55.—10. Le Livre de Marco Polo—Facsimile d'un manuscrit du XIV'e siecle conserve a la Bibliotheque royale de Stockholm, 4to, 4 ff. n. c. for the title ut supra and preface + 100 ff. n. c. [200 pages] of text facsimile.

We read on the verso of the title-page: "Photolithographie par l'Institut lithographique de l'Etat-Major—Typographie par l'Imprimerie centrale—Stockholm, 1882."—We learn from the preface by the celebrated A.E. Nordenskioeld, that 200 copies, two of which on parchment have been printed. In the preface is printed a letter, Paris, 22nd Nov. 1881, written by M. Leopold Delisle, which shows that the Stockholm MS. belonged to the library of the King of France, Charles V. (who had five copies of Polo's Book) and had No. 317 in the Inventory of 1411; it belonged to the Louvre, to Solier of Honfleur, to Paul Petau when it was purchased by King Christina.

—Le "Livre de Marco Polo." Facsimile d'un manuscrit du XIV'e siecle conserve a la Bibliotheque royale de Stockholm. Stockholm, 1882, in-4 (Signed: LEOPOLD DELISLE)—Nogent-le-Rotrou, imp. de Daupeley-Gouverneur. [1882], pp. 8vo.

Extrait de la Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des Chartes. t. xliii. 1882.—

This is a reprint of an article by M. Delisle in the Bib. de l'Ec. des Chartes, xliii. 1882, pp. 226-235.—see also p. 434.—M.G. Raynaud has also given a notice of this edition of Stockholm in Romania, xl. 1882, pp. 429-430, and Sir Henry Yule, in The Athenaeum, 17th June, 1882, pp. 765-766.

—Il libro di Marco Polo facsimile d'un manoscritto del XIV secolo. Nota del prof. G. Pennesi. (Bol. Soc. Geog. Ital., 1882, pp. 949-950.)

—See MURET, Ernest, pp. 547 and 582.



G.—ENGLISH EDITIONS.

56. 1. The most noble and famous trauels of Marcus Paulus, one of the nobilitie of the state of Venice, into the East partes of the world, as Armenia, Per sia, Arabia, Tartary, with many other kingdoms and Prouinces. No lesse pleasant, than profitable, as appeareth by the Table, or Contents of this Booke. Most necessary for all sortes of Persons, and especially for Trauellers. Translated into English. At London, Printed by Ralph Nevvbery, Anno. 1579. Small 4to. pp. [28]167[1]. Sig. *-**** A-X.

Pp. 167 without the 28 first pages which contain the title (2 p.), the epistle of the translator, Iohn Frampton (2 p.). Maister Rothorigo to the Reader: An introduction into Cosmographie (10 pages), the Table of the Chapters (6 p.). The Prologue (8 p.).

57.—2. The first Booke of Marcvs Pavlvs Venetvs, or of Master Marco Polo, a Gentleman of Venice, his Voyages. (Purchas, His Pilgrimes. London, Printed by William Stansby for Henrie Fetherstone, ... 1625, Lib. I. Ch. 1111. pp. 65-108.)

After Ramusio.

58.—3. The Travels of Marco Polo, or Mark Paul, the Venetian, into Tartary, in 1272. (Astley's Collection of Travels, IV. pp. 580-619).

French translation in l'Hist. Gen. des Voyages.

59.—4. Harris's Navigantium atque Itin. Bib., ed. of 1715 and of 1744.

60.—5. The curious and remarkable Voyages and Travels of Marco Polo, a Gentleman of Venice who in the Middle of the thirteenth Century passed through a great part of Asia, all the Dominions of the Tartars, and returned Home by Sea through the Islands of the East Indies. [Taken chiefly from the accurate Edition of Ramusio, compared with an original Manuscript in His Prussian Majesty's Library and with most of the Translations hitherto published.] (Pinkerton, VII. p. 101.)

61.—6. Marco Polo. Travels into China and the East, from 1260 to 1295. (Robert Kerr, A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels.... Edinburgh, 1811-1824, vol. i.)

62. 7. The Travels of Marco Polo, a Venetian, in the Thirteenth Century: being a Description, by that early traveller, of remarkable places and things, in the Eastern Parts of the World. Translated from the Italian, with Notes, by William Marsden, F.R.S., &c. With a Map. London: M. DCCC. XVIII., large 4to, pp. lxxx.-782 + 1 f. n. ch. for the er.

The first 80 pages are devoted to a remarkable Introduction, in which are treated of various subjects enumerated on p. 782: Life of Marco Polo; General View of the Work; Choice of Text for Translation; Original Language, etc. There is an index, pp. 757-781.

63.—8. The Travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian. The Translation of Marsden revised, with a Selection of his Notes. Edited by Thomas Wright, Esq. M.A., etc. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854, small 8vo, pp. xxviii.-508.

64.—9. The Travels of Marco Polo ... By Hugh Murray ... Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd ... M. DCCC. XLIV, 8vo, pp. 368.

Vol. 38 of the Edinburgh Cabinet Library, published at 5s.

—Second Edition, ... Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd ... M DCCC XLIV, 8vo.

—The Travels of Marco Polo, greatly amended and enlarged from valuable early manuscripts recently published by the French Society of Geography, and in Italy by Count Baldelli Boni. With copious Notes, illustrating the routes and observations of the author and comparing them with those of more recent Travellers. By Hugh Murray, F.R.S.E. Two Maps and a Vignette. New York, Harper, 1845, 12mo, pp. vi-326.

—4th ed., Edinburg, s.a.

65.—10. The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian, Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East. Newly Translated and edited, with Notes. By Colonel Henry Yule, C.B., late of the Royal Engineers (Bengal), Hon. Fellow of the Geographical Society of Italy. In two volumes. With Maps, and other Illustrations. London, John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1871, 2 vol. 8vo.

66.—11. The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian, Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East. Newly translated and edited, with Notes, Maps, and other Illustrations. By Colonel Henry Yule, C.B., late of the Royal Engineers (Bengal) ... In two volumes. Second edition, revised. With the addition of new matter and many new illustrations. London: John Murray, 1875, 2 vols. 8vo.

—Marco Polo e il suo Libro del Colonnello Henry Yule, C.B. Por Guglielmo Berchet. (Archivio Veneto, II. 1871, pp. 124-174, 259-350.)

Contains a Translation of the Introductory Essay, etc.

—The Story of Marco Polo. With Illustrations. London, John Murray, 1898, 8vo, pp. xiv.-247.

Preface by Noah Brooks. "In his comments ... the author has made use of the erudite notes of Colonel Henry Yule...."

67.—12. Voyages and Travels of Marco Polo.—London, Cassell, 1886, 16mo, pp. 192.

The Preface is signed H. M[osley].—From Pinkerton.—Popular Edition. Cassell's National Library.



H.—DUTCH EDITIONS

—Die nieuvve vveerelt der Landtschappen ende Eylanden ... Gheprint Thantwerpen ... Anno. M.D. LXIII. folio.

Marcus Pauwels, f. xxvii.

68. 1. MARKUS PAULUS VENETUS Reisen, En Beschryving Der oostersche Lantschappen; Daar in hy naaukeuriglijk veel Landen en Steden, die hy zelf ten meestendeel bereist en bezichtigt heeft, beschrijft, de zeden en gewoonten van die Vol- ken, tot aan die tijt onbekent, ten toon stelt, en d'opkoomst van de Heer- schappy der Tartaren, en hun veroevering van verscheide landen in Sina, met ander namen genoemt, bekent maakt. Beneffens de Historie Der oostersche Lantschappen, Door HAITHON van ARMENIEN te zamen gestelt. Beide nieuwelijks door J.H. GLAZEMAKER vertaalt. Hier is noch by gevoegt De Reizen van Nicolaas Venetus, en Jeronymus van St. Steven naar d'oostersche Landen, en naar d'Indien. Door P.P. vertaalt. Als ook een Verhaal van de verovering van 't Eilant Formosa, door de Sinezen; door J.V.K.B. vertaalt. Met Kopere Platen verciert. t' Amsterdam, Voor Abraham Wolfgang, Boekverkoper, aan d'Opgang van de Beurs, by de Beurstooren, in 't Geloof, 1664. 4to, 6 ff. not numbered for the tit., prf. + pp. 99 + 4 ff. not numbered for the tab. etc. of Marco Polo.

The other works have a special pagination.



I.—TCHEQUE EDITION.

69.—1. Million Marka Pavlova. Fragment of the tcheque translation of the Berlin Museum. Prague, No. 3 F. 26, XVth cent., by an Anonym, Moravian? (Vybor z Literatury ceske II. v Praze, 1868.)

70.—2. Pohledy do Velkorise mongolske v cas nejmocnejsiho rozkvetu jejiho za Kublaje kana. Na zaklade cestopisu Marka Polova podava A.J. Vrtatko. (Vynato z Casopisu Musea kral. Ceskeho 1873.) V Praze, J. Otto, 1873, 8vo, pp. 71.

M.A. Jarosl. Vrtatko has translated the whole of Marco Polo, but he has published only this fragment.



J.—RUSSIAN EDITIONS.

71.—1. [Russian: Marko Polo puteshestvie v' 1286 godu po Tatarii i drugim' stranam' vostoka venetsianskago dvoryanina Marko Polo, proevannago Millionerom',—Tri chasti.]—St. Petersburg, 1873, 8vo, pp. 250.

72.—2. [Russian: I.P. Minaev'.—Puteshestvie Marko Polo perevod' starofrantsueskago teksta.—Izdanie Imp. Rysskago Geog. Ouschestva pod' redaktsiei d'istvitel'nago chlena V.V. Bartol'da.]—St. Petersburg, 1902, 8vo, pp. xxix + 1 f. + pp. 355.

Vol. xxvi. of the Zapiski of the Russian Geog. Society, translated from the French.



K.—IRISH EDITION.

73.—The Gaelic Abridgment of the Book of Ser Marco Polo. By Whitley Stokes. (Zeit. f. Celtische Philologie, 1 Bd., 2 & 3 Hft. Halle a. S. 1896-7, 8vo, pp. 245-273, 362-438.)

Book of Lismore.—See our Introduction, I. p. 103, note.



L.—VARIOUS EDITIONS.

74.—1. The edition of Marco Polo in preparation by Klaproth is announced in the part of June, 1824 of the Journal Asiatique pp. 380-381.

"M. Klaproth vient de terminer son travail sur Marco Polo, qui l'a occupe depuis plusieurs annees....

"La nouvelle edition de Marco Polo, que notre confrere prepare, contiendra l'italien de Ramusio, complete, et des Notes explicatives en bas des pages. Elle sera accompagnee d'une Carte representant les pays visites ou decrits par le celebre Venitien."

—See also on this edition of Klaproth, the Bulletin des Sciences historiques, antiquites etc., juin 1824, art. 580; the Jour. des Savans, juillet 1824, pp. 446-447, and the Jour. As. of 1824-1828: Recherches sur les Ports de Gampou. Klaproth's materials for this edition were sold after his death Fr.200 to the bookseller Duprat; See Cat. des Livres composant la Bib. de M.K., II'e Partie, No. 292.

75.—2. Marco Polos Beskrivelse af det ostlige asiatiske Hoiland, forklaret ved C.V. Rimestad. Forste Afdeling, indeholdende Indiedningen og Ost-Turkestan. Indbydelseskrift til den aarlige offentlige Examen i Borgerdydskolen i Kjobenhavn i Juli 1841. Kjobenhavn, Trykt hos Bianco Luno. 1841, 8vo, pp. 80.

76.—3. Marco Polo's Resa i Asien.

Small ppt. square 12mo, pp. 16; on p. 16 at foot: Stockholm, tryckt hos P.G. Berg, 1859.

On the title-page a cut illustrating a traveller in a chariot drawn by elephants.



III.—TITLES OF SUNDRY BOOKS AND PAPERS WHICH TREAT OF MARCO POLO AND HIS BOOK.

1. SALVIATI, Cavalier LIONARDO. Degli Avvertimenti delta Lingua sopra'l Decamerone. In Venezia, 1584.

Has some brief remarks on Texts of Polo, and on references to him or his story in Villani and Boccaccio.

2. MARTINI, MARTINO. Novus Atlas Sinensis. Amstelodami, 1655.

The Maps are from Chinese sources, and are surprisingly good. The Descriptions, also from Chinese works but interspersed with information of Martini's own, have, in their completeness, never been superseded. This estimable Jesuit often refers to Polo with affectionate zeal, identifying his localities, and justifying his descriptions. The edition quoted in this book forms a part of Blaeu's Great Atlas (1663). It was also reprinted in Thevenot's Collection.

3. KIRCHER, ATHANASIUS. China Illustrata. Amstelodami, 1667.

He also often refers to Polo, but chiefly in borrowing from Martini.

4. MAGAILLANS, GABRIEL DE (properly Magalhaens). Nouvelle Description de la Chine, contenant la description des Particularites les plus considerables de ce Grand Empire. Paris, 1688, 4to.

Contains many excellent elucidations of Polo's work.

5. CORONELLI, VINCENZO. Atlante Veneto. Venezia, 1690.

Has some remarks on Polo, and the identity of Cathay and Cambaluc with China and Peking.

6. MURATORI, LUD. ANT. Perfetta Poesia, con note di SALVINI. Venezia, 1724.

In vol. ii. p. 117, Salvini makes some remarks on the language in which he supposes Polo to have composed his Book.

7. FOSCARINI, MARCO. Delia Letteratura Veneziana. Padova, 1752. Vol. i. 414 seqq.

8. FOSCARINI, MARCO. Frammento inedito di, intorno at Viaggiatori Veneziani; accompanied by Remarks on Buerck's German edition of Marco Polo, by TOMMASO GAR (late Director of the Venice Archives). In Archivio Storico Italiano, Append. tom. iv. p. 89 seqq. [See Bibliography, supra 8-8, p. 557.]

9. ZENO, APOSTOLO, Annotazioni sopra la Biblioteca dell' Eloquenza Italiana di Giusto Fontanini. Venezia, 1753.

See Marsden's Introduction, passim.

10. TIRABOSCHI, GIROLAMO. Storia della Letteratura Italiana. Modena, 1772-1783.

There is a disquisition on Polo, with some judicious remarks (iv. pp. 68-73).

11. TOALDO, GIUSEPPE. Saggi di Studj Veneti nell' Astronomia e nella Marina. Ven. 1782.

This work, which I have not seen, is stated to contain some remarks on Polo's Book. The author had intended to write a Commentary thereon, and had collected books and copies of MSS. with this view, and read an article on the subject before the Academy of Padua, but did not live to fulfil his intention (d. 1797).

[See Cicogna, II. p. 386; vi. p. 855.]

12. LESSING. Marco Polo, aus einer Handschrift ergaenzt, und aus einer andern sehr zu verbessern: (Zur Geschichte und Litteratur ... von G.E. Lessing. II. Beytrag. Braunschweig, 1773, 8vo, pp. 259-298.)

13. FORSTER, J. REINHOLD. H. des Decouvertes et des Voyages faits dans le Nord. French Version. Paris, 1788.

14. SPRENGEL, MATHIAS CHRISTIAN. Geschichte der wichtigsten geographischen Entdeckungen &c. 2nd Ed. Halle, 1792.

This book, which is a marvel for the quantity of interesting matter which it contains in small space, has much about Polo.

15. ZURLA, Abate PLACIDO. Life of Polo, in Collezione di Vite e Ritratti d'Illustri Italiani. Padova, 1816.

This book is said to have procured a Cardinal's Hat for the author. It is a respectable book, and Zurla's exertions in behalf of the credit of his countrymen are greatly to be commended, though the reward seems inappropriate.

16. ——, ——. Dissertazioni di Marco Polo e degli altri Viaggiatori Veneziani, &c. Venezia, 1818-19, 4to.

17. 18, 19. QUARTERLY REVIEW, vol. xxi. (1819), contains an Article on Marsden's Edition, written by John Barrow, Esq.; that for July, 1868, contains another on Marco Polo and his Recent Editors, written by the present Editor; and that for Jan. 1872, one on the First Edition of this work, by R.H. Major, Esq.

20. ASIA, Hist. Account of Discovery and Travels in. By HUGH MURRAY Edinburgh, 1820.

21. STEIN, C.G.D. Rede des Herrn Professor Dr. Christian Gottfried Daniel Stein. (Gesprochen den 29sten September, 1819.) Ueber den Venetianer Marco Polo. Pages 8-19 of Einladung zur Gedaechtniszfeier der Wohlthater des Berlinisch-Koellnischen Gymnasiums ... von dem Direktor Johann Joachim Bellermann. Sm. 8vo, s.d. [1821].

22. KLAPROTH, JULIUS. A variety of most interesting articles in the Journal Asiatique (see ser. I. tom. iv., tom. ix.; ser. II. tom. i. tom. xi. etc.), and in his Memoires Relatifs a l'Asie. Paris, 1824.

Klaproth speaks more than once as if he had a complete Commentary on Marco Polo prepared or in preparation (e.g., see J. As., ser. i. tom. iv. p. 380). But the examination of his papers after his death produced little or nothing of this kind.—[Cf. supra, p. 573.]

23. CICOGNA, EMMANUELE ANTONIO. Delle Iscrizioni Veneziane, Raccolte ed Illustrate. Venezia, 1824-1843.

Contains valuable notices regarding the Polo family, especially in vol. ii.

24. REMUSAT, JEAN PIERRE ABEL. Melanges Asiatiques. Paris, 1825. Nouveaux Melanges As. Paris, 1829.

The latter contains (i. 381 seqq.) an article on Marsden's Marco Polo, and one (p. 397 seqq.) upon Zurla's Book.

25. ANTOLOGIA, edited by VIEUSSIEUX. Tom. xix. B. pp. 92-124. Firenze, 1825.

A review of the publication of the old French Text by the Soc. de Geographie.

26. ANNALI UNIVERSALI DI STATISTICA. Vol. xvi. p. 286. Milano. 1828. Article by F. CUSTODI.

27. WALCKENAER, Baron C. Vies de plusieurs Personnages Celebres des temps anciens et modernes. Laon, 1830, 2 vol. 8vo.

This contains a life of Marco Polo, vol. ii. pp. 1-34.

28. ST. JOHN, JAMES AUGUSTUS. Lives of Celebrated Travellers. London (circa 1831).

Contains a life of Marco Polo, which I regret not to have seen.

29. COOLEY, W.D. Hist. of Maritime and Inland Discovery. London, (circa 1831).

This excellent work contains a good chapter on Marco Polo.

30. RITTER, CARL. Die Erdkunde von Asien. Berlin, 1832, seqq.

This great work abounds with judicious comments on Polo's Geography, most of which have been embodied in Buerck's edition.

31. DELECLUZE, M. Article on Marco Polo in the Revue des Deux Mondes for 1st July, 1832. Vol. vii. 8vo, pp. 24.

32. PAULIN PARIS. Papers of much value on the MSS. of Marco Polo, etc., in Bulletin de la Soc. de Geographie for 1833, tom. xix. pp. 23-31; as well as in Journal Asiatique, ser. II. tom. xii. pp. 244-54; L'Institut, Journal des Sciences, &c., Sect. II tom. xvi. Jan, 1851.

33. MALTE-BRUN. Precis de la Geog. Universelle, 4th Ed. par HUOT. Paris, 1836.

Vol. i. (pp. 551 seqq.) contains a section on Polo, neither good nor correct.

34. DE MONTEMONT, ALBERT. Bibliotheque Universelle des voyages.

In vol. xxxi. pp. 33-51 there is a Notice of Marco Polo.

35. PALGRAVE, Sir FRANCIS. The Merchant and the Friar. London, 1837.

The Merchant is Marco Polo, who is supposed to visit England, after his return from the East, and to become acquainted with the Friar Roger Bacon. The book consists chiefly of their conversations on many subjects.

It does not affect the merits of this interesting book that Bacon is believed to have died in 1292, some years before Marco's return from the East.

36. D'AVEZAC, M. Remarks in his most valuable Notice sur les Anciens Voyages de Tartarie, &c., in the Recueil de Voyages et de Memoires publie par la Societe de Geographie, tom. iv. pp. 407 seqq. Paris,1839. Also article in the Bulletin de la Soc. de Geog., &c., for August, 1841; and in Journal Asiat. ser. II. tom. xvi. p. 117.

37. PARAVEY, Chev. DE. Article in Journ. Asiatique, ser. II. tom. xvi. 1841, p. 101.

38. HAMMER-PURGSTALL, in Bull. de la Soc. de Geog., tom. iii. No. 21, p. 45.

39. QUATREMERE, ETIENNE. His translations and other works on Oriental subjects abound in valuable indirect illustrations of M. Polo; but in Notices et Extraits des MSS. de la Bibliotheque du Rio, tom. xvi. Pt. i. pp. 281-286, Paris, 1843, there are some excellent remarks both on the work itself and on Marsden's Edition of it.

40. MACFARLANE, CHARLESE Romance of Travel. London, C. Knight. 1846.

A good deal of intelligent talk on Marco Polo.

41. MEYER, ERNST H.F. Geschichte der Botanik. Koenigsberg, 1854-57.

In vol. iv, there is a special chapter on Marco Polo's notices of plants.

42. THOMAS, Professor G.M. Zu Marco Polo, aus einem Cod. ital. Monacensis in the Sitzungsberichten der Muenchner Akademie, 4th March, 1862, pp. 261-270

43. KHANIKOFF, NICOLAS DE. Notice sur le Livre de Marco Polo, edite et commente par M.G. Pauthier. Paris, 1866. Extracted from the Journal Asiatique. I have frequently quoted this with advantage, and sometimes have ventured to dissent from it.

44. CAHIER, Pere. Criticism of Pauthier's Marco Polo, and reply by G. Pauthier, in Etudes Litteraires et Religieuses of 1866 and 1867. Paris.

45. BARTHELEMY ST. HILAIRE. A series of articles on Marco Polo in the Journal des Savants of January-May, 1867, chiefly consisting of a reproduction of Pauthier's views and deductions.

46. DE GUBERNATIS, Prof. ANGELO. Memoria intorno ai Viaggiatori italiani nelle Indie Orientali, dal secolo XIII. a tutto il XVI. Firenze, 1867.

47. BIANCONI, Prof. GIUSEPPE. Degli Scritti di Marco Polo e dell' Uccello RUC da lui menzionato. 2 parts large 8vo. Bologna, 1862 and 1868, pp. 64, 40.

A meritorious essay, containing good remarks on the comparison of different Texts.

48. KINGSLEY, HENRY. Tales of Old Travel renarrated. London, 1869.

This begins with Marco Polo. The work has gone through several editions, but I do not know whether the author had corrected some rather eccentric geography and history that were presented in the first. Mr. Kingsley is the author of another story about Marco Polo in a Magazine, but I cannot recover the reference.

49. NOTES AND QUERIES for CHINA AND JAPAN. This was published from January, 1867, to November, 1870, at Hong-Kong under able editorship, and contained some valuable notes connected with Marco Polo's chapters on China.

50. GHIKA, Princess ELENA (Dora d'Istria). Marco Polo, Il Cristoforo Colombo dell' Asia. Trieste, 1869, 8vo, pp. 39.

51. BUFFA, Prof. GASPARE. Marco Polo, Orazione commemorativa, Letta nel R. Liceo Cristoforo Colombo il 24 marzo 1872. Genova, 8vo, pp. 18.

52. EDINBURGH REVIEW, January, 1872, pp. 1-36. A review of the first edition of the present work, acknowledged by SIR HENRY RAWLINSON, and full of Oriental knowledge. (See also No. 19 supra.)

53. OCEAN HIGHWAYS, for December, 1872, p. 285. An interesting letter on Marco Polo's notices of Persia, by Major OLIVER ST. JOHN, R.E.

54. RICHTHOFEN, Baron F. VON. Das Land und die Stadt Caindu von Marco Polo, a valuable paper in the Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fuer Erdkunde zu Berlin. No. 1 of 1874, p. 33.

55. BUSHELL, Dr. S.W., Physician to H.M.'s Legation at Peking. Notes of a Journey outside the Great Wall of China, embracing an account of the first modern visit to the site of Kublai's Palace at Shang-tu. Appeared in J.R.G.S. vol. xliv. An abstract was published in the Proc. R.G.S. xviii., 1874, pp. 149-168.

56. PHILLIPS, GEORGE, of H.M.'s Consular Service in China.—Marco Polo and Ibn Batuta in Fookien (Chinese Recorder, III., 1870-1871, pp. 12, 44, 71, 87, 125); Notices of Southern Mangi, with Remarks by COLONEL HENRY YULE, C.B. (from the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society); Notices of Southern Mangi [Abridgment] (Proc. R. Geog. Soc., XVIII., 1873-1874, pp. 168-173); Zaitun Researches (Chin. Rec., V. pp. 327-339; VI. 31-42; VII. pp. 330-338, 404-418; VIII. 117-124); Changchow, the Capital of Fuhkien in Mongol Times, read before the Society, 19th November, 1888 (Jour. C.B.R.A.S., XXIII. N.S., n'o 1, 1888, pp. 23-30); The Identity of Marco Polo's Zaitun with Chang-chau, with a sketch-map of Marco-Polo's route (T'oung Pao, I., Oct. 1890, pp. 218-238); Two Mediaeval Fuh-kien Trading Ports, Chuean-chow and Chang-chow.—Part I. Chang-chow (T'oung-Pao, VI. No. 5, dec. 1895, pp. 449/463).—Part II. Chuean-Chow (Ibid., VII. No. 3, Juillet 1896 pp. 223/240, with 3 photog.).

57. WHEELER, J. TALBOYS. History of India (vol. iii. pp. 385-393) contains a resume of, and running comment on, Marco Polo's notices of India.

Mr. Wheeler's book says; "His travels appear to have been written at Comorin, the most southerly point of India" (p. 385). The words that I have put in Italics are evidently a misprint, though it is not clear how to correct them.

58. DE SKATTSCHKOFF, CONSTANTIN. Le Venitien Marco Polo, et les services qu'il a rendus en faisant connaitre l'Asie. Read before the Imp. Geog. Society at St. Petersburg, 6/18 October, 1865; translated by M. Emile Durand in the Journ. Asiatique, ser. VII. tom. iv. pp. 122-158 (September, 1874).

The Author expresses his conviction that Marco Polo had described a number of localities after Chinese written authorities; for in the old Chinese descriptions of India and other transmarine countries are found precisely the same pieces of information, neither more nor fewer, that are given by Marco Polo. Though proof of this would not be proof of the writer's deduction that Marco Polo was acquainted with the Chinese language, it would be very interesting in itself, and would explain some points to which we have alluded (e.g., in reference to the frankincense plant, p. 396, and to the confusion between Madagascar and Makdashau, p. 413). And Mr. G. Phillips has urged something of the same kind. But M. de Skattschkoff adduces no proof at all; and for the rest his Essay is full of inaccuracy.

59. CANTU, CESARE. Italiani Illustri Ritratti, 1873, vol. i. p. 147.

60. MARSH, JOHN B. Stories of Venice and the Venetians ... illustrated by C. Berjeau. London, 1873, 8vo, pp. vii.-418.

Chaps, VI., VII. and VIII. are devoted to Marco Polo.

61. KINGSMILL, THOS. W. Notes on the Topography of some of the Localities in Manji, or Southern China mentioned by Marco Polo. (Notes and Queries on China and Japan, vol. i. pp. 52-54.)

—— Notes on Marco Polo's Route from Khoten to China. (Chin. Recorder, VII. 1876, pp. 338-343.)

62. PAQUIER, J.B. Itineraire de Marco Polo a travers la region du Pamir au XIII'e siecle. (Bull. Soc. Geog., 1876, aout, pp. 113-128.)

63. PALLADIUS, ARCHIMANDRITE. Elucidations of Marco Polo's Travels in North-China, drawn from Chinese Sources. (Jour. N.C.Br.R.As.Soc., x. 1876, pp. 1-54.)

Translated into English by A. Wylie and E. Bretschneider. The Russian text has just been published (T. xxxviii. 1902, of the Isviestiya) by the Imp. Russian Geog. Society.

Sir Henry Yule wrote in the Addenda of the second edition:

"And I learn from a kind Russian correspondent, that an early number of the J. N. China Branch R. Asiatic Society will contain a more important paper, viz.: Remarks on Marco Polo's Travels to the North of China, derived from Chinese Sources; by the ARCHIMANDRITE PALLADIUS. This celebrated traveller and scholar says (as I am informed): 'I have followed up the indications of Marco Polo from Lobnor to Shangdu, and in part to Peking.... It would seem that I have been so fortunate as to clear up the points that remained obscure to Yule.' I deeply regret that my book cannot now profit by these promised remarks. I am not, however, without hope, that in the present edition, with its Appendices, some at least of the Venerable Traveller's identifications may have been anticipated."

The greater part of the notes of my late friend, the Archimandrite Palladius Katharov, have been incorporated in the present edition of Marco Polo.—H.C.

64. JIRECEK, JOSEF. Basen o pobiti Tataruv a "Million" Marka Pavlova, (Casopis Musea kralovstvi ceskeho, 1877, pp. 103-119).

65. GEBAUER, J. Ein Beitrag zur Erklaerung der Koeniginhofer Handschrift. (J. Gebauer, in Archiv fuer Slavische Philologie, Berlin, 1877, ii. pp. 143-155.)

66. ZANETTI, V. Quattro Documenti inediti dell' Archivio degli Esposti in Venezia (Marco Polo e la sua Famiglia—Marin Falier). Por V. Zanetti. (Archivio Veneto, xvi. 1878, pp. 95-110.)

See Calendar, Nos. 6, 19, and 20 for the three Documents relating to the Polo Family.

—Marco Polo e la sua famiglia. (Ibid., xvii. 1879, pp. 359-362.) Letters of Comm. G. Berchet and Yule regarding these documents.

67. HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, Gen. Notes on Marco Polo's Itinerary in Southern Persia (Chapters xvi. to xxi., Col. Yule's Translation). (Jour. R. As. Soc., N.S., vol. xiii. Art. XX. Oct. 1881, pp. 490-497.)

—— Marco Polo's Camadi. (Ibid., Jan. 1898, pp. 43-46.)

68. THOMSON, J.T. Marco Polo's Six Kingdoms or Cities in Java Minor, identified in translations from the ancient Malay Annals, by J.T.T., Commissioner of Crown Lands, Otago, 1875. (Proc.R.G.Soc., XX. 1875-1876, pp. 215-224.)

Translation from the "Salafat al Salatin perturan segala rajaraja," or Malay Annals.

69. K.C. AMREIN. Marco Polo: Oeffentlicher Vortrag, gehalten in der Geographisch—Kommerziellen Gesellschaft in St. Gallen. Zurich, 1879, 8vo.

70. VIDAL-LABLACHE, PAUL. Bibliotheque des Ecoles et des Families.—Marco Polo, son temps et ses voyages. Paris, 1880, 8vo, pp. 192.

There is a second edition.

71. G.M. URBANI DE GHELTOF. III. Congresso Geografico Internazionale in Venezia.—La Collezione del Doge Marin Faliero e i tesori di Marco Polo. Venezia, 1881, 8vo, pp. 8.

From the Bulletino di Arti, industrie e curiosita veneziane III. pp. 98-103.—See Int. p. 79.

72. SEGUSO, L. La Casa dei Milioni o labitazione di Marco Polo. (Venezia e il Congresso, 1881.)

73. CORDIER, HENRI. Maison de Marco Polo [a Venise.] (Revue de l'Extreme-Orient, i. No. 1, p. 157); Statue de Marco Polo. (Revue de l'Extreme-Orient, i. No. 1, pp. 156-157.)

74. Illustrazione Italiana, No. 38, Sept. 18, 1881.

75. YULE, Sir HENRY. Marco Polo. (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1885, 9th ed., xix. pp. 404-409.)

76. SCHUMANN, Dr. K. Marco Polo, ein Weltreisender des XIII. Jahrhunderts. Berlin, 1885. 8vo, pp. 32.

Sammlung gemeinverstaendlicher wissenschaftlicher Vortraege, herausgegeben von Rud. Virchow und Fr. von Holtzendorff. XX. Serie. Heft 460.

77. Marco Polo. (Blackwood's Mag., clxii. Sept. 1887, pp. 373-386.) (Rep. in Littell's Living Age, Boston, CLXXV., p. 195.)

78. EDKINS, JOSEPH. Kan Fu. (China Review, xv. pp. 310-331.)

79. OLIPHANT, Mrs.—The Makers of Venice. London, 1887, 8vo. Part II.—Chap. i. The Travellers: Niccolo, Matteo, and Marco Polo, pp. 134-157.

80. DUCLAU, S.—La Science populaire—Marco Polo, sa Vie et ses Voyages. Par S. Duclau. Limoges, Eugene Ardant, s.d. [1889], 8vo, pp. 192.

81. PARKER, E.H. Charchan. (China Review, xviii. p. 261); Hunting Lodges (Ibid., p. 261); Barscol. (Ibid.); Life Guards (p. 262); Canfu or Canton (Ibid., xiv. pp. 358-359); Kaunchis (Ibid., p. 359); Polo (Ibid., xv., p. 249); Marco Polo's Transliterations (Ibid., xvi., p. 125); Canfu (Ibid., p. 189).

82. SCHALLER, M.—Marco Polo und die Texte seiner "Reisen".—Programm der Kgl. Studien—Anstalt Burghausen fuer das Studienjahr 1889-90 von Michael Schaller, Kgl. Studienlehzer f.n. Sprachen. Burghausen, Russy, 8vo, pp. 57.

83. SEVERTZOW, Dr. NICOLAS. Etudes de Geographie historique sur les anciens itineraires a travers le Pamir, Ptolemee, Hiouen-Thsang, Song-yuen, Marco Polo. (Bul. Soc. Geog., 1890, pp. 417-467, 553-610.)

(Marco Polo, pp. 583 seqq.)

84. AMENT, W.S. Marco Polo in Cambaluc: A Comparison of foreign and native Accounts. (Journ. Peking Orient. Soc., III. No. 2, 1892, pp. 97-122.)

85. COLLINGRIDGE, GEORGE. The Early Cartography of Japan. By George Collingridge. (Geographical Journal, May, 1894, pp. 403-409.)—Japan or Java? An Answer to Mr. George Collingridge's Article on "The Early Cartography of Japan," by F.G. Kramp. Overgedrukt uit het "Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Jaargang 1894." Leiden, E.J. Brill, 1894, 8vo, pp. 14. The Early Cartography of Japan. By H. Yule Oldham. (Geographical Journal, Sept. 1894, pp. 276-279.)

86. HIRTH, FRIED. Ueber den Schiffsverkehr von Kinsay zu Marco Polo's Zeit. (T'oung Pao, Dec. 1894, pp. 386-390.)

87. DRAPEYRON, LUDOVIC.—Le Retour de Marco Polo en 1295. Cathay et Sypangu. (Revue de Geographie, Juillet, 1895, pp. 3-8.)

88. CORDIER, HENRI. Centenaire de Marco Polo. Paris, 1896, 8vo.

A Lecture with a Bibliography which is the basis of the list of this edition of Marco Polo.

89. MANLY.—Marco Polo and the Squire's Tale. By John Matthews Manly. (Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, vol. xi. 1896, pp. 349-362.)

Cf. our Introduction, p. 128.

90. SUEZ, IUMING C. Marco Polo. (St. John's Echo, Shanghai, Nov. 1899.)

91. NORDENSKIOELD, A.E.—Om det inflytande Marco Polos reseberaettelse utoefvat pa Gastaldis kartor oefver Asien. (ur Ymer, Tidskrift utgifven af Svenska Saellskapet foer Antropologi och Geografi, Arg. 1899, H. 1, pp. 33 to 42).

—— The Influence of the "Travels of Marco Polo" on Jacobo Gastaldi's Map of Asia. (Geog. Journal, April, 1899, pp. 396 to 406.)

See Introduction, p. 137.

92. CHAIX, PAUL. Marco Polo. (Le Globe, Soc. Geog. Geneve, fev.-avril, 1900, pp. 84-94.)

93. LE STRANGE, GUY. The Cities of Kirman in the time of Hamd-Allah Mustawfi and Marco Polo. (J. R. As. Soc., April, 1901, pp. 281-290.)

94. MURET, ERNEST. Un fragment de Marco Polo. Paris, 1901, 8vo., pp. 8.

From Romania, tom. xxx. See p. 547, App. F., 65.

95. GREAT EXPLORERS.—Marco Polo, Ferdinand Magellan, Mungo Park, Sir John Franklin, David Livingstone, Christopher Columbus, etc., etc. Thomas Nelson, London, 1902, 8vo, pp. 224.

Marco Polo, pp. 7-21.

[1] [Sir Henry Yule expressed his regret to me that he had not the facility at Palermo to undertake this Bibliography which I consider as a legacy from the first and illustrious editor of this book.—H.C.]



APPENDIX I.—Titles of Works which are cited by abbreviated References in this Book.

ABDALLATIF. Relation de l'Egypte. Trad. par M. Silvestre de Sacy. Paris, 1810.

ABULPHARAGIUS. Hist. Compend. Dynastiarum, etc., ab Ed. Pocockio. Oxon. 1663.

ABR. ROGER. See La Porte ouverte.

ACAD. Mem. de l'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.

AIN-I-AKBARI or AIN. AKB. BL. refers to Blochmann's Translation in Bibliotheca Indica. Calcutta, 1869, seqq.

ALEXANDRIADE, ou Chanson de Geste d'Alexandre-le-Grand, de Lambert Le Court et Alex. de Bernay. Dinan et Paris, 1861, 12mo.

ALPHABETUM TIBETANUM Missionum Apostolicarum commodo editum; A.A. Georgii. Romae, 1762, 4to.

AM. EXOT. Engelbert Kaempfer's Amoenitatum Exoticarum Fasciculi V. Lemgoviae, 1712.

AMYOT. Memoires concernant les Chinois, etc. Paris v. y.

ARABS., ARABSHAH. Ahmedis Arabsiadis Vitae .... Timuri .... Historia. Latine vertit ... S.H. Manger. Franequerae, 1767.

ARCH. STOR. ITAL. Archivio Storico Italiano. Firenze, v. y.

ASSEMANI, Bibliotheca Orientalis. Romae, 1719-28.

ASTLEY. A New General Collection of Voyages, etc. London, 1745-1747.

AVA, MISSION TO, Narrative of Major Phayre's. By Capt. H. Yule. London, 1858

AYEEN AKBERY refers to Gladwin's Transl., Calcutta, 1787.

BABER, Memoir of. Transl. by Leyden and Erskine. London, 1826.

BABER, E. COLBORNE. Travels and Researches in Western China. London, 1882, 8vo.

Vol. i. Pt. I. Supp. Papers R. Geog. Society.

BACON, ROGER. Opus Majus. Venet. 1750.

BAER UND HELMERSEN. Beitraege zur Kenntniss des Russischen Reiches, etc. St. Petersburg, 1839, seqq.

BAUDUIN DE SEBOURC. Li Romans de Bauduin de S., III'e Roy de Jherusalem. Valenciennes, 1841, 2 vol. large 8vo.

BENJAMIN OF TUDELA. Quoted from T. Wright's Early Travels in Palestine. Bohn, London, 1848.

BRETSCHNEIDER, DR. E. Notes on Chinese Mediaeval Travellers to the West. Shanghai, 1875, 8vo.

—— Archaeological and Historical Researches on Peking and its Environs. Shanghai, 1876, 8vo.

—— Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources. London, 1888, 2 vol. 8vo.

—— History of European Botanical Discoveries in China. London [St. Petersburg], 1898, 2 Pts. 8vo. Begins with Marco Polo, pp. 1-5.

All these works are most valuable.

BRIDGMAN, Rev. Dr. Sketches of the Meaou-tsze, transl. by. In J. N. Ch. Br. R. As. Soc. for Dec. 1859.

BROWNE'S Vulgar Errors, in Bohn's Ed. of his Works. London, 1852.

BUCHON. Chroniques Etrangeres relatives aux Expeditions Francaises pendant le XIII'e Siecle. Paris, 1841.

BURNES, ALEX. Travels into Bokhara. 2nd Ed. London, 1835.

BUESCHING'S Magazin fuer die neue Historie und Geographie. Halle, 1779, seqq.

CAHIER ET MARTIN. Melanges d'Archeologie. Paris, v. y.

CAPMANY, ANTONIO. Memorias Historicas sobre la marina ... de Barcelona. Madrid, 1779-1792.

CARP., CARPINI. As published in Recueil de Voyages et de Memoires de la Soc. de Geog. Tom. iv. Paris, 1839.

CATHAY, and the Way Thither. By Col. H. Yule. Hakluyt Society, 1866.

CHARDIN, Voyages en Perse de. Ed. of Langles. Paris, 1811.

CHAVANNES, EDOUARD. Memoire compose a l'epoque de la grande dynastie T'ang sur les Religieux eminents qui allerent chercher la loi dans les Pays d'Occident par I-TSING. Paris, 1894, 8vo.

CHINA ILLUSTRATA. See Kircher.

CHINE ANCIENNE. By Pauthier, in L'Univers Pittoresque. Paris, 1837.

—— MODERNE. By do. and Bazin, in do. Paris, 1853.

CHIN. REP. Chinese Repository. Canton, 1832, seqq.

CLAVIJO. Transl. by C.R. Markham. Hak. Society, 1859.

CONSULAR REPORTS. (See this vol. p. 144.)

CONTI, Travels of Nicolo. In India in the XVth Century. Hak. Society, 1857.

CORDIER, HENRI. Les Voyages en Asie au XIV'e Siecle du Bienheureux Frere Odoric de Pordenone. Paris, 1891, 8vo.

——. L'Extreme-Orient dans l'Atlas Catalan de Charles V., Roi de France. Paris, 1895, 8vo.

CURZON, GEORGE N. Persia and the Persian Question. London, 1892, 2 vol. 8vo.

D'AVEZAC. See App. H., III., No. 36.

DAVIES'S REPORT. Rep. on the Trade and Resources of the Countries on the N.W. Boundary of Br. India (By R.H. Davies, now (1874) Lieut.-Governor of the Panjab).

DEGUIGNES. Hist. Gen. des Huns, etc. Paris, 1756.

—— (the Younger). Voyage a Peking, etc. Paris, 1808.

DELLA DECIMA, etc. Lisbone e Lucca (really Florence) 1765-1766. The 3rd volume of this contains the Mercantile Handbook of Pegolotti (circa 1340), and the 4th volume that of Uzzano (1440).

DELLA PENNA. Breve Notizia del Regno del Thibet. An extract from the Journal Asiatique, ser. II. tom. xiv. (pub. by Klaproth).

DELLA VALLE, P. Viaggi. Ed. Brighton, 1843.

DE MAILLA. H. Generale de la Chine, etc. Paris, 1783.

DEVERIA, G. La Frontiere Sino-Annamite. Paris, 1886, 8vo.

—— Notes d'Epigraphie mongole-chinoise. Paris, 1897, 8vo. From the Jour. As.

—— Musulmans et Manicheens chinois. Paris, 1898, 8vo. From the Jour. As.

—— Stele Si-Hia de Leang-tcheou. Paris, 1898, 8vo. From the Jour. As.

DICT. DE LA PERSE. Dict. Geog. Hist. et Litt. de la Perse, etc.; par Barbier de Meynard. Paris, 1861.

D'OHSSON. H. des Mongols. La Haye et Amsterdam, 1834.

DOOLITTLE, Rev. J. The Social Life of the Chinese. Condensed Ed. London, 1868.

DOUET D'ARCQ. Comptes de l'Argenterie des Rois de France au XV'e Siecle Paris, 1851.

DOZY AND ENGELMANN. Glossaire des Mots Espagnols et Portugais derives de l'Arabe. 2de. Ed. Leyde, 1869.

DUCHESNE, ANDRE, Historiae Francorum Scriptores. Lut. Par. 1636-1649.

EARLY TRAVELS in Palestine, ed. by T. Wright, Esq. Bohn, London, 1848.

EDRISI. Trad. par Amedee Jaubert; in Rec. de Voy. et de Mem., tom. v. et vi. Paris, 1836-1840.

ELIE DE LAPRIMAUDAIE. Etudes sur le Commerce au Moyen Age. Paris, 1848.

ELLIOT. The History of India as told by its own Historians. Edited from the posthumous papers of Sir H.M. Elliot, by Prof. Dowson. 1867, seqq.

ERDMANN, Dr. FRANZ v. Temudschin der Unerschuetterliche. Leipzig, 1862.

ERMAN. Travels in Siberia. Transl. by W.D. Cooley. London, 1848.

ESCAYRAC DE LAUTURE. Memoires sur la Chine. Paris, 1865.

ETUDE PRATIQUE, etc. See Hedde.

FARIA Y SOUZA. History of the Discovery and Conquest of India by the Portuguese. Transl. by Capt. J. Stevens. London, 1695.

FERRIER, J.P. Caravan Journeys, etc. London, 1856.

FORTUNE. Two Visits to the Tea Countries of China. London, 1853.

FRANCISQUE-MICHEL. Recherches sur le Commerce, la fabrication, et l'usage des etoffes de Soie, etc. Paris, 1852.

FRESCOB. Viaggi in Terra Santa di L. Frescobaldi, etc. (1384). Firenze, 1862.

GARCIA DE ORTA. Garzia dall' Horto, Dell' Istoria dei semplici ed altre cose che vengono portate dall' Indie Orientali, etc. Trad. dal Portughese da Annib. Briganti. Venezia, 1589.

GARNIER, FRANCIS. Voyage d'Exploration en Indo-Chine. Paris, 1873.

GAUBIL. H. de Gentchiscan et de toute la Dinastie des Mongous. Paris, 1739.

GILDEM., GILDEMEISTER. Scriptorum Arabum de Rebus Indicis, etc. Bonn, 1838.

GILL, CAPT. WILLIAM. The River of Golden Sand ... With an Introductory Essay by Col. HENRY YULE.... London, 1880, 2 vol. 8vo.

GODINHO DE EREDIA. Malaca l'Inde meridionale et le Cathay reproduit en facsimile et traduit par M. LEON JANSSEN. Bruxelles, 1882, 4to.

GOLD. HORDE. See Hammer.

GRENARD, F. J.-L. Dutreuil de Rhins-Mission scientifique dans la Haute Asie, 1890-1895. Paris, 1897-1898, 3 vol. 4to and Atlas.

GROENEVELDT, W.P. Notes on the Archipelago and Malacca. Compiled from Chinese Sources. [Batavia, 1877] 8vo.

Rep. by Dr. R. Rost in 1887.

—— Supplementary Jottings to the Notes. T'oung Pao, VII., May, 1896, pp. 113-134.

HAMILTON, A. New Account of the East Indies. London, 1744.

HAMMER-PURGSTALL. Geschichte der Goldenen Horde. Pesth, 1840.

—— Geschichte der Ilchane. Darmstadt, 1842.

HEDDE ET RONDOT. Etude Pratique du Commerce d'Exportation de la Chine, par I. Hedde. Revue et completee par N. Rondot. Paris, 1849.

HEYD, Prof. W. Le Colonie Commerciali degli Italiani in Oriente nel Media Evo; Dissert. Rifatt. dall' Autore e recate in Italiano dal Prof. G. Mueller. Venezia e Torino, 1866.

—— Histoire du Commerce du Levant au Moyen Age ... ed. francaise ... par Furcy Raynaud. Leipzig, 1885-6, 2 vol. 8vo.

HOSIE, ALEXANDER. Three Years in Western China; a Narrative of three Journeys in Ssu-ch'uan, Kuei-chow, and Yun-nan. London, 1890, 8vo.

H.T. or HIUEN TSANG. Vie et Voyages, viz. Hist. de la Vie de Hiouen Thsang et de ses Voyages dans l'Inde, &c. Paris, 1853.

—— or ——. Memoires sur les Contrees Occidentales, &c. Paris, 1857. See Pelerins Bouddhistes.

HUC. Recollections of a Journey through Tartary, &c. Condensed Transl. by Mrs. P. Sinnett. London, 1852.

I.B., IBN. BAT., IBN BATUTA. Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah par Defremery et Sanguinetti. Paris, 1853-58, 4 vol. 8vo.

IBN KHORDADHBEH.... Cum versione gallica edidit.... M.J. de Goeje. Lug. Bat., 1889, 8vo.

ILCH., ILCHAN., HAMMER'S ILCH. See Hammer.

INDIA IN XVTH CENTURY. Hak. Soc. 1857.

IND. ANT., INDIAN ANTIQUARY, a Journal of Oriental Research. Bombay, 1872, seqq.

J.A.S.B. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

J. As. Journal Asiatique.

J.C.BR.R.A.S. Journal of the China Branch of the R. Asiatic Society, Shanghai.

J. IND. ARCH. Journal of the Indian Archipelago.

J.N.C.BR.R.A.S. Journal of the North China Branch of the R. Asiatic Society, Shanghai.

J.R.A.S. Journal of the Royal As. Society.

J.R.G.S. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society.

JOINVILLE. Edited by Francisque-Michel. Firmin-Didot: Paris, 1867.

KAEMPFER. See Am. Exot.

KHANIKOFF, NOTICE. See App. H., III., No. 43.

—— MEMOIRE sur la Partie Meridionale de l'Asie Centrale, Paris, 1862.

KIRCHER, Athanasius. China, Monumentis, &c., Illustrata. Amstelod. 1667.

KLAP. MEM. See App. H., III., No. 22.

KOEPPEN, Die Religion des Buddha,, von Carl Friedrich. Berlin, 1857-59

LA PORTE OUVERTE, &c., ou la Vraye Representation de la Vie, des Moeurs, de la Religion, et du Service Divin des Bramines, &c., par le Sieur Abraham Roger, trad. en Francois. Amsterdam, 1670.

LADAK, &c. By Major Alex. Cunningham. 1854.

LASSEN. Indische Alterthumskunde. First edition is cited throughout.

LECOMTE, Pere L. Nouveaux Memoires sur la Chine. Paris, 1701.

LEVCHINE, ALEXIS DE. Desc. des Hordes et des Steppes des Kirghiz Kaissaks; trad. par F. de Pigny. Paris, 1840.

LINSCHOTEN. Hist. de la Navigation de Jean Hugues de Linschot. 3iem ed. Amst., 1638.

MAGAILLANS. See App. H., III., No. 4.

MAKRIZI. See Quat. Mak.

MAR. SAN., MARIN. SANUT., MARINO SANUDO. Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis, in Bongarsii Gesta Dei per Francos. Hanoviae, 1611. Tom. ii.

MARTENE ET DURAND. Thesaurus Novus Anecdotorum. Paris, 1717.

MARTINI. See App. H., III., No. 2.

MAS'UDI. Les Prairies d'Or, par Barbier de Meynard et Pavet de Courteille. Paris, 1861, seqq.

MATTHIOLI, P.A. Commentarii in libros VI. Pedacii Dioscoridis de Medica Materia. Venetiis, 1554; sometimes other editions are cited.

MAUNDEVILE. Halliwell's Ed. London, 1866.

MEM. DE L'ACAD. See Acad.

MENDOZA. H. of China. Ed. of Hak. Society, 1853-54.

MERVEILLES DE L'INDE. Livre des Merveilles de l'Inde ... Texte arabe par P.A. Van der Lith. Trad. francaise par L. Marcel Devic. Leide, 1883-1886, 4to.

MICHEL. See Francisque-Michel.

MID. KINGD. See Williams.

MOORCROFT and Trebeck's Travels; edited by Prof. H.H. Wilson, 1841.

MOSHEIM. Historia Tartarorum Ecclesiastica. Helmstadt, 1741.

MUNTANER, in Buchon, q.v.

N. & E., NOT. ET EXT. Notices et Extraits des MSS. de la Bibliotheque du Roy. Paris, v. y.

N. & Q. Notes and Queries.

N. & Q.C. & J. Notes and Queries for China and Japan.

NELSON, J.H. The Madura Country, a Manual. Madras, 1868.

NEUMANN, C.F. His Notes at end of Buerck's German ed. of Polo.

NOVUS ORBIS Regionum &c. Veteribus incognitarum. Basil. Ed. 1555.

P. DE LA CROIX. PETIS DE LA CROIX, Hist. de Timurbec, &c. Paris, 1722.

P. DELLA V. See Della Valle.

P. VINC. MARIA, P. VINCENZO. Viaggio all' Indie Orientali del P.F.V. M. di S. Catarina da Siena. Roma, 1672.

PALLAS. Voyages dans plusieurs Provinces de l'Empire de Russie, &c. Paris, Pan XI.

PAOLINO. Viaggio alle Indie, &c. da Fra P. da S. Bartolomeo. Roma, 1796.

PEGOLOTTI. See Della Decima.

PELERINS BOUDDHISTES, par Stan. Julien. This name covers the two works entered above under the heading H.T., the Vie et Voyages forming vol. i., and the Memoires, vols. ii. and iii.

PEREG. QUAT. Peregrinatores Medii Aevi Quatuor, &c. Recens. J.M. Laurent. Lipsiae, 1864.

POST UND REISE ROUTEN. See Sprenger.

PRAIRIES D'OR. See Mas'udi.

PUNJAUB TRADE REPORT. See Davies.

Q.R., QUAT. RASHID. H. des Mongols de la Perse, par Raschid-ed-din, trad. &c. par M. Quatremere. Paris, 1836.

QUAT. MAK., QUATREMERE'S MAK. H. des Sultans Mamlouks de l'Egypte, par Makrizi. Trad. par Q. Paris, 1837, seqq.

RAS MALA, or Hindoo Annals of Goozerat. By A.K. Forbes. London, 1856.

REINAUD, REL. Relations des Voyages faits par les Arabes dans l'Inde et la Chine, &c. Paris, 1845.

——, INDE, Mem. Geog. Histor. et Scientifique sur l', &c. Paris, 1849.

RELAT., RELATIONS. See last but one.

RICHTHOFEN, Baron F. VON. Letters (addressed to the Committee of the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce) on the Interior Provinces of China. Shanghai, 1870-72.

ROCKHILL, W.W. The Land of the Lamas. London, 1891, 8vo.

—— Diary of a Journey through Mongolia and Tibet in 1891 and 1892. Washington, 1894, 8vo.

—— The Journey of William of Rubruck. London, Hakluyt Society, 1900, 8vo.

ROMAN., ROMANIN, Storia Documentata di Venezia. Venezia, 1853, seqq.

RUB., RUBRUQUIS. Cited from edition in Recueil de Voyages et de Memoires, tom. iv. Paris, 1839. See ROCKHILL.

S.S., SAN. SETZ., SS. SSETZ. See Schmidt.

SANTAREM, Essai sur l'Hist. de la Cosmographie, &c. Paris, 1849.

SANUDO. See Mar. San.

SCHILTBERGER, Reisen des Johan. Ed. by Neumann. Muenchen, 1859.

SCHLEGEL, G. Geographical Notes, I.-XVI., in T'oung Pao, Leiden, 1898-1901.

SCHMIDT. Geschichte der Ost-Mongolen, &c., verfasst von Ssanang-Ssetzen Chungtaidschi. St. Petersburg, 1829.

SONNERAT. Voyage aux Indes Orientales. Paris, 1782.

SPRENGER. Post und Reise Routen des Orients. Leipzig, 1864.

ST. MARTIN, M.J. Memoires Historiques et Geographiques sur l'Armenie, &c. Paris, 1818-19.

SYKES, MAJOR PERCY MOLESWORTH. Ten Thousand Miles in Persia, or Eight Years in Iran. London, 1902, 8vo.

Chap, xxiii. Marco Polo's Travels in Persia.

—— Recent Journeys in Persia. (Geog. Journal, X, 1897, pp. 568-597.)

TEIXEIRA, Relaciones de Pedro, del Origen Descendencia y Succession de los Reyes de Persia, y de Harmuz, y de un Viage hecho por el mismo aotor, &c. En Amberes, 1670.

TIMKOWSKI. Travels, &c., edited by Klaproth. London, 1827.

UZZANO. See Della Decima.

VARTHEMA'S Travels. By Jones and Badger. Hak. Soc., 1863.

VIGNE, G.T. Travels in Kashmir, &c. London, 1842.

VIN. BELL., VINC. BELLOV. Vincent of Beauvais' Speculum Historiale, Speculum Naturale, &c.

VISDELOU. Supplement to D'Herbelot. 1780.

WILLIAMS'S Middle Kingdom. 3rd. Ed. New York and London, 1857.

WILLIAMSON, Rev. A. Journeys in N. China, &c. London, 1870.

WEBER'S Metrical Romances of the XIIIth, XIVth, and XVth Centuries Edinburgh, 1810.

WITSEN. Noord en Oost Tartaryen. 2nd Ed. Amsterdam, 1785.



APPENDIX K.—Values of certain Moneys, Weights, and Measures, occurring in this Book.

FRENCH MONEY.

The LIVRE TOURNOIS of the period may be taken, on the mean of five valuations cited in a footnote at p. 87 of vol. i., as equal in modern silver value to ... 18.04 francs.

Say English money ... 14s. 3.8d.

The LIVRE PARISIS was worth one-fourth more than the Tournois,[1] and therefore equivalent in silver value to ... 22.55 francs.

Say English money ... 17s. 10.8d.

(Gold being then to silver in relative value about 12:1 instead of about 15:1 as now, one-fourth has to be added to the values based on silver in equations with the gold coin of the period, and one-fifth to be deducted in values based on gold value. By oversight, in vol. i. p. 87, I took 16:1 as the present gold value, and so exaggerated the value of the livre Tournois as compared with gold.)

M. Natalis de Wailly, in his recent fine edition of Joinville, determines the valuation of these livres, in the reign of St. Lewis, by taking a mean between a value calculated on the present value of silver, and a value calculated on the present value of gold,[2] and his result is:

LIVRE TOURNOIS = 20.26 francs.

LIVRE PARISIS = 25.33 "

Though there is something arbitrary in this mode of valuation, it is, perhaps, on the whole the best; and its result is extremedy handy for the memory (as somebody has pointed out) for we thus have

One LIVRE TOURNOIS = One Napoleon.

" " PARISIS = One Sovereign.

VENETIAN MONEY.

The MARK of Silver all over Europe may be taken fairly at 2l. 4s. of our money in modern value; the Venetian mark being a fraction more, and the marks of England, Germany and France fractions less.[3]

The Venice GOLD DUCAT or ZECCHIN, first coined in accordance with a Law of 31st October 1283, was, in our gold value, worth ... 11.82 francs.[4] or English ... 9s. 4.284d.

The Zecchin when first coined was fixed as equivalent to 18 grossi, and on this calculation the GROSSO should be a little less than 5d. sterling.[5] But from what follows it looks as if there must have been another grosso, perhaps only of account, which was only 3/4 of the former, therefore equivalent to 3-3/4d. only. This would be a clue to difficulties which I do not find dealt with by anybody in a precise or thorough manner; but I can find no evidence for it.

Accounts were kept at Venice not in ducats and grossi, but in Lire, of which there were several denominations, viz.:

1. LIRA DEI GROSSI, called in Latin Documents Libra denariorum Venetorum grosorum.[6] Like every Lira or Pound, this consisted of 20 soldi, and each soldo of 12 denari or deniers.[7] In this case the Lira was equivalent to 10 golden ducats; and its Denier, as the name implies, was the Grosso. The Grosso therefore here was 1/240 of 10 ducats or 1/24 of a ducat, instead of 1/18.

2. LIRA AI GROSSI (L. den. Ven. ad grossos). This by decree of 2nd June, 1285, went two to the ducat. In fact it is the soldo of the preceding Lira, and as such the Grosso was, as we have just seen, its denier; which is perhaps the reason of the name.

3. LIRA DEI PICCOLI (L. den. Ven. parvulorum). The ducat is alleged to have been at first equal to three of these Lire (Romanin, I. 321); but the calculations of Marino Sanudo (1300-1320) in the Secreta Fidelium Crucis show that he reckons the Ducat equivalent to 3.2 lire of piccoli.[8]

In estimating these Lire in modern English money, on the basis of their relation to the ducat, we must reduce the apparent value by 1/5. We then have:

1. LIRA DEI GROSSI equivalent to nearly 3l. 15s. 0d. (therefore exceeding by nearly 10s. the value of the Pound sterling of the period, or Lira di Sterlini, as it was called in the appropriate Italian phrase).[9]

2. LIRA AI GROSSI ... 3s. 9d.

3. LIRA DEI PICCOLI ... 2s. 4d.

The TORNESE or TORNESEL at Venice was, according to Romanin (III. 343) = 4 Venice deniers: and if these are the deniers of the Lira ai Grossi, the coin would be worth a little less than 3/4d., and nearly the equivalent of the denier Tournois, from which it took its name.[10]

* * * * *

The term BEZANT is used by Polo always (I believe) as it is by Joinville, by Marino Sanudo, and by Pegolotti, for the Egyptian gold dinar, the intrinsic value of which varied somewhat, but can scarcely be taken at less than 10s. 6d. or 11s. (See Cathay, pp. 440-441; and see also J. As. ser. VI. tom. xi. pp. 506-507.) The exchange of Venice money for the Bezant or Dinar in the Levant varied a good deal (as is shown by examples in the passage in Cathay just cited), but is always in these examples a large fraction (1/6 up to 1/3) more than the Zecchin. Hence, when Joinville gives the equation of St. Lewis's ransom as 1,000,000 bezants or 500,000 livres, I should have supposed these to be livres Parisis rather than Tournois, as M. de Wailly prefers.

There were a variety of coins of lower value in the Levant called Bezants,[11] but these do not occur in our Book.

* * * * *

The Venice SAGGIO, a weight for precious substances was 1/6 of an ounce, corresponding to the weight of the Roman gold solidus, from which was originally derived the Arab MISKAL And Polo appears to use saggio habitually as the equivalent of Miskal. His POIS or PESO, applied to gold and silver, seems to have the same sense, and is indeed a literal translation of Miskal. (See vol. ii. p. 41.)

* * * * *

For measures Polo uses the palm rather than the foot. I do not find a value of the Venice palm, but over Italy that measure varies from 9-1/2 inches to something over 10. The Genoa Palm is stated at 9.725 inches.

Jal (Archeologie Nav. I. 271) cites the following Table of

Old Venice Measures of Length.

4 fingers = 1 handbreadth. 4 handbreadths = 1 foot. 5 feet = 1 pace. 1000 paces = 1 mile. 4 miles = 1 league.

[1] See (Dupre de St. Maur) Essai sur les Monnoies, &c. Paris, 1746, p. xv; and Douet d'Arcq, pp. 5, 15, &c.

[2] He takes the silver value of the gros Tournois (the sol of the system) at 0.8924 fr., whence the Livre = 17.849 fr. And the gold value of the golden Agnel, which passed for 12-1/2 sols Tournois, is 14.1743 fr. Whence the Livre = 22.6789 fr. Mean = 20.2639 fr.

[3] The Mark was 2/3 of a pound. The English POUND STERLING of the period was in silver value = 3l. 5s. 2d. Hence the MARK = 2l. 3s. 5.44d. The Cologne Mark, according to Pegolotti, was the same, and the Venice Mark of silver was = 1 English Tower Mark + 3-1/2 sterlings (i.e. pence of the period), = therefore to 2l. 4s. 4.84d. The French Mark of Silver, according to Dupre de St. Maur, was about 3 Livres, presumably Tournois, and therefore 2l. 2s. 11-1/2d.

[4] Cibrario, Pol. Ec. del Med. Evo. III. 228. The GOLD FLORIN of Florence was worth a fraction more = 9s. 4.85d.

Sign. Desimoni, of Genoa, obligingly points out that the changed relation of Gold ducat and silver grosso was due to a general rise in price of gold between 1284 and 1302, shown by notices of other Italian mints which raise the equation of the gold florin in the same ratio, viz. from 9 sols tournois to 12.

[5] For 1/18 of the florin will be 6.23d., and deducting 1/6, as pointed out above, we have 4.99d. as the value of the grosso.

I have a note that the grosso contained 42-88/144 Venice grains of pure silver. If the Venice grain be the same as the old Milan grain (.051 grammes) this will give exactly the same value of 5d.

[6] Also called, according to Romanin, Lira d'imprestidi. See Introd. Essay in vol. i. p. 66.

[7] It is not too universally known to be worth noting that our L. s. d. represents Livres, sois, deniers.

[8] He also states the grosso to have been worth 32 piccoli, which is consistent with this and the two preceding statements. For at 3.2 lire to the ducat the latter would = 768 piccoli, and 1/24 of this = 32 piccoli. Pegolotti also assigns 24 grossi to the ducat (p. 151).

The tendency of these Lire, as of pounds generally, was to degenerate in value. In Uzzano (1440) we find the Ducat equivalent to 100 soldi, i.e. to 5 lire.

Everybody seems to be tickled at the notion that the Scotch Pound or Livre was only 20 Pence. Nobody finds it funny that the French or Italian Pound is only 20 halfpence, or less!

[9] Uzzano in Delia Decima, IV. 124.

[10] According to Galliccioli (II. 53) piccoli (probably in the vague sense of small copper coin) were called in the Levant [Greek: tornesia].

[11] Thus in the document containing the autograph of King Hayton, presented at p. 13 of Introductory Essay, the King gives with his daughter, "Damoiselle Femie," a dowry of 25,000 besans sarrazinas, and in payment 4 of his own bezants staurats (presumably so called from bearing a cross) are to count as one Saracen Bezant. (Cod. Diplomat. del S. Mil. Ord. Gerosolim. I. 134.)



APPENDIX L.—Sundry Supplementary Notes on Special Subjects.—(H.C.)

1.—The Polos at Acre. 2.—Sorcery in Kashmir. 3.—PAONANO PAO. 4.—Pamir. 5.—Number of Pamirs. 6.—Site of Pein. 7.—Fire-arms. 8.—La Couvade. 9.—Alacan. 10.—Champa. 11.—Ruck Quills. 12.—A Spanish Edition of Marco Polo. 13.—Sir John Mandeville.

1.—THE POLOS AT ACRE. (Vol. i. p. 19. Int.)

M. le Comte Riant (Itin. a Jerusalem, p. xxix.) from various data thinks the two sojourns of the Polos at Acre must have been between the 9th May, 1271, date of the arrival of Edward of England and of Tedaldo Visconti, and the 18th November, 1271, time of the departure of Tedaldo. Tedaldo was still in Paris on the 28th December, 1269, and he appears to have left for the Holy Land after the departure of S. Lewis for Tunis (2nd July, 1270).—H.C.

2.—SORCERY IN KASHMIR. (Vol. i. p. 166.)

In Kalhanda's Rajatarangini, A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir translated by M.A. Stein, we read (Bk. IV. 94, p. 128): "Again the Brahman's wife addressed him: 'O king, as he is famous for his knowledge of charms (Kharkhodavidya), he can get over an ordeal with ease.'" Dr. Stein adds the following note: "The practice of witchcraft and the belief in its efficiency have prevailed in Kasmir from early times, and have survived to some extent to the present day; comp. Buehler, Report, p. 24.... The term Kharkhoda, in the sense of a kind of deadly charm or witchcraft, recurs in v. 239, and is found also in the Vijayesvaramah (Adipur.), xi. 25. In the form Kharkota it is quoted by the N. P.W. from Caraka, vi. 23. Kharkhota appears as the designation of a sorcerer or another kind of uncanny persons in Haracar., ii. 125, along with Krtyas and Vetalas...."

3.—PAONANO PAO. (Vol. i. p. 173.)

In his paper on Zoroastrian Deities on Indo-Scythians' Coins (Babylonian and Oriental Record, August, 1887, pp. 155-166; rep. in the Indian Antiquary, 1888), Dr. M.A. Stein has demonstrated that the legend PAONANO PAO on the coins of the Yue-Chi or Indo-Scythian Kings (Kanishka, Huvishka, Vasudeva), is the exact transcription of the old Iranian title Shahanan Shah (Persian Shahan-shah), "King of Kings"; the letter P, formerly read as P(r), has since been generally recognised, in accordance with his interpretation as a distinct character expressing the sound sh.

4.—PAMIR. (Vol. i. pp. 174-175.)

I was very pleased to find that my itinerary agrees with that of Dr. M.A. Stein; this learned traveller sends me the following remarks: "The remark about the absence of birds (pp. 174-175) might be a reflex of the very ancient legend (based probably on the name zend Upairi-saena, pehlevi Aparsin, 'higher than the birds') which represents the Hindu Kush range proper as too high for birds to fly over. The legend can be traced by successive evidence in the case of the range north of Kabul."— Regarding the route (p. 175) from the Wakhjir (sic) Pass down the Taghdum-bash Pamir, then via Tash-kurghan, Little Karakul, Bulun Kul, Gez Daria to Tashmalik and Kashgar, Dr. Stein says that he surveyed it in July, 1900, and he refers for the correct phonetic spelling of local names along it to his map to be published in J.R.G.S., in December, 1902. He says in his Prel. Report, p. 10: "The Wakhjir Pass, only some 12 miles to the south-west of Koek-toeroek, connects the Taghdumbash Pamir and the Sarikol Valleys with the head-waters of the Oxus. So I was glad that the short halt, which was unavoidable for survey purposes, permitted me to move a light camp close to the summit of the Wakhjir Pass (circ. 16,200 feet). On the following day, 2nd July, I visited the head of Ab-i-Panja Valley, near the great glaciers which Lord Curzon first demonstrated to be the true source of the River Oxus. It was a strange sensation for me in this desolate mountain waste to know that I had reached at last the eastern threshold of that distant region, including Bactria and the Upper Oxus Valley, which as a field of exploration had attracted me long before I set foot in India. Notwithstanding its great elevation, the Wakhjir Pass and its approaches both from west and east are comparatively easy. Comparing the topographical facts with Hiuen-Tsiang's account in the Si yu-ki, I am led to conclude that the route followed by the great Chinese Pilgrim, when travelling about A.D. 649 from Badakshan towards Khotan, through 'the valley of Po-mi-lo (Pamir)' into Sarikol, actually traversed this Pass."

Dr. Stein adds in his notes to me that "Marco Polo's description of the forty days' journey to the E.N.E. of Vokhan as through tracts of wilderness can well be appreciated by any one who has passed through the Pamir Region, in the direction of the valleys W. and N. of Muztagh Ata. After leaving Tashkurghan and Tagharma, where there is some precarious cultivation, there is no local produce to be obtained until the oasis of Tashmalik is reached in the open Kashgar plains. In the narrow valley of the Yamanyar River (Gez Defile) there is scarcely any grazing; its appearance is far more desolate than that of the elevated Pamirs."—"Marco Polo's praise (p. 181) of the gardens and vine-yards of Kashgar is well deserved; also the remark about the trading enterprise of its merchants still holds good, if judged by the standard of Chinese Turkestan. Kashgar traders visit Khotan far more frequently than vice versa. It is strange that no certain remains of Nestorian worship can be traced now."—"My impression [Dr. Stein's] of the people of the Khotan oasis (p. 188) was that they are certainly a meeker and more docile race than e.g. the average 'Kashgarlik' or Yarkandi. The very small number of the Chinese garrison of the districts Khotan and Keria (only about 200 men) bears out this impression."

We may refer for the ancient sites, history, etc., of Khotan to the Preliminary Report of Dr. Stein and to his paper in the Geographical Journal for December, 1902, actually in the press.

5.—NUMBER OF PAMIRS. (Vol. i. p. 176.)

Lord Curzon gives the following list of the "eight claimants to the distinction and title of a Pamir": (1) Taghdumbash, or Supreme Head of the Mountains Pamir, lying immediately below and to the north of the Kilik Pass. (2) The Pamir-i-Wakhan. (3) The Pamir-i-Khurd, or Little Pamir. (4) The Pamir-i-Kalan, or Great Pamir. (5) The Alichur Pamir. (6) The Sarez Pamir. (7) The Rang Kul Pamir. (8) The Khargosh or Hare Pamir, which contains the basin of the Great Kara Kul. See this most valuable paper, The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus, reprinted from the Geographical Journal of 1896, in 1896, 1898, and 1899.



6.—PEIN. (Vol. i. p. 192.)

Dr. M.A. Stein, of the Indian Educational Service, appears to have exactly identified the site of Pein, during his recent archaeological researches in Central Asia; he writes (Prel. Report on a Journey of Archaeological and Topog. Exploration in Chinese Turkestan, Lond., 1901, pp. 58-59): "Various antiquarian and topographical considerations made me anxious to identify the position of the town of Pi-mo, which Hiuen-Tsiang describes as some 300 li to the east of the Khotan capital. It was probably the same place as the Pein, visited by Marco Polo. After marching back along the Keriya River for four days, I struck to the south-west, and, after three more marches, arrived in the vicinity of Lachin-Ata Mazar, a desolate little shrine in the desert to the north of the Khotan-Keriya route. Though our search was rendered difficult by the insufficiency of guides and the want of water, I succeeded during the following few days in tracing the extensive ruined site which previous information had led me to look for in that vicinity. 'Uzun-Tati' ('the distant Tati,') as the debris-covered area is locally designated, corresponds in its position and the character of its remains exactly to the description of Pi-mo. Owing to far-advanced erosion and the destruction dealt by treasure-seekers, the structural remains are very scanty indeed. But the debris, including bits of glass, pottery, china, small objects in brass and stone, etc., is plentiful enough, and in conjunction with the late Chinese coins found here, leaves no doubt as to the site having been occupied up to the Middle Ages."

Our itinerary should therefore run from Khotan to Uzun Tati, and thence to Nia, leaving Kiria to the south; indeed Kiria is not an ancient place.—H.C.



Mr. E.J. Rapson, of the British Museum, with the kind permission of Dr. Stein, has sent me a photograph (which we reproduce) of coins and miscellaneous objects found at Uzun Tati. Coin (1) bears the nien-hao (title of reign) Pao Yuen (1038-1040) of the Emperor Jen Tsung, of the Sung Dynasty; Coin (2) bears the nien-hao, K'ien Yuen (758-760) of the Emperor Su Tsung of the T'ang Dynasty; Coin (3) is of the time of the Khan of Turkestan, Muhammad Arslan Khan, about 441 A.H. = 1049 A.D. From the description sent to me by Mr. Rapson and written by Mr. Andrews, I note that the miscellaneous objects include: "Two fragments of fine Chinese porcelain, highly glazed and painted with Chinese ornament in blue. That on the left is painted on both sides, and appears to be portion of rim of a bowl. Thickness 3/32 of an inch. That to the right is slightly coarser, and is probably portion of a larger vessel. Thickness 1/4 inch (nearly). A third fragment of porcelain, shown at bottom of photo, is decorated roughly in a neutral brown colour, which has imperfectly 'fluxed.' It, also, appears to be Chinese. Thickness 1/8 inch (nearly).—A brass or bronze object, cast. Probably portion of a clasp or buckle.—A brass finger ring containing a piece of mottled green glass held loosely in place by a turned-over denticulated rim. The metal is very thin."—H.C.

7.—FIRE-ARMS. (Vol. i. p. 342.)

From a paper on Siam's Intercourse with China, published by Lieutenant-Colonel Gerini in the Asiatic Quarterly Review for October, 1902, it would appear that fire-arms were mentioned for the first time in Siamese Records during the Lau invasion and the siege of Swankhalok (from 1085 to 1097 A.D.); it is too early a date for the introduction of fire-arms, though it would look "much more like an anachronism were the advent of these implements of warfare [were] placed, in blind reliance upon the Northern Chronicles, still a few centuries back. The most curious of it all is, however, the statement as to the weapons in question having been introduced into the country from China." Following W.F. Mayers in his valuable contributions to the Jour. North-China B.R.A.S., 1869-1870, Colonel Gerini, who, of course, did not know of Dr. Schlegel's paper, adds: "It was not until the reign of the Emperor Yung Le, and on occasion of the invasion of Tonkin in A.D. 1407, that the Chinese acquired the knowledge of the propulsive effect of gunpowder, from their vanquished enemies."

8.—LA COUVADE. (Vol. ii. p. 91.)

Mr. H. Ling Roth has given an interesting paper entitled On the Signification of Couvade, in the Journ. Anthropological Institute, XXII. 1893, pp. 204-243. He writes (pp. 221-222):—"From this survey it would seem in the first place that we want a great deal more information about the custom in the widely isolated cases where it has been reported, and secondly, that the authenticity of some of the reported cases is doubtful in consequence of authors repeating their predecessors' tales, as Colquhoun did Marco Polo's, and V. der Haart did Schouten's. I should not be at all surprised if ultimately both Polo's and Schouten's accounts turned out to be myths, both these travellers making their records at a time when the Old World was full of the tales of the New, so that in the end, we may yet find the custom is not, nor ever has been, so widespread as is generally supposed to have been the case."

I do not very well see how Polo, in the 13th and 14th centuries could make his record at a time when the Old World was full of the tales of the New, discovered at the end of the 15th century! Unless Mr. Ling Roth supposes the Venetian Traveller acquainted with the various theories of the Pre-Columbian discovery of America!!

9.—ALACAN. (Vol. ii. pp. 255 and 261.)

Dr. G. Schlegel writes, in the T'oung Pao (May, 1898, p. 153): "Abakan or Abachan ought to be written Alahan. His name is written by the Chinese Ats'zehan and by the Japanese Asikan; but this is because they have both confounded the character lah with the character ts'ze; the old sound of [the last] character [of the name] was kan and is always used by the Chinese when wanting to transcribe the title Khan or Chan. Marco Polo's Abacan is a clerical error for Alacan."

10.—CHAMPA. (Vol. ii. p. 268.)

In Ma Huan's account of the Kingdom of Siam, transl. by Mr. Phillips (Jour. China B.R.A.S., XXI. 1886, pp. 35-36) we read: "Their marriage ceremonies are as follows:—They first invite the priest to conduct the bridegroom to the bride's house, and on arrival there the priest exacts the 'droit seigneurial,' and then she is introduced to the bridegroom."

11.—RUCK QUILLS. (Vol. ii. p. 421.)

Regarding Ruck Quills, Sir H. Yule wrote in the Academy, 22nd March, 1884, pp. 204-405:—

"I suggested that this might possibly have been some vegetable production, such as a great frond of the Ravenala (Urania speciosa) cooked to pass as a ruc's quill. (Marco Polo, first edition, ii. 354; second edition, ii. 414.) Mr. Sibree, in his excellent book on Madagascar (The Great African Island, 1880) noticed this, but said:

"'It is much more likely that they [the ruc's quills] were the immensely long midribs of the leaves of the rofia palm. These are from twenty to thirty feet long, and are not at all unlike an enormous quill stripped of the feathering portion'" (p. 55).

In another passage he describes the palm, Sagus ruffia (? raphia):

"The rofia has a trunk of from thirty to fifty feet in height, and at the head divides into seven or eight immensely long leaves. The midrib of these leaves is a very strong, but extremely light and straight pole.... These poles are often twenty feet or more in length, and the leaves proper consist of a great number of fine and long pinnate leaflets, set at right angles to the midrib, from eighteen to twenty inches long, and about one and a half broad," etc. (pp. 74, 75).

When Sir John Kirk came home in 1881-1882, I spoke to him on the subject, and he felt confident that the rofia or raphia palm-fronds were the original of the ruc's quills. He also kindly volunteered to send me a specimen on his return to Zanzibar. This he did not forget, and some time ago there arrived at the India Office not one, but four of these ruc's quills. In the letter which announced this despatch Sir John says:—

"I send to-day per s.s. Arcot ... four fronds of the Raphia palm, called here 'Moale.' They are just as sold and shipped up and down the coast. No doubt they were sent in Marco Polo's time in exactly the same state, i.e. stripped of their leaflets, and with the tip broken off. They are used for making stages and ladders, and last long if kept dry. They are also made into doors, by being cut into lengths, and pinned through. The stages are made of three, like tripods, and used for picking cloves from the higher branches."

The largest of the four midribs sent (they do not differ much) is 25 feet 4 inches long, measuring 12 inches in girth at the butt, and 5 inches at the upper end. I calculate that if it originally came to a point the whole length would be 45 feet, but, as this would not be so, we may estimate it at 35 to 40 feet. The thick part is deeply hollowed on the upper (?) side, leaving the section of the solid butt in form a thick crescent. The leaflets are all gone, but when entire, the object must have strongly resembled a Brobdingnagian feather. Compare this description with that of Padre Bolivar in Ludolf, referred to above.

"In aliquibus ... regionibus vidi pennas alae istius avis prodigiosae, licet avem non viderim, Penna illa, prout ex forma colligebatur, erat ex mediocribus, longitudine 28 palmorum, latitudine trium. Calamus vero a radice usque ad extremitatem longitudine quinque palmorum, densitatis instar brachii moderati, robustissimus erat et durus. Pennulae inter se aequales et bene compositae, ut vix ab invicem nisi cum violentia divellerentur. Colore erant valde nigro, calamus colore albo." (Ludolfi, ad suam Hist. Aethiop., Comment., p. 164.)

The last particular, as to colour, I am not able to explain: the others correspond well. The palmus in this passage may be anything from 9 to 10 inches.

I see this tree is mentioned by Captain R.F. Burton in his volume on the Lake Regions (vol. xxix. of the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, p. 34),[1] and probably by many other travellers.

I ought to mention here that some other object has been shown at Zanzibar as part of the wings of a great bird. Sir John Kirk writes that this (which he does not describe particularly) was in the possession of the Roman Catholic priests at Bagamoyo, to whom it had been given by natives of the interior, who declared that they had brought it from Tanganyika, and that it was part of the wing of a gigantic bird. On another occasion they repeated this statement, alleging that this bird was known in the Udoe (?) country near the coast. These priests were able to communicate directly with their informants, and certainly believed the story. Dr. Hildebrand, also, a competent German naturalist, believed in it. But Sir John Kirk himself says that "what the priests had to show was most undoubtedly the whalebone of a comparatively small whale."

12.—A SPANISH EDITION OF MARCO POLO.

As we go to press we receive the newly published volume, El Libro de Marco Polo—Aus dem vermaechtnis des Dr. Hermann Knust nach der Madrider Handschrift herausgegeben von Dr. R. Stuebe. Leipzig, Dr. Seele & Co., 1902, 8vo., pp. xxvi.-114. It reproduces the old Spanish text of the manuscript Z-I-2 of the Escurial Library from a copy made by Senor D. Jose Rodriguez for the Society of the Spanish Bibliophiles, which, being unused, was sold by him to Dr. Hermann Knust, who made a careful comparison of it with the original manuscript. This copy, found among the papers of Dr. Knust after his death, is now edited by Dr. Stuebe. The original 14th century MS., written in a good hand on two columns, includes 312 leaves of parchment, and contains several works; among them we note: 1 deg., a Collection entitled Flor de las Ystorias de Oriente (fol. 1-104), made on the advice of Juan Fernandez de Heredia, Grand Master of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem (1377), of which Marco Polo (fol. 50-104) is a part; 2 deg. and Secretum Secretorum (fol. 254 r-fol. 312 v.); this MS. is not mentioned in our List, App. F., II. p. 546, unless it be our No. 60.

The manuscript includes 68 chapters, the first of which is devoted to the City of Lob and Sha-chau, corresponding to our Bk. I., ch. 39 and 40 (our vol. i. pp. 196 seqq.) ch. 65 (p. 111) corresponds approximatively to our ch. 40, Bk. III. (vol. ii. p. 451); chs. 66, 67, and the last, 68, would answer to our chs. 2, 3, and 4 of Bk. I. (vol i., pp. 45 seqq.). A concordance of this Spanish text, with Pauthier's, Yule's, and the Geographic Texts, is carefully given at the beginning of each of the 68 chapters of the Book.

Of course this edition does not throw any new light on the text, and this volume is but a matter of curiosity.

13.—SIR JOHN MANDEVILLE.

One of the last questions in which Sir Henry Yule[2] took an interest in, was the problem of the authorship of the book of Travels which bears the name of SIR JOHN MANDEVILLE, the worthy Knight, who, after being for a long time considered as the "Father of English Prose" has become simply "the name claimed by the compiler of a singular book of Travels, written in French, and published between 1357 and 1371."[3]

It was understood that "JOHAN MAUNDEUILLE, chiualer, ia soit ceo qe ieo ne soie dignes, neez et norriz Dengleterre de la ville Seint Alban," crossed the sea "lan millesme ccc'me vintisme et secund, le jour de Seint Michel,"[4] that he travelled since across the whole of Asia during the 14th century, that he wrote the relation of his travels as a rest after his fatiguing peregrinations, and that he died on the 17th of November, 1372, at Liege, when he was buried in the Church of the Guillemins.

No work has enjoyed a greater popularity than Mandeville's; while we describe but eighty-five manuscripts of Marco Polo's, and I gave a list of seventy-three manuscripts of Friar Odoric's relation,[5] it is by hundreds that Mandeville's manuscripts can be reckoned. As to the printed editions, they are, so to speak, numberless; Mr. Carl Schoenborn[6] gave in 1840, an incomplete bibliography; Tobler in his Bibliographia geographica Palestinae (1867),[7] and Roehricht[8] after him compiled a better bibliography, to which may be added my own lists in the Bibliotheca Sinica[9] and in the T'oung-Pao.[10]

Campbell, Ann. de la Typog. neerlandaise, 1874, p. 338, mentions a Dutch edition: Reysen int heilighe lant, s.l.n.d., folio, of which but two copies are known, and which must be dated as far back as 1470 [see p. 600], I believed hitherto (I am not yet sure that Campbell is right as to his date) that the first printed edition was German, s.l.n.d., very likely printed at Basel, about 1475, discovered by Tross, the Paris Bookseller.[11] The next editions are the French of the 4th April, 1480,[12] and 8th February of the same year,[13] Easter being the 2nd of April, then the Latin,[14] Dutch,[15] and Italian[16] editions, and after the English editions of Pynson and Wynkin de Worde.

In what tongue was Mandeville's Book written?

The fact that the first edition of it was printed either in German or in Dutch, only shows that the scientific progress was greater and printing more active in such towns as Basel, Nuremberg and Augsburg than in others. At first, one might believe that there were three original texts, probably in French, English, and vulgar Latin; the Dean of Tongres, Radulphus of Rivo, a native of Breda, writes indeed in his Gesta Pontificum Leodiensium, 1616, p. 17: "Hoc anno Ioannes Mandeuilius natione Anglus vir ingenio, & arte medendi eminens, qui toto fere terrarum orbe peragrato, tribus linguis peregrinationem suam doctissime conscripsit, in alium orbe nullis finibus clausum, loegeque hoc quietiorem, & beatiorem migrauit 17. Nouembris. Sepultus in Ecclesia Wilhelmitarum non procul a moenibus Ciuitatis Leodiensis." The Dean of Tongres died in 1483;[17] Mr. Warner, on the authority of the Bulletin de l'Inst. Archeol. Liegeois, xvi. 1882, p. 358, gives 1403 as the date of the death of Radulphus. However, Mandeville himself says (Warner, Harley, 4383) at the end of his introduction, p. 3:—"Et sachez qe ieusse cest escript mis en latyn pur pluis briefment deuiser; mes, pur ceo qe plusours entendent mieltz romantz qe latin, ieo lay mys en romance, pur ceo qe chescun lentende et luy chiualers et les seignurs et lez autres nobles homes qi ne sciuent point de latin ou poy, et qount estee outre meer, sachent et entendent, si ieo dye voir ou noun, et si ieo erre en deuisant par noun souenance ou autrement, qils le puissent adresser et amender, qar choses de long temps passez par la veue tornent en obly, et memorie de homme ne puet mye tot retenir ne comprendre." From this passage and from the Latin text: "Incipit itinerarius a terra Angliae ad partes Iherosolimitanas et in ulteriores transmarinas, editus primo in lingua gallicana a milite suo autore anno incarnacionis Domini m. ccc. lv, in civitate Leodiensi, et paulo post in eadem civitate translatus in hanc formam latinam." (P. 33 of the Relation des Mongols ou Tartars par le frere Jean du Plan de Carpin, Paris, 1838). D'Avezac long ago was inclined to believe in an unique French version. The British Museum, English MS. (Cott., Titus. C. xvi.), on the other hand, has in the Prologue (cf. ed. 1725, p. 6): "And zee schulle undirstonde, that I have put this Boke out of Latyn into Frensche, and translated it azen out of Frensche into Englyssche, that every Man of my Nacioun may undirstonde it...."[18]

But we shall see that—without taking into account the important passage in French quoted above, and probably misunderstood by the English translator—the English version, a sentence of which, not to be found in the Latin manuscripts, has just been given, is certainly posterior to the French text, and therefore that the abstract of Titus C. xvi, has but a slight value. There can be some doubt only for the French and the Latin texts.

Dr. Carl Schoenborn[19] and Herr Eduard Maetzner,[20] "respectively seem to have been the first to show that the current Latin and English texts cannot possibly have been made by Mandeville himself. Dr. J. Vogels states the same of unprinted Latin versions which he has discovered in the British Museum, and he has proved it as regards the Italian version."[21]

"In Latin, as Dr. Vogels has shown, there are five independent versions. Four of them, which apparently originated in England (one manuscript, now at Leyden, being dated in 1390) have no special interest; the fifth, or vulgate Latin text, was no doubt made at Liege, and has an important bearing on the author's identity. It is found in twelve manuscripts, all of the 15th century, and is the only Latin version as yet printed."[22]

The universal use of the French language at the time would be an argument in favour of the original text being in this tongue, if corrupt proper names, abbreviations in the Latin text, etc., did not make the fact still more probable.

The story of the English version, as it is told by Messrs. Nicholson and Warner, is highly interesting: The English version was made from a "mutilated archetype," in French (Warner, p. x.) of the beginning of the 15th century, and was used for all the known English manuscripts, with the exception of the Cotton and Egerton volumes—and also for all the printed editions until 1725. Mr. Nicholson[23] pointed out that it is defective in the passage extending from p. 36, l. 7: "And there were to ben 5 Soudans," to p. 62, l. 25: "the Monkes of the Abbeye of ten tyme," in Halliwell's edition (1839) from Titus C. xvi, which corresponds to Mr. Warner's Egerton text, p. 18, l. 21: "for the Sowdan," and p. 32, l. 16, "synges oft tyme." It is this bad text which, until 1725,[24] has been printed as we just said, with numerous variants, including the poor edition of Mr. Ashton[25] who has given the text of East instead of the Cotton text under the pretext that the latter was not legible.[26]

Two revisions of the English version were made during the first quarter of the 15th century; one is represented by the British Museum Egerton MS. 1982 and the abbreviated Bodleian MS. e. Mus. 116; the other by the Cotton MS. Titus C. xvi. This last one gives the text of the edition of 1725 often reprinted till Halliwell's (1839 and 1866).[27] The Egerton MS. 1982 has been reproduced in a magnificent volume edited in 1889 for the Roxburghe Club par Mr. G.F. Warner, of the British Museum;[28] this edition includes also the French text from the Harley MS. 4383 which, being defective from the middle of chap. xxii. has been completed with the Royal MS. 20 B.X. Indeed the Egerton MS. 1982 is the only complete English manuscript of the British Museum,[29] as, besides seven copies of the defective text, three leaves are missing in the Cotton MS. after f. 53, the text of the edition of 1725 having been completed with the Royal MS. 17 B.[30]

Notwithstanding its great popularity, Mandeville's Book could not fail to strike with its similarity with other books of travels, with Friar Odoric's among others. This similarity has been the cause that occasionally the Franciscan Friar was given as a companion to the Knight of St. Albans, for instance, in the manuscripts of Mayence and Wolfenbuettel.[31] Some Commentators have gone too far in their appreciation and the Udine monk has been treated either as a plagiary or a liar! Old Samuel Purchas, in his address to the Reader printed at the beginning of Marco Polo's text (p. 65), calls his countryman! Mandeville the greatest Asian traveller next (if next) to Marco Polo, and he leaves us to understand that the worthy knight has been pillaged by some priest![32] Astley uses strong language; he calls Odoric a great liar![33]

Others are fair in their judgment, Malte-Brun, for instance, marked what Mandeville borrowed from Odoric, and La Renaudiere is also very just in the Biographie Universelle. But what Malte-Brun and La Renaudiere showed in a general manner, other learned men, such as Dr. S. Bormans, Sir Henry Yule, Mr. E.W.B. Nicholson,[34] Dr. J. Vogels,[35] M. Leopold Delisle, Herr A. Bovenschen,[36] and last, not least, Dr. G.F. Warner, have in our days proved that not only has the book bearing Mandeville's name been compiled from the works of Vincent of Beauvais, Jacques of Vitry, Boldensel, Carpini, Odoric, etc., but that it was written neither by a Knight of St. Albans, by an Englishman, or by a Sir John Mandeville, but very likely by the physician John of Burgundy or John a Beard.

In a repertory of La Librairie de la Collegiale de Saint Paul a Liege au XV'e. Siecle, published by Dr. Stanislas Bormans, in the Bibliophile Belge, Brussels, 1866, p. 236, is catalogued under No. 240: Legenda de Joseph et Asseneth ejus uxore, in papiro. In eodem itinerarium Johannis de Mandevilla militis, apud guilhelmitanos Leodienses sepulti.

Dr. S. Bormans has added the following note: "Jean Mandeville, ou Manduith, theologien et mathematicien, etait ne a St. Alban en Angleterre d'une famille noble. On le surnomma pour un motif inconnu, ad Barbam et magnovillanus. En 1322, il traversa la France pour aller en Asie, servit quelque temps dans les troupes du Sultan d'Egypte et revint seulement en 1355 en Angleterre. Il mourut a Liege chez les Guilhemins, le 17th Novembre, 1372. Il laissa au dit monastere plusieurs MSS. de ses oeuvres fort vantes, tant de ses voyages que de la medecine, ecrits de sa main; il y avait encore en ladite maison plusieurs meubles qu'il leur laissa pour memoire. Il a laisse quelques livres de medecine qui n'ont jamais ete imprimes, des tabulae astronomicae, de chorda recta et umbra, de doctrina theologica. La relation de son voyage est en latin, francais et anglais; il raconte, en y melant beaucoup de fables, ce qu'il a vu de curieux en Egypte, en Arabie et en Perse."