explores the Amazon. 1745-61. Bourguignon d'Anville produces his maps. 1761-67. Carsten Niebuhr surveys Arabia. 1764. John Byron surveys the Falkland Islands. 1765. Harrison perfects the chronometer. 1767. First appearance of the Nautical Almanac. 1768. Carteret discovers Pitcairn Island, and sails through St. George's Channel, between New Britain and New Ireland. 1768-71. Cook's first voyage; discovers New Zealand and east coast of Australia; passes through Torres Strait. 1769-71. Hearne traces river Coppermine. 1769-71. James Bruce re-discovers the source of the Blue Nile in Abyssinia. 1770. Liakhoff discovers the New Siberian Islands. 1771-72. Pallas surveys West and South Siberia. 1776-79. Cook's third voyage; surveys North-West Passage; discovers Owhyhee (Hawaii), where he was killed. 1785-88. La Perouse surveys north-east coast of Asia and Japan, discovers Saghalien, and completes delimitation of the ocean. 1785-94. Billings surveys East Siberia. 1787-88. Lesseps surveys Kamtschatka and crosses the Old World from east to west. 1788. The African Association founded. 1789-93. Mackenzie discovers his river, and first crosses North America. 1792. Vancouver explores his island. 1793. Browne reaches Darfur, and reports the existence of the White Nile. 1796. Mungo Park reaches the Niger. 1796. Lacerda explores Mozambique. 1797. Bass discovers his strait. 1799-1804. Alexander von Humboldt explores South America. 1800-4. Lewis and Clarke explore the basin of the Missouri. 1801-4. Flinders coasts south coast of Australia. 1805-7. Pike explores the country between the sources of the Mississippi and the Red River. 1810-29. Malte-Brun publishes his Geographic Universelle. 1814. Evans discovers Lachlan and Macquarie rivers. 1816. Captain Smith discovers South Shetland Isles. 1817-20. Spix and Martius explore Brazil. 1817. First edition of Stieler's atlas. 1817-22. Captain King maps the coast-line of Australia. 1819-22. Franklin, Back, and Richardson attempt the North-West Passage by land. 1819. Parry discovers Lancaster Strait and reaches 114 deg. W. 1820-23. Wrangel discovers his land. 1821. Bellinghausen discovers Peter Island, the most southerly land then known. 1822. Denham and Clapperton discover Lake Tchad, and visit Sokoto. 1822-23. Scoresby explores the coast of East Greenland. 1823. Weddell reaches 74.15 deg. S. 1826. Major Laing is murdered at Timbuctoo. 1827. Parry reaches 82.45 deg. N. 1827. Rene Caillie visits Timbuctoo. 1828-31. Captain Sturt traces the Darling and the Murray. 1829-33. Ross attempts the North-West Passage; discovers Boothia Felix. 1830. Royal Geographical Society founded, and next year united with the African Association. 1831-35. Schomburgk explores Guiana. 1831. Captain Biscoe discovers Enderby Land. 1833. Back discovers Great Fish River. 1835-49. Junghuhn explores Java. 1837. T. Simpson coasts along the north mainland of North America 1277 miles. 1838-40. Wood explores the sources of the Oxus. 1838-40. Dumont d'Urvilie discovers Louis-Philippe Land and Adelie Land. 1839. Balleny discovers his island. 1839. Count Strzelecki discovers Gipps' Land. 1840. Captain Sturt travels in Central Australia. 1840-42. James Ross reaches 78.10 deg. S.; discovers Victoria Land, and the volcanoes Erebus and Terror. 1841. Eyre traverses south of Western Australia. 1842-62. E. F. Jomard's Monuments de la Geographie published. 1843-47. Count Castelnau traces the source of the Paraguay. 1844. Leichhardt explores Southern Australia. 1845. Huc explores Tibet. 1845. Petermann's Mittheilungen first published. 1845-47. Franklin's last voyage. 1846. First edition of K. v. Spruner's Historische Handatlas. 1847. J. Rae connects Hudson's Bay with east coast of Boothia. 1848. Leichhardt attempts to traverse Australia, and disappears. 1849-56. Livingstone traces the Zambesi and crosses South Africa. 1850-54. M'Clure succeeds in the North-West Passage. 1850-55. Barth explores the Soudan. 1853. Dr. Kane explores Smith's Sound. 1854. Rae hears news of the Franklin expedition from the Eskimo. 1854-65. Faidherbe explores Senegambia. 1856-57. The brothers Schlagintweit cross the Himalayas, Tibet, and Kuen Lun. 1856-59. Du Chaillu travels in Central Africa. 1857-59. M'Clintock discovers remains of the Franklin expedition, and explores King William Land. 1858. Burton and Speke discover Lake Tanganyika, and Speke sees Lake Victoria Nyanza. 1858-64. Livingstone traces Lake Nyassa. 1859. Valikhanoft reaches Kashgar. 1860. Burke travels from Victoria to Carpentaria. 1860. Grant and Speke, returning from Lake Victoria Nyanza, meet Baker coming up the Nile. 1861-62. M'Douall Stuart traverses Australia from south to north. 1863. W. G. Palgrave explores Central and Eastern Arabia. 1864. Baker discovers Lake Albert Nyanza. 1868. Nordenskiold reaches his highest point in Greenland, 81.42 deg.. 1868-71. Ney Elias traverses Mid-China. 1868-74. John Forrest penetrates from Western to Central Australia. 1869-71. Schweinfurth explores the Southern Soudan. 1869-74. Nachtigall explores east of Tchad. 1870. Fedchenko discovers Transalai, north of Pamir. 1870. Douglas Forsyth reaches Yarkand. 1871-88. The four explorations of Western China by Prjevalsky. 1872-73. Payer and Weiprecht discover Franz Josef Land. 1872-76. H.M.S. Challenger examines the bed of the ocean. 1872-76. Ernest Giles traverses North-West Australia. 1873. Colonel Warburton traverses Australia from east to west. 1873. Livingstone discovers Lake Moero. 1874-75. Lieut. Cameron crosses equatorial Africa. 1875-94. Elisee Reclus publishes his Geographie Universelle. 1876. Albert Markham reaches 83.20 deg. N. on the Nares expedition. 1876-77. Stanley traces the course of the Congo. 1878-82. The Pundit Krishna traces the course of the Yangtse, Pekong, and Brahmaputra. 1878-79. Nordenskiold solves the North-East Passage along the north coast of Siberia. 1878-84. Joseph Thomson explores East-Central Africa. 1878-85. Serpa Pinto twice crosses Africa. 1879-82. The Jeannette passes through Behring Strait to the mouth of the Lena. 1880. Leigh Smith surveys south coast of Franz Josef Land. 1880-82. Bonvalot traverses the Pamirs. 1881-87. Wissmann twice crosses Africa, and discovers the left affluents of the Congo. 1883. Lockwood, on the Greely Mission, reaches 83.23 deg. N., north cape of Greenland. 1886. Francis Garnier explores the course of the Mekong. 1887. Younghusband travels from Pekin to Kashmir. 1887-89. Stanley conducts the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition across Africa, and discovers the Pigmies, and the Mountains of the Moon. 1888. F. Nansen crosses Greenland from east to west. 1888-89. Captain Binger traces the bend of the Niger. 1889. The brothers Grjmailo explore Chinese Turkestan. 1889-90. Bonvalot and Prince Henri d'Orleans traverse Tibet. 1890. Selous and Jameson explore Mashonaland. 1890. Sir W. Macgregor crosses New Guinea. 1891-92. Monteil crosses from Senegal to Tripoli. 1892. Peary proves Greenland an island. 1893. Mr. and Mrs. Littledale travel across Central Asia. 1893-97. Dr. Sven Hedin explores Chinese Turkestan, Tibet, and Mongolia. 1893-97. Dr. Nansen is carried across the Arctic Ocean in the Fram, and advances farthest north (86.14 deg. N.). 1894-95. C. E. Borchgrevink visits Antarctica. 1894-96. Jackson-Harmsworth expedition in Arctic lands. 1896. Captain Bottego explores Somaliland. 1896. Donaldson Smith traces Lake Rudolph. 1896. Prince Henri D'Orleans travels from Tonkin to Moru. 1897. Captain Foa traverses South Africa from S. to N. 1897. D. Carnegie crosses W. Australia from S. to N.

EUROPE.

GREAT BRITAIN.—B.C. 450. Himilco. Circa 333. Pytheas. 60-54. Caesar.

FRANCE.—B.C. circa 600. Marseilles founded. 57. Caesar.

RUSSIA.—A.D. 1554. Richard Chancellor.

BALTIC.—A.D. 890. Wulfstan and Othere.

ICELAND.—A.D. 861. Naddod.

ASIA.

INDIA.—B.C. 332. Alexander. 330. Nearchus. Circa 300. Megasthenes. A.D. 400-14. Fa-hien. 518-21. Hoei-Sing and Sung-Yun. 540. Cosmas Indicopleustes. 629-46. Hiouen-Tshang. 671-95. I-tsing. 1159-73. Benjamin of Tudela. 1304-78. Ibn Batuta. 1327-72. Mandeville. 1328. Jordanus of Severac. 1328-49. John de Marignolli. 1419-40. Nicolo Conti. 1442-44. Abd-ur-Razzak. 1468-74. Athanasius Nikitin. 1487. Pedro de Covilham. 1494-99. Hieronimo di Santo Stefano. 1503-8. Ludovico di Varthema.

FARTHER INDIA.—A.D. 1503. Ludovico di Varthema. 1509. Lopes di Sequira. 1886. Francis Garnier.

CHINA.—A.D. 851-916. Sulaiman and Abu Zaid. 1292. John of Monte Corvino. 1316-30. Odorico di Pordenone. 1328-49. John de Marignolli. 1537-58. Ferdinand Mendez Pinto. 1868-71. Ney Elias. 1871-88. Prjevalsky. 1878-82. Pundit Krishna. 1889. Grjmailo brothers. 1896. Prince Henri d'Orleans.

JAPAN.—A.D. 1542. Antonio de Mota. 1785-88. La Perouse.

ARABIA.—A.D. 1761-67. Carsten Niebuhr. 1863. Palgrave.

PERSIA.—B.C. 332. Alexander. A.D. 1468-74. Athanasius Nikitin.

MONGOLIA.—A.D. 1255. Ruysbroek (Rubruquis). 1260-71. Nicolo and Maffeo Polo. 1271. Marco Polo. 1893-97. Dr. Sven Hedin.

TIBET.—A.D. 1845. Huc. 1856-7. Schlagintweit. 1878. Pundit Krishna. 1887. Younghusband. 1889-90. Bonvalot and Prince Henri d'Orleans. 1893-97. Dr. Sven Hedin.

CENTRAL ASIA.—A.D. 1558. Anthony Jenkinson. 1642. Wasilei Pojarkof. 1838-40. Wood. 1859. Valikhanoff. 1870. Douglas Forsyth. 1870. Fedchenko. 1880. Bonvalot. 1893. Littledale.

SIBERIA.—A.D. 1579. Timovief. 1639. Kupiloff. 1644-50. Staduchin. 1648. Dshineif. 1701. Sinpopoff. 1731. Paulutski. 1742. Chelyuskin. 1771-72. Pallas. 1785-94. Billings.

KAMTSCHATKA.—A.D. 1696. Russians. 1731. Kru pishef. 1787-88. Lesseps.

AFRICA.

A.D. circa 450. Hanno. 1420. Zarco. 1462. Pedro de Cintra. 1484. Diego Cam. 1486. Bartholomew Diaz. 1497. Vasco da Gama. 1520. Alvarez. 1549. Bareto and Homera. 1590. Battel. 1596. Payz. 1618. Thompson. 1623. Lobo. 1645. Italian Capuchins. 1769-71. Bruce. 1793. Browne. 1796. Mungo Park. 1796. Lacerda. 1822. Denham and Clapperton. 1826. Laing. 1827. Rene Caillie. 1849-73. Livingstone. 1850-55. Barth. 1854-65. Faidherbe. 1856-59. Du Chaillu. 1858. Burton and Speke. 1860. Grant and Speke. 1864. Baker. 1869-71. Schweinfurth. 1869-74. Nachtigall. 1874-75. Cameron. 1876-89. Stanley. 1878-84. Thomson. 1878-85. Serpa Pinto. 1881-87. Wissmann. 1888-89. Binger. 1890. Selous and Jameson. 1891-92. Monteil. 1896. Bottego. 1896. Donaldson Smith. 1897. Foa.

NORTH AMERICA.

A.D. 499. Hoei-Sin. Circa 1000. Lyef. 1497, 1517. John and Sebastian Cabot. 1500. Corte Real. 1513. Ponce de Leon. 1524. Verazzano. 1532. Cortez. 1534. Cartier. 1539. Ulloa. 1542. Cabrillo. 1516. Frobisher. 1586. Davis. 1592. Juan de Fuca. 1608. Champlain. 1609, 10. Hudson. 1631. Fox. 1682. La Salle. 1740. Varenne de la Veranderye 1741. Behring. 1789-93. Mackenzie. 1792. Vancouver. 1800-4. Lewis and Clarke. 1805-7. Pike. 1837. Simpson.

SOUTH AMERICA.

A.D. 1498. Columbus. 1499-1501. Amerigo Vespucci. 1499. Pinzon. 1500. Pedro Cabral. 1517. Juan Diaz de Solis. 1519-20. Magellan. 1531. Francisco Pizarro. 1535. D'Almagro. 1536. Gonsalo Pizarro. 1541. Orellana. 1572. Juan Fernandez. 1580. Dutch in Guiana. 1615. Lemaire. 1743-44. La Condamine. 1764. John Byron. 1799-1804. Humboldt. 1817-20. Spix and Martius. 1831-35. Schomburgk. 1843-47. Castelnau.

CENTRAL AMERICA.

A.D. 1502. Columbus. 1513. Vasco Nunez de Balbao. 1518. Grijalva. 1519. Fernando Cortez. 1519. Guray.

AUSTRALIA.

A.D. 1605. Torres. 1606. Quiros. 1616. Hartog. 1619. Edel and Houtman. 1622. The Leeuwin. 1627. Nuyts. 1699. Dampier. 1770. Cook. 1797. Bass. 1801-4. Flinders. 1814. Evans. 1817-22. King. 1828-40. Sturt. 1839. Strzelecki. 1841. Eyre. 1844-48. Leichhardt. 1860. Burke. 1861-62. MacDouall Stuart. 1868-74. Forrest. 1872-76. Giles. 1873. Warburton. 1897. Carnegie.

NEW ZEALAND.

A.D. 1642. Tasman. 1643. Brouwer. 1768-79. Cook.

POLYNESIA.

A.D. 1512. Francisco Serrao. 1520, 21. Magellan. 1527. Saavedra. 1542. Gaetano 1542. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos. 1543. Ortez de Retis. 1567-98. Alvaro Mendana. 1599. Houtman. 1643. Tasman. 1768. Carteret. 1776-79. Cook. 1835-49. Junghuhn. 1890. Macgregor.

NORTH POLE.

A.D. circa 900. Gunbioern. 985. Eric the Red. 1553. Willoughby. 1596. Barentz. 1603. Bennett. 1611. Jan Mayen. 1616. Baffin. 1721. Egede. 1769-71. Hearne. 1819-22. Franklin, Back, and Richardson. 1819-27. Parry. 1820-23. Wrangel. 1822-23. Scoresby. 1829-33. Ross. 1833. Back. 1845-47. Franklin. 1847-54. Rae. 1850-54. M'Clure. 1853. Kane. 1857-59. M'Clintock. 1868-79. Nordenskioeld. 1872-73. Payer and Weiprecht. 1876. Markham. 1879-82. The Jeannette. 1880. Leigh Smith. 1883. Lockwood. 1888-97. Nansen. 1892. Peary. 1894-96. Jackson-Harmsworth expedition.

SOUTH POLE.

A.D. 1816. Capt. Smith. 1821. Bellinghausen. 1823. Weddell. 1831. Biscoe. 1838-40. Dumont d'Urville. 1839. Balleny. 1840-42. James Ross. 1894-95. Borchgrevink.

CIRCUMNAVIGATORS.

A.D. 1522. Sebastian del Cano. 1577-79. Drake. 1739-44. Lord George Anson.

ATLANTIC OCEAN.

A.D. 1400. Jehan Bethencourt. 1432. Cabral. 1442. Nuno Tristao. 1471. Pedro d'Escobar. 1471. Fernando Po. 1492-93. Columbus. 1501. Juan di Nova. 1501. Tristan d'Acunha. 1502. Bermudez.

INDIAN OCEAN.

A.D. 1505. Mascarenhas.

PROGRESS OF GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCE.

B.C. 570. Anaximander of Miletus. 501. Hecataeus of Miletus. 446. Herodotus. Circa 200. Eratosthenes. 100. Marinus of Tyre. 20. Strabo. Before 12. Agrippa. A.D. 150. Ptolemy. 230. Peutinger Table. 776. Beatus. 884. Ibn Khordadbeh. 912-30. Mas'udi. 921. Ahmed Ibn Fozlan. 969. Ibn Haukal. 1111. Water-compass. 1154. Edrisi. Circa 1180. Alexander Neckam. 1280. Hereford map. 1284. Ebstorf map. 1290. The normal Portulano. 1320. Flavio Gioja. 1339. Dulcert. 1351. Medicean Portulano. 1375. Cresquez. 1419. Prince Henry the Navigator. 1457. Fra Mauro. 1474. Toscanelli. 1478. 2nd ed. Ptolemy. 1492. Behaim. 1500. Juan de la Cosa. 1507-13. Waldseemueller. 1520. Schoner. 1538. Mercator. 1544. Munster. 1556-72. Laperis. 1573. Ortelius. 1592. Molyneux globe. 1598. Hakluyt. 1630. Ferro meridian fixed. 1638. Blaeu. 1645. Sanson. 1700. Delisle. 1718. Jesuit map of China. 1731. Hadley. 1735-37. Maupertuis. 1745-61. Bourguiguon d'Anville. 1765. Harrison. 1767. Nautical Almanac. 1788. African Association. 1810-29. Malte-Brun. 1817. Stieler. 1830. Royal Geographical Society founded. 1842. Jomard 1845. Petermann. 1846. Spruner. 1875-94. Elisee Reclus. 1872-76. The Challenger.

THE END