sepulchre on mountain (Adam's Peak) in Ceylon, rubies; his teeth, hair, etc.; the footmark. Adel, apparently confused with Aden. Aden, Horse and other Trade with India, Soldan's treatment of a bishop; Vengeance of King of Abyssinia on him; confused with Adel; account of Kingdom; the Sultan; intercourse and trade with China, tanks; view of. Adoration of the Emperor. Adulis, inscription of. Aegae, Ayas on the site of ancient. Aepyornis and its eggs. Aetius, his prescription of musk, of camphor. Afghans, their use of the fat-tailed sheep. Africa, Sea surrounding to the South. Agassiz, Professor. Agathocles, Coins of. [Greek: Agathou daimonos], island. Agha Ali Shah, present representative of the Old Man of the Mountain. —— Khan Mehelati, late representative of the Old Man. Aghrukji or Ukuruji, Kublai's son. Agricola, Governor of Cappadocia, etc. Aguil, Mongol general. Ahmad (Achmath), the Bailo, of Fenaket, his power, oppressions, death, etc. —— Sultan, Khan of Persia, see Acomat. Ahwaz, province. Aidhab. Aidhej, or Mal-Amir. Aijaruc, Kaidu's daughter, her strength and prowess; her name. Aikah Nowin, Engineer in Chief of Chinghiz. Ai-lao (afterwards Nan-chao), ancient name of the Shans. Ain Akbari (Ayeen Akbery). Ajmir. Akbar and Kublai, a parallel. Ak Bulak salt mines. Akhaltzike (Western Georgia). Akhtuba River. Ak-khoja. Aksarai, or Ghori River. Aksu River. Aktar. Aktash Valley. Alabastri. Alacou, see Hulaku. Aladja, striped cotton cloth. Alamut, Castle of the Ismailites. Alan country, Alania. Alans, or Aas, massacre at Chang-chau of, employed under Mongols. Alaone, the name. Alarm Tower, at Cambaluc, at Kinsay. Alatcha, cotton stuff with blue and red stripes. Alau, see Hulaku. Ala'uddin (Alaodin), see Old Man of the Mountain. —— (Alawating of Mufali), an engineer in Kublai's service. —— Khilji, Sultan of Delhi. Albenigaras, Mt. Al Biruni. Alboquerque, see D'Alboquerque. Alchemy, Kublai's. Aleppo. Alexander the Great, allusions to legends and romances about, his rampart (Iron Gate); the curtains at a banquet given by; and the ferrum candidum; site of his battle with Darius; his wife Roxana; kills a lion; Princes claiming descent from (Zulcarniain); his horse Bucephalus; fixes chains on Adam's Peak; said to have colonised Socotra; his tower on the border of Darkness. Alexander III., Pope. Alexander IV., Pope. Alexandria, trade from India to. Alhinde, Alfinde, Alinde, Al-hint. 'Ali and Aliites. Alidada. Alihaiya, Kublai's general. Alinak. Alligator, in Carajan, mode of killing; eaten; prophecy of Bhartpur about. Almalik. Almanacs, Chinese (Tacuin). Almonds. Aloes, Socotrine. —— wood, see Lign-aloes. Alor, war cry. Al-Ramni, Al-Ramin, see Sumatra. Altai (Altay) Mountains, the Khan's burial-place; used for the Khingan range. Altun-Khan, Mountain. —— sovereign. Amazons, fable of. Ambergris, how got. Amber-rosolli. Amda Zion, king of Abyssinia, his wars v. Mahomedans; not the king mentioned by Polo. Ament, Rev. W.S. Ameri, a kind of Brazil wood. Amhara. Amien, Mien (Burma). Amita Buddha. Ammianus Marcellinus. Amoy, harbour; languages. Amphora, Anfora. Amu, Aniu, see Anin. Amuki, devoted comrades of the king. Anamis (Minao) River. Ananda, Kublai's grandson. Anar. Anaurahta, king of Burma. Ancestor Worship. Anchors, Wooden. Andaine, andena, andanicum, see Ondanique. Andaman (Angamanain) island, described; people; form of the word. Andan, andun, Wotiak for steel. Andragiri. Andreas, king of Abyssinia. Andrew, Bishop of Zayton. —— Grand Duke of Rostof and Susdal. Andromeda ovalifolia, poisonous. Angamanain, see Andaman. Angan, or Hamjam. 'Angka, gryphon, see Ruc. Angkor, ruins of. Ani in Armenia. Animal Patterns, see Patterns. Anin, province. Annals of the Indo-Chinese States. 'An-nam, or Tong-king. Anselmo, Friar. Anthropoides Virgo, the demoiselle. Antioch. Antongil Bay, Madagascar. Aotonomoff, Spasski, his ascent of Ararat. Apostoille, word used for Pope. Apples of Paradise (Konars). Apricots. 'Apuhota (Kapukada?). Apushka (Apusca), Tartar envoy from Persia. Arababni. Arab geography. —— colonies in Madagascar. —— horses, early literary recognition of. trade in, see Horses. —— merchants, in Southern India. —— Seamen's Traditions about Java. Arabi (Arabs). Arabia. Arabic character. Arachosia,arachoti. Araines. Arakan. Aram (Haram), Place of the. Ararat, Mount, ascents of. Arblasts, crossbows. Arbre Sol, or Arbre Sec, Region of the (Khorasan), tree described—Chinar or Oriental plane; various readings; Arbre seul, a wrong reading; Tree of the Sun legend; Christian legend of the Dry Tree; engrafted on legends of Alexander; Trees of Grace in Persia; Dry Trees in Mahomedan legend; in Rabbinical and Buddhist stories, and legends of the Wood of the Cross; Polo's Arbre Sec to be sought near Damghan; Sabaean apologue; clue to the term Arbre Sec. Arcali, Arculin, see Erculin. Architectural remains in Indo-China. Ardeshir Babekan, first Sassanian king. Ardeshir, last sovereign of Shabankara. Areca. Areng Saccharifera. Arezzo. Argaeus, Mount. Argali. Arghun, Khan of Persia (Polo's Argon, Lord of the Levant), sends an embassy to Kublai for a wife; is dead when she arrives; his unhappy use of the elixir vitae; advances against his uncle Ahmad; harangues his chiefs; sends Ahmad a remonstrance; is taken prisoner; released by certain chiefs; obtains sovereignty; his death; his beauty. Argons (Arghun), half-breeds. Arii, Ariana. Arikbuga, Kublai's brother. Arimaspia. Arimaspian gold. Ariora-Keshimur, meaning of Ariora. Ariosto. Aripo. Aristotle. Arjish (Arzizi). Arkasun Noian. Arkhaiun, applied to Oriental Christians or their Clergy. Armenia, Greater. Armenia (Hermenia), Lesser or Cilician. Armenian Christians. Armenians. Armillary Zodiacal Sphere. Armour of boiled leather, see Cuirbouly. Arms of Kerman, of the Tartars. Arredon River. Arrow Divination. Arrows, Tartar. Artacki. Arts, the Seven. Aru, Cumaha. Arucki. Aruk. Arulun Tsaghan Balghasun (Chagan-Nor). Arya Chakravarti. Aryavartta, the Holy Lands of Indian Buddhism. Arzinga (Erzingan). Arziron (Erzrum). Arzizi (Arjish). Asbestos, and the Salamander. Asceticism of the Sensin, of the Jogis. Asedin Soldan (Ghaiassuddin Balban, Sultan of Delhi). Ashar (Asciar), king of Cail. Ashishin, see Assassins. Ashod, founder of the Bagratid dynasty. Ashurada. Asikan, Mongol general. Asoka. Asper, or akche about a groat. Assai River. Assassins (Ashishin, Hashishin), Ismailites, how the Old Man trained them; murders by; their destruction; survival and recent circumstances of the sect. Asses, in Persia, in Mongolia; in Madagascar; in Abyssinia; in Far North. Asterius, Bishop of Amasia in Pontus. Astrakhan (Gittarchan). Astrolabe. Astrology, -ers, in Tangut, of Chinghiz; at Kublai's Court; at Cambaluc; of Tibet; at Kinsay; in Maabar; in Coilum. Astronomical instruments, ancient Chinese. Atabegs, of Mosul, of Lur; of Fars; of Yezd; of Kerman. Atjeh, see Achin. Atkinson's Narratives, and their credibility. Atlas, Chinese, in Magliabecchian Library. [Greek: Attagas] (Black Partridge). Attalus, King. At-Thaibi family. Auberoche, Siege of. Audh (Oudh). Aufat, Ifat. Augury, see Omens. Aung Khan (Unc Can), see Prester John. Aurangzib. Aurora, Ibn Fozlan's account of. Aussa. 'Avah, Abah, Ava, one of the cities of the Magi. Avarian, epithet of S. Thomas. Avebury, Lord, on couvade. Avicenna's classification of Iron. Avigi, 'afci (falco montanus). Axum, Inscription, Church of; Court of. Ayas (Layas, Aiazzo, etc.), port of Cilician Armenia, Sea fight at. Ayuthia. Azumiti. Azure, Ultramarine (lapis armenus) Mines in Badakhshan, in Tenduc; ore.

Baba Buzurg, worshipped by the Lurs. Baber, E. C, on Ch'eng-tu, on wild oxen of Tibet; Lolos; Gold River (Brius); the word Caindu; Talifu; Mekong River; Zardandan; site of battle between Kublai and king of Mien; descent of Mien. Baboons, etymology Bab-ul-abwah, "The Gate of Gates," Pass of Derbend. Babylon, Babylonia (Cairo or Egypt), Sultan of. Babylonish garments. Baccadeo, indigo. Baccanor. Bacon, Roger, as geographer. Bacsi, see Bakhshi. Bactria, its relation to Greece. Bacu, Sea of (Caspian). Badakhshan (Badashan), its population; capitals of; Mirs of; legend of Alexandrian pedigree of its kings; depopulation of; scenery; dialects; forms of the name; great river of (Upper Oxus). Badaun. Badger, Rev. Dr. G.P. Badghis. Badgir, Wind-catchers. Badruddin Lu-lu, last Atabeg of Mosul. Bafk (Baft). Baghdad (Baudas), Baldac, taken by Alau, Hulaku, its Khalif; the miracle of the mountain. —— Archbishop of. —— its indigo (baccadeo). Bagratidae, of Armenia, of Georgia. Bagration-Mukransky, Prince. Bahar. Baharak, plain. Baha-uddin Ayaz, Wazir of Kalhaat. Baha-ul-hakh, the Saint of Multan. Bahramabad. Bahranjird Village. Bahrein. Baiberdon. Baiburt (Paipurth), Castle of. Baidu Khan, seizes throne of Persia; displaced and killed by Ghazan; alleged to be a Christian. Bailo, the title, etymology of. Bakhshi (Bacsi), Lamas, their enchantments; various meanings of the word. Bakhtyaris of Luristan, the. Baku, oil fields of, Sea of (Caspian). Balad-ul-Falfal (Malabar). Baladi. Balalaika, a two-stringed Tartar instrument. Balanjariyah, devoted lieges. Bala-Sagun. Balas rubies. Baldac, see Baghdad. Baldacchini (Baudekins), brocades made at Baghdad. Baldwin II. (de Courtenay), last Latin Emperor of Constantinople. Bali, Island of. —— in Abyssinia. Balios. Balish (a money of account). Balista, always a crossbow in mediaeval times. Balkh (Balc). Balkhash Lake. Ballads, Genoese, on sea-fights at Ayas and Curzola. Ballard, Mr.. Balor, Balaur, Bilaur, Malaur, Bolor. Balos, Malacca boats with two rudders. Balsamodendron Mukul. Balthazar, of the Magi. Balti. Balustrade, etymology of the word. Bamboo (always called canes by Polo), its multifarious uses; Kublai's Chandu Palace made of; great, on banks of Caramoran river; explode loudly when burning; large in Tibet; ropes of; in Che kiang. Bamian, caves at, huge recumbent image at. Bam-i-Duniah, "Roof of the World". Bamm. Bandar Abbas (Bandar-Abbasi). Bandith. Bangala, see Bengal. Banzaroff, Dorji, on Shamanism. Baptism, accompanied by branding, in Abyssinia. Bara. Barac (Borrak), Khan of Chagatai, his war with Arghun. Baradaeus, Jacob, or James Zanzale, Bishop of Edessa. Barbaro, Josafat. Barbarossa, Frederic. Barberino, Francesco da. Barda'at, saddle-cloths. Bardesir. Bardshir, Bardsir, Bard-i-Ardeshir. Bargu (Barguchin Tugrum, or Barguti), plain. Barguerlac, Syrrhaptes Pallasii, a kind of sand grouse, its migration into England. Barguzinsk. Barin, Mongol tribe. Bark, money made from, fine clothes from. Barka (Barca), Khan, ruler of Kipchak, his war with Hulaku. Barkul. Barkut, burgut (bearcoote), eagle trained to the chase. Barlaam and Josaphat, Story of Saints, from Legend of Buddha. Barley, huskless. Baroch. Baron-tala, name applied by Mongols to Tibet. Barons (Shieng or Sing), Kaan's twelve. Barozzi, Nicolo. Barros, John de, geography of. Barsauma (St. Barsamo). Barskul (Barscol), "Leopard Lake". Bartizan, Kublai's wooden. Barus, Barros (Sumatra), its camphor. Barussae insulae. Barygaza. Bashai (Pashai). Bashkirds, (Hungarians). Bashpah, Lama, and the Mongol character called after him. Basma, see Pasei. Basmuls (Guasmuls), half-breeds. Basra (Bastra), noted for its date-groves. Bathang. Baths, natural hot, near Hormuz, in Cathay; public at Kinsay. Batigala, Batticalla. Batochina. Bats, large, in India. Battas of Sumatra, and cannibalism. Batthala, Bettelar (Patlam in Ceylon). Battles, Kublai v. Nayan, Tartars v. king of Mien; Caidu v. Khan's forces; Borrak and Arghun; Arghun and Ahmad; Hulaku and Barka; Toktai and Nogai. Batu, Khan of Kipchak, founder of Sarai, invades Russia; made by Polo into two kings—Sain and Patu; his character and cruelty. Baudas, see Baghdad. Baudekins (baldacchini), brocades made at Baghdad. Bauduin de Sebourc. Bavaria, Duke Ernest of, a mediaeval Romance. Bawarij, corsairs. Bayan Chingsian, Kublai's greatest Captain, prophecy connected with his name; his conquest of Manzi or South China; his history and character; his exceptional cruelty at Chang-chau. Bayan, Khagan of the Avars. Bayan (Baian), Kublai's Master of the Hounds. Bayan, son of Nasruddin. Bayezid Ilderim. Bdellium. Beads, Hindu. Bears, white in Far North. Beast and bird patterns, see Patterns. Beaten gold. Beaujeu, William de, Master of the Temple. Beauty of—Georgians, Khorasan women; Kashmir women; Sinju women; Argons, or half-breeds; the Ungrat or Kungurat tribe; people of Coloman; Kinsay women; Kaidu's daughter; Arghun Khan; the Russians. Beds, their arrangement in India. Beef, not eaten in Maabar, except by the Govi, formerly eaten in India. Bejas of the Red Sea Coast. Belgutai, Chinghiz's stepbrother. "Belic" for "Melic". Bell at Cambaluc, great. Bellal Rajas. Belledi, balladi, ginger so called, Spanish use of the word. Benares, brocades of. Bendocquedar, see Bundukdari, Bibars. Benedict XII., Pope. Bengal (Bangala), king of Mien (Burma) and; why Polo couples these; relations between Burma and; claim asserted by king of Burma to; alleged Mongol invasion of; its distance from Caugigu; its currency; confused with Pegu by Polo. Beni Buya dynasty. Benjamin of Tudela, on Alexander's Rampart, on the Gryphon. Benzoin, etymology of. Berard, Thos., Master of the Temple. Berbera, Sea of. Berchet, G. Bereke, Batu Khan's brother. Bernier, on Kashmir women's beauty. Berrie, the Arabic Bariya, a desert. Bettelar, rendezvous of Pearl Fishers. Beyamini, wild oxen of Tibet. Bezant, value of. Bhagavata. Bhamo, and River of. Bhartpur, prophecy about. Bhattis, the. Bhawalpur. "Bhim's Baby," colossal idol at Dhamnar caves. Bianco's, Andrea, maps. Biar. Bibars Bundukdari, see Bundukdari. Bielo Osero. Bigoncio, a firkin. Biluchis, their robber raids; Lumri or Numri. Binh Thuan (Champa). Binkin. Bintang (Pentam). Birch-bark vessels, books. Bir-dhul, or Bujardawal, cap. of Ma'bar. Bird-hunts. Birdwood, Sir G. Birhors of Chuta Nagpur. Bir-Pandi, or Pira-Bandi. Birthday, celebration of Kublai's. Bishbalik (Urumtsi). Bishop, of Male Island, story of an Abyssinian. Bitter bread. —— water. Blac, Blachia (Lac, Wallach). Black-bone, Chinese name for Lolos. Black Crane (Kara Togorue). —— Saints, White Devils in India. —— Sea, M. Maurum v. Nigrum. —— Sect of Tibet. Blacker, the more beautiful. Blaeuw, map. Blochmann, Professor H. Block-books, supposed to have been introduced from China,. Block-printing in Persia.. Blood-sucking, Tartar. Blous, bloies. Boar's tusks, huge (Hipp.). Boccassini. Bode, Baron de. Bodhisatva Avalok. Bodleian MS. of Polo, list of miniatures in. Boeach, mistake for Locac, and its supposed position. Boemond, Prince of Antioch and Tripoli, letter of Bibar to. Boga (Buka), a great Mongol officer, delivers Arghun. Boghra Khan. Bohea country. Bohra, sect of W. India. Boikoff, Russian Envoy. Bokhara (Bocara). Boleyn, Anne, her use of buckram. Bolgana, Queen, see Bulughan. Bolgarskoye (called also Uspenskoye). Bolghar, borgal, borghal, Russia leather. Bolghar (Bolgara), on the Volga, ruins of; court of. Bolivar, Padre, S.J., his account of the Condor (Rukh) of Africa. Bolor. Bombay. Bonaparte, Prince Roland, Recueil des Documents de l'Epoque Mongole. Bonga. Bonheur, Rosa. Boniface VIII., Pope. Bonin, C.E. Bonoccio di Mestro. Bonpos, old Tibetan Sect. Bonus, ebony. Bonvalot. Book of Marco Polo, its contents; original language, French; oldest Italian MS.; "Geographic Text," in rude French; various types of Text— (1) "Geographic,". (2) Pauthier's MSS. (3) Pipino's Latin, Preface to; Grynaeus' Latin; Muellers' reprint. (4) Ramusio's Italian edition, its peculiarities; probable truth about it; bases of it. MS. and some of its peculiarities; general view of the relations of the texts; notice of an old Irish version; geographical data; how far influenced in form by Rustician; perhaps in description of battles; diffusion and number of MSS.; basis of present version; specimens of different recensions of text; distribution of MSS.; miniatures in; list of MSS.; Tabular view of the filiation of chief MSS.; Bibliography; titles of works cited; Spanish edition. Bore in Hang-chau Estuary. Borgal, see Bolghar. Bormans, Stanislas. Born, Bertram de. Borneo, camphor, see Camphor. —— tailed men of. Boro Bodor, Buddhist Monument, Java. Borrak, Amir, Prince of Kerman (Kutlugh Sultan?). —— Khan of Chaghatai, see Barac. Borus, the. Bostam. Boswellia thurifera, serrata; Carterii; Bhauda-jiana; papyrifera; Frereana; glabra. Bouqueran, see Buckram. Bourne, F.S.A. Boxwood forests in Georgia. Bozzi. Bra, the word. Bracelets, in Anin. Bragadino, Marco, husband of Marco Polo's daughter, Fantina. —— Pietro. Brahmanical thread. Brahmans (Abraiaman), fish-charmers to the pearl fishery; their character and virtues; their king; their omens; longevity; Chughi; Palladian legend of. Brahma's temple, Hang-chau. Brahuis. Brakhimof, early capital of Bulgaria. Brambanan, ruins at. Bran (Tibetan tsamba), parched barley. Brazil wood, in Locac, in Sumatra; manner of growth; in Ceylon; in Coilum (Coilumin); different kinds; vicissitudes of the word; its use prohibited by Painters' Guild. Bread, bitter. Brephung monastery. Bretesche. Bretschneider, Dr. Emil (Medical Researches), ruins of Bolghar, the Uighur character; Caucasian Wall; use of muslin in Samarkand; on nakh and nachetti; Hulaku's expedition to West Asia; an extract from the Yuean Si; Badakhshan; Kashgar; Shachau; Kamul; Chingintalas; the Stipa inebrians; the Utiken Uigurs; Erdenidso Monastery; Belasagun; death of Chinghiz; tung lo or kumiz; Kublai's death; Peking; verniques; clepsydra; the Bularguchi; Achmath's biography; paper-money; post stations; Chinese intoxicating drinks; regulations for time of dearth; Lu-Ku-K'iao Bridge; introduction of plants from Asia into China; morus alba; Tibet; bamboo explosions; the Si-fans; Cara-jang and Chagan-jang; Nasr-uddin; the Alans; rhubarb in Tangut; Polo's "large pears"; on galangal; on sugar; on Zayton; on wood-oil; on ostrich; on Si-la-ni; on frankincense; on Magyars; on Mongol invasion of Poland and Silesia. Brichu (Brius, the Upper Kiang). Bridges of Pulisanghin, Sindafu (Ch'engtu); Suchau; Kinsay; Kien-ning fu; Fuchau; Zayton, or Chinchau. Brine-wells, see Salt. Brius River (Kin-sha Kiang, Gold River). Brown, G.G. —— Sir Thomas, on Polo. Bruce's Abyssinian Chronology. Brunetto Latini's Book, Li Tresor. Brunhilda. Bruun, Professor Ph., of Odessa. Bucephala, of Alexander. Bucephalus, breed of. Buckrams, of Arzinga, described; etymology; at Mardin; in Tibet; at Mutfili; Malabar. Buddha, see Sakya Muni. Buddhism, Buddhists, see Idolatry, Idolaters. Buddhist Decalogue. Buffaloes in Anin. Buffet and vessels of Kublai's table. Bugaei. Buka (Boga), a great Mongol chief. Buka Bosha, 1st Mongolian Governor of Bokhara. Buku Khan, of the Hoei-Hu, or Uighurs. Bularguji (Bularguchi), "The Keeper of Lost Property". Bulgaria, Great. Bulughan (Bolgana), Queen. —— another. Bundukdar, Amir Alauddin Aidekin ("The Arblaster"). Bundukdari, Malik Dahir Ruknuddin Bibars (Bendocquedar), Mameluke Sultan of Egypt, killed by kumiz. Buraets, or Burgats, the. Burkan Kaldun. Burma (or Ava), King of (See also Mien.). Burnell, Arthur. Burning the Dead, see Cremation. —— heretical books. —— paper-money, etc., at funerals. —— Widows in South India. Burrough, Christopher. Burton, Captain R.F. Bushell, Dr. S.W., his visit to Shang-tu, on the Khitan Scripts; Tangut rulers; orders for post-horses. Butchers, in Kashmir, Tibet; S. India. Butiflis (Mutfili). Butler, Hudibras. Buyid dynasty.

Ca' Polo, Ca' Milion, Corte del Millioni, the house of the Polos at Venice. Caaju, castle of. Cabs, Peking. Cacanfu (Hokiang-fu). Cachanfu (P'uchau-fu, Ho-chung-fu). Cachar Modun. Cachilpatnam. Cadmia. Caesalpinia; and see Brazil. Caesarea of Cappadocia (Casaria, Kaisariya). Caichu, castle of (Kiai-chau, or Hiai-chau?). Caidu, see Kaidu. Caiju, on the Hwang-Ho. —— on the Kiang, Kwachau. Cail (Kayal), a great port of Commerce; the king; identified; meaning of name; remains of. Caindu (K'ien-ch'ang), a region of Eastern Tibet. Caingan (Ciangan, Kiahing). Cairo, museum at; ventilators at. (See Babylon.). Caiton, see Zayton. Cala Ataperistan (Kala' Atishparastan), "Castle of the Fire Worshippers". Calachan (Kalajan). Calaiate, Calatu, see Kalhat. Calamanz, the word. Calamina, city. Caldwell, Rev. Dr. R., on devil-dancing among the Shanars, on name of Ceylon; on Shahr-Mandi and Sundara Pandi; on the Tower at Negapatam; etymology of Chilaw; on Pacauta; Govis; singular custom of arrest; rainy season; food of horses; Shanar devil-images; choiach; Cail, or Kayal city; Kolkhoi; King Ashar of Cail; Kollam; Pinati; etymology of Sapong; Cape Comorin. Calendar, Ecclesiastical Buddhist, the Tartar; of Brahmans; of Documents relating to Marco Polo and his family. Calicut, King of, and his costume. Calif, see Khalif. Caligine, Calizene (Khalij, a canal from Nile). Camadi (City of Dakianus) ruined. Cambaluc (Khanbaligh, or Peking), capital of Cathay, Kublai's return thither after defeating Nayan; the palace; the city; its size, walls, gates, and streets, the Bell Tower, etc.; period of khan's stay there; its suburbs and hostelries; cemeteries, women, patrols; its traffic; the Emperor's Mint; palace of the Twelve Barons; roads radiating from; astrologers of. Cambay (Cambaet, Cambeth, Kunbayat), kingdom of. Cambuscan, of Chaucer, corruption of Chinghiz. Camel-bird, see Ostrich. Camels, mange treated with oil, camlets from wool of; white; incensing; alleged to be eaten in Madagascar; really eaten in Magadoxo; ridden in war. Camexu, Kamichu, see Campichu. Camlets (cammellotti). Camoens. Camphor (Laurus Camphora) trees in Fo-kien. —— of Sumatra, Fansuri; earliest mention of: superstitions regarding; description of the tree, Dryabalanops Camphora; value attached by Chinese to; recent prices of; its use with betel. —— oil. Campichu (Kanchau), city of. Camul (Kamul), province. Camut, fine shagreen leather. Canal, Grand, of China. construction of. Canale, Cristoforo, MS. by. —— Martino da, French Chronicle of Venice by. Cananor, kingdom. Cananore. Canara. Cancamum. Canela brava. Canes, Polo's name for bamboos. Cannibalism, ascribed to Tibetans, Kashmiris, etc; to Hill-people in Fo-kien; to islanders in Seas of China and India; in Sumatra; regulations of the Battas; ascribed to Andaman islanders. Cannibals, i.e. Caribs. Canonical Hours. Cansay, see Kinsay. Canton. Cape Comorin, see Comari; Temple at. —— Corrientes (of Currents). —— Delgado. —— of Good Hope. Capidoglio (Capdoille), sperm-whale. Cappadocian horses. Capus, G. Caracoron (Kara Korum). Carajan (Caraian, Karajang, or Yun-nan), province. Caramoran River (Hwang-Ho). Carans, or Scarans. Caraonas (Karaunahs), a robber tribe. Carats. Carbine, etymology of. Cardinal's Wit. Caribs, i.e. cannibals. Carpets, of Turcomania (Turkey); Persian; Kerman. Carriages, at Kinsay; Chinese. Carrion, shot from engines. Carta Catalana, Catalan Map of 1375. Carte, a la. Carts, Mongol. Casan, see Ghazan Khan. Casaria (Caesarea of Cappadocia). Cascar (Kashgar), Chaukans of. Casem, see Kishm. Caspian Sea (Sea of Ghel or Ghelan), ancient error about; its numerous names. Cassay, see Kinsay. Cassia. —— buds. —— fistula. Castaldi, Panfilo, his alleged invention of movable types. Castambol. Castelli, P. Cristoforo di. Casvin (Kazvin), a kingdom of Persia. Catalan Navy. Cathay (Northern China), origin of name; coal in; idols; Cambaluc, the capital of, see Cambaluc; Cathayans, v. Ahmad; their wine; astrologers; religion; politeness, filial duty, gaol deliveries, gambling. Catholics, Catholicos, of Sis; of the Nestorians. Cators (chakors), great partridges. Cat's Head Tablet. Cats in China. Caucasian Wall. Caugigu, province. Caulking, of Chinese ships. Cauly, Kauli (Corea). Causeway, south of the Yellow River. Cauterising children's heads. Cave-houses. Cavo de Eli. —— de Diab, ii. 417n. Cayu (Kao-yu). Celtic Church. Census, of houses in Kinsay, tickets. Ceremonial of Mongol Court, see Etiquette. Ceylon (Seilan), circuit of; etymology of; customs of natives; mountain of Adam's (alias Sagamoni Borcan's) Sepulchre; history of Buddha; origin of idolatry; subject to China. Ceylon, King of, his pearl-ponds. Chachan (Charchan, Charchand). Chagatai (Sigatay), Kublai's uncle, son of Chinghiz. Chaghan-Jang. Chaghan-Kuren. Chaghan-Nor ("White Lake"), N.E. of Kamul. —— (Chaghan, or Tsaghan Balghasun), site of Kublai's palace. Chairs, silver. Chakor (cator), great partridges. Chalcedony and jasper. Chalukya Malla kings. Champa (Chamba), kingdom of, Kublai's expedition; the king and his wives; products; locality; invaded by king of Lukyn. Chandra Banu. Chandu (Shangtu), city of peace of Kublai. Changan. Chang-chau (Chinginju). —— in Fo-kien, Zayton (?); Christian remains at. Ch'ang Ch'un, travels. Changgan (Chang-ngan). Chang-kia-Kau, the gate in the Great Wall. Chang K'ien. Chang-shan (Chanshan). Ch'ang Te (the Chinese traveller), Si Shi Ki. Chang Te-hui, a Chinese teacher. Chang-y (Chenchu). Chang Yao, Chinese general. Chao de Bux (Cavo di Bussi), boxwood. Chaohien, Sung Prince. Chao-Khanahs, bank-note offices in Persia. Chao Naiman Sume Khotan, or Shangtu, "city of the 108 temples". Chao, paper-money. Chao, title of Siamese and Shan Princes. Chaotong. Chapu. Characters, written, four acquired by Marco Polo, one in Manzi, but divers spoken dialects. Charchan (Chachan of Johnson, Charchand). Charcoal, store in Peking, palace garden of. Charities, Kublai's, Buddhistic and Chinese; at Kinsay. Charles VIII., of France. Chau dynasty. Chaucer, quoted. Chaukans, temporary wives at Kashgar. Chaul. Cheapness in China. Cheetas, or hunting leopards. Cheh-kiang, cremation common during Sung dynasty in, roads into Fo-kien from. Cheinan, Gulf of. Chenchau, or Iching hien. Chenching (Cochin-China). Chenchu (Chang-y), conspires with Vanchu v. Ahmad. Ch'eng-ting fu. Ch'eng-Tsu (Yung-lo), Emperor. Ch'eng-tu (Sze-ch'wan). Ch'engtu-fu (Sindafu). Cheu, the Seven. Chibai and Chiban. Chichiklik Pass. Chien-ch'ang (Caindu). (See K'ien ch'ang.). Chihli, plain of. Chilaw. Chilianwala, battlefield of. Chilu-ku, last Karakhitai king. Chin, Sea of. China, Imperial Maritime Customs Returns for 1900; Dominicans in; paved roads in; relations with Korea and Japan; the name; king of Malacca at Court of; trade from Arabia to; from Sofala in Africa. (See also Cathay and Manzi.). Chinangli (T'sinan-fu). Chinar, Oriental planes. Chinchau, Chincheo, Chinchew, Chwanchew, Tswanchau, see Zayton. Chinese, Polo ignorant of the languages; epigrams; funeral and mourning customs; feeling towards Kublai; religion and irreligion; their politeness and filial piety; gambling; character for integrity; written character and varieties of dialect; ships; pagodas at Negapatam and elsewhere; coins found in Southern India; pottery; trade and intercourse with Southern India. Chinghian-fu (Chinkiang-fu). Chinghiz Khan, reported to be a Christian; Aung Khan's saying of; his use of Uighur character; Erzrum taken by; harries Balkh; captures Talikan; ravages Badakhshan; his respect for Christians; subjugates Kutchluk Khan; his campaigns in Tangut; Rubruquis' account of; made king of the Tartars; his system of conquests; and Prester John; divining by twigs—presage of victory; defeats and slays Prester John; his death and burial-place; his aim at conquest of the world; his funeral; his army; defeats the Merkits; relations between Prester John's and his families; the Horiad tribe; his prophecy about Kublai; rewards his captains; captures Peking; defeats and slays Taiyang Khan; his alleged invasion of Tibet; his mechanical artillery; his cruelty; Table of Genealogy of his House. Chinghiz Tora. Ching-hoang tower at Hangchau-fu. Chinginju (Chang-chau). Chingintalas, province, its identification. Chingkim, Chinkin, Chimkin, Kublai's favourite son and heir-apparent, his palace. Chingsang, Ching-siang (Chinisan), title of a Chief Minister of State. Chingting-fu (Acbaluc). Chingtsu, or Yung-lo, Emperor. Chini, coarse sugar. Chinju (Tinju). Chin-tan, or Chinasthana, Chinese etymology of. Chinuchi, Cunichi, Kublai's Masters of the Hounds. Chipangu (Japan), account of Kublai's expedition v.; its disasters; history of expedition; relations with China and Korea. Chitral. Chloroxylon Dupada. Cho-chau (Juju). Choiach, the term. Chola, or Sola-desam (Soli, Tanjore). Chonka (Fo-kien), kingdom of, explanation of name. Chonkwe Chorcha, see Churchin Christian, astrologers; churches in China, early; inscription of Singanfu; Alans in the Mongol service. Christianity, attributed to Chinghizide princes, Kublai's views on. —— former, of Socotra. Christians, of the Greek rite, Georgians, and Russians; Jacobite and Nestorian, at Mosul; among the Kurds; and the Khalif of Baghdad—the miracle of the mountain and the one-eyed cobbler; Kashgar; in Samarkand; the miracle of the stone removed; Yarkand; Tangut; Chingintalas; Suh-chau; Kan-chau; in Chinghiz's camp; Erguiul and Sinju; Egrigaia; Tenduc; Nayan and the Khan's decision; at Kublai's Court; in Yun-nan; Cacanfu; Yang-chau; churches at Chin-kiang fu; at Kinsay; St. Thomas'; Coilum; Male and Female Islands; Socotra; Abyssinia and fire baptism; of the Girdle; in Lac (Wallachia). Chrocho, the Rukh (q.v.). Chronology and chronological data discussed, first journey of the Polos; war between Barka and Hulaku; Polos' stay at Bokhara; their departure and their second journey from Acre; their return voyage and arrival in Persia; story of Nigudar; Hormuz princes; destruction of Ismailites; history of Chinghiz; Kublai's birth and accession; Nayan' rebellion; visit to Yun-nan; battle with the king of Mien; wars between China and Burma; value of Indo-Chinese; conquest of S. China; capture of Siang-yang; Kublai's dealings with Japan; with Champa; Marco's visit to Japan; Kublai's Java expedition; review of the Malay; events in Ma'bar; King Gondophares; cessation of Chinese navigation to India; Abyssinia; Kaidu's wars; Mongol revolutions in Persia, notes from; wars of Toktai and Noghai. (see also Dates.) Chrysostom. Chuchu, in Kiang-si. Chughis, see Jogis. Chung-Kiang. Chungkwe, "Middle Kingdom". Chung-tu, or Yen-King (Peking, see Cambaluc). Ch'ura. Churches, Christian, in Kashgar, Samarkand; Egrigaia; Tenduc; early, in China; Yang-chau; Chin-kiang fu; Kinsay; Zayton; St. Thomas's; Coilum; Socotra. Churchin, or Niuche, Churche, Chorcha (the Manchu Country). Cielstan, Suolstan (Shulistan). Cinnamon, Tibet, Caindu; Ceylon; story in Herodotus of; Malabar. Circumcision of Socotrans, forcible, of a bishop; of Abyssinians. Cirophanes, or Syrophenes, story of. Civet, of Sumatra. Clement IV., Pope. Clepsydra. Cloves, in Caindu. Coal (Polo's blackstone), in Scotland in Middle Ages; in Kinsay. Cobbler, the one-eyed, and the miracle of the mountain. Cobinan (Koh-Banan). Cocachin (Kukachin), the Lady. Cochin-China, the mediaeval Champa (q.v.). Coco-nut (Indian nut). Coco Islands, of Hiuen T'sang. Cocos Islands. Coeur de Lion, his mangonels. Coffins, Chinese, in Tangut. Cogachin (Hukaji), Kublai's son, King of Carajan. Cogatai. Cogatal, a Tartar envoy to the Pope. Coiganju (Hwaingan-fu). Coilum (Kollam, Kaulam, Quilon), kingdom of, identity of meaning of name; Church of St. George at; modern state of; Kublai's intercourse with. Coilumin, columbino, colomni, so-called Brazil-wood, ginger. Coins of Cilician Armenia, of Mosul; Agathocles and Pantaleon; Seljukian with Lion and Sun; found at Siang-Yang; King Gondophares; Tartar heathen princes with Mahomedan and Christian formulae. Coja (Koja), Tartar envoy from Persia to the Khan. Cold, intense, in Kerman, in Russia. "Cold Mountains". Coleridge, verses on Kublai's Paradise. Coloman, province. Colombino, see Coilumin. Colon, see Coilum. Colossal Buddhas, recumbent. Columbum, see Coilum. Columbus, Polo paralleled with, remarks on. Comania, Comanians. Comari, Comori (Cape Comorin, Travancore), temple at. Combermere, Lord, prophecy applied to. Comercque, Khan's custom-house. Compartments, in hulls of ships. Compass, Mariner's. Competitive Examinations in beauty. Conchi, King of the North. Concubines, how the Khan selects. Condor, its habits, Temple's account of; Padre Bolivar's of the African. Condur and Sondur. Condux, sable or beaver. Conia, Coyne (Iconium). Conjeveram. Conjurers, the Kashmirian, weather-; Lamas' ex-feats. (see also Sorcerers.). Conosalmi (Kamasal). Constantinople, Straits of. Convents, see Monasteries. Cookery, Tartar horse. Cooper, T.T., traveller on Tibetan frontier. Copper, token currency of Mahomed Tughlak, imported to Malabar; to Cambay. Coral, valued in Kashmir, Tibet, etc. Corea (Kauli). Corn, Emperor's store and distribution of. Coromandel (Maabar), see Mabar. Corsairs, see Pirates. Corte del Milione, see Ca' Polo. —— Sabbionera at Venice. Cosmography, mediaeval. Costus. Cotan, see Khotan. Cotton, stuffs of, at Merdin; in Persia; at Kashgar; Yarkand; Khotan; Pein; Bengal; bushes of gigantic size. Counts in Vokhan, at Dofar. Courts of Justice, at Kinsay. Couvade, custom of. Cow-dung, its use in Maabar. Cowell, Professor. Cowries (porcelain shells, pig shells), used for money, etc., procured from Locac. Cralantur, its meaning (?). Cramoisy (quermesis). Cranes, five kinds of. Crawford, John. Cremation, in Middle Ages. Cremesor, Hot Region (Garmsir). Cribhoja (Cribhodja), country. Crocodiles, see Alligators. Cross, legend of the Tree of the, gibes against, on Nayan's defeat; on monument at Singanfu. Crossbows. Cruelties, Tartar. Crusca MS. of Polo. Cubeb pepper. Cubits, astronomical altitude estimated by. Cublay, see Kublai. Cucintana. Cudgel, Tartars' use of. Cuiju (Kwei-chau), province. Cuinet, Vital, on Turkman villages, on Mosul Kurds. Cuirbouly. Cuju. Cuncun (Han-Chung) province. Cunningham, General A. Cups, flying. Curds and Curdistan. Currency, copper token, in India, salt; leather; Cowrie, see Cowries. Currency, paper, in China, attempt to institute in Persia; alluded to. Current, strong south along East Coast of Africa. Currents, Cape of, or Corrientes. Curtains, Persian. Curzola Island, Genoese victory at, Polo's galley at; map of. Curzon, Lord, list of Pamirs. —— Hon. R., on invention of printing. Customs, Custom-houses. Cutch pirates. Cuxstac, Kuhestec. Cuy Khan (Kuyuk). Cycle, Chinese. Cynocephali, the. Cypresses, sacred, of the Magians. Cyprus. Cyrus, his use of camels in battle near Sardis.

Dabul. Dadian, title of Georgian kings. Da Gama. Dagroian, kingdom of, in Sumatra, probable position of. Dailiu (Tali). Daitu, Taidu, Tatu (Peking), Kublai's new city of Cambaluc. Dakianus, city of (Camadi). Dalada, tooth relique of Buddha. Dalai Lama, with four hands. D'Alboquerque. Dalivar, Dilivar, Dilawar (Lahore), a province of India. Dalmian. Damas. Damascus, siege of. Damasks, with cheetas in them, with giraffes. (see also Patterns.). Damghan. Dancing dervishes. Dancing girls, in Hindu temples. Dandolo, Andrea, Admiral of Venetian fleet at Curzola, his captivity and suicide; funeral at Venice. D'Anghieria, Pietro Martire. Dantapura. Dante, number of MSS., does not allude to Polo; Convito. D'Anville's Map. Darabjird. Darah. Darapur. Dardas, stuff embroidered in gold. Dariel, Pass of (Gate of the Alans). Darius, the Golden King. Dark Ocean of the South. Darkness, magical. —— land of, how the Tartars find their way out; the people and their peltry; Alexander's legendary entrance into; Dumb trade of. Darraj, black partridge, its peculiar call. Daruna, salt mines. Darwaz. Dasht, or Plain, of Baharak. Dashtab, hot springs. Dasht-i-Lut (Desert of Lut). Dashtistan tribe and district. Dates (chronology) in Polo's book, generally erroneous. —— (trees or fruit), Basra; Bafk; Reobarles, province; Formosa Plain; Hormos; wine of; diet of fish, etc. Daughters of Marco Polo. D'Avezac, M. David, king of Abyssinia. David, king of Georgia (Dawith). Davids, Professor T.W. Rhys, Buddhist Birth Stories. Davis, Sir John F. Dawaro. Daya. Dead, disposal of the, in Tangut, at Cambaluc; in Coloman; in China; in Dagroian; by the Battas. —— burning of the, see Cremation. eating the, see Cannibalism. De Barros, on Java; Singhapura; Janifs. Debt, singular arrest for. Decima, or Tithe on bequest. Decimal organisation of Tartar armies. Decius, Emperor. Deghans, Dehgans. Dehanah, village. Deh Bakri. De la Croix, Petis. Delhi, Sultans of. D'Ely, Mount, see Eli. Demoiselle Crane, anthropoides virgo. Deogir. Derbend, Wall of (see also Iron Gate of.). Deserts, haunted. Deserts of Kerman or of Lut, of Khorasan; of Charchan; Lop (Gobi); Kharakorum. Desgodins, Abbe. Despina Khatun. Devadasi. Devapattan. Deveria, G. Devil-dancing. Devil trees. Devils, White. D'Evreux, Father Yves. Dhafar (Dofar, Thafar), its incense; two places of the name. Dharani, mystic charms. Dhulkarnain (Alex.), see Zulkarnain. Dialects, Chinese. Diamonds in India, how found, mines of; diffusion of legend about. "Diex Terrien". Dilawar, Polo's Dihar. Dimitri II., Thawdadebuli, king of Georgia. Dinar, see Bezant. Dinar of Red Gold. Dinh Tien-hwang, king of An-nam. Diocletian. Dioscorides insula. Dir, chief town of Panjkora. Dirakht-i-Fazl. Dirakht-i-Kush. Dirawal, ancient capital of the Bhattis. Dirhem-Kub, Shah Mahomed, founder of Hormuz dynasty. Dish of Sakya or of Adam. Diu City. Diul-Sind, Lower Sind. Divination by twigs or arrows. Dixan, branding with cross at. Dizabulus, pavilion of. Dizful River. Djao (Chao) Namian Sume (Kaipingfu). Djaya, turquoises. Doctors at Kinsay. Dofar, see Dhafar. Dogana, conjectures as to. Doghabah River. Dog-headed races. Dogs, the Khan's mastiffs, of Tibet; fierce in Cuiju. Dog-sledging in Far North, notes on dogs. Dolfino, Ranuzzo, husband of Polo's daughter, Moreta. Dolonnur. Dominicans, sent with Polos but turn back. D' or plain, the expression. Dorah Pass. Doria, family at Meloria. —— Lampa, Admiral of Genoese Fleet sent to Adriatic; his victory; his tomb and descendants; at Meloria with six sons. —— Octaviano, death of. —— Tedisio, exploring voyage of. Dorje. D'Orleans, Prince Henri. Douglas, Rev. Dr. C. Doyley, Sir Fulke. Dragoian (Ta-hua-Mien). Draps entaillez. Drawers, enormous, of Badakhshan women. Dreams, notable. Drums, sound of in certain sandy districts. Dryabalanops Camphora. Dua Khan. Du Bose, Rev. H.C. Ducat, or sequin. Dudley, Arcano del Mare. Duel, mode in S. India of. Dufour, on mediaeval artillery. Duhalde, Plan of Ki-chau, or T'si-ning chau. Dukuz Khatun. Dulcarnon (Zulkarnain). Dulites. Dumas, Alexander. Dumb trade. Duncan, Rev. Moir. Dungen (Tungani), or converts. Duplicates in geography. Dupu. Duerer's Map of Venice, so-called. Durga Temple. Dursamand. Dushab, sweet liquor or syrup. Dust-storms. Duties, on Great Kiang, on goods at Kinsay and Zayton; on horses; at Hormuz. (See also Customs.). Dutthagamini, king of Ceylon. Dwara Samudra. Dzegun-tala, name applied to Mongolia. Dzungaria.

Eagle mark on shoulder of Georgian kings. Eagles, trained to kill large game. —— white, in the Diamond Country. Eagle-wood, origin of the name. (See Lign-aloes.). Earth honoured. East, its state, circa, 1260. Ebony (bonus). Edkins, Rev. Edward I. Edward II., correspondence with Tartar princes. Effeminacy, in Chinese palaces. Eggs of Ruc and Aepyornis. Egrigaia, province. Ela (cardamom). Elchidai. Elenovka. Elephantiasis. Elephants, Kublai carried on a timber bartizan by four, Kublai's; the king of Mien's; numbers of men alleged to be carried by; how the Tartars routed; wild in Caugigu; Champa; Locac; Sumatra; Madagascar and Zanghibar; trade in teeth of; carried off by the Ruc; in Zanghibar; used in war; an error; Nubian; fable about; not bred in Abyssinia; training of African; war of the. Eli, Ely, Elly (Hili), kingdom of. Elias, Ney. Elixir vitae of the Jogis. Elliot, Sir Walter. Emad, Ed-din Abu Thaher, founder of the Kurd dynasty. Embroidery of silk at Kerman, leather in Guzerat. Empoli, Giovanni d'. Empusa, the Arabian Nesnas. Enchanters, at Socotra. Enchantments, of the Caraonas. (See also Conjurers, Socerers.). Engano Island, legend. Engineering feat. Engineers, their growing importance in Middle Ages. England, Kublai's message to king of, correspondence of Tartar princes with kings of. English trade and character in Asia. Enlightenment, Land of. Erba, poisonous plant or grass. Erculin, Arculin (an animal). Erdeni Tso (Erdenidsu), or Erdeni Chao Monastery. Eremites (Rishis), of Kashmir. Erguiul, province. Erivan. Erkeun, (Ye li ke un), Mongol for Christians. Ermine. Erzinjan, Erzinga, Eriza (Arzinga). Erzrum (Arziron). Eschiel, the word. Esher (Shehr, Es-shehr), trade with India, incense, Ichthyophagi; singular sheep. Essentemur (Isentimur), Kublai's grandson, king of Carajan. Estimo, Venetian, or forced loan. Etchmiadzin Monastery. Ethiopia and India, confused. Ethiopian sheep. Etiquette of the Mongol Court. Etymologies, Balustrade; buckram; Avigi; Geliz (Ghelle); Jatolic; muslin; baudekins; cramoisy; ondanique; zebu; carbine; Dulcarnon; balas; azure and lazuli; None; Mawmet and Mummery; salamander; berrie; barguerlac; S'ling; siclatoun; Argon; Tungani; Guasmul; chakor; Jadu and Yadah; Tafur; Bacsi; Sensin; P'ungyi; carquois; Keshikan; vernique; camut, borgal, shagreen; Chinuchi or Chunichi; Toscaol; Bularguchi; Fondaco; Bailo; comerque; porcelain; Sangon; Faghfur; Manjanik, mangonel, mangle, etc.; galingale; Chini and Misri; Satin; eagle-wood, aloes-wood; Bonus, Calamanz; benzoni; china pagoda; Pacauca; Balanjar, a-muck; Pariah; Govi; Avarian; Abraiaman; Choiach; proques; Tembul and Betel; Sappan and Brazil; Balladi; Belledi; Indigo baccadeo; Gatpaul, baboon; Salami cinnamon; [Greek: komakon]; rook (in chess); Aranie; Erculin and Vair; Miskal. —— (of Proper Names), Curd; Dzungaria; Chingintalas; Cambuscan; Oirad; Kungurat; Manzi; Bayan; Kinsay; Japan; Sornau; Narkandam; Ceylon; Ma'bar; Chilaw; Mailapur; Sonagarpattanam; Punnei-Kayal, Kayal; Kollam (Coilum); Hili (Ely); Cambaet; Mangla and Nebila; Socotra; Colesseeah; Caligine; Aijaruc; Nemej. —— Chinese. Etzina. Eunuchs, procured from Bengal. Euphrates, said to flow into the Caspian. Euphratesia. Euxine, see Black Sea. Evelyn's Diary. Execution of Princes of the Blood, mode of. Eyircaya.

Facen, Dr. J. Faghfur (Facfur, Emperor of Southern China), meaning of title; his effeminate diversions; decay of his palace. Faizabad in Badakhshan. Fakanur. Fakata. Fakhruddin Ahmad, Prince of Hormuz. Falconers, Kublai's. Falcons, of Kerman, Saker and Lanner; peregrine; Kublai's. Famine, horrors. Fanchan, P'ingchang, title of a second class Cabinet Minister. Fanchan Lake. Fan-ching, siege of. Fandaraina. Fang, see Squares. Fansur, in Sumatra, kingdom of. Fansuri camphor. Fan Wen-hu, or Fan-bunko, a General in Japanese Expedition. Fariab, or Pariab. Faro of Constantinople. Farriers, none in S. India. Fars, province. Fashiyah, Atabeg dynasty. Fassa. Fasting days, Buddhist. Fattan, in Ma'bar. Fatten, 'Ali Shah. Fausto, Vettor, his Quinquereme. Fazl, Ibn Hassan (Fazluieh-Hasunieh). Feili, Lurs dynasty. Female attendants on Chinese Emperors. Ferlec, in Sumatra, kingdom of (Parlak), Hill people. Fernandez, or Moravia, Valentine. Ferrier, General. Festivals, Order of the Kaan's. Fiag, or Pog River. Ficus Vasta. Fidawi, Ismailite adepts. Filial Piety in China. Filippi, Professor F. de, Silk industry in Ghilan. Finn. Fiordelisa, daughter of younger Maffeo Polo. —— supposed to be Nicolo Polo's second wife. —— wife of Felice Polo. Firando Island. Firdus, Ismailite Castle. Firdusi. Fire, affected by height of Pamir Plain, regulations at Kinsay. Fire-baptism, ascribed to Abyssinians. Fire-Pao (cannon?). Fire-worship, or rockets, in Persia, by the Sensin in Cathay. Firishta, the historian. Fish miracle in Georgia, in the Caspian; and date diet; supply at Kinsay; food for cattle; stored for man and beast. Fish-oil, used for rubbing ships. Florin, or ducat. Flour (Sago), trees producing. Flueckiger, Dr. Fog, dry. Fo-kien, see Fu-chau. Folin (Byzantine Empire). Fondaco. Foot-mark on Adam's Peak, q.v.. Foot-posts in Cathay. Forg. Formosa, Plain (Harmuza). Forsyth, Sir T. Douglas. Fortune, R. Foundlings, provision for. Four-horned sheep. Fowls with hair. Foxes, black. Fozlan, Ibn. Fra terre (Interior). Fracastoro, Jerome. Franciscan converts, in Volga region at Yang-chau; Zayton. Francolin (darraj of the Persians), black partridge. Frankincense, see Incense. Frederic II., Emperor, his account of the Tartars; story of implicit obedience; his cheetas; his leather money; his giraffe. French, the original language of Polo's Book; its large diffusion in that age. French Expedition up the Kamboja River. Frenchmen, riding long like. French mission and missionaries in China. Frere charnel. Frere, Sir B. Froissart. Fu-chau (Fo-kien, Fuju), paper-money at; wild hill people of; its identity; language of; tooth relique at. Fuen (Fen) ho River. Funeral rites, Chinese, in Tangut; of the Kaans; at Kinsay. (See also Dead.). Fungul, city of. Furs, of the Northern Regions. Fusang, Mexico (?). Fuyang. Fuzo, see Fu-chau.

Gabala, Bishop of. Gagry, maritime defile of.
Gaisue, officer of Kublai's Mathematical Board. Galeasse, Venetian gallery. Galingale. Galletti, Marco. Galleys of the Middle Ages, war, arrangement of rowers; number of oars; dimensions; tactics in fight; toil in rowing; strength and cost of crew; staff of fleet; Joinville's description of; customs of. Galley-slaves not usual in Middle Ages. Gambling, prohibited by Kublai. Game, see Sport. Game Laws, Mongol. Game, supplied to Court of Cambaluc. Ganapati Kings. Gandar, Father. Gandhara, Buddhist name for Yun-nan. Ganfu, port of Kinsay. Ganja, gate of. Gan-p'u. Gantanpouhoa, Kublai's son. Gantur. Gardenia, fruit and dyes. Gardiner's (misprinted Gardner's) Travels. Gardner, C. Garmsir, Ghermseer (Cremesor), Hot Region. Garnier, Lieut. Francis (journey to Talifu). Garrisons, Mongol, in Cathay and Manzi, disliked by the people. Garuda. Gate of Iron, ascribed to Derbend. Gates, of Kaan's palace, of Cambaluc; of Somnath. Gat-pauls, Gatopaul, Gatos-paulas. Gatto maimone. Gauenispola Island. Gaur (Bos Gaurus, etc.). Gauristan. Gavraz villages. Gazaria. Gedrosi. Gelath in Imeretia, Iron Gate at. Geliz, Spanish for silk dealer. Genealogy of Polos, errors as given by Barbaro, etc., in; tabular; of House of Chinghiz. Genoa, Polo's captivity at. —— and Pisa, rivalry, and wars of. —— and Venice, rivalry and wars of. Genoese, their growth in skill and splendour, character as seamen by poet of their own; character by old Italian author; capture of Soldaia; their navigation of the Caspian; trade in box-wood; their merchants at Tabriz; in Fo-kien. Gentile Plural names converted into local singulars. Geographical Text of Polo's Book constantly quoted, its language; proofs that it is the original; tautology; source of other texts. George (Jirjis, Yurji, Gurgan), king of Tenduc, of the time of Prester John; a possible descendant of. Georgia (Georgiana), beauty of, and its inhabitants; their kings. Gerfalcons (Shonkar); tablets engraved with. Gerini, Colonel. German Follower of the Polos. Ghaissuddin Balban (Asedin Soldan), Sultan of Delhi. Gharan country, ruby mines in. Ghazan (Casan) Khan of Persia, son of Arghun, his regard for the Polos; marries the Lady Kukachin; his mosque at Tabriz; set to watch the Khorasan frontier; obtains the throne; his object and accomplishments. Ghel, or Ghelan (Ghel-u-chelan), Sea of, Caspian Sea. Ghelle (Gili), silk of the Gil province. Ghes, or Kenn (formerly Kish or Kais). Ghez tree. Ghiuju. Ghiyas ed-din, last Prince of Kurd dynasty. Ghori, or Aksarai River. Ghuls, goblins. Ghur. Giglioli, Professor H. Gil, or Gilan, province. Gilgit. Gill, Captain (River of Golden Sand). Ginao, Mt. and Hot Springs. Gindanes of Herodotus. Ginger, Shan-si; Caindu; alleged to grow in Kiangnan; Fuju; Coilum; different qualities and prices of; Ely; Malabar; Guzerat. Giraffes, mediaeval notices of. Girardo, Paul. Girdkuh, an Ismailite fortress, its long defence. Girls, consecrated to idols in India. Gittarchan, see Astrakhan. Glaza (Ayas, q.v.). Gleemen and jugglers, conquer Mien. Goa. Gobernador, Straits of. Goes, Benedict. Gog and Magog (Ung and Mungul), legend of; rampart of; country of; name suggested by Wall of China. Gogo. Goitre at Yarkand. Golconda diamond mines. Gold, Frankincense, and Myrrh, their mystic meaning. Gold dust in Tibet, exchanged for salt in Caindu; Brius River; in Kin-shia-Kiang; and nuggets in Carajan; abundant in Yun-nan; Caugigu; Coloman; infinite in Chipangu; in Sea of Chin Islands; dust in Gulf of Cheinan Islands; not found in Java; in Locac; the Malayo-Siamese territories; Sumatra; vast accumulations in South India; imported into Malabar; and into Cambay; purchased in Socotra. Gold and silver towers of Mien. —— cloths of. (See Silk and Gold.). —— of the Gryphons in Herodotus. —— Teeth (Zardandan), Western Yun-nan. —— to silver, relative value of. Golden King and Prester John, tale of the. —— Island. —— Horde (kings of the Ponent). Golfo, Indigo di. Gomispola, Gomispoda, see Gauenispola. Gomushtapah, Wall of. Gomuti palm. Gondophares, a king in the St. Thomas legends. Gordon's "Ever Victorious Army". Gordun Shah. Goering, F. Goriosan. Gor Khar, wild ass. Goshawks, black. Gothia (Crimean), its limit and language. Govy, a low caste in Maabar. Goza. Gozurat, see Guzerat. Grail, Buddhist parallel to the Holy. Granaries, Imperial. Grapes in Shan-si. Grass-cloths. Grasso, Donato. Great Bear (Meistre), and Little, force of, and application of these epithets. Great, or Greater Sea (Black Sea). Greece, Bactria's relation to. Greek fire. Greeks, in Turcomania, and Greek tongue in Socotra; possible relic of. Green, Rev. D.D. —— Island, legendary. —— Islands. —— Mount, Cambaluc. —— R., see Tsien Tang. Gregorieff, his excavations at Sarai. Gregory X., Pope, see Theobald of Piacenza. Grenard. Grioni, Zanino. Griut (kurut), sour-curd. Groat, Venetian grosso. Groot, Professor, J.J.M. de. Grote, Arthur. Grueber and Dorville, Jesuit travellers. Grus, cinerea, antigone, leucogeranus, monachus. Gryphon, see Rue. Guasmul (Basmul), half-breeds. Guchluk. Gudar (village). Gudderi, musk animals, Tibet. Gudran. Guebers, the. Gujah, Hulaku's chief secretary. Gugal, bdellum. Guilds of craftsmen at Kinsay. —— Venetian. Guinea-fowl. Guions, a quasi-Tibetan tribe. Gumish-Khanak, silver mines. Gunpowder. Gurgan, a Tartar chief. Gurgan, son-in-law, a title. Gur-Khan of Karacathay. Gutturals, Mongol elision of. Guz=100. Guzerat (Gozurat), products, mediaeval architecture and dress; work.

Haast, Dr., discovers a fossil Rue. Habib-ullah of Khotan. Habsh (Abash), see Abyssinia. Hadhramaut (Sessania Adrumetorum). Hadiah. Haffer. Hai-nan, Gulf of. —— language of. Hairy men in Sumatra. Hajji Mahomed. Hakeddin. Half-breeds, see Argon. Hamd Allah Mastaufi, the geographer. Hamilton, Captain Alexander. Hammer-Purgstall on Marco Polo. Hamum Arabs. Hamza of Ispahan. Hamza Pantsuri, or Fantsuri. Hanbury, D. Han-chung (Cuncun). Hang-chau fu, see Kinsay. Han dynasty. —— River. Hanjam. Han-kau. Hansi. Han Yu. Haram. Harhaura, W. Panjab. Harlez, Mgr. de. Harmozeia. Harpagornis, fossil Ruc. Harran. Harshadeva, king of Kashmir. Harsuddi, temple of. Haru, or Aru. Hashishin, see Assassins. Hasik. Hassan Kala, hot springs at. Hassan, son of Sabah, founder of the Ismailites. Hastings, Warren, letter of. Hatan, rebellion of. Haunted deserts. Havret, Father H. Hawariy (Avarian), the term. Hawks, hawking in Georgia, Yezd and Kerman; Badakhshan; Etzina; among the Tartars; on shores and islands of Northern Ocean Kublai's sport at Chagannor; in mew at Chandu; trained eagles; Kublai's establishment of; in Tibet; Sumatra; Maabar. Hayton I. (Hethum), king of Lesser Armenia, his autograph. Hazaras, the, Mongol origin of, lax custom ascribed to. Hazbana, king of Abyssinia. Heat, great at Hormuz, in India. Heaven, City of (Kinsay). Hedin, Dr. Sven. Heibak, caves at. Height, effects on fire of great. Heikel, Professor Axel, on Buddhist monasteries in the Orkhon. Hei-shui (Mongol Etsina) River. Hel, Ela (Cardamom). Helena, Empress. Helli, see Eli. He-lung Kiang. Hemp of Kwei-chau. Henry II., Duke of Silesia. Henry III. Heraclius, Emperor, said to have loosed the shut-up nations. Herat. Hereditary trades. Hereford, Map. Hermenia, see Armenia. Hermits of Kashmir. Herodotus. Hethum, see Hayton. Hiai- or Kiai-chau (Caichu?). Hides (See Leather.). Hili, Hili-Marawi, see Ely. Hill-people of Fo-kien, wild. Hinaur, see Hunawar. Hind. Hindu character, remarks on frequent eulogy of. —— Kush. Hindus, their steel and iron. —— in Java. Hing-hwa, language of. Hippopotamus' teeth. Hips, admiration of large. Hirth, Dr. F. Hiuan-Tsung, Emperor. Hiuen Tsang, Dr., a Buddhist monk. Hochau, in Sze-chwan, Mangku Khan's death at. —— in Kansuh. Hochung-fu (Cachanfu). Hodgson, Mr. Hoernle, Dr. Hojos. Hokien-fu (Cacanfu). Hokow, or Hokeu. Holcombe, Rev. C., on Hwai-lu; on Yellow River; on Pia-chau fu; on road from T'ung-kwan to Si-ngan fu. Hollingworth, H.G. Holy Sepulchre, oil from lamp of. Homeritae. Homi-cheu, or Ngo-ning. Homme, its technical use. Hondius map. Ho-nhi, or Ngo-ning (Anin) tribe (See Homi-cheu.). Hooker, Sir Joseph, on bamboo explosion. Horiad (Oirad, or Uirad) tribe. Hormuz (Hormos, Curmosa), trade with India; a sickly place; the people's diet; ships; great heat and fatal wind; crops, mourning customs; the king of; another road to Kerman from; route from Kerman to; site of the old city; foundation of; history of; merchants; horses exported to India from; the Melik of. —— Island, or Jerun, Organa of Arian. Hormuzdia. Horns of Ovis Poli. Horoscopes, in China, in Maabar. Horse-posts and Post-houses. Horses, Turkish, Persian; of Badakhshan, strain of Bucephalus; sacrificed at Kaans' tombs; Tartar; and white mares; presented to Kaan on New Year's Day; of Carajan; their tails docked; of Anin; tracking by; decorated with Yaks' tails; now bred in S. India. —— great trade and prices in importing to India from Persia, modes of shipment; from Carajan; from Anin; from Kis, Hormuz, Dofar, Soer, and Aden; Esher; Dofar; Calatu. —— duty on, captured by pirates; their extraordinary treatment and diet in India. Horse-stealing, Tartar laws. Hosie, A., on Ch'eng-tu; brine-wells of Pai-yen-ching; on the Si-fan; on Caindu Lake. Hospitals, Buddhist. Hostelries, at Cambaluc, on the Cathay post-roads; at Kinsay. Hot springs in Armenia, near Hormuz. Hounds, Masters of Kaan's. Hours, struck from Cambaluc bell-tower, at Kinsay; unlucky; canonical. Hsi Hsia dynasty. Hsiang-chen, Hsiang, wood. Hu-chau fu (Vuju). Hui-hui, white and black capped, two Mohammedan sects. Hukaji (Hogachi, Cogachin), Kublai's son. Hukwan-hien. Hulaku Khan (Alau, Alacan), Kublai's brother, and founder of Mongol dynasty in Persia, war with Barka Khan; takes Baghdad and puts Khalif to death; the Ismailites and the Old Man. —— his treachery, his descendants; battle with Barca; his followers. Hullukluk, village, near Sivas. Human fat, used for combustion in war. —— sacrifices. Humayun, Emperor. Humboldt. Hunawar (Onore, Hinaur). Hundred Eyes, prophecy of the. Hundwaniy (ondanique), Indian steel. Hungary, Hungarians. Hung Hao, Chinese author. Hun-ho (Sanghin River). Hunting equipment and Expedition, Kublai's, Kang-hi's. —— preserves. (See also Sport.). Hutton, Captain. Hwa-chau. Hwai-lu, or Hwo-lu-h'ien (Khavailu), the Birmingham of N. Shansi. Hwai-ngan-fu (Coiganju). Hwai River. Hwang-ho (Yellow River), changes in its courses; its embankments. Hwan-ho. Hyena. Hyrcania, king of.

Iabadiu. Ibn-al-Furat. Ibn Batuta (Moorish traveller, circa A.D. 1330-1350), his account of Chinese juggling; his account of Khansa (Kinsay); of Zayton; in Sumatra; on Camphor; in Ceylon; at Kaulam; in Malabar; sees Rukh; his account of Maldives; dog-sledges; Market in Land of Darkness; on Silver Mines of Russia. Ibn Fozlan, see Fozlan. Ichin-hien. Ichthyophagous cattle and people. Icon Amlac, king of Abyssinia. Iconium (Kuniyah, Conia). Idolatry (Buddhism) and Idolaters, in Kashmir; their decalogue; Pashai; Tangut; Kamul; Kanchau; Chingintalas; Suhchau; Etzina, their fasting days; Tartars and Cathayans; Erguiul; Egrigaia; Tenduc; Chandu; at Kublai's birthday feast; Cachanfu; Kenjanfu; Acbalec Manzi; Sindafu; Tibet; Caindu; Yachi; Carajan; Zardandan; Mien; Caugigu; Coloman; Cuiju; Cacanfu; Chinangli; Sinjumatu; Coiganju; Paukin; Tiju; Nanghin; Chinghianfu; Tanpiju; Chipangu; Chamba; Sumatra; Nicobars; Mutfili; Coilum; Eli; Malabar; Tana; Cambaet; Semenat; Far North. —— Origin of, of Brahmans; of Jogis. Idols, Tartar, Tangut; colossal; of Cathay; of Bacsi or Lamas; of Sensin; of East generally; in India. [Greek: Ierodouloi]. Ieu, Gnostics of. Ifat, Aufat. Ig, Ij, or Irej, capital of the Shawankars. Igba Zion, Iakba Siun, king of Abyssinia. Ilchi, commissioner. Ilchi, modern capital of Khotan. Ilchigadai Khan. Ilija, hot springs at. Ilkhan, the title. Ilyats, nomads of Persia. Imams of the Ismailites. Im Thurn, Everard, on Couvade. Incense, Sumatran, brown in West India; white (i.e. frankincense), in Arabia. India, horse trade to; trade to Manzi or China from; believed to breed no horses; trade with Persia and Arabia; western limits of; islands of; division of; sundry lists of States; trade with Aden and Egypt; with Arabian ports; confusion of Ethiopia and. India, the Greater. —— its extent. —— the Lesser. —— Middle (Abyssinia). —— remarks on this title. —— Maxima. —— Tertia. —— Superior. —— Sea of. Indian drugs to prolong life. —— geography, dislocation of Polo's. —— nuts, see Cocoa-nuts. —— steel (ondanique). Indies, the Three, and their distribution. Indifference, religious, of Mongol Emperors. Indigo, mode of manufacture at Coilum, in Guzerat; Cambay; prohibited by London Painters' Guild. Indo-China, States. Indragiri River. Infants, exposure of. Ingushes of Caucasus. Innocent IV., Pope. Inscription, Jewish, at Kaifungfu. Insult, mode of, in South India. Intramural interment prohibited. Invulnerability, devices for. 'Irak. Irghai. Irish, accused of eating their dead kin. —— M.S. version of Polo's Book. Iron, in Kerman, in Cobinan. Iron Gate (Derbend Pass), said to have been built by Alexander, gate ascribed to. Irtish River. Isaac, king of Abyssinia. Isabel, queen of Little Armenia. Isabeni. Isentemur (Sentemur, Essentemur), Kublai's grandson. Ish, the prefix. 'Ishin. Ish-Kashm, dialect. Iskandar, Shah of Malacca. Islands, of the Indian Sea, of China; in the Gulf of Cheinan; Male and Female. Isle d'Orleans. Isle of Rubies (Ceylon). Ismail, Shah of Persia. Ismailites, see Assassins. Ispahan (Istanit, Istan, Spaan), kingdom of Persia. Israel in China, see Jews. Iteration, wearisome. I'tsing. Ivongo. Ivory trade. Izzuddin Muzaffar, suggests paper-money in Persia.

Jacinth. Jacobite Christians, at Mosul, at Tauris; Yarkand; perhaps in China. Jacobs, Joseph, Barlaam and Josaphat. Jadah or Yadah-Tash. Jade stone (jasper) of Khotan. Jaeschke, Rev. H.A. Jaffa, Count of, his galley. Jaipal, Raja. Jajnagar. Jalaluddin of Khwarizm. Jamaluddin-al-Thaibi, Lord of Kais. Jamaluddin, envoy from Ma'bar to Khanbaligh. Jambi River. James of Aragon, king. Jamisfulah (Gauenispola). Jamui Khatun, Kublai's favourite Queen; her kindness to the captured Chinese princesses. Jangama sect. Janibeg, Khan of Sarai. Japan, see Chipangu. Japanese paper-money. Jaroslawl. Jase, stitched vessel. Jaspar (Gaspar), one of the Magi. Jasper and chalcedony. Jatolic, Jathalik, Jaselic, Gathalik ([Greek: katholikos]). Jauchau. Jauzgun, former captain of Badakhshan. Java, the Great, described; circuit, empires in; Kublai's expedition against. Java, the Greater and Lesser, meaning of these terms. Java, the Less, see Sumatra. Jawa, Jawi, applied by Arabs to islands and products of the Archipelago generally. Jaya-Sinhavarman II., king of Champa. Jazirah. Jehangir (Jehan, Shah). Jenkinson, Anthony. Jerun (Zarun), island, site of the later Hormuz. Jerusalem. Jesuit maps. Jesujabus, Nestorian Patriarch. Jews, their test of Mahomed's prophetic character, shut up by Alexander; their connection with the Tartars; in China, their inscription at Kaifungfu; in Coilum; in Abyssinia. Jibal. —— Nakus, or "Hill of the Bell," Sinai desert. Jibal-ul-Thabul, "Hill of Drums," near Mecca. Jiruft. Jogis (Chughi). John XXII., Pope. Johnson, his visit to Khotan. Johnston, Keith. Johore, Sultan of. Jon (Jihon, or Oxus) River. Jordanus, Friar. Jor-fattan (Baliapatan). Josephus. Jubb River. Judi, Mount. Jugglers, at Khan's feasts, and gleemen conquer Mien. Juggling extraordinary. Juji, eldest son of Chinghiz. Juju (Cho-chau). Julman. Junghuhn, on Batta cannibalism, on camphor trees. Junks. (See also Ships.). Jupar. Justice, administration of Tartar. Justinian, Emperor. Juzgana (Dogana).

Kaan, and Khan, the titles. Kaan, the Great, see Kublai. Kaans, the series of, and their burial place, massacre of all met by funeral party. Kabul. Kachkar (Ovis Vignei), wild sheep. Kadapah. Kafchi-kue. Kafirs of Hindu Kush, their wine. Kahgyur, Tibetan Scripture. Kahn-i-Panchur. Kaidu (Caidu) Khan, Kublai's cousin and life-long opponent, plots with Nayan; his differences with Kublai; and constant aggressions; his death; his victorious expedition v. Kublai; Kublai's resentment; his daughter's valour; sends a host v. Abaga. Kaifung-fu, Jews and their synagogues there, siege of. Kaikhatu (Kiacatu), Khan of Persia, seizes throne, his paper-money scheme; his death; his dissolute character. Kaikhosru I. and III., Seljukian dynasty. Kaikobad I. and III. Kaikus, Izz ed-din. Kail, see Cail. Kain (Ghain), a city of Persia. Kaipingfu (Keibung, Kaiminfu, Kemenfu). Kairat-ul-Arab. Kais, see Kish. Kaisariya (Caesaraea, Casaria). Kajjala, or Khajlak, a Mongol leader. Kakateya, dynasty. Kakhyens, Kachyens, tribe in Western Yun-nan. Kakula. Kala' Atishparastan (Cala Ataperistan), "The Castle of the Fire-Worshippers". Kala' Safed. Kalajan (Calachan). Kalamur. Kalantan. Kalchi, Kalakchi. Kales Devar, king of Ma'bar, his enormous wealth. Kalgan, or Chang-kia-keu. Kalhat (Kalhatu, Calatu, Calaiate), described; idiom of. Kalidasa, the poet, on the Yak. Kalikut. Kalin, marriage prices. Kalinga. Kalinjar. Kalmia angustifolia, poisonous. Kamal Malik. Kamarah, Komar. Kamasal (Conosalmi), Kahn-i-asal, "The honey canal". Kambala, Kublai's grandson. Kambayat (Cambay). Kamboja (Chinla). Kampar, district and River, Buddhist ruins. Kamul (Komal, Camul), the Mongol Khamil, Chinese Hami. Kanat, or Karez, underground stream. Kanat-ul-Sham (Conosalmi). Kanauj. Kanbalu Island. Kanchau (Campichu). Kandahar, Kandar, Ghandhara. Kandy. Kanerkes, or Kanishka, kingdom, coins of. Kang-hi, Emperor. Kank. Kanp'u (Ganpu), old Port of Hang-chau. Kansan, see Shensi. Kansuh. Kao Hoshang. Kao-Tsung, Emperor. Kao-yu (Cayu). Kapilavastu. Kapukada, Capucate. Karabugha, Carabya, Calabra, a military engine. Kara Hulun. Karajang (Carajan, or Yun-nan). Karakash ("black jade") River. Karakhitaian Empire. —— Princes of Kerman. Kara Khoja. Karakorum (Caracoron). Kara Kumiz, special kind of Kumiz. Karamuren (Caramoran) River, Mongol name for the Hwang-ho, or Yellow River. Karana, meaning of. Karani (vulgo Cranny). Karanut, a Mongol sept. Karaun Jidun, or Khidun. Karaunahs (Caraonas), a robber tribe. Karavat, an instrument for self-decollation. Karens. Karmathian, heretics. Karnul. Karrah. Karra-Manikpur. Kartazonon, Karkaddan, rhinoceros. Kasaidi Arabs. Kash, jade. Kashan. Kashgar (Cascar), Chankans of. Kashish (Casses). Kashmir (Keshimur), Buddhism; beauty of the women; conjurers; the language of; sorcery in. Kashmiris. Kasia, people and hills. Kasyapa Buddha. Kataghan, breed of horses. Katar pirates. Katif. Kattiawar, pirates. Kaulam, see Coilum. Kaulam-Male. Kauli (Cauly), Corea. Kaunchi (Conchi), Khan. Kaveripattanam. Kaveri River, delta of. Kavir, saline swamp. Kavvayi. Kayal, Kail, see Cail. —— Pattanam. —— Punnei. Kayten. Kazan. Kazawinah. Kazbek. Kazvin (Casvin). Keary, C.F. Kebteul, night-watch. Kehran. Keiaz tribe. Keibung (Kaipingfu). Kelinfu (Kienning-fu), City, its bridges. Kemenfu, see Kaipingfu. Kenjanfu (Si-ngan fu). Keraits, a great Tartar tribe. Kerala. Keria, see Kiria. Keriza River. Kerman, route to Hormus from; steel manufacture, its industries; king of, Atabeg of; stitched vessels of; desert of. Kerulen (K'i-lien) valley, the Khans' burial-ground. Keshican (Keshikten), Kublai's life-guard. Kesmacoran (Kij Makran), Kij-Makran. Keuyung Kwan, village. Khakan, the word. Khalif (Calif) Mosta'Sim Billah of Baghdad, taken by Hulaku and starved to death; plot v. the Christians laid by a former—the miracle of the mountain; becomes secretly a Christian. Khalij. Kham, stuff made with cotton thread. Khambavati (Cambay). Khanabad (Dogana?). Khan Badshah of Khotan. Khanbalik, see Cambaluc. Khanfu. Khanikoff, N. de (travels in Persia). Khanjar-i-Hundwan, hanger of Indian steel. Khan-khanan, a title. Khanoolla (Mount Royal), site of Chinghiz's tomb. Khansa. Kharesem, Mount. Khato-tribe. Khatun-gol, or "Lady's River," i.e. Hwang-ho. Khatun title of Khan's wives. Khavailu (Hwo-lu h'ien). Khazars, the. Khilak. Khimka. Khinsa, Khingsai, Khinzai. (See Kinsay.). Khitan, Khitai. —— character. —— dynasty of Liao. Khmer. Khodabanda, Ilkhan of Kerman. Khojas, name of modern Ismailite sect. Khorasan, province, turquoises of. Khormuzda, supreme deity of the Tartars. Khotan (Cotan), fruits; routes between China and; buried cities of; its jade. Khumbavati (Cambay). Khumdan. Khusru, Amir, Indian poet. Khutuktai Setzen, Prince of the Ordos. Khwarizm. Kiacatu, see Kaikhatu. Kiahing (Ciangan, Canigan). Kiai- or Hiai-chau (Caichu). Kiakhta. Kia-k'ing, Emperor. Kiang, the Great (Kian and Kian-Suy, and in its highest course Brius, the Kinsha Kiang), its vastness, and numerous craft; steamers on; its former debouchure to the south, and changes. Kiang-Che, limits of. Kiang-Hung, Xieng-Hung. Kiangka. Kiang-mai, Xieng-mai, Zimme. Kiangshan. Kiangsi. Kiang-su. Kiang-suy (-shui) River. Kiangtheu. Kiang-Tung. Kiao-chi (Tungking), Chinese etymology of. Kia Tsing, Emperor, a great bridge builder. Kichau Castle. Kieh-Ch'a. K'ien-ch'ang, Kiung-tu (Caindu). Kien-chau. Kien-kwe. Kien-lung, Emperor. Kien-ning fu (Kelinfu). Kiepert, Map of Asia. Kij-Makran (Kesmacoran). Kila'-i-Gabr, "Gueber Castle". Kilimanchi River. Kiming shan Mountains, gold and silver mines. Kimiz, kumiz (kemiz), mare's milk,—Tartar beverage. Kin, or Golden Dynasty in N. China, their paper-money; story of their Golden King. Kincha, Chinese name for Kipchak. Kin-Chi, or Gold-Teeth (Zardandan). King of the Abraiaman. —— of England, Kublai's message to, intercourse with Mongol princes. —— of France, Kublai's message to. —— of Spain, Kublai's message to. —— Rev. C.W. Kings of Maabar, the five brothers, their mother's efforts to check their broils. —— subordinate, or Viceroys, in China. —— Tartar, of the Ponent. Kingsmill, T.W. King-te-chen, porcelain manufacture. K'ing-yuean (Ning-po). Kin-hwa fu. Kinki, Kimkha. Kinsay (King-sze, or "Capital," Khansa, Khinsa, Khingsai, Khanzai, Cansay, Campsay), formerly Lin-ngan now Hang-chau fu; its surrender to Bayan; extreme public security; alleged meaning of the name; described; bridges; hereditary trades, guilds and wealthy craftsmen and their dainty wives; the lake, islands and garden-houses; stone-towers—inhabitants' clothing and food; guards