 |
It is unnecessary to enumerate the faults of this translation due to dependence upon an antiquated edition of the text. Suffice it to say that when the edition of 1863 was printed the text had not yet been properly transcribed from the MS.[2]
But there are evidences of an inaccuracy of a different kind that betray a carelessness utterly reprehensible. The author is apparently unable to transliterate properly the Old English names. Thus he has Vealhpeon and Vealhpeo (for Wealhtheow), Ecgpeow, Halbdaene (for Healfdene), Ermanarich, &c.
In his attempt to produce an etymological document, the translator uses many compounds such as even the German language might be better without; such are—Sippenschar (sibbegedriht), 730; Schattenwandler (sceadugenga), 704; Wangenpolster (hlɇor-bolster), 689; Leibpanzer (lɨc-syrce), 550. As compounds these may not be offensive to a German; but the trouble with them is that they do not translate the Old English ideas.
Finally, it may be asked why a translation that appeals only as a literal rendering should not be strictly literal, noting its every variation from the original, italicizing supplied words, holding to the original word-order.
Steineck's translation did not advance the interpretation of Beowulf awhit. In point of accuracy the book is not worthy to stand with good translations thirty years old.
[Footnote 1: See supra, p. 64.] [[Heyne: Relation of...]]
[Footnote 2: See also supra, p. 8.] [[Preliminary Remarks]]
J. R. C. HALL'S TRANSLATION
Beowulf, and the Fight at Finnsburg, atranslation into modern English prose, with an Introduction and Notes, by John R. Clark Hall, M.A., Ph.D. With twelve illustrations[1]. London: Swan Sonnenschein and Company, Lim., 1901. 8vo, pp. xlv, 203.
Tenth English Translation. Prose.
Translator, and Circumstances of Publication.
Hitherto Dr. Hall had been chiefly known to the learned world for his excellent Anglo-Saxon Dictionary for Students.
Up to this time no prose translation had appeared in England since 1876, save Earle's[2], which for the elementary student was practically useless. Moreover, this translation was the first to embody the results of various studies on the poem during the past decade.
Contents.
Unlike the preceding works on Beowulf, it may be said that the introductory and illustrative matter in this book is of quite as much importance as the translation. The author says of his book:—
'The following pages comprise a short statement of what is actually known with respect to the poem of Beowulf, another statement of what seems to me most likely to be true amongst the almost innumerable matters of conjecture concerning it, and a few words of literary appreciation.' —Introduction, p.ix.
Statements similar to these have been put forth by other translators of the poem, but the material of their volume has not always borne them out. The studies of the poem in the Introduction are sufficient for a school edition of Beowulf—asimilar body of information is not found in any of the existing editions—while annotations of some importance to the elementary student are found in the notes and running comment. The book contains, beside the translation, adiscussion of the form, language, geographical allusions, date, and composition of the poem, as well as a useful, though inaccurate, bibliography[3].
Text Used.
The translation is founded on the text of A. J. Wyatt, Cambridge, 1894. Dr. Hall does not always follow the interpretations given in Wyatt's glossary, nor is the punctuation of the translation conformed to that of the Old English text.
Indebtedness to Preceding Scholars.
In his translation Dr. Hall seems to be most indebted to the work of Professor Earle[4] (see lines 4, 71, 517, 852, 870, 926, 996, 1213, 1507, 2021, 3034, &c.).
Frequent reference is also made to the work of Cosijn, Aanteekeningen op den Beowulf (1892). The work of other scholars, such as Bugge, Heyne, Socin, is also referredto.
Nature of the Translation.
The translation is a literal prose version. It is constantly interrupted by bits of running comment, designed to overcome the inherent obscurity of the poem, or to afford an elaborate digest of the story if read without the translation (p.7).
The rendering avoids archaisms.
Bugge's restoration is used at line 3150; the passage at line 2215 is not restored.
EXTRACT.
VIII.
UNFERTH TAUNTS BEOWULF. BEOWULF'S CONTEST WITH BRECA.
(Lines 499-558.)
(499-505). Now comes a jarring note. Unferth, aDanish courtier, is devoured by jealousy, and taunts Beowulf.
Then Unferth, the son of Ecglaf, who sat at the feet of the lord of the Scyldings, spoke, and gave vent to secret thoughts of strife,—the journey of Beowulf, the brave sea-farer, was a great chagrin to him, for he grudged that any other man under heaven should ever obtain more glory on this middle-earth than he himself.
(506-528). 'Art thou the same Beowulf,' says he, 'who ventured on a foolhardy swimming match with Breca on the open sea in winter, for seven days, and got beaten? Aworse fate is in store for thee when thou meetest Grendel!'
'Art thou that Beowulf who strove with Breca, contested with him on the open sea, in a swimming contest, when ye two for vainglory tried the floods, and ventured your lives in deep water for idle boasting? Nor could any man, friend or foe, dissuade you from your sorry enterprise when ye swam on the sea; when ye compassed the flowing stream with your arms, meted out the sea-paths, battled with your hands, and glided over the ocean; when the sea, the winter's flood, surged with waves. Ye two toiled in the water's realm seven nights; he overcame you at swimming, he had the greater strength. Then, at morning time, the ocean cast him up on the Heathormas' land. Thence, dear to his people, he sought his beloved fatherland, the land of the Brondings, his fair stronghold-city, where he had subjects and treasures and a borough. The son of Beanstan performed faithfully all that he had pledged himself to. So I expect for thee a worse fatality,—though thou hast everywhere prevailed in rush of battle,—gruesome war,—if thou darest await Grendel at close quarters for the space of a night.'
Criticism of the Translation.
The extract is typical of all that is best in the translation. It is a thoroughly accurate piece of work, failing only where Wyatt's edition of the text is unsatisfactory. Translations like 'gave vent to secret thoughts of strife' and 'thou hast prevailed in the rush of battle' show that the work is the outcome of long thought and deep appreciation. At times the translation, as here, verges on a literary rendering. But in this respect the first part of the poem is vastly superior to the later parts, though all three are marred by extreme literalness. Dr. Hall did not always escape the strange diction that has so often before disfigured the translations of Beowulf:—
Line 2507, 'my unfriendly hug finished his bony frame.' " 2583, 'The Geat's free-handed friend crowed not in pride of victory.' " 2655, 'Fell the foe and shield the Weder-Geat Lord's life.' " 2688, 'the public scourge, the dreadful salamander.' " 2834, 'show his form' (said of the Dragon). " 2885, 'hopelessly escheated from your breed.'
It is also rather surprising to learn from Dr. Hall that Beowulf was one of those that 'advanced home government' (l.3005).
It should be added that the explanatory comment which constantly interrupts the translation, often six or eight times in a section, is annoying, both because it distracts the attention and because it is often presented in a style wholly inappropriate to the context.
But this absence of ease and dignity does not hinder Dr. Hall's translation from being an excellent rendering of the matter of the poem, at once less fanciful than Earle's[5] and more modern than Garnett's[6], its only rivals as a literal translation. That it conveys an adequate notion of the style of Beowulf, however, it is impossible to affirm.
[Footnote 1: Chiefly of Anglo-Saxon antiquities.]
[Footnote 2: See supra, p. 91.] [[Earle]]
[Footnote 3: See my forthcoming review of the book in the Journal of Germanic Philology.]
[Footnote 4: See supra, p. 91.] [[Earle]]
[Footnote 5: See supra, p. 91.] [[Earle]]
[Footnote 6: See supra, p. 83.] [[Garnett]]
TINKER'S TRANSLATION
Beowulf, translated out of the Old English by Chauncey Brewster Tinker, M.A. New York: Newson and Co., 1902. 12mo, pp. 158.
Eleventh English Translation. Prose.
Aim of the Volume and Nature of the Translation.
'The present translation of Beowulf is an attempt to make as simple and readable a version of the poem as is consistent with the character of the original. Archaic forms, which have been much in favor with translators of Old English, have been excluded, because it has been thought that vigor and variety are not incompatible with simple, idiomatic English....
The principal ways in which the present version differs from a merely literal translation are the following: (1)in a rather broad interpretation of pregnant words and phrases; (2)in a conception of some of the Old English compounds as conventional phrases in which the original metaphorical sense is dead; (3)in a free treatment of connecting words; (4)in frequent substitution of a proper name for an ambiguous pronoun.
The translation is based on the text of A.J. Wyatt (Cambridge, 1898); afew departures from his readings are enumerated in the Notes.' —Preface, pp. 5,6.
EXTRACT.
VIII and IX.
Unferth, athane of Hrothgar, grows jealous of Beowulf and taunts him, raking up old tales of a swimming-match with Breca. Beowulf is angered and boastfully tells the truth touching that adventure, and puts Unferth to silence. Queen Wealhtheow passes the cup. Hrothgar commends Heorot to the care of Beowulf.
Unferth, the son of Ecglaf, who sat at the feet of the lord of the Scyldings, spoke, and stirred up a quarrel; the coming of Beowulf, the brave seafarer, vexed him sore, for he would not that any other man under heaven should ever win more glories in this world than he himself. 'Art thou that Beowulf who didst strive with Breca on the broad sea and didst contend with him in swimming, when ye two, foolhardy, made trial of the waves and for a mad boast risked your lives in the deep water? None, friend or foe, could turn you from the sorry venture when ye two swam out upon the sea. But ye enfolded the ocean-streams with your arms, measured the sea-streets, buffeted the water with your hands, gliding over the deep. The ocean was tossing with waves, awinter's sea. Seven nights ye toiled in the power of the waters; and he overcame thee in the match, for he had the greater strength. Then at morning-tide the sea cast him up on the coast of the Heathormas, whence he, beloved of his people, went to his dear fatherland, the country of the Brondings, and his own fair city where he was lord of a stronghold, and of subjects and treasure. Verily, the son of Beanstan made good all his boast against thee. Wherefore, though thou hast ever been valiant in the rush of battle, Ilook to a grim fight, yea, and a worse issue, for thee, if thou darest for the space of one night abide near Grendel.'
APPENDIX I
INCOMPLETE TRANSLATIONS, AND PARAPHRASES
LEO'S DIGEST
Bwulf, dasz[1] lteste deutsche in angelschsischer mundart erhaltene heldengedicht nach seinem inhalte, und nach seinen historischen und mythologischen beziehungen betrachtet. Ein beitrag zur geschichte alter deutscher geisteszustnde. Von H. Leo. Halle, bei Eduard Anton, 1839. 8vo, pp. xx, 120.
Selections Translated into German Prose.
Contents of the Volume, and Nature of the Translation.
This was the first German book to give any extended account of the poem.
The titles of the chapters are: I. Historische Anlehnung; II. Mythischer Inhalt; III. Die geographischen Angaben; IV. Genealogische Verhltnisse der in dem Liede vorkommenden Helden; V. Uebersicht des Inhalts des Gedichtes von Bwulf. In this fifth chapter are found the extracts from Beowulf. It will be seen that the chapter is somewhat subordinate to the others, its chief purpose being to furnish a kind of digest of the poem, to be used principally as a work of reference. Adesire to condense leads the translator to omit lines that he does not deem essential to an understanding of the events and characters of the poem. Unfortunately his omissions are often the most poetical lines of the Beowulf. For example, he omits the description of Beowulf's sea-voyage; Hrothgar's account of the haunt of Grendel and his dam is curtailed; the dying words of Beowulf, perhaps the most beautiful lines in the poem, are clipped. Further examples may be found in the extract given below. This insufficiency is excused by the fact that Leo's main object in preparing the book was to prove certain theories that he held respecting the origin and date of the poem.
The text from which he translates is Kemble's[2].
EXTRACT.
ACHTER GESANG.
Hnfer Ecglfs sohn, der zu des scildingenfrsten fssen sasz, began da ein streiterregendesz gesprch; denn er wird eiferschtig auf den rum, den Bwulf sich zu erwerben geht. Er selbst wil der bermteste sein unter den wolken. Er sagte: 'Bistu der Bwulf, der mit Brcca ein wetschwimmen hielt sieben tage und nchte lang, bis er dich in schwimmen besigte, der krftigere man; dann am achten morgen stig er auf Heormes ansz land und gieng heim zu den Brondingen, wo er eine burg und edlesz gefolge und reichtum hatte? Bnstnes sohn hat dir allesz geleistet, wasz er gewettet hatte.'
Omissions:—
Line 502, mødges mere-faran. " 507-517 entire. " 520, sw[-]sne ɇel, lɇof his lɇodum.
Criticism of the Extract.
As an analysis this is good enough; as a translation of the passage it is of course utterly inadequate—it omits the very best lines in the original. The book served, however, as a running digest of the story, and as such gave an excellent idea of the contents of the poem. But Ettmller was justified in calling the translation which he published the next year, 'the first German translation[3].'
[Footnote 1: Leo was a spelling reformer.]
[Footnote 2: See supra, p. 33.] [[Kemble]]
[Footnote 3: See supra, p. 37.] [[Ettmller]]
SANDRAS'S ACCOUNT
De carminibus anglo-saxonicis Cdmoni adjudicatis Disquisitio. Has theses Parisiensi Litterarum Facultati proponebat S. G. Sandras in Lycaeo Claromontensi Professor. Parisiis, Apud A. Durand, Bibliopolam, 1859. 8vo, pp. 87. Beowulf described Cap. Primum, 2, De Profana Poesi, pp. 10-19.
Extracts Translated into Latin Prose.
The only significance of this book is that it contained the first information about Beowulf given to the French public. About ten lines are literally translated in Cap. I, 1, all under the general title, De Poesi Saxonica. In 2 the poem is rather carefully sketched, much after the manner of Leo[1], from Beowulf's arrival in the Danish land to the fight with Grendel.
[Footnote 1: See supra, p. 122.] [[Leo]]
E. H. JONES'S PARAPHRASE
Popular Romances of the Middle Ages. By George W. Cox, M.A., and Eustace Hinton Jones. London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1871. 8vo, Beowulf (by E. H. Jones), pp. 382-398.
*Second edition, in one volume (containing, in addition to the romances in the first edition, those formerly published under the title 'Tales of the Teutonic Lands'). C. Kegan Paul & Company: London, 1880 (1879).
A Paraphrase for General Readers.
Aim of the Volume.
'The thought that these old romances may be presented to Englishmen of the present day in a form which shall retain their real vigour without the repulsive characteristics impressed on them by a comparatively rude and ignorant age may not, perhaps, be regarded as inexcusably presumptuous. With greater confidence it may be affirmed that, if we turn to these old legends or romances at all, it should be for the purpose of learning what they really were, and not with any wish of seeing them through a glass which shall reflect chiefly our own thoughts about them and throw over them a colouring borrowed from the sentiment of the nineteenth century.
'These two conditions have, it is hoped, been strictly observed in the versions here given of some of the great romances of medival Europe. While special care has been taken to guard against the introduction even of phrases not in harmony with the original narratives, not less pains have been bestowed on the task of preserving all that is essential in the narrative; and thus it may perhaps be safely said that the readers of this volume will obtain from it an adequate knowledge of these time-honoured stories, without having their attention and their patience overtaxed by a multiplicity of superfluous and therefore utterly irksome details.' —Preface, pp. vi, vii.
Nature of the Paraphrase.
The poem is relieved of all the episodes except the prolog and King Hrothgar's discourse. Sometimes these omissions seem unnecessary. It is certainly a mistake to sacrifice the swimming-match, lively in its narrative, dramatic in setting.
On the other hand, the author makes an attempt to preserve as much as possible of the original style. So anxious is he to save every picturesque word of the original, that he sometimes transfers expressions from the passages which he is obliged to drop and inserts them in other parts of the story.
EXTRACT[1].
'Away to the westward among the people of the Gets lived a man, strongest of his race, tall, mighty-handed, and clean made. He was a thane, kinsman to Hygelc the Getish chief, and nobly born, being son of Ecgtheow the Wgmunding, awar-prince who wedded with the daughter of Hrethel the Get. This man heard of Grendel's deeds, of Hrothgr's sorrow, and the sore distress of the Danes, and having sought out fifteen warriors, he entered into a new-pitched ship to seek the war-king across the sea. Bird-like the vessel's swan-necked prow breasted the white sea-foam till the warriors reached the windy walls of cliff and the steep mountains of the Danish shores. They thanked God because the wave-ways had been easy to them; then, sea-wearied, lashed their wide-bosomed ship to an anchorage, donned their war-weeds, and came to Heorot, the gold and jewelled house. Brightly gleamed their armour and merrily sang the ring-iron of their trappings as they marched into the palace.' —Pages 384-5.
Criticism of the Paraphrase.
The object of a paraphrase is to present all the essential matter of the original, in a style materially simpler than, though not unrelated to, the original.
The matter of Mr. Jones's paraphrase is not above criticism. It is full of minor errors. In the extract, for example, the original does not say that the heroes 'donned their war-weeds,' nor that there were mountains on the shores of Denmark.
The style of the work is much better. It is throughout strong and clear, not over-sentimental. It is, perhaps, too intimate; it savors slightly of the Mrchen. This absence of vigor and remoteness may be due to the nature of the volume of which this paraphrase is only a part.
[Footnote 1: Swimming-match omitted.]
ZINSSER'S SELECTION
Jahresbericht ber die Realschule zu Forbach (Lothringen) fr das Schuljahr 1880 bis 1881, mit welchem zu der ffentlichen Prfung am Freitag den 12. August 1881 ergebenst einladet der Director A. Knitterscheid.
Voran geht eine Abhandlung des ordentlichen Lehrers G. Zinsser: Der 'Kampf Beowulfs mit Grendel,' als Probe einer metrischen Uebersetzung des angelschsischen Epos 'Bevulf.' Saarbrcken. Druck von Gebrder Hofer. 1881. 4to, pp. 18, double columns, Schulnachrichten6.
The First 836 Lines translated in Iambic Pentameter.
Aim, Contents, and Method of Translation.
'Gleichwol wird das Gedicht in deutscher Sprache noch wenig gelesen; und es mag darum gerechtfertigt sein, wenn auch ein weniger Berufener ein Schrflein zum weiteren Bekanntwerden dieses altehrwrdigen Erzeugnisses germanischen Geistes beitragen will. Derselbe hat in seiner Uebersetzung, von welcher im Folgenden von 3184 Versen nur die ersten 826[1], nmlich der Kampf Beowulfs mit Grendel mit vorausgehender Genealogie der dnischen Knige, vorgefhrt werden, alles vermieden, was dem Laien das Verstndnis erschweren knnte. Die am Schluss beigefgten mythologischen, historischen und geographischen Erluterungen knnen auch denen willkommen sein, welche sich eingehender mit dem Gedicht beschftigen wollen.' —Einleitung,4.
Text Used.
The text used is Heyne's edition of 1873 (see Einleitung,4).
EXTRACT.
9.
Doch Hunferd, Ecglafs Sohn, der beim Gelage Zu Fssen Hrodgars, seines Herren, sass, War voll Verdruss, der Ruhm des Beowulf Erregte bittren Neid im Busen ihm. Er konnte nicht ertragen, wenn beim Volke Ein andrer mehr gepriesen ward, als er. Voll Aerger sucht' er Hndel, also sprechend: 'Du bist gewiss der Beowulf, der einst Im Meer mit Breca um die Wette schwamm? Ihr masset damals euch in khnem Wagen! Das mhevolle Werk euch auszureden Vermochte niemand, tollkhn setztet ihr Das Leben ein und schwammt ins Meer hinaus. Zerteiltet mit den Armen kraftgemut Des Meeres Wogen, glittet rasch dahin In kalter Flut. Ihr mhtet sieben Nchte Euch ab, und endlich siegte Brecas Strke, Er war dir doch voran an Heldenkraft. Ihn trug die Flut zur Morgenzeit hinauf Zum Hadormenstrand. Von dort gelangt' Er dann zu seiner Burg in Brondingland, Die, starkbefestigt, funkelndes Geschmied, Der Spangen und Juwelen viele birgt. Es jubelte sein Volk dem Herren zu, Der khn sein Wort gelst, nachdem er so Im Wettkampf glnzend hatte obgesiegt!'
Criticism of the Extract.
The translation is very free. Lines that are obscure in the original are not allowed to be obscure in the translation, even if they have to have a meaning read into them. For example, in the extract quoted above, beadu-runen onband of the original is rendered 'sucht' er Hndel,' thoroughly intelligible, but not accurate. There is at times a tendency to paraphrase, or even to introduce an original sentence into the poem. An example of this may be seen at the close of the first canto:—
'unerforschlich sind Und dunkel oft die Wege des Geschickes[2].' —Page 5, l.54.
Words are occasionally omitted. In the extract above ne lɇof nɇ lⱥ (l.511) and sunu Bɇanstⱥnes (l.524) are omitted in translation. There are no lines in the original which correspond to the last line and a half of the extract.
Of course by adopting this method of translation the writer attains his purpose. His poem is readable, but readable at the expense of accuracy. As a paraphrase, the version is commendable; but it is hardly of importance in any other way.
[Footnote 1: According to the Old English text, 836.]
[Footnote 2: The Old English reads:—
Men ne cunnon secgan tø søe, sele-r[-]dende hle under heofenum, hwⱥ [-]m hlste onfɇng. —Lines 50-52.]
GIBB'S PARAPHRASE
*Gudrun and other Stories, from the Epics of the Middle Ages, by John Gibb. M. Japp & Company: London: Edinburgh (printed), 1881.
Gudrun, Beowulf, and Roland, with other mediaeval tales by John Gibb, with twenty illustrations. Second edition. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1884 (1883).
8vo, Beowulf, pp. 135-168, with three illustrations[1].
A Paraphrase in English Prose.
Aim of the Volume.
'I have not translated them (the poems) literally, but have told their stories faithfully in simple language, with the special design of interesting young people, although I am not without hope that they will be read by some who can no longer be called young.' —Prefatory Note.
Nature of the Paraphrase.
The following parts are omitted: (1) All episodes except the Prolog; (2)All lines that do not have to do directly with the story; (3)All the descriptive adjectives and kennings of the poem.
Gibb seems to care nothing for the beauties of the style. How much he has sacrificed may be seen by noting his rendering of the celebrated description of Grendel's haunt:—
'I know not their home. It is in a dark lake overshadowed by trees. Into that lake the stag will not plunge, even although the hounds are close upon it, so fearful and unholy is the place.'
An illustration of the same thing may be seen by noting the omission of phrases from the swimming-match.
EXTRACT.
But Hunferth, the son of Ecglaf, who sat at the feet of King Hrothgar, was displeased. He was grieved that any hero should come to the land boasting that he could do what no one among the Danes could do. He said scornfully to Beowulf—
'Tell me, art thou the Beowulf whom Breca overcame in a swimming match? Iheard the tale. You both ventured out like foolish men among the waves in the days of winter. For seven nights you swam together, but Breca was the stronger. Thou wilt have a worse defeat shouldst thou venture to meet Grendel in the darkness of the night.' —Page 144.
Criticism of the Paraphrase.
In comparison with the work of Mr. Jones[2], it may be said that Mr. Gibb's paraphrase is fuller, reproduces more events, and follows more faithfully the original order. He supplies fewer explanatory words and sentences. But, on the other hand, Mr. Gibb's work, unlike Mr. Jones's, has no merits of style—it is all on a dead level of prose. Thus it sins against one of the laws of paraphrase: that the writer, in relieving himself of the exacting duties of translator, must present the story in a more literary and more truly adequate medium. Mr. Gibb's is one of the poorer paraphrases.
Indebtedness to Arnold.
At page 280 of the concluding chapter, the author speaks of the history and character of the poem. It will be found on reference to this section that the author is a follower of the views set forth in the edition of Mr. Thomas Arnold[3]. It is probable that Mr. Gibb was indebted to this book for much of his paraphrase, but the free character of the version prevents any decision on this point.
[Footnote 1: Woodcuts; two of them are identical with the ones given in the Wgner-MacDowall paraphrase: see infra, p.130.]
[Footnote 2: See supra, p. 123.] [[Sandras]]
[Footnote 3: See supra, p. 71.] [[Arnold]]
THE WGNER-MACDOWALL PARAPHRASE
Epics and Romances of the Middle Ages. Adapted from the Work of Dr. W. Wgner by M.W. MacDowall, and edited by W. S. W. Anson. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., London: W. Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1883. 8vo, Beowulf, pp. 347-364, with two illustrations[1].
Second Edition, Oct. 1883.
Sixth Edition, 1890.
Eighth Edition, 1896.
Beowulf Retold, with Changes and Additions.
The paraphrase is adapted from Deutsche Heldensagen fr Schule und Haus, by Dr. W. Wgner (Leipzig, 1881).
Aim of the Book.
From the nature of the changes made in the story, it is evident that an appeal is made to younger readers. This is borne out by the statement on p.9 of the Introduction.
Changes in the Story.
The story does not pretend to do more than follow the most general outlines of the original. The most important changes are in the first division of the poem, where it would seem that no changes whatever were needed. The principal additions are the following:—
(1) Aminstrel flees from plague-stricken Heorot, sails to the Geatish land, and sings the terror wrought by Grendel, urging Beowulf to come and save the people.
(2) The swimming-match is introduced into the action of the story, with the motif radically altered. Breca is represented as winning the match.
(3) The incident of Beowulf's refusal of the crown is amplified and introduced into the story at the opening of the third part.
(4) The story differs from the original in a number of minor details.
EXTRACT.
The minstrel tuned his harp and sang of Beowulf's heroic deeds, and prophesied that he would conquer and slay the monster of the morass. This praise made Hunford, one of the courtiers, angry and jealous. He said it was Breka, not Beowulf, that had won the golden chain[2]; that the Gothic hero was undertaking an enterprise that would very likely lead him to his death; and he advised him to think twice before attacking Grendel. Upon this, Beowulf exclaimed indignantly that he had won a good sword instead of the golden chain, and that it was sharp enough both to pierce the hide of the monster and to cut out a slanderous tongue.
Criticism of the Paraphrase.
The extract gives a good idea of the author's sins of omission and commission. It will be seen, for example, that the tone of the entire passage is altered. The bit of repartee in the last sentence is wholly foreign to the Beowulf manner, which is outright and downright—the very opposite of subtilty. The false manner is evident at once when we compare the reply of the hero in the original, 'Thou art the murderer of thine own brethren, and thou shalt be damned in Hell. Wait till to-night, and thou shalt see which of us is the stronger.'
The story is, if possible, more garbled than the style. The mission of the minstrel and the mangled account of the swimming-match have no essential or artistic relation to the context. They are merely inserted to add to the action of the piece.
The popularity of the book is attested by the number of editions through which it has passed. The volume contains also paraphrases of the legends about Arthur, Charlemagne, and Tannhuser, as well as the story of the Nibelungs. These must account for its enduring success; but it is unfortunate that this, the poorest of the Beowulf paraphrases, should thus have found an audience which it did not deserve and could never have commanded for itself.
[Footnote 1: Woodcuts; inaccurate.]
[Footnote 2: Aprize offered by King Hygelak for the victor in the match.]
THERESE DAHN'S PARAPHRASE
Walhall. Germanische Gtter- und Heldensagen. Fr Alt und Jung am deutschen Herd erzhlt von Felix Dahn und Therese Dahn, geb. Freiin von Droste-Hlshoff. Mit neunundfnfzig Bildertafeln, Textbildern, Kopfleisten und Schlussstcken nach Federzeichnungen von Johannes Gehrts. Kreuznach, Verlag von R. Voigtlnder, 1883.
Seventh Edition, 1885.
Eleventh Edition, 1891.
Twelfth Edition (Leipzig), 1898.
8vo, Beowulf (by Therese Dahn[1]), pp. 361-405, with two illustrations.
A Paraphrase in German Prose for General Readers.
Therese Dahn.
Therese Dahn, born Freiin von Droste-Hlshoff, was born in 1845, and married Felix Dahn in 1873. With him she published in 1873 at Leipzig a volume of poems (Gedichte). For certain of her verses in this volume she received high praise. She has since continued creative work. She resides at Breslau, where Felix Dahn is professor in the University. Of the stories in the present volume she wrote, beside Beowulf, Die Wlsungen, Kudrun, the story of Knig Wilkinus, &c., Wieland der Schmied, Walther und Hildgund, and the stories from the Dietrich saga and the Nibelungen saga.
Nature of the Paraphrase.
The following parts of the story are omitted entirely: the account of the first King Beowulf in the Prolog; the Sigemund episode, Hrothgar's Discourse; the Thrytho episode; the Freawaru episode; Beowulf's account of his Fight with Grendel as told to King Hygelac; the Battle of Ravenswood.
Other changes in the story are as follows: the sorrows of the Danes as told in the Prolog are attributed to the reign of King Heremod; in a separate Kapitel (III) are gathered the Sorrows of King Hrethel, the account of Ongentheow, the Fall of Hygelac, and the Death of Heardred. The Fight at Finnsburg is added and an original beginning provided forit.
Obscure words, phrases, and lines are omitted; and explanatory words are inserted from time to time.
Indebtedness to Simrock.
The translation was evidently made with Simrock's translation[2] in hand; possibly it may have been made directly from that version. Evidence of the dependence upon Simrock may be found at every step. The forms of the proper names invented by Simrock are repeated here (e.g., Aeskhere, Hdkynn, Ochthere). His renderings of the unique words in the poem (sometimes in a slightly simplified form) are used in the paraphrase. Often the original word used by Simrock is added in parentheses (cf., e.g., Simrock, p.72.6 with Dahn, p.382, and p.73.44 with Dahn, p.383). Further evidence may be found by comparing the extracts given in this work.
EXTRACT.
Hunferd, des Knigs erster Snger, hub da ein Streitlied an; ihm war Beowulfs Ankunft leid: denn er liebte es nicht, dass ein ihn anderer an Ruhm bertreffe.
'Bist du der Beowulf, der einst im Wettkampf mit Breka durch die See schwamm? Wo ihr tollkhn in vermessenem Mut euer Leben in den tiefen Wassern wagtet? Weder Freund noch Feind konnten euch abhalten. Da rudertet ihr in den Sund, masset die Meeresstrassen, schlugt die Wasser mit den Hnden, ber die Tiefen gleitend. Die winterkalte See strmte und brauste: sieben Nchte schwammt ihr im Wasser. Breka besiegte dich: er hatte mehr Kraft. Die Hochflut warf ihn am nchsten Morgen ans Land, von we er in seine Heimat eilte, in das Land der Brondinge, wo er ber Burg und Volk gebietet.' —Page 370.
Criticism of the Paraphrase.
In many places the work is practically a translation, so closely has the original been followed. The style is agreeable and simple; but most of what is beautiful in the diction belongs to Simrock rather than to Frau Dahn.
The omissions are the most sensible that I have found in a paraphrase. Nothing of first importance has been lost.
[Footnote 1: See p. 662.]
[Footnote 2: See supra, p. 59.] [[Simrock]]
STOPFORD BROOKE'S SELECTIONS
The History of Early English Literature, being the History of English Poetry from its Beginnings to the Accession of King lfred. By Stopford A. Brooke. New York and London: The Macmillan Co., 1892. 8vo, Beowulf, pp. 12-92.
English Literature from the Beginning to the Norman Conquest. By Stopford A. Brooke. New York and London: The Macmillan Co., 1898. 8vo, Beowulf, pp. 58-83.
Digest, Running Comment, and Translation of Copious Extracts into Imitative Measures.
Reasons for including this Book.
This volume is included here because of the great influence it has had in forming popular notions regarding the Beowulf. The eminence of Mr. Brooke as a critic and as a poet has given him the attention of an audience hardly commanded by any other writer included in this paper.
Again, the number of lines actually translated by Mr. Brooke is equal to that in many of the volumes described in this section.
Difference between the two Editions.
The account in the second volume is much shorter than that in the first; only twelve pages are given to the story of Beowulf, while the first volume gives forty-three. The later book omits all discussion of the episodes, and, although parts of the older volume are retained, the matter is, in general, re-written.
Method of Translation.
Translated extracts accompany the story as told by Mr. Brooke.
In his Preface (p. ix), the author speaks of the futility of prose translations of poetry, and of the inadequacy of modern English media for translating the spirit of the poetry. Finally he adopts a line which he hopes will 'fulfil the needs and follow closely the peculiarities' of Old English.
'I chose after many experiments, the trochaic movement used in this book, each half-line consisting of trochees following one another, with a syllable at the end, chiefly a long one, to mark the division of the line. Ivaried the line as much as I could, introducing, often rashly, metrical changes; for the fault of this movement is its monotony. Ihave sometimes tried an iambic movement, but rarely; for this trochaic line with a beat at the end of each half-verse seemed to me to get the nearest to the sound of the Anglo-Saxon line, even though it is frequently un-similar to that line itself. Iused alliteration whenever I could, and stressed as much as possible the alliterated words, and I changed the length of the line with the changes of the original. But when I could not easily alliterate my line or stress the alliterated word, Idid not try to doso.'
The author adopts an archaic diction. The word-order of the Old English is followed whenever possible.
Text Used.
The text appears to be that of Grein-Wlker (1883).
EXTRACT[1].
There at haven stood, hung with rings the ship, Ice-bright, for the outpath eager, craft of Aethelings. So their lord, the well-beloved, all at length they laid In the bosom of the bark, him the bracelet-giver,— By the mast the mighty king. Many gifts were there Fretted things of fairness brought from far-off ways.— Never heard I of a keel hung more comelily about With the weeds of war, with the weapons of the battle, With the bills and byrnies. On his breast there lay A great heap of gems that should go with him, Far to fare away in the Flood's possession[2]. —Page26.
[Footnote 1: The swimming-match is not available for illustration here.]
[Footnote 2: In the second edition, the penultimate line reads, 'Jewels great and heaped,' &c.]
Criticism of the Translation.
While the extracts cannot always be praised for their accuracy, they are, perhaps, sufficiently faithful for a popular work. When the author undertakes to emend the text for himself, or offers an original interpretation, his work is not always trustworthy. Emendations in his Beowulf selections, however, are rare.
The style of the extracts seems needlessly obscure. This is due in part to following too closely the original word-order (see lines 4 and 5 of the extract), and in part to the free use of archaic language. Mr. Brooke does not hesitate to employ such forms as, 'house-carles,' 'grit-wall,' 'ness-slopes,' 'host-shafts,' 'war-wood,' 'gold-flakd shields,' 'grinning-masked helms,' which it would seem must be quite unintelligible to the majority of Mr. Brooke's readers.
The verse, which has been fully discussed above, is, perhaps, the most satisfactory feature of Mr. Brooke's work. Of course it is not strictly imitative, as he himself explains, but it gives a fairly good impression of the movement of the Old English verse.
MISS RAGOZIN'S PARAPHRASE
Tales of the Heroic Ages. Siegfried, the Hero of the North, and Beowulf, the Hero of the Anglo-Saxons, by Zenade A. Ragozin. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York and London, 1898. 8vo, Beowulf, pp. 211-323, with Note at p.323, and with four illustrations by George T. Tobin.
School Edition, New York, W. B. Harison, 1900.
A Paraphrase in English Prose.
The Author, and the Aim of her Book.
Miss Zenade Alexeievna Ragozin, aRussian by birth, an American by adoption, has devoted herself to the popularization of history and mythology. In the series Stories of the Nations, she has published, The Story of Chaldea, The Story of Assyria, The Story of Media, Babylon, and Persia, The Story of Vedic India. Of late she has turned her attention to the mythology of the various European nations, and has written of Siegfried, Frithjof, and Roland.
The object of her work may be given in her own words:—
'(The series is) intended as parallel reading to history, and planned to illustrate history.... Great changes are coming over the schools, ... changes in the right direction, which may shortly amount to a revolution, when there will be no reason why these Tales of the Heroic Ages should not, although addressed to young people at large, find a place, if not in the school curriculum, at least in the wide margin of so-called 'Supplementary Reading.' May they prove acceptable, not alone to the young, to whom they are specially addressed, but also, as has been felicitously said, to "the old with young tastes."' —Pages xx, xxii.
Method of Paraphrase.
'(The style) should be simple and epical; faithfully following the main lines, bringing out also the characteristic details—the poetical beauties, picturesque traits, and original dialogue, as much as may be consistent with necessary condensation and, frequently, elimination. It should be a consecutive, lively narrative, with the necessary elucidating explanations incorporated in the text and with the fewest and briefest possible footnotes, while it should contain no critical or mythological digressions.... What we want in telling it to the young, is to take the epic just as it is, condensing and expurgating, but not changing; rendering the characters, scenes and situations with the faithfulness and reverence due to the masterpiece of a race; using as much as possible, especially in the dialogue, the words of the original.... (The language) should be simple, though not untinged with quaintness, and even in places a certain degree of archaism.' —Pages xvi, xix, xxi.
Indebtedness to Earle.
'Professor Earle's[1] version has been fully utilized in the present volume, even to the extent of frequently making use of its wording, where it is not too archaic or literal for ordinary purposes.' —Page 330, footnote.
Some notion of the extent of this borrowing may be had by examining the extract printed below and the criticism that follows.
EXTRACT.
Yet there was one eye that gleamed not with merriment and goodwill, one head that hatched no friendly thoughts, because the heart swelled with malice and envy. Unferth it was, the king's own story-teller, who sat at his feet, to be ready at all times to amuse him. He broached a quarrelsome theme—an adventure in Beowulf's youth, the only contest in his record the issue of which, though hard fought, might be called doubtful. For this Unferth was an envious wight, whose soul grudged that any man should achieve greater things than himself.
'Art thou not,' he began tauntingly, 'that same Beowulf who strove with Breca on open sea in a swimming-match, in which ye both wantonly exposed your lives, and no man, either friend or foe, could turn you from the foolish venture? Ase'nnight ye twain toiled in the realm of the waters, and, if I err not, he outdid thee in swimming, for he had greater strength. Wherefore I fear me much that thou mayest meet with sorry luck if thou darest to bide here for Grendel for the space of a whole night.'
Criticism of the Paraphrase.
It may be inferred from the dependence upon the work of Earle that Miss Ragozin's knowledge of Old English is of the slightest. This inference is borne out by frequent misapprehension of the original sense, due in large measure to the use of a single translation. Thus on page 245, Grendel is called 'the God-sent scourge,' and, again, on p.322, Beowulf is described as having been 'most genial to his nobles.' Both of these errors are due to misapprehension of Professor Earle's translation. The list of proper names on p.331 reveals an ignorance of some fundamental facts of Old English pronunciation. Of course, an intimate knowledge of the Beowulf style and diction is not indispensable to the writer of a paraphrase, but the writer who has it will naturally be superior to the writer without it. For illustration, Miss Thomson[2] never misinterprets a passage as does Miss Ragozin on page 264, where nearly every sentence is false to the Beowulf manner.
The paraphrase is slightly disfigured by the distinctively Romance words which disfigure Earle's translation.
But these slight defects need not blind us to the service done by Miss Ragozin in making Beowulf accessible to school children. The style is, in general, strong and effective, not without some of the beauty and dignity of the Old English, but relieved of the more obscure and recondite features of that style.
[Footnote 1: See supra, p. 91.] [[Earle]]
[Footnote 2: See infra, p. 143.] [[Thomson]]
MR. CHURCH'S PARAPHRASE
Heroes of Chivalry and Romance. By the Rev. A. J. Church, M.A. London: Seeley and Company, 1898. 8vo, Beowulf, pp. 3-60. With two illustrations in colours by George Morrow.
Beowulf Retold.
Contents of the Volume.
'The Story of Beowulf,' 'King Arthur and the Round Table,' 'The Treasure of the Nibelungs.'
Indebtedness to Kemble and Earle.
'In writing the story of Beowulf I have been helped by Kemble's translation and notes[1], and still more by Professor Earle's[2] admirable edition.' —Author's Note.
Nature of the Paraphrase.
All obscure words (especially kennings) and lines are dropped. Many explanatory remarks are inserted to elucidate the story. All speeches are greatly shortened. Beowulf's tale of the fight is omitted entirely. The episodes are omitted, with the exception of the Sigemund episode, one-half of which is translated into heroic couplets, and the Finn episode, which is referred to in a single stanza which paraphrases the story.
Concerning the Author.
The Rev. Alfred John Church (born 1829) is known chiefly for his popularizations of the classics. His best-known works are Stories from Homer and Stories from Virgil. The present volume is an attempt to do for some of the Germanic legends what had already been done for Homer and Virgil.
EXTRACT.
But while they feasted envy stirred in the heart of Unferth, son of Ecglaf. He was the King's orator, and he took it ill that Beowulf should have come to the land of the Danes on this great enterprise, for he was one who could not endure that any man under heaven should do greater deeds than himself. Therefore he stood up in the hall and spake: 'Art thou that Beowulf who contended with Breca in swimming on the open sea? 'Twas, indeed, afoolhardy thing so to put your lives in jeopardy, yet no man could turn you from your adventure. Seven days and nights ye toiled, one against the other, but he in the end prevailed, for he had the greater strength. And on the eighth morning the waves cast him ashore on the land of the Heathoram, whence he journeyed back to the city of the Bronding, of which he was lord. So did Breca, son of Beanstan, make good his boast against thee.'
Criticism of the Paraphrase.
The extract is so much fuller than the other parts of the paraphrase that it hardly gives a fair notion of the nature of the work. The author has appreciated the dramatic quality of the swimming episode and preserved it nearly entire. Other parts of the story are much less fortunate.
A little knowledge of Old English would have done the author no harm, and would have saved him from some errors. His most evident mistakes are in the forms of the proper names. Such forms as these occur in his book: Veleda, Hugon, Weopstan (sic), Hrethin, Hrethet.
The diction is unfortunate. The coast-warden becomes a 'squire' (p.7); Heorot is a 'banqueting hall' (p.4, showing the influence of Kemble's translation); Beowulf and Breca were 'pages at the King's court' (p.13, showing the influence of Earle's translation).
Petty inaccuracies occur throughout, such as, 'I counsel that thou refuse not' (p.9); 'A faithful squire must needs know the troubles of his lord' (p.7). In point of accuracy this version is quite inferior to the work of Miss Thomson[3]; and in point of style and atmosphere to that of Mr. Jones[4], Miss Ragozin[5], or Miss Thomson. The book, however, is readable, and the author's name will doubtless serve to give it a certain success.
[Footnote 1: See supra, p. 33.] [[Kemble]]
[Footnote 2: See supra, p. 91.] [[Earle]]
[Footnote 3: See infra, p. 143.] [[Thomson]]
[Footnote 4: See supra, p. 123.] [[Sandras]]
[Footnote 5: See supra, p. 138.] [[Ragozin]]
MISS THOMSON'S PARAPHRASE
The Adventures of Beowulf, translated from the Old English and adapted to the Use of Schools by Clara Thomson[1]. London: Horace Marshall and Son, 1899. 8vo, pp. 95. In the 'New English Series,' edited by E. E. Speight.
A Paraphrase in English Prose.
Aim of the Volume.
'It is meant mainly to arouse in children an interest in the beginnings of our literature—asubject that is still terribly neglected in schools. It makes no pretension to being an adequate or satisfactory version for grown-up readers.' —Page6.
Method of Paraphrase.
'[Discrepancies in the poem] Ihave endeavoured to smooth over by omission or by very slight additions; and whenever of two readings of a doubtful passage, one is more easily comprehensible than the other, Ihave always adhered to this, even if on philological grounds it seems less probable.'...
'Many of the episodes in the story have been greatly shortened or altogether omitted, since they interrupt the course of the narrative, or divert the interest from the main theme.' —Pages5,6.
This statement is more modest than need be. It will be found that only two of the episodes are passed without mention—the Prolog and the Tale of Thrytho. The Legend of Sigemund and the Tale of Finn are rather fully treated, and the Story of Freawaru and the Battle of Ravenswood are both referred to. In each case the episodes are carefully woven into the story, and that without superfluous words.
The words and sentences which are supplied are very carefully chosen, and most of them have a prototype somewhere in the poem.
EXTRACT.
Now, though most of Hrothgar's men rejoiced to see Beowulf, and honoured him for his generous thought in coming to their help, there was one who looked on him with dislike and envy, and was jealous of the favour shown him by the king. This was Hunferth, who was sitting on the das at Hrothgar's feet. And when he heard what this visitor intended to do, he grew angry and moody, because he could not bear that any other man on earth should obtain greater honour than he himself. So he began to rake up old tales that he had heard of Beowulf, and tried to turn them to his hurt, saying scornfully:
'Art thou that Beowulf who once strove on the wide sea in a swimming-match with Breca, when ye two in boasting dared to breast the wave, and for vainglory risked your lives in the deep water? There was no man, friend nor foe, who could dissuade you from that sorrowful journey; but ye swam in the surf, stretching out your arms over the waves, and stirring up the surge with your hands. So did ye glide across the ocean, while the waves weltered in wintry storms, and for seven nights ye laboured in the tumult of the seas. But in the end the victory was with Breca, for his might was the greater. Then on the morning of the eighth day the tide bore him to the shore of Norway, whence he visited his beloved home, the fair city of safety, where he ruled over many people, over towns and treasure. Truly he did perform all his boast against thee.'
Criticism of the Paraphrase.
In the opinion of the present writer, no better paraphrase of Beowulf exists.
It is perhaps unfortunate that the word 'translated' is used on the title-page, for this is misleading. The proper form is that used on the cover of the book, 'Beowulf, told by Miss Clara Thomson.'
It were sufficient praise to point out that the author has contrived to retain practically all of the poem, without ever falsifying its spirit by introducing a superabundance of explanatory phrases[2]. She is always true to the story (as Miss Ragozin[3] is not, for example, in the first section of her work); she is equally true to the spirit of the poem (as Mr. Gibb[4] is not). The style is both vigorous and simple, not unworthy of the story it tells.
It will be surprising if Miss Thomson's work is not popular in England, and the book should be known and used in this country.
[Footnote 1: Miss Thomson is better known as the biographer of Samuel Richardson. See Samuel Richardson, aBiographical and Critical Study. London, 1900.]
[Footnote 2: The author's argument against inserting the Prolog is sound enough; but the omission of any part of the poem in a paraphrase so good as Miss Thomson's is to be regretted.]
[Footnote 3: See supra, p. 138.] [[Ragozin]]
[Footnote 4: See supra, p. 128.] [[Gibb]]
APPENDIX II
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS WHICH CONTAIN SELECTIONS FROM BEOWULF TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH
(Only works which translate at least thirty lines are noted.)
TEN BRINK, BERNHARD, AND KENNEDY, HORACE, in Early English Literature (to Wiclif). London and New York, 1883. Verse.
BROWN, ANNA R., in Poet Lore, II, 133, 185. Verse, ll. 26-53, and 1493-1571.
GUMMERE, F. B., in the American Journal of Philology, VII, 77, ll. 1-52. Verse.
—— in Germanic Origins (New York, 1892), pp. 109ff. Verse.
LONGFELLOW, HENRY WADSWORTH, in Poets and Poetry of Europe, lines 18-40; 53-83; 189-257; 1789-1803; 2455-2462. Verse.
MORLEY, HENRY, in English Writers, I, pp. 287ff. (second edition, London, 1887). Verse.
ROBINSON, W. CLARKE, in Introduction to our Early English Literature (London, 1885). Lines 87-98 (verse), and 1-52 (prose).
SMITH, C. SPRAGUE, in the New Englander, IV, p.49. Lines 711-838; Section XII, Section XIII, 1493-1652; Section XXIII, Section XXIV. Verse.
SWEET, HENRY, in Warton's History of English Poetry, ed. W. Carew Hazlitt (London, 1877). Vol. II, pp. 11-12. Prose.
TOLMAN, A. H., in Transactions of the Modern Language Association, III, pp. 19ff. In the 'Style of Anglo-Saxon Poetry.' Prose.
Incomplete Paraphrase.
PALMER, BERTHA, in Stories from the Classic Literature of many Nations (New York, 1898), pp. 262-263. Beowulf's Fight with Grendel, using J. L. Hall's translation as a basis.
APPENDIX III
TWO WORKS NAMED 'BEOWULF'
I.
Beowulf, Roman von Karl Manno (pseud. Carl von Lemcke). In Deutsche Roman-Zeitung, Jahrg. 19, Bde. 1, 2. Berlin, 1882.
A modern romance, having no relation to the Old English poem.
II.
Mr. S. H. Church's 'Beowulf.'
Beowulf, aPoem by Samuel Harden Church. New York: Stokes and Co., 1901.
An original poem, using some of the Beowulf material.
After speaking of his original intention of translating the Beowulf, which he later discarded, the author says:—
'I have ... composed an original narrative in which the leading characters and some of the incidents of the early work[1] have been freely used, but as materials only. Ihave transferred to my hero, Beowulf, the picturesque history of Sceaf[2]; have changed the relationship of characters and incidents; have inserted the illumination of Beowulf's soul, and his banishment; and have introduced the love motive between Beowulf and Freaware that runs through the poem to the end. Indeed the structure, language, style, description, elaboration, interpretation, and development of the story are new. Ihave arbitrarily laid the scene in England, under purely idealized conditions; and have initiated nearly all that the poem contains of womanhood, of love, of religion, of state-policy, and of domestic life and manners. It is clear, therefore, that my work must not be judged either as a translation, version, or paraphrase of the old Beowulf.'
[Footnote 1: i.e., the translation.]
[Footnote 2: Scyld]
INDEX OF TRANSLATORS
Arnold, Thomas, 71-4. Botkine, L., 75-9. ten Brink, B., and Kennedy, H. M., 146. Brooke, S. A., 135-7. Brown, Anna R., 146. Church, A. J., 141-3. Conybeare, J. J., 28-32. Cox and Jones, see Jones. Dahn, T., 132-4. Earle, John, 91-5. Ettmller, L., 37-41. Garnett, J. M., 83-7. Gibb, J., 128-30. Grein, C. W. M., 55-9. Grion, G., 87-9. Grundtvig, N. F. S., 22-8. Gummere, F. B., 146. Hall, John Lesslie, 95-9. Hall, John R. Clark, 114-8. Heyne, M., 63-7. Hoffmann, P., 99-103. Jones, E. H., 123-5. Kemble, J. M., 33-7. Kennedy, H. M., see ten Brink. Lemcke, Carl von, see Manno. Leo, H., 121-3. Longfellow, H. W., 146. Lumsden, H. W., 79-82. MacDowall, M. W., 130-2. Morley, H., 146. Morris, W., 104-9. Palmer, B., 147. Ragozin, Z. A., 138-40. Robinson, W. C., 146. Sandras, G. S., 123. Schaldemose, F., 41-5. Simons, L., 109-11. Simrock, K., 59-63. Smith, C. S., 146. Steineck, H., 112-4. Sweet, H., 147. Thomson, C., 143-5. Thorkelin, G. J., 15-21. Thorpe, B., 49-55. Tinker, C. B., 118-20. Tolman, A. H., 147. Turner, S., 9-15. Wackerbarth, A. D., 45-9. Wgner, W., 130-2. Wickberg, R., 90, 91. von Wolzogen, H., 68-71. Wyatt, A. J., 104-9. Zinsser, G., 126-8.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * *
ERRATA (noted by transcriber):
The word "invisible" means that there is an appropriately sized gap, but the character itself is not present.
In German texts, the word or word element "wohl" is consistently spelled "wol". Other variant spellings are not noted.
Translations marked with a bracketed asterisk [*] were checked against the original texts.
THORKELIN Dr J V. [periods printed as shown] (Criticism) ... swsne [[rune]] (i.e. ɇel). [the original text shows the runic letter called "edhel"; second period in "i.e." invisible]
GRUNDTVIG Bjowulf's Draape [Drape] Bjovulvs-Draapen, et Hinordisk Heltedigt [Drapen ... Hoinordisk]
ETTMLLER[*] (Theory) nach dem gewonnenen Schema [gewonnen] (Extract) bei Headhormes [Headormes]
SCHALDEMOSE Beo-wulf og Scopes Widsi [letter printed as d with bar]
SIMROCK[*] (Nature) der Schnheit des Gedichts [Gedichtes] (Extract) In diesem Mittelkreiss [Mittelkreis] da besiegt' er dich im Schwimmen. [letter "i" in "Schwimmen" invisible]
HEYNE[*] (Aim) nicht die erste, die ich biete ["ich" emphatic (gesperrt) in Heyne original] (Nature) allitterierende Versmass [alliterierende] fnffssige Jamben [Iamben] (Extract) mit verwegnem Brsten [verwegnen] Da schwammt ihr hinaus in See [shown as printed] das hatte Beanstans Sohn [text corrects misspelled "Banstan" in Heyne original]
ARNOLD (Criticism) nothing more than a transcription [mroe]
GARNETT (Nature) ... 'In respect to the rhythmical form [open quote invisible]
GRION [All apostrophes are spaced as in the original] (Preliminary) es che nessuna parola [si che]
J. L. HALL (Criticism) ... again has here and there been made. [close quote missing] 'the' or 'a' in the verses quoted above [open quote in "the" invisible]
SIMONS[*] Leeraar aan 't koninklijk Athenaeum [aan't] (Aim and Contents) Geschiednis [Geschiedenis] (Extract) Gij maat de zeebaan [zeebahn]
J. R. C. HALL (Nature) without the translation (p.7). [closing parenthesis invisible] (Criticism) '... the Weder-Geat Lord's life.' [close quote missing]
WGNER-MACDOWALL Adapted from the Work of Dr. W. Wgner by M. W. MacDowall [W. M.]
RAGOZIN The Story of Vedic India. [extraneous close quote at end of sentence] |
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