Accordingly, on May 26th, 1830, a large fleet sailed out of Toulon. Admiral Duperre commanded, and the land-forces on board numbered thirty-seven thousand foot, besides cavalry and artillery. Delayed by stress of weather, the fleet was not sighted off Algiers till June 13th, when it anchored in the Bay of Sidi Ferrūj, and there landed next day, with little opposition, and began to throw up entrenchments. A force of Arabs and Kabyles was severely defeated on the 19th, with the loss of their camp and provisions, and the French slowly pushed their way towards the city, beating back the Algerines as they advanced. The defenders fought game to the last, but the odds were overwhelming, and the only wonder is that so overpowering a force of besiegers, both by sea and land, should have evinced so much caution and diffidence of their own immense superiority. On July 4th, the actual bombardment of the city began; the Fort de l'Empereur was taken, after the Algerines had blown up the powder magazine; and the Dey asked for terms of surrender. Safety of person and property for himself and for the inhabitants of the city was promised by the French commander, and on this condition the enemy occupied Algiers on the following day, July 5th. A week later the Dey, with his family and attendants and belongings, sailed for Naples in a French frigate, and Algiers had seen the last of its Mohammedan rulers.[93]

Here, so far as Algiers is concerned, the Story of the Corsairs properly ends. But a glance at the events which have occurred during the French occupation may usefully supplement what has already been recorded. The conquest had been marked by a moderation and humanity which did infinite honour to the French arms; it would have been well if a similar policy had distinguished their subsequent proceedings. It is not necessary to dwell upon the assurance given by France to Great Britain that the occupation was only temporary; upon the later announcement of permanent annexation; or upon England's acquiescence in the perfidy, upon the French engaging never to push their conquests further to the east or west of Algiers—an engagement curiously illustrated by the recent occupation of Tunis. But if the aggrandizement of France in North Africa is matter for regret, infinitely more to be deplored is the manner in which the possession of the interior of the country has been effected. It is not too much to say that from the moment when the French, having merely taken the city of Algiers, began the work of subduing the tribes of the interior in 1830, to the day when they at last set up civil, instead of military, government, after the lessons of the Franco-German war in 1870, the history of Algeria is one long record of stupidly brutal camp-rule, repudiation of sacred engagements, inhuman massacres of unoffending natives of both sexes and all ages, violence without judgment, and severity without reason. One French general after another was sent out to bring the rebellious Arabs and Kabyles into subjection, only to display his own incompetence for the inhuman task, and to return baffled and brutalized by the disgraceful work he thought himself bound to carry out. There is no more humiliating record in the annals of annexation than this miserable conquest of Algiers. It is the old story of trying to govern what the conquerors call "niggers," without attempting to understand the people first. Temper, justice, insight, and conciliation would have done more in four years than martial intolerance and drum tyranny accomplished in forty.

In all these years of miserable guerilla warfare, in which such well-known commanders as Bugeaud, Pelissier, Canrobert, St. Arnaud, MacMahon, and many more, learned their first demoralizing lessons in warfare, the only people who excite our interest and admiration are the Arab tribes. That they were unwise in resisting the inevitable is indisputable; but it is no less certain that they resisted with splendid valour and indomitable perseverance. Again and again they defeated the superior forces of France in the open field, wrested strong cities from the enemy, and even threatened to extinguish the authority of the alien in Algiers for ever. For all which the invaders had only to thank themselves. Had General Clausel, the first military governor of Algiers, been a wise man, the people might have accepted, by degrees, the sovereignty of France. But the violence of his measures, and his ignorance of the very word "conciliation," raised up such strenuous opposition, engendered such terrible reprisals, and set the two parties so hopelessly against each other, that nothing less than a prolonged struggle could be expected.

The hero of this sanguinary conflict was 'Abd-el-Kādir, a man who united in his person and character all the virtues of the old Arabs with many of the best results of civilization. Descended from a saintly family, himself learned and devout, a Hāj or Meccan pilgrim; frank, generous, hospitable; and withal a splendid horseman, redoubtable in battle, and fired with the patriotic enthusiasm which belongs to a born leader of men, 'Abd-el-Kādir became the recognized chief of the Arab insurgents. The Dey of Algiers had foreseen danger in the youth, who was forced to fly to Egypt in fear of his life. When he returned, a young man of twenty-four, he found his country in the hands of the French, and his people driven to desperation. His former fame and his father's name were talismans to draw the impetuous tribes towards him; and he soon had so large a following that the French deemed it prudent for the moment to recognize him (1834) as Emīr of Maskara, his native place, of which he had already been chosen king by general acclamation. Here he prepared for the coming struggle; and when the French discovered a pretext for attacking him in 1835, they were utterly routed on the river Maska. The fortunes of war vacillated in the following year, till in May, 1837, 'Abd-el-Kādir triumphantly defeated a French army in the plain of the Metija. A fresh expedition of twenty thousand met with no better success, for Arabs and Berbers are hard to trap, and 'Abd-el-Kādir, whose strategy evoked the admiration of the Duke of Wellington, was for a time able to baffle all the marshals of France. The whole country, save a few fortified posts, was now under his sway, and the French at last perceived that they had to deal with a pressing danger. They sent out eighty thousand men under Marshal Bugeaud, and the success of this officer's method of sweeping the country with movable columns was soon apparent. Town after town fell; tribe after tribe made terms; even 'Abd-el-Kādir's capital, Takidemt, was destroyed; Maskara was subdued (1841); and the heroic chief, still repudiating defeat, retreated to Morocco. Twice he led fresh armies into his own land, in 1843 and 1844; the one succumbed to the Duc d'Aumale, the other to Bugeaud. Pelissier covered himself with peculiar glory by smoking five hundred men, women, and children to death in a cave. At last, seeing the hopelessness of further efforts and the misery they brought upon his people, 'Abd-el-Kādir accepted terms (1847), and surrendered to the Duc d'Aumale on condition of being allowed to retire to Alexandria or Naples. It is needless to add that, in accordance with Algerian precedent, the terms of surrender were subsequently repudiated, though not by the Royal Duke, and the noble Arab was consigned for five years to a French prison. Louis Napoleon eventually allowed him to depart to Brusa, and he finally died at Damascus in 1883, not, however, before he had rendered signal service to his former enemies by protecting the Christians during the massacres of 1860.

Though 'Abd-el-Kādir had gone, peace did not settle upon Algeria. Again and again the tribes revolted, only to feel once more the merciless severity of their military rulers. French colonists did not readily adopt the new field for emigration. It seemed as though the best thing would be to withdraw from a bootless, expensive, and troublesome venture. Louis Napoleon, however, when he visited Algiers in 1865, contrived somewhat to reassure the Kabyles, while he guaranteed their undisturbed possession of their territories; and until his fall there was peace. But the day of weakness for France was the opportunity for Algiers, and another serious revolt broke out; the Kabyles descended from their mountains, and Gen. Durieu had enough to do to hold them in check. The result of this last attempt, and the change of government in France, was the appointment of civil instead of military governors, and since then Algeria has on the whole remained tranquil, though it takes an army of fifty thousand men to keep it so. There are at least no more Algerine Corsairs.

It remains to refer to the affairs of Tunis. If there was provocation for the French occupation of Algiers in 1830, there was none for that of Tunis in 1881.[94] It was a pure piece of aggression, stimulated by the rival efforts of Italy, and encouraged by the timidity of the English Foreign Office, then under the guidance of Lord Granville. A series of diplomatic grievances, based upon no valid grounds, was set up by the ingenious representative of France in the Regency—M. Theodore Roustan, since deservedly exposed—and the resistance of the unfortunate Bey, Mohammed Es-Sādik, to demands which were in themselves preposterous, and which obviously menaced his semi-independence as a viceroy of the Ottoman Empire, received no support from any of the Powers, save Turkey, who was then depressed in influence and resources by the adversities of the Russian invasion. The result was natural: a strong Power, unchecked by efficient rivals, pursued her stealthy policy of aggression against a very weak, but not dishonest, State; and finally seized upon the ridiculous pretext of some disturbances among the tribes bordering on Algeria to invade the territory of the Bey. In vain Mohammed Es-Sādik assured M. Roustan that order had been restored among the tribes; in vain he appealed to all the Powers, and, above all, to England. Lord Granville believed the French Government when it solemnly assured him that "the operations about to commence on the borderland between Algeria and Tunis are meant solely to put an end to the constant inroads of the frontier clans into Algerian territory, and that the independence of the Bey and the integrity of his territory are in no way threatened." It was Algiers over again, but with even more serious consequences to English influence—indeed to all but French influence—in the Mediterranean. "Perfide Albion" wholly confided in "Perfida Gallia," and it was too late to protest against the flagrant breach of faith when the French army had taken Kef and Tabarka (April 26, 1881), when the tricolor was floating over Bizerta, and when General Breart, with every circumstance of insolent brutality, had forced the Treaty of Kasr-es-Sa'īd upon the luckless Bey under the muzzles of the guns of the Republic (May 12th). It is difficult to believe that the feeling of the English statesmen of the day is expressed in the words—Haec olim meminisse juvabit.

The Bey had been captured—he and since his death Sidi 'Alī Bey have continued to be the figureheads of the French Protectorate—but his people were not so easily subdued. The southern provinces of Tunis broke into open revolt, and for a time there ensued a period of hopeless anarchy, which the French authorities made no effort to control. At last they bestirred themselves, and to some purpose. Sfax was mercilessly bombarded and sacked, houses were blown up with their inhabitants inside them, and a positive reign of terror was inaugurated, in which mutual reprisals, massacres, and executions heightened the horrors of war. The whole country outside the fortified posts became the theatre of bloodshed, robbery, and anarchy. It was the history of Algiers in petto. Things have slowly improved since then, especially since M. Roustan's recall; doubtless in time Tunis will be as subdued and as docile as Algiers; and meanwhile France is developing the resources of the land, and opening out one of the finest harbours in existence. Yet M. Henri de Rochefort did not, perhaps, exaggerate when he wrote: "We compared the Tunisian expedition to an ordinary fraud. We were mistaken. The Tunis business is a robbery aggravated by murder." The "Algerian business" was of a similar character. Qui commence bien finit bien, assumes Admiral Jurien de la Graviere in his chapter entitled "Gallia Victrix." If the history of France in Africa ends in bringing the southern borderlands of the Mediterranean, the old haunts of the Barbary Corsairs, within the pale of civilization, it may some day be possible to bury the unhappy past, and inscribe upon the tombstone the optimistic motto: Finis coronat opus.

FOOTNOTES:

[93] See the graphic journal of the British Consul-General, R. W. St. John, published in Sir R. Lambert Playfair's Scourge of Christendom, pp. 310-322.

[94] For a full account of this scandalous proceeding, see Mr. A. M. Broadley's Tunis, Past and Present.

THE END.



INDEX.

A

'Abd-el-Kādir, 305-6

'Abd-el-Melik. Khalif, 7

'Abd-er-Rahmān, 7

Acre, 62

Acton, Chevalier, 191

Aden, 98

Aegina, 97

"Africa" (Mahdīya), Siege of, 128-133; (Illustr.) 129; taken by Dragut, 133; retaken by Doria, 134.

Aghlabīs, 7, 21

Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress, 4, 299

Alghero, 62

Algiers, 8; taken by D. Pedro Navarro, 13; orthography, 13 n., 16, 19; occupied by Urūj Barbarossa, 46; ruled by Kheyr-ed-dīn, 54; Hasan Aga, viceroy, 81; Charles V.'s Expedition, 112-123; renegade Pashas, 185; Turkish Deys, 185-7; its galleys, 218 ff.; its slaves, 235 ff.; arrogance of its Deys, 257 ff.; bombardment, 297; French occupation, 301-7

Algiers (Illustr.) frontispiece, 48, 115

Alhucemas, 188

'Ali Aga, 272

'Ali Pasha at Lepanto, 164, 173-6

Allen, Sir T., 272

Almohades, 7, 21

Almoravides, 21

Alva, Duke of, 113

'Amr, General, 7

Angelo, Fort (Corfu), 97

Angelo, Fort (Malta), 136, 142 ff.

Aragon, 23

Aranda, Emanuel d', 195

Arenela, 143

Armadores, 221

Arta, Gulf of, 101 ff.

Astrolabe, 170

Astrolabe, observation with, 104

Atlas range, 14

Aubusson, D', 66

Aumale, Duc d', 306

Ayās, Grand Vezīr, 96

Aydīn Reis "Drub-Devil," 56, 57, 89

B

Bab Azūn, 117, 118

Bab-el-Wēd, 117

Bainbridge, Capt., 277 ff.

Balaklava, 62

Balearic Islands, 24, 56, 57

Baltimore in Ireland sacked, 233, 265

Barbarigo, 173, 175

Barbarossa, Urūj, birth, 31; Lives of, 31 n.; arrives at Tunis, 32; takes Papal Galleys, 35; settles at Jerba, 40; attacks Bujēya, 40; is wounded, 43; second attempt on Bujēya, 44; goes to Jījil, 44; surprises Shershēl, 46; occupies Algiers, 49; defeats the Spaniards, 50; conquers Tinnis, 51; is pursued by the Spaniards, 51; and killed, 52

Barbarossa, Kheyr-ed-dīn, see Kheyr-ed-dīn

Barbary peninsula, 14 ff.

Barbary, map of, 17

Barcone, 231

Bastion de France, 253-4

Bazan, Alvaro de, 173

Beaufort, Henry, 131

Bekri, El, 26

Beshiktash, 111

Besistān, 243

Beys of Tunis, 22

Blake, Admiral, 269

Blomberg, Barba, 167

Boccanegra, 103

Bona, 19, 24, 26

Bona, Cape, 19

Borāk Reis, 66-7

Bourbon, Duke of, 131

Bourbon, Francois de, 106

Boyssat, 89 n.

Brigantine (Vergatina), 10, 205

Bragadino, 164

Braithwaite, Capt., 191 n.

Breves, M. de, 226

Broadley, A. M., 89 n., 257, 295, 307

Bruce, James, 273

Bugeaud, Marshal, 306

Bujēya, taken by Spaniards, 12; harbour, 19, 23; besieged by Urūj Barbarossa, 40; again, 44, 51; Charles V. at, 122, 254

Burgol, 222

C

Caesarea Augusta, 13 n.

Cairo, 21

Canale, 95

Capellan, Van, 296

Capello, 101-4, 194

Carack, 86, 103

Caramuzel, 231

Caravel (Illustr.), 11, 231

Cardona, Juan de, 150, 168, 177

Carthage, 19

Castelnuovo, 105

Catena, 9, 168 n.

Cattaro, 105

Cerda, Juan de la, 147

Cervantes, 177, 246-8

Cervellon, 182

Cetraro, 84

Ceuta, 16, 20, 23, 188

Challoner, Sir T., 122

Charles V., 51, 57, 77; at Tunis, 86-91; at Algiers, 112-123, 167

Chenier, 191 n.

Chesneau, 83 n.

Chioggia, 62

Christian privileges in Barbary, 22

Clement, Saint-, 161, 192

Col, 55

Collingwood, Admiral, 292

Colonna, 163, 173, 176

Comares, Marq. de, 51

Comelin, Father, 255

Commercial Treaties, 22

Compass, 99

Condulmiero, 103

Constantine, 55

Constantinople, 82-3

Consuls at Algiers, &c., 259 ff.

Cordova, 7

Corfu, 95; besieged, 96-7

Corsica, 7, 24

Cortes, 114

Cossier, 89

Cottington, 229

Courcy, De, 131

Crossbow, observation with, 55

Cruz, Marquis of Santa, 177

Cyprus, 72; taken by Turks, 162-4

D

Damad 'Alī, 181

Dan, Father, 218, 219, 220, 233, 235 ff., 252 ff.

Danser, Simon, 226

Dardanelles, 62

Daūd Pasha, 67-71

Decatur, Stephen, 283 ff., 293

Delgarno, 188

Deli Memi, 246

Dellāls, 243

Denis, Sir Peter, 264

Denmark and Tunis, 258 ff.

Deys of Algiers, 22, 262 ff.

Doria, Andrea, drives Kheyr-ed-dīn from the Goletta, 43; life up to 1533, 76-8; portrait, 79; takes Coron, 81; misses Kheyr-ed-dīn, 82; expedition to Tunis, 86 ff.; chases Kheyr-ed-dīn, 93; fight off Paxos, 95; defeated at Prevesa, 101-4; inactivity, 110; expedition to Algiers, 113 ff.; to Mahdīya, 133; lets Dragut slip, 135; death, 140

Doria, Giannettino, 112, 127

Doria, Giovanni Andrea, 138-40, 163, 168, 173, 175

Doria, Roger, at Jerba, 128

Dragut, Reis (Torghūd), 56, 98, 103, 110, 112; early career, 124; captivity, 127; ransom, 112, 127; at Jerba, 128; takes "Africa," 133, and loses it, 134; escape from Jerba, 135; joins the Ottoman navy, 136, 138; destroys the Christian fleet at Jerba, 140; dies at the siege of Malta, 146-9

"Drub-Devil" Aydīn, 56

Duperre, Admiral, 302

Dynasties of N. Africa, 21

E

Echinades, 173

Elba looted, 82

Elmo, Fort St., 142-9

England and Algiers, 257 ff.

Eski Serai, 82

Evangelista, Master, 142

Exmouth, Lord, 293 ff.

F

Falcon, Consul, 264

Fātimīs, 7, 21, 24

Ferdinand the Catholic, 8, 13, 44

Fez, Bishop of, 22

Fondi sacked, 84-5

Formentara, 57, 224

France and Algiers, 256 ff., 301 ff.

Francis I., 77, 94, 106-10

Frazer, Hon. A. C., 264

Frizell, Consul, 266

Froissart, 128-33

Furttenbach, 206 ff., 232

G

Gabes, Gulf of, 26

Galata, 62

Galleasse, 68, (illustr.) 69, 227; description, 206, 230

Galleon (illustr.), 6; description, 205

Galleot, description, 218

Galley (illustr.), 37, 64; building at Constantinople, 83; (illustr.) 107, 203, 207, 209, 211; description of, 200 ff., 213 ff.

Gembloux, 178

Genoa, 23, 43, 61 ff., 77

Goletta of Tunis, 16, 32, 78, 86

Gonzaga, Giulia, escape of, 84-5

Granada, fall of, 8

Graviere, Admiral Jurien de la, 31 n., 59, 71, 73, 81, 83, 104, 123, 138, 150, 177, 206, 215

Greece, raid among the isles of, 97

Greek fire, 131

Grimani, 67, 71, 101-4

Guaras, Jean de, 146

H

Haedo, Diego de, 31 n., 36, 82 n., 200-5, 219, 220, 223-4

Hafs, dynasty, 21, 23, 32, 85

Hājji Khalīfa, 31 n., 67, 82 n., 98, 104

Hammād, dynasty, 21

Hammer, Von, 31 n., 104

Harebone, Mr., 260

Hasan Aga, 81, 112; defends Algiers against Charles V., 112-23

Hasan, King of Tunis, 85-91

Hasan, Pasha of Algiers, 246-7

Herbert, Admiral, 272

Hisār Reis, 134

Holland and Algiers, 257 ff., 271, 295

Hope, Capt., 264

Hospitallers, Knights of St. John, 66, 73, 76, and see Malta

I

Ibrahīm, Grand Vezīr, 83, 89, 94

Ibrahīm Lubarez, 277

Idrīs, 21

Inchiquin, Earl of, 269

India, expedition to, 98

J

Jerba, lotus-eaters' island, 16, 40; (illustr.) 125; Dragut's lair, 128; his escape from, 135; destruction of the Christian fleet, 139

Jezair, Al-, 13 n.

Jījil, 19, 20; occupied by Urūj Barbarossa, 44

John of Austria, Don, 164-78, 246

Julius II., Pope, 35

K

Kasaba at Algiers, 244 ff.

Kara Hasan, 49

Kayrawān, 91

Kemāl Reis, 66

Keppel, Admiral, 273

Khaldūn, Ibn-, 26

Khalifs, 7, 21

Kheyr-ed-dīn Barbarossa, birth, 31 and n., 36 n.; driven from the Goletta, 43; character, 53; policy towards Sultan, 54; appointed Governor of Algiers, 54; defeats Hugo de Moncada, 55; storms the Penon de Alger, 58; summoned to Constantinople, 75; arrival, 82; High Admiral of Turkey, 83, 94; raid in Italy, 84; sacks Fondi, 85; takes Tunis, 86; is expelled, 89; sacks Port Mahon, 92-3; at Stambol, 94; lays waste Apulia, 96; siege of Corfu, 96-7; takes Castelnuovo, 105; at Marseilles, 106; siege of Nice, 109; winters at Toulon, 109; returns to Constantinople, 111; death, 111

Knights of St. John, 66, 73, 76

Koka, 67

Kuroghler, Creole, 221

L

Lacalle, 19; taken by Turks, 71

Lepanto, 67; battle of, 164-178

Lesbos, 31

Liman Reis, Port Admiral, 225

Lomellini family, 19, 43

Loredani family, 65, 68

Louis, St., 85

Lucida, S., stormed, 84

Luni, 24

Lutfi Pasha, 81, 96

M

Madeira, 232

Mahon, Port, sacked, 93, 114

Mahdīya, 16, 21, 24, 26; siege by Bourbon, 128-133; (Illustr.) 129; taken by Dragut, 133; by Doria, 134

Mahmūd, Bey of Tunis, 294-5

Majorca, 57

Malta, description of, 143

Malta, Knights of, 76, 86 ff., 109, 118-123, 136-8, 141-159, 161, 177, 213; captives, 244 ff.

Mansell, Sir R., 272

Marabut, 222

Marmora, 62

Matha, Juan de, 251

Marmol, 31 n.

Marsa, La, 143

Mars-el-Kebīr, 19

Marseilles merchants, 19, 254

Marseilles receives the Turkish fleet, 106

Martinego, 73

Mas-Latrie, Cte. de, 24, 25

Maura, Santa, 103

McDonell, Consul, 296 ff.

Medina-Celi, Duke of, expedition to Jerba and defeat, 138-140

Memi Arnaut, 185

Memi Gancho, 220

Mendoza, 81, 114

Merin, dynasty, 22

Minorca, 92

Modon, 71

Mohammed II., 31, 65, 66

Mohammed Es-Sādik, 308-9

Moor of Alexandria, 95

Moors in Spain, Story of, 8, 167

Morgan, S., 36, 46, 52, 58, 91, 104, 215, 241, 268

Moriscos, 26, 57, 59

Morocco, 187-191

Mujāhid (Muget), 24

Munatones, 156

Murād Reis, 98, 192, 193, 233

Murād IV., 194

Muset, 143

Mustafa, Seraskier, 144 ff.

Mustafa, Lala, 162-3

Mustafa, Bogotillos, 187

N

Narborough, Sir John, 272

Navarino, 67, 68

Navarro, D. Pedro, takes Oran, Algiers, &c., 12-13, 43, 138

Nave, 231

Naxos, 97

Neale, Sir H., 300

Negropont, 65

Nelson, Admiral Lord, 292

Nice, siege of, 109

O

Ochiali (El-Ulūji, Uluj Ali), at Jerba, 140; at Malta, 146; his exploits, 161; at the battle of Lepanto, 175-7; retakes Tunis, 182; death, 185, 219

Oglander, Consul, 294

Oliva, 57

'Omar, Khalif, 7

Oran, 8; taken by Spaniards, 12; harbour, 19, 51

Othello, 65

Otranto, 65

P

Page, Sanson Le, 252-4

Pallavicini, Cristofero, 81

Patras, 71, 81

Paxos, 95, 97

Pellew, Sir Edward, see Exmouth

Penon de Alger founded, 13, 45, 46, 49, 51; destroyed, 59

Penon de Velez da la Gomera, 188

Pertev Pasha, 176

Piāli Pasha, 138; at Jerba, 140; at Malta, 145 ff.; at Cyprus, 162-4

Pichinin, 'Ali, 194-9

Piracy, pleasures of, 9-13

Pisa, 23, 24, 25

Pius V., 162, 164, 177

Philadelphia, loss of the, 280

Playfair, Sir R. L., 242 n., 261, 273, 296, 302

Polacca, 231

Porto Farino, 19, 269

Portundo, General, 57

Portus Divinus, 19

Preble, Commodore, 276 ff.

Prevesa, battle of, 101-4

Provence, 23

R

Ramadan Sardo, 185, 200

Ransoms, 267

Redemption, order of, 251 ff.

Reggio looted, 84; burnt, 106

Reis, 221

"Religion, The," 86

Renegades, 200 ff.

Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 273

Rhodes, siege of, 66; second siege and fall, 73

Robles, Melchior de, 150 ff.

Roe, Sir T., 272, 285

Romegas, 142

Roustan, M., 307-9

S

Sahara, 14, 15

Salē, 20, 23, 188, 191

Sālih Reis, 56, 57, 98, 103, 110, 112

Sālih Reis (II.), 156, 185

Salim, 45, 46, 49, 50

Sandwich, Lord, 272

Sanson Napolon, 254

Saracens, arts of, 72

Sardinia, 7, 24

Sarmiento, D. Francisco, 105

Scirocco (Mohammed Shaluk), 175

Selīm II., 161

Sevigne, Mons., on galley slaves, 217

Sfax, 128

Shaler, W., 293, 298

Sherīfs of Morocco, 22

Shershēl, 8, 19; taken by Urūj Barbarossa, 46; attacked by Doria, 78; 219

Ship supersedes galley, 229 ff.

Sicily, 7, 23, 24, 25

Sinān Pasha, attacks Malta, 136; and Tripoli, 137

Sinān Reis, 56, 89, 98, 112

Simeoni, 109

Slaves on galleys, 39

Soame, Sir W., 273

Spain and Tunis, 258 ff.

Spragg, Sir E., 272

Spratt, Rev. D., 266

Stradiotes, 65

Suleymān the Magnificent, 60, 72 ff., 78, 82, 96-8, 104, 134, 142, 143, 161

Susa, 128

Syrtes, Greater, 16

Sweden and Tunis, 258 ff., 295

T

Tabarka, 19, 43

Tangiers, 16, 188

Tartana, 231

Temendefust, 121

Tetwān, 188, 223-4

Tierra Nuova, Duke of, 192

Tilimsān, 7, 51

Timur, 66

Tinnis, 19; conquered by Urūj, 51

Tipton, John, 259

Toledo, D. Garcia de, 133

Tongues of the Order of St. John, 73, 137

Torghūd, see Dragut

Torpedoes, 232

Toulon receives Turkish fleet, 109

Treaties of Commerce, 22

Tripoli, 23, 274 ff., 294-5; (Illustr.) 281

Tron, Alexandro, 97

Tunis, 7, 16, 20, 21, 23, 25, 32, 85; taken by Kheyr-ed-dīn, 86; retaken by Charles V., 86-93; taken by Ochiali, 161; retaken by Don John of Austria, 178; again taken by Ochiali, 182; arrogance of the Beys, 257 ff.; Lord Exmouth, 294-5; French invasion, 307-310

Tunis, Illustr. of, 33, 87

Turkey, Story of, 65, 66, 72, 78, 82, 94, 138

U

United States and Barbary States, 258 ff., 274-293

Urūj, see Barbarossa

V

Vacher, Jean de, 263

Valette, de la, 127, 142, 145 ff.

Vargas, D. Martin de, 58

Vasquez, 168

Venice, 23, 61 ff., 71 ff., 94 ff.

Venice, Oriental commerce of, 72

Venice, Greek islands, 97

Veniero, 62, 173, 176

Vera, D. Diego de, 50

Villiers, Gaspard de, 138

W

Wales, Caroline, Princess of, 294-5

Watts, H. E., on Cervantes, 246-8

Wer, Captain, 226

William III., letter to 'Ali Reis, 187

Winchelsea, Earl of, 272

Windus, J., 191 n.

X

Ximenes, Cardinal, 50

Y

Yamboli, 104

Yāni, 66

Z

Zanne, 163

Zante, 72

Zeyrīs of Tunis, 21

Ziyān, dynasty, 21



The Story of the Nations.

Messrs. G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS take pleasure in announcing that they have in course of publication a series of historical studies, intended to present in a graphic manner the stories of the different nations that have attained prominence in history.

In the story form the current of each national life will be distinctly indicated, and its picturesque and noteworthy periods and episodes will be presented for the reader in their philosophical relation to each other as well as to universal history.

It is the plan of the writers of the different volumes to enter into the real life of the peoples, and to bring them before the reader as they actually lived, labored, and struggled—as they studied and wrote, and as they amused themselves. In carrying out this plan, the myths, with which the history of all lands begins, will not be overlooked, though these will be carefully distinguished from the actual history, so far as the labors of the accepted historical authorities have resulted in definite conclusions.

The subjects of the different volumes will be planned to cover connecting and, as far as possible, consecutive epochs or periods, so that the set when completed will present in a comprehensive narrative the chief events in the great STORY OF THE NATIONS; but it will, of course not always prove practicable to issue the several volumes in their chronological order.

The "Stories" are printed in good readable type, and in handsome 12mo form. They are adequately illustrated and furnished with maps and indexes. They are sold separately at a price of $1.50 each.

The following volumes are now ready (November, 1889):

THE STORY OF GREECE. Prof. Jas. A. Harrison. " " " ROME. Arthur Gilman. " " " THE JEWS. Prof. James K. Hosmer. " " " CHALDEA. Z. A. Ragozin. " " " GERMANY. S. Baring-Gould. " " " NORWAY. Hjalmar H. Boyesen. " " " SPAIN. Rev. E. E. and Susan Hale. " " " HUNGARY. Prof. A. Vambery. " " " CARTHAGE. Prof. Alfred J. Church. " " " THE SARACENS. Arthur Gilman. " " " THE MOORS IN SPAIN. Stanley Lane-Poole. " " " THE NORMANS. Sarah Orne Jewett. " " " PERSIA. S. G. W. Benjamin. " " " ANCIENT EGYPT. Prof. Geo. Rawlinson. " " " ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE. Prof. J. P. Mahaffy. " " " ASSYRIA. Z. A. Ragozin. " " " THE GOTHS. Henry Bradley. " " " IRELAND. Hon. Emily Lawless. " " " TURKEY. Stanley Lane-Poole. " " " MEDIA, BABYLON, AND PERSIA. Z. A. Ragozin. " " " MEDIAEVAL FRANCE. Prof. Gustav Masson. " " " HOLLAND. Prof. J. Thorold Rogers. " " " MEXICO. Susan Hale. " " " PH[OE]NICIA. Prof. Geo. Rawlinson. " " " THE HANSA TOWNS. Helen Zimmern. " " " EARLY BRITAIN. Prof. Alfred J. Church.

Now in Press for immediate issue:

THE STORY OF BARBARY CORSAIRS. Stanley Lane-Poole. " " " RUSSIA. W. R. Morfill. " " " VEDIC INDIA. Z. A. Ragozin. " " " THE THIRTEEN COLONIES. Helen A. Smith. " " " MODERN FRANCE. Emily Crawford. " " " THE JEWS UNDER ROME. W. D. Morrison. " " " CANADA. A. R. Macfarlane. " " " SCOTLAND. James Macintosh.

G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS

NEW YORK

27 AND 29 WEST TWENTY-THIRD STREET

LONDON

27 KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND



PUBLICATIONS OF G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS

THE SCRIPTURES,

HEBREW AND CHRISTIAN.

ARRANGED AND EDITED AS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE BIBLE.

EDITORS.

REV. EDWARD T. BARTLETT, D.D.,

Dean of the Divinity School of the P. E. Church in Philadelphia, and Mary Wolfe, Prof. of Ecclesiastical History.

REV. JOHN P. PETERS, PH.D.,

Professor of Old Testament Literature and Language in the Divinity School of the P. E. Church in Philadelphia, and Professor of Hebrew in the University of Pennsylvania.

The work is to be completed in three volumes, containing each about 500 pages, Vols. I. and II. now ready.

Vol. I. includes Hebrew story from the Creation to the time of Nehemiah, as in the Hebrew canon.

Vol. II. is devoted to Hebrew poetry and prophecy.

Vol. III. will contain the selections from the Christian Scriptures.

The volumes are handsomely printed in 12mo form, and with an open, readable page, not arranged in verses, but paragraphed according to the sense of the narrative.

Each volume is complete in itself, and will be sold separately at $1.50.

The editors say in their announcement: "Our object is to remove stones of stumbling from the path of young readers by presenting Scriptures to them in a form as intelligible and as instructive as may be practicable. This plan involves some re-arrangements and omissions, before which we have not hesitated, inasmuch as our proposed work will not claim to be the Bible, but an introduction to it. That we may avoid imposing our own interpretation upon Holy Writ, it will be our endeavor to make Scripture serve as the commentary on Scripture. In the treatment of the Prophets of the Old Testament and the Epistles of the New Testament, it will not be practicable entirely to avoid comment, but no attempt will be made to pronounce upon doctrinal questions."

The first volume is divided into four parts:

PART I.—Hebrew Story, from the Beginning to the Time of Saul. " II.—The Kingdom of all Israel. " III.—Samaria, or the Northern Kingdom. " IV.—Judah, from Rehoboam to the Exile.

The second volume comprises:

PART I.—Hebrew History from the Exile To Nehemiah. " II.—Hebrew Legislation. " III.—Hebrew Tales. " IV.—Hebrew Prophecy. " V.—Hebrew Poetry. " VI.—Hebrew Wisdom.

The third volume will comprise the selections from the New Testament, arranged as follows:

I.—The Gospel according to St. Mark, Presenting the Evangelical Story in its Simplest Form; Supplemented by Selections from St. Matthew and St. Luke. II.—The Acts of the Apostles, with some Indication of the Probable Place of the Epistles in the Narrative. III.—The Epistles of St. James and the First Epistle of St. Peter. IV.—The Epistles of St. Paul. V.—The Epistle to the Hebrews. VI.—The Revelation of St. John (A Portion). VII.—The First Epistle of St. John. VIII.—The Gospel of St. John.

Full details of the plan of the undertaking, and of the methods adopted by the editors in the selection and arrangement of the material, will be found in the separate prospectus.

"I congratulate you on the issue of a work which, I am sure, will find a wide welcome, and the excellent features of which make it of permanent value."—Rt. Rev. Henry C. Potter, Bishop of New York.

"Should prove a valuable adjunct of Biblical instruction."—Rt. Rev. W. E. Stevens, Bishop of Pennsylvania.

"Admirably conceived and admirably executed.... It is the Bible story in Bible words. The work of scholarly and devout men.... Will prove a help to Bible study."—Rev. Howard Crosby, D.D.

"We know of no volume which will better promote an intelligent understanding of the structure and substance of the Bible than this work, prepared, as it is, by competent and reverent Christian scholars."—Sunday-School Times.

G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS

NEW YORK:

27 AND 29 WEST 23D STREET

LONDON:

27 KING WILLIAM ST., STRAND



Transcriber's Note:

This book contains a large number of characters with a macron (straight line) over them. These have been rendered in this version as x (where x is the letter). There are also a few OE ligatures, which are rendered as [OE].

Minor typographical errors (omitted punctuation, omitted or transposed letters, etc.) have been amended without note. Use of hyphenation and accents have also been made consistent without note, where there was a definite preference of one variation over the other.

The following amendments have also been made (the errors in the index being amended with reference to the main text):

Page viii—41 amended to 40—"... Unsuccessful siege of Bujēya, 40 ..."

Page 72—Tinnēs amended to Tinnis—"... Damietta, Alexandria, Tinnis, and Cairo ..."

Page 83—Vizīr amended to Vezīr—"The Grand Vezīr Ibrahīm recognized ..."

Page 133—a closing quote immediately before footnote reference [40] has been deleted. The text immediately preceding this quote mark does not occur in the referenced work, so I have made the assumption that this quote mark was a typographical error and deleted it.

Page 175—battaille amended to bataille—"... the centre corps de bataille ..."

Page 222, footnote—less amended to lest—"... the hold lest it should interfere ..."

Page 230—absoluting amended to absolutely—"... and absolutely prohibiting all trade ..."

Page 233—cruize amended to cruise—"... and cruise across the Egyptian trade route ..."

Page 242, second footnote—Olive amended to Oliver—"second ed., London, Oliver Payne, ..."

Page 280—omitted word 'to' added—"... from an English frigate to which he spoke ..."

Page 283—Vizir amended to Vezīr—"... a present of female slaves for the Grand Vezīr."

Page 298—Rear-Amiral amended to Rear-Admiral—"Rear-Admiral Milne, were hard beset ..."

Page 311—41 amended to 40—"attacks Bujēya, 40;"

Page 312—Francis amended to Francois—"Bourbon, Francois de, 106"

Page 312—Castelnuova amended to Castelnuovo—"Castelnuovo, 105"

Page 314—38 amended to 36—"Kheyr-ed-dīn Barbarossa, birth, 31 and n., 36 n.;"

Page 314—211 amended to 213—"Malta, Knights of, 76, 86 ff., 109, 118-123, 136-8, 141-159, 161, 177, 213;"

Any remaining variations in spelling or unusual usage of language are as in the original text, for example, the author's use of annihilate in the past tense without the usual 'd' ending.

Some illustrations have been shifted slightly so that they are not in the middle of a paragraph. The illustration tags for the decorative chapter headers and footers have not been retained in this version.

The forward advertising material and frontispiece illustration have been moved to follow the title page.

THE END