22. Thus, in the most critical aspect of our difficulties, a cautious and energetic general was removed, when, even if he had previously retired into private life, he ought, from the greatness of the affairs which required his superintendence, to have been brought back again to the camp.

XI.

A.D. 378.

Sec. 1. About the same time Valens quitted Antioch, and, after a long journey, came to Constantinople, where he stayed a few days, being made anxious by a trifling sedition among the citizens. He intrusted the command of the infantry, which had previously been committed to Trajan, to Sebastian, who at his request had been lately sent to him from Italy, being a general of well-known vigilance; and he himself went to Melanthias, a country palace belonging to the emperors, where he conciliated the soldiers by giving them their pay, furnishing them with provisions, and frequently addressing them in courteous speeches.

2. Having left this place, he proceeded according to the stages he had marked out, and came to a station named Nice, where he learnt from intelligence brought by his scouts, that the barbarians, who had collected a rich booty, were returning loaded with it from the districts about Mount Rhodope, and were now near Hadrianople. They, hearing of the approach of the emperor with a numerous force, were hastening to join their countrymen, who were in strong positions around Beraea and Nicopolis; and immediately (as the ripeness of the opportunity thus thrown in his way required) the emperor ordered Sebastian to hasten on with three hundred picked soldiers of each legion, to do something (as he promised) of signal advantage to the commonweal.

3. Sebastian pushed on by forced marches, and came in sight of the enemy near Hadrianople; but as the gates were barred against him, he was unable to approach nearer, since the garrison feared that he had been taken prisoner by the enemy, and won over by them: so that something to the injury of the city might happen, like what had formerly taken place in the case of Count Actus, who had been cunningly taken prisoner by the soldiers of Magnentius, and who thus caused the opening of the passes of the Julian Alps.

4. At last, though late, they recognized Sebastian, and allowed him to enter the city. He, then, as well as he could, refreshed the troops under his command with food and rest, and next morning secretly issued forth, and towards evening, being partially concealed by the rising ground and some trees, he suddenly caught sight of the predatory bands of the Goths near the river Maritza, where, favoured by the darkness of night, he charged them while in disorder and unprepared, routing them so completely that, with the exception of a few whom swiftness of foot saved from death, the whole body were slain, and he recovered such an enormous quantity of booty, that neither the city, nor the extensive plains around could contain it.

5. Fritigern was greatly alarmed; and fearing lest this general, who as we have often heard succeeded in all his undertakings, should surprise and utterly destroy his different detachments, which were scattered at random over the country, intent only on plunder, he called in all his men near the town of Cabyle, and at once made off, in order to gain the open country, where he would not be liable to be straitened for want of provisions, or harassed by secret ambuscades.

6. While these events were proceeding in Thrace, Gratian having sent letters to inform his uncle of the energy with which he had overcome the Allemanni, and forwarded his baggage by land, himself, with a picked band of his quickest troops, crossed the Danube, reached Bononia, and afterwards Sirmium, where he halted four days. He then descended the river to the Camp of Mars, where he was laid up by an intermittent fever, and, being suddenly assailed by the Alani, lost a few of his followers.

XII.

Sec. 1. At this time Valens was disturbed by a twofold anxiety, having learned that the people of Lintz had been defeated, and also because Sebastian, in the letters which he sent from time to time, exaggerated what had taken place by his pompous language. Therefore he advanced from Melanthias, being eager by some glorious exploit to equal his youthful nephew, by whose virtue he was greatly excited. He was at the head of a numerous force, neither unwarlike nor contemptible, and had united with them many veteran bands, among whom were several officers of high rank, especially Trajan, who a little while before had been commander of the forces.

2. And as by means of spies and observation it was ascertained that the enemy were intending to blockade the different roads by which the necessary supplies must come, with strong divisions, he sent a sufficient force to prevent this, despatching a body of the archers of the infantry and a squadron of cavalry, with all speed, to occupy the narrow passes in the neighbourhood.

3. Three days afterwards, when the barbarians, who were advancing slowly, because they feared an attack in the unfavourable ground which they were traversing, arrived within fifteen miles from the station of Nice, which was the aim of their march, the emperor, with wanton impetuosity, resolved on attacking them instantly, because those who had been sent forward to reconnoitre (what led to such a mistake is unknown) affirmed that their entire body did not exceed ten thousand men.

4. Marching on with his army in battle array, he came near the suburb of Hadrianople, where he pitched his camp, strengthening it with a rampart of palisades, and then impatiently waited for Gratian. While here, Richomeres, Count of the Domestici, arrived, who had been sent on by that emperor with letters announcing his immediate approach.

5. And imploring Valens to wait a little while for him that he might share his danger, and not rashly face the danger before him single handed, he took counsel with his officers as to what was best to be done.

6. Some, following the advice of Sebastian, recommended with urgency that he should at once go forth to battle; while Victor, master-general of the cavalry, a Sarmatian by birth, but a man of slow and cautious temper, recommended him to wait for his imperial colleague, and this advice was supported by several other officers, who suggested that the reinforcement of the Gallic army would be likely to awe the fiery arrogance of the barbarians.

7. However, the fatal obstinacy of the emperor prevailed, fortified by the flattery of some of the princes, who advised him to hasten with all speed, so that Gratian might have no share in a victory which, as they fancied, was already almost gained.

8. And while all necessary preparations were being made for the battle, a presbyter of the Christian religion (as he called himself), having been sent by Fritigern as his ambassador, came, with some colleagues of low rank, to the emperor's camp; and having been received with courtesy, he presented a letter from that chieftain, openly requesting that the emperor would grant to him and to his followers, who were now exiles from their native homes, from which they had been driven by the rapid invasions of savage nations, Thrace, with all its flocks and all its crops, for a habitation. And if Valens would consent to this, Fritigern would agree to a perpetual peace.

9. In addition to this message, the same Christian, as one acquainted with his commander's secrets, and well trusted, produced other secret letters from his chieftain who, being full of craft and every resource of deceit, informed Valens, as one who was hereafter to be his friend and ally, that he had no other means to appease the ferocity of his countrymen, or to induce them to accept conditions advantageous to the Roman state, unless from time to time he showed them an army under arms close at hand, and by frightening them with the name of the emperor, recalled them from their mischievous eagerness for fighting. The ambassadors retired unsuccessful, having been looked on as suspicious characters by the emperor.

10. When the day broke which the annals mark as the fifth of the Ides of August, the Roman standards were advanced with haste, the baggage having been placed close to the walls of Hadrianople, under a sufficient guard of soldiers of the legions; the treasures and the chief insignia of the emperor's rank were within the walls, with the prefect and the principal members of the council.

11. Then, having traversed the broken ground which divided the two armies, as the burning day was progressing towards noon, at last, after marching eight miles, our men came in sight of the waggons of the enemy, which had been stated by the scouts to be all arranged in a circle. According to their custom, the barbarian host raised a fierce and hideous yell, while the Roman generals marshalled their line of battle. The right wing of the cavalry was placed in front; the chief portion of the infantry was kept in reserve.

12. But the left wing of the cavalry, of which a considerable number were still straggling on the road, were advancing with speed, though with great difficulty; and while this wing was deploying, not as yet meeting with any obstacle, the barbarians being alarmed at the terrible clang of their arms and the threatening crash of their shields (since a large portion of their own army was still at a distance, under Alatheus and Saphrax, and, though sent for, had not yet arrived), again sent ambassadors to ask for peace.

13. The emperor was offended at the lowness of their rank, and replied, that if they wished to make a lasting treaty, they must send him nobles of sufficient dignity. They designedly delayed, in order by the fallacious truce which subsisted during the negotiation to give time for their cavalry to return, whom they looked upon as close at hand; and for our soldiers, already suffering from the summer heat, to become parched and exhausted by the conflagration of the vast plain; as the enemy had, with this object, set fire to the crops by means of burning faggots and fuel. To this evil another was added, that both men and cattle were suffering from extreme hunger.

14. In the meantime Fritigern, being skilful in divining the future, and fearing a doubtful struggle, of his own head sent one of his men as a herald, requesting that some nobles and picked men should at once be sent to him as hostages for his safety, when he himself would fearlessly bring us both military aid and supplies.

15. The proposition of this formidable chief was received with praise and approbation, and the tribune Equitius, a relation of Valens, who was at that time high steward of the palace, was appointed, with general consent, to go with all speed to the barbarians as a hostage. But he refused, because he had once been taken prisoner by the enemy, and had escaped from Dibaltum, so that he feared their vengeful anger; upon this Richomeres voluntarily offered himself, and willingly undertook to go, thinking it a bold action, and one becoming a brave man; and so he set out, bearing vouchers of his rank and high birth.

16. And as he was on his way towards the enemy's camp, the accompanying archers and Scutarii, who on that occasion were under the command of Bacurius, a native of Iberia, and of Cassio, yielded, while on their march, to an indiscreet impetuosity, and on approaching the enemy, first attacked them rashly, and then by a cowardly flight disgraced the beginning of the campaign.

17. This ill-timed attack frustrated the willing services of Richomeres, as he was not permitted to proceed; in the mean time the cavalry of the Goths had returned with Alatheus and Saphrax, and with them a battalion of Alani; these descending from the mountains like a thunderbolt, spread confusion and slaughter among all whom in their rapid charge they came across.

XIII.

Sec. 1. And while arms and missiles of all kinds were meeting in fierce conflict, and Bellona, blowing her mournful trumpet, was raging more fiercely than usual, to inflict disaster on the Romans, our men began to retreat; but presently, roused by the reproaches of their officers, they made a fresh stand, and the battle increased like a conflagration, terrifying our soldiers, numbers of whom were pierced by strokes from the javelins hurled at them, and from arrows.

2. Then the two lines of battle dashed against each other, like the beaks (or rams) of ships, and thrusting with all their might, were tossed to and fro, like the waves of the sea. Our left wing had advanced actually up to the waggons, with the intent to push on still further if they were properly supported; but they were deserted by the rest of the cavalry, and so pressed upon by the superior numbers of the enemy, that they were overwhelmed and beaten down, like the ruin of a vast rampart. Presently our infantry also was left unsupported, while the different companies became so huddled together that a soldier could hardly draw his sword, or withdraw his hand after he had once stretched it out. And by this time such clouds of dust arose that it was scarcely possible to see the sky, which resounded with horrible cries; and in consequence, the darts, which were bearing death on every side, reached their mark, and fell with deadly effect, because no one could see them beforehand so as to guard against them.

3. But when the barbarians, rushing on with their enormous host, beat down our horses and men, and left no spot to which our ranks could fall back to deploy, while they were so closely packed that it was impossible to escape by forcing a way through them, our men at last began to despise death, and again took to their swords and slew all they encountered, while with mutual blows of battle-axes, helmets and breastplates were dashed in pieces.

4. Then you might see the barbarian towering in his fierceness, hissing or shouting, fall with his legs pierced through, or his right hand cut off, sword and all, or his side transfixed, and still, in the last gasp of life, casting round him defiant glances. The plain was covered with carcases, strewing the mutual ruin of the combatants; while the groans of the dying, or of men fearfully wounded, were intense, and caused great dismay all around.

5. Amidst all this great tumult and confusion, our infantry were exhausted by toil and danger, till at last they had neither strength left to fight, nor spirits to plan anything; their spears were broken by the frequent collisions, so that they were forced to content themselves with their drawn swords, which they thrust into the dense battalions of the enemy, disregarding their own safety, and seeing that every possibility of escape was cut off from them.

6. The ground, covered with streams of blood, made their feet slip, so that all that they endeavoured to do was to sell their lives as dearly as possible; and with such vehemence did they resist their enemies who pressed on them, that some were even killed by their own weapons. At last one black pool of blood disfigured everything, and wherever the eye turned, it could see nothing but piled-up heaps of dead, and lifeless corpses trampled on without mercy.

7. The sun being now high in the heavens, having traversed the sign of Leo, and reached the abode of the heavenly Virgo, scorched the Romans, who were emaciated by hunger, worn out with toil, and scarcely able to support even the weight of their armour. At last our columns were entirely beaten back by the overpowering weight of the barbarians, and so they took to disorderly flight, which is the only resource in extremity, each man trying to save himself as well as he could.

8. While they were all flying and scattering themselves over roads with which they were unacquainted, the emperor, bewildered with terrible fear, made his way over heaps of dead, and fled to the battalions of the Lancearii and the Mattiarii, who, till the superior numbers of the enemy became wholly irresistible, stood firm and immovable. As soon as he saw him. Trajan exclaimed that all hope was lost, unless the emperor, thus deserted by his guards, could be protected by the aid of his foreign allies.

9. When this exclamation was heard, a count named Victor hastened to bring up with all speed the Batavians, who were placed in the reserve, and who ought to have been near at hand, to the emperor's assistance; but as none of them could be found, he too retreated, and in a similar manner Richomeres and Saturninus saved themselves from danger.

10. So now, with rage flashing in their eyes, the barbarians pursued our men, who were in a state of torpor, the warmth of their veins having deserted them. Many were slain without knowing who smote them; some were overwhelmed by the mere weight of the crowd which pressed upon them; and some were slain by wounds inflicted by their own comrades. The barbarians spared neither those who yielded nor those who resisted.

11. Besides these, many half slain lay blocking up the roads, unable to endure the torture of their wounds; and heaps of dead horses were piled up and filled the plain with their carcases. At last a dark moonless night put an end to the irremediable disaster which cost the Roman state so dear.

12. Just when it first became dark, the emperor being among a crowd of common soldiers, as it was believed—for no one said either that he had seen him, or been near him—was mortally wounded with an arrow, and, very shortly after, died, though his body was never found. For as some of the enemy loitered for a long time about the field in order to plunder the dead, none of the defeated army or of the inhabitants ventured to go to them.

13. A similar fate befell the Caesar Decius, when fighting vigorously against the barbarians; for he was thrown by his horse falling, which he had been unable to hold, and was plunged into a swamp, out of which he could never emerge, nor could his body be found.

14. Others report that Valens did not die immediately, but that he was borne by a small body of picked soldiers and eunuchs to a cabin in the neighbourhood, which was strongly built, with two stories; and that while these unskilful hands were tending his wounds, the cottage was surrounded by the enemy, though they did not know who was in it; still, however, he was saved from the disgrace of being made a prisoner.

15. For when his pursuers, while vainly attempting to force the barred doors, were assailed with arrows from the roof, they, not to lose by so inconvenient a delay the opportunity of collecting plunder, gathered some faggots and stubble, and setting fire to them, burnt down the building, with those who were in it.

16. But one of the soldiers dropped from the windows, and, being taken prisoner by the barbarians, revealed to them what had taken place, which caused them great concern, because they looked upon themselves as defrauded of great glory in not having taken the ruler of the Roman state alive. This same young man afterwards secretly returned to our people, and gave this account of the affair.

17. When Spain had been recovered after a similar disaster, we are told that one of the Scipios was lost in a fire, the tower in which he had taken refuge having been burnt. At all events it is certain that neither Scipio nor Valens enjoyed that last honour of the dead—a regular funeral.

18. Many illustrious men fell in this disastrous defeat, and among them one of the most remarkable was Trajan, and another was Sebastian; there perished also thirty-five tribunes who had no particular command, many captains of battalions, and Valerianus and Equitius, one of whom was master of the horse and the other high steward. Potentius, too, tribune of the promoted officers, fell in the flower of his age, a man respected by all persons of virtue, and recommended by the merits of his father, Ursicinus, who had formerly been commander of the forces, as well as by his own. Scarcely one-third of the whole army escaped.

19. Nor, except the battle of Cannae, is so destructive a slaughter recorded in our annals; though, even in the times of their prosperity, the Romans have more than once had to deplore the uncertainty of war, and have for a time succumbed to evil Fortune; while the well-known dirges of the Greeks have bewailed many disastrous battles.

XIV.

Sec. 1. Such was the death of Valens, when he was about fifty years old, and had reigned rather less than fourteen years. We will now describe his virtues, which were known to many, and his vices.

2. He was a faithful and steady friend—a severe chastiser of ambition—a rigid upholder of both military and civil discipline—always careful that no one should assume importance on account of any relationship to himself; slow both in conferring office, and in taking it away; a very just ruler of the provinces, all of which he protected from injury, as if each had been his own house; devoting singular care to the lessening the burdens of the state, and never permitting any increase of taxation. He was very moderate in the exaction of debts due to the state, but a vehement and implacable foe to all thieves, and to every one convicted of peculations; nor in affairs of this kind was the East, by its own confession, ever better treated under any other emperor.

3. Besides all this, he was liberal with due regard to moderation, of which quality there are many examples, one of which it will be sufficient to mention here:—As in palaces there are always some persons covetous of the possessions of others, if any one petitioned for lapsed property, or anything else which it was usual to apply for, he made a proper distinction between just and unjust claims, and when he gave it to the petitioner, while reserving full liberty to any one to raise objections, he often associated the successful candidate with three or four partners, in order that those covetous suitors might conduct themselves with more moderation, when they saw the profits for which they were so eager diminished by this device.

4. Of the edifices, which in the different cities and towns he either repaired or built from their foundations, I will say nothing (to avoid prolixity), allowing those things to speak for themselves. These qualities, in my opinion, deserve the imitation of all good men. Now let us enumerate his vices.

5. He was an immoderate coveter of great wealth; impatient of labour, he affected an extreme severity, and was too much inclined to cruelty; his behaviour was rude and rough; and he was little imbued with skill either in war or in the liberal arts. He willingly sought profit and advantage in the miseries of others, and was more than ever intolerable in straining ordinary offences into sedition or treason; he cruelly encompassed the death or ruin of wealthy nobles.

6. This also was unendurable, that while he wished to have it appear that all actions and suits were decided according to the law, and while the investigation of such affairs was delegated to judges especially selected as the most proper to decide them, he still would not allow any decision to be given which was contrary to his own pleasure. He was also insulting, passionate, and always willing to listen to all informers, without the least distinction as to whether the charges which they advanced were true or false. And this vice is one very much to be dreaded, even in private affairs of everyday occurrence.

7. He was dilatory and sluggish; of a swarthy complexion; had a cast in one eye, a blemish, however, which was not visible at a distance; his limbs were well set; his figure was neither tall nor short; he was knock-kneed, and rather pot-bellied.

8. This is enough to say about Valens: and the recollection of his contemporaries will fully testify that this account is a true one. But we must not omit to mention that when he had learnt that the oracle of the tripod, which we have related to have been moved by Patricius and Hilanus, contained those three prophetic lines, the last of which is,—

"En pedioisi Mimantos alalkomenoisin area."

"Repelling murd'rous war in Mimas' plain;"

—he, being void of accomplishments and illiterate, despised them at first; but as his calamities increased, he became filled with abject fear, and, from a recollection of this same prophecy, began to dread the very name of Asia, where he had been informed by learned men that both Homer and Cicero had spoken of the Mountain of Mimas over the town of Erythrae.

9. Lastly,—after his death, and the departure of the enemy, it is said that a monument was found near the spot where he is believed to have died, with a stone fixed into it inscribed with Greek characters, indicating that some ancient noble of the name of Mimas was buried there.

XV.

Sec. 1. After this disastrous battle, when night had veiled the earth in darkness, those who survived fled, some to the right, some to the left, or wherever fear guided them, each man seeking refuge among his relations, as no one could think of anything but himself, while all fancied the lances of the enemy sticking in their backs. And far off were heard the miserable wailings of those who were left behind—the sobs of the dying, and the agonizing groans of the wounded.

2. But when daylight returned, the conquerors, like wild beasts rendered still more savage by the blood they had tasted, and allured by the temptations of groundless hope, marched in a dense column upon Hadrianople, resolved to run any risk in order to take it, having been informed by traitors and deserters that the principal officers of State, the insignia of the imperial authority, and the treasures of Valens had all been placed there for safety, as in an impregnable fortress.

3. And to prevent the ardour of the soldiers from being cooled by delay, the whole city was blockaded by the fourth hour; and the siege from that time was carried on with great vigour, the besiegers, from their innate ferocity, pressing in to complete its destruction, while, on the other hand, the garrison was stimulated to great exertions by their natural courage.

4. And while the vast number of soldiers and grooms, who were prohibited from entering the city with their beasts, kept close to the walls and to the houses which joined them, and fought gallantly, considering the disadvantages under which they laboured from the lowness of the ground which they occupied, and baffled the rage of their assailants till the ninth hour of the day, on a sudden three hundred of our infantry, of those who were nearest the battlements, formed themselves into a solid body, and deserted to the barbarians, who seized upon them with avidity, and (it is not known on what account) at once slaughtered them all. And from that time forth it was remarked that no one, even in the extremity of despair, adopted any similar conduct.

5. Now while all these misfortunes were at their height, suddenly there came a violent thunderstorm, and rain pouring down from the black clouds dispersed the bands of soldiers who were raging around; and they returned to their camp, which was measured out in a circle by their waggons; and being more elated and haughty than ever, they sent threatening letters to our men ... and an ambassador ... on condition of safety to him.

6. But as the messenger did not dare to enter the city, the letters were at last brought in by a certain Christian; and when they had been read and considered with all proper attention, the rest of the day and the whole of the night was devoted to preparing for defence. For inside the city the gates were blocked up with huge stones; the weak parts of the walls were strengthened, and engines to hurl javelins or stones were fixed on all convenient places, and a sufficient supply of water was also provided; for the day before some of the combatants had been distressed almost to death by thirst.

7. On the other hand the Goths, considering the difficulty and uncertainty of all warlike transactions, and becoming anxious at seeing their bravest warriors wounded and slain, and their strength gradually diminished, devised and adopted a crafty counsel, which, however, was revealed to us by Justice herself.

8. They seduced some picked soldiers of our army, who had revolted to them the day before, to pretend to escape back to their former comrades, and thus gain admittance within the walls; and after they had effected their entrance, they were secretly to set fire to some part of the city, so that the conflagration might serve as a secret signal, and while the garrison and citizens were occupied in extinguishing it, the walls might be left undefended, and so be easily stormed.

9. The traitors did as they were commanded; and when they came near the ditch they stretched out their hands, and with entreaties requested to be admitted into the city as Romans. When they were admitted, however (since no suspicion existed to hinder their admission), and were questioned as to the plans of the enemy, they varied in their tale: and in consequence they were put to the torture, and having formally confessed what they had undertaken to do, they were all beheaded.

10. Accordingly, every resource of war having been prepared, the barbarians, at the third watch discarding all fear from past failures, rushed in enormous numbers against the blocked-up entrances of the city, their officers urging them with great obstinacy. But the provincials and imperial guards, with the rest of the garrison, rose with fearless courage to repel them, and their missiles of every kind, even when shot at random among so vast a crowd, could not fall harmless. Our men perceived that the barbarians were using the same weapons which we ourselves had shot at them: and accordingly an order was given that the strings which fastened the iron points to the javelins and arrows should be cut before they were hurled or shot; so that while flying they should preserve their efficacy, but when they pierced a body or fell on the ground they should come asunder.

11. While affairs were in this critical state an unexpected accident had a considerable influence on the result. A scorpion, a military engine which in ordinary language is also known as the wild-ass, being stationed opposite the dense array of the enemy, hurled forth a huge stone, which, although it fell harmless on the ground, yet by the mere sight of it terrified them so greatly, that in alarm at the strange spectacle they all fell back and endeavoured to retreat.

12. But their officers ordering the trumpets to sound a charge, the battle was renewed; and the Romans, as before, got the advantage, not a single javelin or bullet hurled by a slinger failing of its effect. For the troops of the generals who led the vanguard, and who were inflamed by the desire of possessing themselves of the treasures which Valens had so wickedly acquired, were followed closely by others who were vain of exposing themselves to as much danger as those of greater renown. And some were wounded almost to death: others were struck down, crushed by huge weights, or pierced through their breasts with javelins; some who carried ladders and attempted to scale the walls on different sides were buried under their own burthens, being beaten down by stones which were hurled upon them, and by fragments of pillars and cylinders.

13. And yet, horrible as the sight of this bloodshed was, so great was their ardour that no one relaxed in his gallant exertions till the evening, being encouraged by seeing many of the garrison also fall by various wounds. So, without rest or relaxation, both the besiegers and the besieged fought with unwearied courage.

14. And now no kind of order was observed by the enemy, but they fought in detached bands and in skirmishes (which is the sign of the extremity of despair); and at last, when evening came on, they all returned to their tents, sorrowfully, each man accusing his neighbour of inconsiderate rashness, because they had not taken the advice of Fritigern, and avoided the labours and dangers of a siege.

XVI.

Sec. 1. After the battle, the soldiers devoted the whole night (which, as it was summer, was not long) to tending the wounded with all the remedies known to their nations, and when daylight returned they began to discuss various plans, doubting what to do. And after many plans had been proposed and objected to, they at last decided to occupy Perinthus, and then, every place where they could hear that any treasures were stored up, the deserters and fugitives having given them all the information they required, so that they learnt what was in every house, to say nothing of what was in every city. Adopting this resolution unanimously, which they thought the best, they advanced by slow marches, ravaging and burning everything as they passed.

2. But those who had been besieged in Hadrianople, after the barbarians had departed, as soon as scouts of approved fidelity had reported that the whole place was free from enemies, issued forth at midnight, and avoiding the public causeways, took out-of-way roads through the woods, and withdrew, some to Philippopolis, and from thence to Serdica, others to Macedonia; with all the wealth which they had saved undiminished, and pressing on with the greatest exertion and celerity, as if they were likely to find Valens in those regions, since they were wholly ignorant that he had perished in battle, or else certainly (as is rather believed) burnt to death in the cottage.

3. Meanwhile the Goths, combining with the Huns and Alani, both brave and warlike tribes, and inured to toil and hardship, whom Fritigern had with great ability won over to his side by the temptation of great rewards—fixed their camp near Perinthus; but recollecting their previous losses, they did not venture to come close to the city, or make any attempt to take it; they, however, devastated and entirely stripped the fertile territory surrounding it, slaying or making prisoners of the inhabitants.

4. From hence they marched with speed to Constantinople in battle array, from fear of ambuscades; being eager to make themselves masters of its ample riches, and resolved to try every means to take that illustrious city. But while giving way to extravagant pride, and beating almost against the barriers of the gates, they were repulsed in this instance by the Deity.

5. A body of Saracens (a nation of whose origin and manners we have already given a full account in several places), being more suited for sallies and skirmishes than for pitched battles, had been lately introduced into the city; and, as soon as they saw the barbarian host, they sallied out boldly from the city to attack it. There was a stubborn fight for some time; and at last both armies parted on equal terms.

6. But a strange and unprecedented incident gave the final advantage to the eastern warriors; for one of them with long hair, naked—with the exception of a covering round his waist—shouting a hoarse and melancholy cry, drew his dagger and plunged into the middle of the Gothic host, and after he had slain an enemy, put his lips to his throat, and sucked his blood. The barbarians were terrified at this marvellous prodigy, and from that time forth, when they proceeded on any enterprise, displayed none of their former and usual ferocity, but advanced with hesitating steps.

7. As time went on their ardour damped, and they began to take into consideration the vast circuit of the walls (which was the greater on account of the large space occupied by mansions with gardens within it), the inaccessible beauties of the city, and the immensity of its population; also the vicinity of the strait which divides the Black Sea from the AEgean. Then after destroying the works which they had constructed, having sustained greater losses than they had inflicted, they raised the siege, and roamed at random over the northern provinces, which they traversed without restraint as far as the Julian Alps, which the ancients used to call the Venetian Alps.

8. At this time the energy and promptitude of Julius, the commander of the forces on the other side of Mount Taurus, was particularly distinguished; for when he learnt what had happened in Thrace, he sent secret letters to all the governors of the different cities and forts, who were all Romans (which at this time is not very common), requesting them, on one and the same day, as at a concerted signal, to put to death all the Goths who had previously been admitted into the places under their charge; first luring them into the suburbs, in expectation of receiving the pay which had been promised to them. This wise plan was carried out without any disturbance or any delay; and thus the Eastern provinces were delivered from great dangers.

9. Thus have I, a Greek by birth, and formerly a soldier, related all the events from the accession of Nerva to the death of Valens, to the best of my abilities; professing above all things to tell the truth, which, as I believe, I have never knowingly perverted, either by silence or by falsehood. Let better men in the flower of their age, and of eminent accomplishments, relate the subsequent events. But if it should please them to undertake the task, I warn them to sharpen their tongues to a loftier style.

[189] The text is unusually mutilated here. It has been proposed to insert: "A little goat with its throat cut was found dead in the street."

[190] Virg. Georg., II. 106.

[191] Ammianus here alludes to the canal out through Mount Athos.

[192] See Gibbon, vol. ii., p. 215 (Bohn's edition).

[193] See Gibbon, vol. iii., p. 229 (Bohn).

[194] Barritus is the word used for the trumpeting of an elephant.

[195] See Gibbon, vol. iii., p. 181 (Bohn).



INDEX.

A.

Abanni, a people of Africa, 533

Abarne, a town in Mesopotamia, noted for its hot springs, 182

Abdera, the birthplace of Protagoras and Democritus, 286

Abdigidus, a tribune, 173

Abienus, a senator, 477, 478

Abii, a people of Persia, 339

Abladius, prefect of the praetorium, 236

Abora, or Chaboras, a river in Mesopotamia, 111

Abydos, 287

Abydum, a town in Thebais, 208

Achaei, a Caspian tribe, 290

Achaiacala, a fort on an island in the Euphrates, 350

Acheron, the river, 289

Acherusian, the cave, 289

Acilius Glabrio, the first Roman to whom a statue was erected, 16

Acimincum, a town in Hungary, 205

Acone, a port on the Euxine Sea, 289

Acontiae, a species of serpent in Egypt, 311

Acontisma, a narrow defile between Thrace and Macedonia, 443

Acrapatena, a province of Media, 335

Adaces, a Persian Satrap, killed, 374

Addense, 531

Adelphius, prefect of Rome, 92

Adiabas, a river in Assyria, 334

Adiabene, a province of Assyria, 176, 320, 333

Adonis, 186

Adrastea, the goddess of retribution, called also Nemesis, 42, 281

Adrastus, king of the Argives, 41

AEdesius, keeper of the records, 56, 58

AEgean Sea, 286

AElian, Count, 182, 183; crucified by the Persians, 200

AEnus, a city of Thrace, 286, 444

Africanus, Governor of the second Pannonia, 50, 95

Agabana, a fortress in Persia, 463

Agathocles, king of Sicily, 44

Agathyrsi, a tribe near the Palus Maeotis, 291

Agazaca, a city of the Paropanisatae, 342

Agenarichus, king of the Allemanni, 113

Agilimundus, a chieftain of the Quadi, 151

Agilo, an equerry, 34, 266; promoted to the prefecture by Julian, 279; recalled to military service by Procopius, 422; intercedes for his father-in-law Araxius, 432

Aginatius put to death by Maximin, 474

Aiadalthes, a tribune, 181

Alani, a Scythian tribe, 291, 328, 580, 581, 599, 611

Alatheus, 583, 587, 611

Alavivus, a general of the Goths, 585, 587

Albani, allies of the Persians, 176, 187, 332

Albinus of Etruria, 56

Alexander the Great, 41, 46, 89

Alexander of Heliopolis, 319

Alexandria, a village near Rome, 131

—— in Egypt, 300; described, 313; its temples and library, 314; its schools, 315

—— a city in Arachosia, 343

—— in Ariana, 342

—— in Carmania, 339

—— an island in Persia, 338

—— a town in Sogdiana, 340

Alfenus, a distinguished lawyer, 556

Alicodra, a city in Bactria, 340

Aligildus, a count, 271, 277

Aliso, a tribune, 427

Alitrophagi, a Scythian tribe, 341

Allemanni, or Germans—these names are used promiscuously by Ammianus—defeated at the battle of Strasburg, 118, 247; lay waste Gaul and Rhaetia, 413, 414; defeated by Jovinus, 438, 567; make incursions into the Roman territory, 602; are defeated, 604

Allobroges, a nation of Gaul, 81

Alpheus, a river rising in Arcadia, 53

Alps, the Cottian, 75; the Julian, 259; the Grecian, 76; the Penine, 76; Hannibal's passage of the, 77

Alypius of Antioch, 317, 514

—— a Roman noble, 471

Amantius, a soothsayer, 472

Amanus, a mountain range in Cilicia, 27

Amardus, a river in Media, 337

Amastris, a city in Paphlagonia, 289

Amazons, one of the Caspian tribes, 291; defeated by the Athenians, 289

Amida, a city of Mesopotamia, 174; besieged by Sapor, 185; betrayed by a deserter, 192; courage of the garrison, 195; a sortie of the Gallic troops, from, 195, 236

Amiens (Ambians), a city in Belgium, 79, 453

Aminias, a Persian general, 369

Amisus, a city in Pontus, 289

Ammianus, his noble birth, 199; placed under Ursicinus, governor of Nisibis, by the Emperor Constantius, 30; returns to Italy, 37; his industry, 45; sent into Gaul, 60; sent back to the East, 103; visits Thebes, 130; recalled, 171; escapes from Nisibis, 173; sent to Jovinianus, satrap of Corduena, 175; narrow escape of, 181; arrives at Antioch, 200; accompanies Julian in his expedition against the Persians, 326; returns with Jovian, 402; his advice to future historians, 623

Ampelius, prefect of Otricoli, 472

Amphiaraus, an ancient seer, 4

Amphilochius, a Paphlagonian, 252

Amphisbaena, a serpent, 311

Amphitheatre at Rome, 102, 411

Amphitus, a Spartan, the charioteer of Castor and Pollux, 290

Amudis, a fort in Mesopotamia, 173

Amycus, king of the Bebrycii, 288

Anaphe, an island in the AEgean Sea, 139

Anatha, a fortress in Mesopotamia, 347

Anatolius, prefect of Illyricum, 204; master of the offices, 234; his death, 253; an officer of the palace, 504

Anaxagoras the philosopher, 287; predicted the fall of stones and earthquakes, 315

Anaximander, a Milesian philosopher, 139

Anazarbus, a city of Cilicia, 27

Anchialos, a city of Thrace, 293, 444

Ancorarius, a mountain of Mauritania, 531

Ancyra, a city of Galatia, 296, 403, 426

Andernach (Antumacum), 161

Andocides, a Grecian orator, 554

Andriscus of Adramyttium, 44, 421

Andronicus, a poet, 209

Anepsia, wife of Victorinus, 475, 478

Anicenses, a Sarmatian tribe, 154

Anicii, the, a noble family at Rome, 98

Annib, a mountain in Scythia, 341

Anthemusia, a province of Mesopotamia, 10

Anthropophagi, a Scythian tribe, 580

Antibes (Antipolis), a town in Gaul, 79

Antinopolis, a town in Mesopotamia, built by Constantius, 182

Antinous, a city in Egypt, 312

Antioch in Syria, 28; visited by the Emperor Julian, 297; by Jovian, 401

Antiochia, in Persia, 339

Antiphon, a Greek orator, 554

Antoninus, a wealthy merchant, afterwards one of the protectors, 168; his treachery, 169

Antonius, a tribune, 415

Anzaba, a river in Mesopotamia, 175

Apamia, a city in Assyria, 334, 338

—— a city in Thrace, 287

Apamia, a city in Syria, 28

Apis, the sacred Egyptian bull, 306

Apodemius, the secretary for the provinces, 41, 46; sentenced to be burnt alive, 280

Apollinarii, father and son, the former governor of Phoenicia, the latter steward of the palace, 26

Apollo, the Cumaean, 334; of Daphne, 303; the Palatine, 320; the Sminthius, 286

Apollonia, a city of Thrace, 293

—— in Assyria, 334

Apollonius of Tyana, 270

Apronianus, prefect of Rome, 317; suppresses the magicians, 411

Aprunculus Gallus, an orator and soothsayer, afterwards governor of Narbonne, 277

Aquileia, the capital of Venetia, 261; besieged by Julian, 261; surrenders, 264

Aquitani, a nation of Gaul, 78

Arabia reduced to a Roman province by the Emperor Trajan, 29; Arabia Felix, 338

Arabis, a river in the country of the Drangiani, 342

Aracha, a town in Susiana, 335, 337

Arachosia, a Persian province, 342

Arachotoscrene, a marsh in Arachosia, 343

Aradius, count of the east, 317

Araharius, a Sarmatian chief, 149

Arar, a river in Gaul (the Saone), 80

Arator, duke, 481

Aratus the poet, 299, 386

Araxates, a river in Sogdiana, 340

Araxius, prefect of the praetorium, 422

Arbaca, a city in Arachosia, 343

Arbela, a city in Adiabene, 334

Arbetio, 36, 47, 92; made consul, 71, 213

Arboreus, high chamberlain, 49

Arbor Felix, fortress of, 605

Arcadius, a river of the Euxine, 289

Archelaus, a general of King Mithridates, 116

Archimedes the mathematician, 407

Ardea, a town in Persia, 338

Areans, a sect, 485

Areopagus, 518

Arethusa, a town in Thrace, the burial-place of Euripides, 443

Argaeus, a mountain in Cappadocia, 233

Argonauts, the, 27

Ariana, a province of Persia, 342

Arias, a river in Arcana, 342

Ariaspe, a town in the province of Drangiana, 342

Arimaspi, a fierce one-eyed nation bordering on Persia, 332

Arimphaei, a nation bordering on the Euxine, 292

Arinchi, a savage tribe near the Euxine, 291

Arintheus, a tribune, 54; commands the left wing of the army under Julian, 347; ambassador to the Persians, 393, 446

Aristaenetus, prefect of Bithynia, lost his life in an earthquake, 138

Aristarchus the grammarian, 314

Aristides, 558

Aristobulus consul with Diocletian, 317

Arles (Arelate), a town on the Rhone, 79

Armenia conquered by Galerius, 134; its restoration to the Persians demanded by Sapor, 135; abandoned by Jovian in the treaty of Dura, 394, 549

Armonius, a mountain in Asia Minor, 289

Arsaces, the first king of the Parthians, 330

—— king of Armenia, an ally of Constantius, 235; of Julian, 318; taken prisoner by the Persians, 394; put to death, 463

Arsacia, a city of Media, 337

Arsiana, a city of Susiana, 335

Arsinoe, a city of Cyrene, anciently called Tauchira, and now Tochira, 312

Artabannes, a Persian satrap, 463

Artabius, a river in Gedrosia, a district of Persia, 343

Artacana, a city of Parthia, 338

Artemis, a river in Bactria, 340

Artemisia, queen of Caria, 487

Artemius, deputy-governor of Rome, 146

—— duke of Egypt, 300

Artogerassa, a city of Armenia, 464

Arzanena, a province of Mesopotamia, 393

Ascalon, a city of Palestine, 29

Ascanimia, a mountain in Scythia, 340

Asclepiades the philosopher, 304

Asclepiodotus, count, 65

Asia Minor, description of, 289

Asmira, a mountain in Serica, 341

Asp, the largest species of serpent in Egypt, 311

Aspabota, a city of Scythia, 341

Aspacarae, a tribe of the Seres, 341

Aspacuras, a Persian satrap, 466

Asparata, a city of the Betae, 341

Assanite Saracens, 350

Assyria, the wife of Barbatio, 165

—— a province of Persia, in the time of Ammianus called Adiabene, 333

Astacea, a city of Bactria, 340

Astacus, a city in Bithynia, also called Nicomedia, 287

Atacotti harass the Britons, 413

Athagorae, a Scythian tribe, 341

Athanaric, a Gothic chief, 447, 583

Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, his character, 67

Athos, a mountain in Macedonia, 286

Athribis, a city of Egypt, 313

Athyras, a port in the Propontis, 287

Ati, a people near the cataracts of the Nile, 308

Atlas, a mountain in Africa, 50

Attuarii, a tribe of Franks, 235

Auch (Ausci), a town in Aquitania, 79

Augury, modes of, 245

Augusta (Londinium), the capital of Roman Britain, 483

Augustamnica, a province of Egypt, 312

Augustus, Emperor, his correction of the calendar, 408

Aulon, a cave near the Euxine, 290

Aurelian, the Emperor, 570

Aureolus, a conspirator against Constantius, 274

Austoriani, a people of Mauritania, 413

Autun (Augustodunum), the chief town of the AEdui, 79

Auxerre (Autosidorum), a city in Gaul, 85

Avenche (Aventicum), the capital of the Helvetii, 79

Avernus, a lake in Campania, 489

Avitianus, deputy-governor of Africa, 451

Axius, a river of Macedonia, 258

Azmorna, a city of Hyrcania, 339

Azov, sea of (Palus Maeotis), 288, 577, 582

B.

Babylon, 334

Bacchus, 290

Bacchylides, the lyric poet, 383

Bactra, a river in Bactria, 340

Bactrians, 339

Baetica, a consular province of Spain, 473

Bagrada, a river in Persia, 337

Bainobaudes, a tribune of the Scutarii, 39, 105; (2) a tribune of the Cornuti, 106; killed in the battle of Strasburg, 121

Balista, a military engine for discharging stones, described, 322

Bappo, a tribune, commander of the Promoti, 54

Baraba, a town in Arabia Felix, 338

Barbatio, count of the domestics, 40; promoted to the command of the infantry, 104, 136; a swarm of bees on his house regarded as a bad omen, 165; an arrogant and treacherous man, 166; beheaded, 166

Barbitani, mountains in Persia lying towards India, 343

Barchalbas, a tribune, 430

Bards, the poets of Gaul, 74

Barzala, a fort in Mesopotamia, 179

Barzimeres, tribune of the Scutarii, 546

Basilica of Sicininus in Rome, probably the church of Santa Maria Maggiore, 441

Basilina, mother of the Emperor Julian, 383

Basilisk, a kind of Egyptian serpent, 311

Bassianus, a Roman of noble family, 515

Bassus, prefect of Rome, 146

Batne, a town near the Euphrates, where an annual fair was held, 10

Battus, a Spartan, the founder of Cyrene, 312

Bautis, a river in Serica, 341

Bazas (Vasatae), a town in Gaul, 79

Bebase, a town in Mesopotamia, 178

Bebrycia, a district in Bithynia, 288

Belgae, the most warlike people of Gaul, 78

Belias, a river of Mesopotamia which falls into the Euphrates, 321

Bellovaedius, a tribune given as a hostage to the Persians, 394

Beraea, a city of Thrace, 444

Berenice, also called Hesperides, a town in Libya, 312

Berytus, a city of Phoenicia (the modern Beirut), 28

Besa, the name of an Egyptian deity, 208

Besancon, a city of the Sequani, 79, 253

Besbicus, an island in the Propontis, 287

Bessi, a Thracian tribe, 444

Betae, a people in Serica, 341

Bezabde, a town on the Tigris formerly called Phoenice, 225, 266; captured by Sapor, 227; unsuccessfully besieged by Constantius, 237-239

Bineses, a Persian satrap, 394

Bingen (Bingium), a town in Germany, 161

Bisula, a river (the Weichsel), 292

Bitaxa, a town of the Ariani, 342

Bitheridus, a German noble, 525

Bithynia, 288

Bizes, a river of the Euxine, 288

Blemmyae, a people near the cataracts of the Nile, 11

Boae, an island on the coast of Dalmatia, 279

Bonitus, a Frank, the father of Silvanus, 63

Bonmunster (Bononia), a town in Pannonia, 257

Bonn (Bonna), a town in Germany, 161

Bordeaux (Burdegala), a city in Aquitania, 79

Borion, a promontory in Egypt, 307

Bosporus, the Thracian (the Straits of Constantinople), 288

—— the Cimmerian (Straits of Yene-Kali), 70

Bostra, a city of Arabia, 29

Boulogne (Bononia), a town in Gaul, 212

Brahmans, 336, 470

Branchidae, an oracle in the Milesian territory, 511

Briancon (Virgantia), 76

Brigantia (the lake of Constance), 52

Brisoana, a Persian river, 337

Britain, corn exported to Rome, 161; pearls found in the British sea, 345; suffers from the incursions of the Picts and Sects, 212, 453; invaded by the Saxons, 413; distress of, 453; Theodosius goes to assist, 483

Bruchion, a quarter in Alexandria, inhabited by opulent persons, 314

Brumat (Brocomagus), a city of Germany, 86

Bucenobantes, a tribe of the Allemanni, 524

Buffaloes in Egypt, 309

Bura, a town destroyed by an earthquake, 140

Burgundians, 495; their kings called Hendinos, 495; their chief priest called the Sinistus, 496

Busan, a fort in Mesopotamia, 183

Byzantium (Constantinople), 287

Byzares, a people near the Euxine, 290

C.

Cabillonum (Chalons sur Marne), 98, 436

Cabyle, a town in Thrace, 607

Cadusii, a tribe on the Caspian Sea, 332

Caeni Gallici, a station in Bithynia, 38

Caela, a town near the Hellespont, 287

Caeranius, a philosopher, 520

Caesarea, formerly Mazaca, a town in Cappadocia, 233

—— a town in Mauritania, 534

—— a town in Palestine, 29

Caesariensis, a province of Mauritania, 526

Caesarius, prefect of Constantinople, 422

—— secretary of the Emperor, 551

Caesias, treasurer of the commander of the cavalry, 200

Cafaves, a people of Africa, 532

Calatis, a town in European Scythia, 444

Calicadnus, a river in Isauria, 9

Callichorus, a river near the Euxine Sea, 290

Callimachus, an ancient Grecian general, 369

Callipolis, a city at the head of the Hellespont, 287

Callisthenes, a pupil of Aristotle, 166

Callistratus, an ancient orator, 554

Camaritae, a tribe near the Euxine Sea, 290

Cambyses, king of Persia, 129

—— a river in Media, 337

Camels first seen by the Romans at the siege of Cyzicus, 340

Camenius, a Roman senator, 473

Camp of Hercules (Castra Herculis), a town in Germany, 161

Camp of Mars, a town in Dacia, 608

Camp of the Moors, a town or fortress in Mesopotamia, 173, 393

Canini, a people on the borders of Rhaetia, 52

Canopus, a city of Egypt, 314

Cantichus, a gulf in Armenia, 332

Capellatum, a district on the borders of the Burgundians, 164

Capersana, a town in Syria, 179; called also Capessana, 255

Caphareus, a promontory of Euboea, 286

Carambis, a promontory in Paphlagonia (now Cape Kerempe), 289

Carcinites, a river and bay on the Euxine Sea, 292

Carmania, a province of Persia, 338

Carnuntum, a city of Illyria, 559

Carpi, a people on the Danube, 446, 468

Carrae, a town of Mesopotamia, 177, 237, 320

Cascellius, a Roman lawyer, 556

Caspian, tribes of the, 291

Cassianus, Duke of Mesopotamia, 98, 176, 201, 396

Cassium, a town in Egypt, 312

Cassius, a mountain in Syria, 28; Julian sacrifices to Jupiter upon it, 305

Castalia, a fountain in Phocis, at the base of Mount Parnassus, 303

Castucius, Count of Isauria, 8

Catadupi, the cataracts of the Nile, or the people who live near them, 307

Catalauni (Chalons sur Marne), 436

Cato, the censor, 16, 81, 88

Catulus, the aedile, 20

Caucalandes, a town in Sarmatia, 588

Cella, a tribune of the Scutarii, 105

Celse, a town in Phoenicia, 23

Cephalonesus, a town on the Borysthenes, 293

Ceras, a cape on the Propontis, 287

Cerasus, a town in Pontus, 289

Cercetae, a tribe near the Euxine Sea, 291

Cercius, the charioteer of Castor and Pollux, 290

Cerealis, uncle of Gallus, 43; (2) a master of the horse, 482, 564

Cethegus, a senator, beheaded, 471

Chaerecla, a town in Libya, 313

Chalcedon, a town in Bithynia, 287; inscription found on a stone in the walls of, 577

Chalcenterus, an author, 314

Chaldaea, 335

Chalites, a gulf in Armenia, 332

Chalybes, a tribe near the Caspian Sea, 290

Chamavi, a German tribe, 141

Charax, a town in Parthia, 338

Charcha, a town on the Tigris, 183

Chardi, a Scythian tribe, 341

Charietto, count of Germany, 144, 436

Charinda, a river in Media, 337

Charte and Chartra, towns in Bactria, 340

Chasmatiae, a kind of earthquake, 139

Chauriana, a town in Scythia, 341

Chiliocomus, a district of Media, 321

Chilo, a Roman deputy, 469

Chionitae, a tribe bordering on Persia, 99, 134, 176

Chnodomarius, a king of the Allemanni, 107, 112, 120; taken prisoner and sent to Rome, 121; his death, 121

Choaspa, a town in Arachosia, 343

Choaspes, a river in Media, 337

Choatres, a river in Parthia, 338

Chronius, a river of the Euxine Sea, 292

Chrysopolis, a city on the Propontis, 287

Cibalae, a town in Pannonia, 566

Cicero, 5, 49, 61, 81, 84, 210, 245, 274, 284, 310, 406, 433, 443, 457, 462, 476, 491, 531, 555, 570, 617

Cilicia, description of, 27

Ciminian, a district in Italy, 140

Cimon, son of Miltiades, 145

Cineas, the ambassador of Pyrrhus, 100

Circesium, a town of Mesopotamia, described, 324, 325

Cius, a town on the Propontis, 287

Civilis, prefect of Britain, 455

Claritas, a Roman matron, 474

Claros, in Lydia, seat of a temple and oracle of Apollo, 210

Claudiopolis, a city in Isauria, 27

Claudius, prefect of Rome, 439, 542

Cleander, a prefect under the Emperor Commodus, 418

Clematius, a citizen of Alexandria, 2

Cleopatra, 313

Coche, a town in Persia, 363

Colchi, a tribe of Egyptian origin, 290

Colias, a Gothic noble, revolts, 592

Cologne (Colonia Agrippina), 86

Comedus, a mountain in the country of the Sacae, 340

Comets, their nature, 401

Commagena, a province of Syria, 334

Commodus, the Roman Emperor, 507, 605

Como (Comum), a town in Italy, 48

Constans, son of Constantine, 2, 94

Constantia, daughter of Constantius, 423, 539

Constantianus, a tribune, 322, 482, 522

Constantina, daughter of Constantine the Great, 2, 37, 244, 245

—— a town in Mesopotamia, 178

Constantine the Great, 60, 81, 93, 97, 131, 419

Constantinople, 287; threatened siege of, by the Goths, 622

Constantius the Emperor, his cruelty, 13; summons Gallus to Italy, 23; makes war on the Allemanni, 32; his speech, 34-36; retires to Milan, 36; his jealousy, 37; his severe treatment of Gallus's friend, 51; invests Julian with the title of Caesar, 70; his weakness, 99; his triumphal procession to Rome, 100; his arrogance, 101; erects an obelisk, 130; reply to Sapor, 135; receives the title of Sarmaticus, 156; marches against the Limigantes, 204; jealousy of Julian, 216; besieges Bezabde, 237; marries Faustina after the death of Eusebia, 253; crosses the Euphrates, 255; his speech to his army, 267; unfavourable dreams and omens, 269; his death, 271; virtues and vices, 272; buried at Constantinople, 276

Contensis, a town in Africa, 534

Coptos, a town in the Thebais, 312; story of his wife, 291

Corax, a river flowing into the Euxine, 291

Corduena, a province belonging to the Persians, 175, 321, 393

Cornelius Gallus, procurator of Egypt, 129

Cornelius, a senator, 474

Coronus, a mountain in Media, 335

Costoboci, a Scythian tribe, 293

Cottius, a king on the Alps, 75

Craugasius, a noble of Nisibis, 200; story of his wife, 201

Crescens, deputy-governor of Africa, 501

Cretio, count of Africa, 254

Crispus, son of Constantine the Great, 41

Crissaean Gulf in Western Locris, 140

Criu-Metopon, a promontory of Thrace, 289

Crocodiles in Egypt, 309

Croesus, 64

Ctesiphon, the winter residence of the Parthian kings, 334

Curandius, a tribune of the archers, 530

Curio, a Roman general, 530

Cybele, festival in honour of, 321

Cyclades, 286

Cydnus, a river in Cilicia, 27

Cylaces, a Persian eunuch, 463

Cynaegirus, a Grecian general, 369

Cynossema, a promontory in Caria, now Cape Volpo, 287

Cyprus, 29

Cyrene, a city in Libya, 312

Cyreschata, a town in Sogdiana, 340

Cyria, a Mauritanian princess, 531

Cyrinus, 280

Cyropolis, a town in Media, 337

Cyrus, 90, 331

Cyzicus, 287; besieged and taken by Procopius, 426; taken by the Scythians, 591

D.

Dacia, 423

Dadastana, a town on the borders of Bithynia, 403

Dagalaiphus, captain of the domestics, 255, 347, 359, 388, 407; sent by Valentinian to oppose the Allemanni, 415; made consul, 428

Dahae, a Scythian tribe, 290

Damascus, 28

Damasus, bishop of Rome, 441

Dames, 95

Dandaca, a town in the Tauric Chersonese, 292

Daniel, a Roman count, 546

Danube, description of the, 293

Daphne, a suburb of Antioch, 210; (2) a town in Moesia, 445

Dardanus, a town in the Hellespont, 287

Darius, 331, 428

Darnis, a town in Libya, 312

Datianus, a Roman consul, 133

Davana, a town in Mesopotamia, 321

Davares, a people of Africa, 532

Decem Pagi (Dieuse), 86

Decentius, a tribune, 216

Decius (the Caesar), 614

Delos, 139, 303

Delphidius, an orator, 160

Delta in Egypt, 309

Demetrius Chytras, a philosopher of Alexandria, 209

Democritus, 46, 88, 286

Demosthenes, 549, 554

Diabas, a river of Assyria, 334

Dibaltum, a city of Thrace, 600

Dicalidones, a tribe of Picts, 453

Didius, a Roman general, 443

Didymus, surnamed Chalcenterus, 314

Dieuse (Decem Pagi), 86

Dinarchus, a Grecian orator, 554

Dindyma, a mountain of Mysia, 287

Dinocrates, an architect, 313

Diocles, treasurer of Illyricum, 451

Diocletian, 59, 317

Diodorus, a count, 301

Diogenes, governor of Bithynia, 514

Diogmitae, a kind of light-armed troops, 456

Dionysiopolis, 444

Dionysius, king of Sicily, 44, 64, 97

Dioscurias, a city on the Euxine, 290

Dipsades, a species of Egyptian serpent, 311

Discenes, a tribune, 202

Dius, a Mauritanian chief, 527

Divitenses, a German tribe, 424, 436

Domitian, the emperor, 168

Domitianus, prefect of the East, 23, 49

Domitius Corbulo, 48

Dorians, 73

Doriscus, a town in Thrace, 176

Dorostorus, a city of Thrace, 444

Dorus, a surgeon of the Scutari, 92

Dracontius, master of the mint, 301

Drangiana, a province of Persia, 342

Drepanum, a town in Bithynia, 425

Drepsa, a town in Sogdiana, 340

Druentia (the Durance), a river in Gaul, 77

Druids, 73, 74

Drusus, a Roman general, 443

Drypetina, daughter of King Mithridates, 95

Dulcitius, a Roman general, 455

Duodiense, a fort in Mauritania, 536

Dura, a town beyond the Tigris, in Mesopotamia, 326, 347, 391

Dymas, a river in Sogdiana, 340

Dynamius, 55

E.

Earthquakes in Africa, 137; the supposed causes, 138

Ecbatana, an Assyrian town, 334

Eclipses, causes of, 214

Edessa, 236, 255

Elephantine, a city of Ethiopia, 307

Elephants, 376

Eleusis, 139

Eleutheropolis, a town in Palestine, 29

Emissa, a town of Syria, 23

Emodon, a mountain in Scythia, 341

Emona, 477

Engines, warlike, 323

Epicurus, 554

Epigonius, a philosopher, 25, 31

Epimenides, 486

Epiphania, a town in Cilicia, 300

Equitius, tribune of the Scutarii, 406; made general and count, 414, 539; his son Equitius a tribune, 611

Eratosthenes, 287

Erectheus, 84

Ermenrichus, king of the Ostrogoths, 583

Erythrae, a city in Ionia, 617

Esaias, a Roman noble, 477

Essedones and Essedon, a people and town of the Seres, 341

Eubulus, a citizen of Antioch, 22

Eucaerius, proprefect of Asia, 506

Euctemon, an ancient astronomer, 407

Eumenius, 477

Eumolpias (Philippopolis), 278

Eupatoria, a city of the Tauri, 292

Euphrasius, master of the offices, 422

Euphrates, 199, 335

Euphronius, governor of Mesopotamia, 176

Eupraxius, master of the records, 450

Euripides, his tomb at Arethusa, 443

Europos, a city of Persia, 337

Eusebia, wife of the Emperor Constantius, 48; her plots against Helena, 103, 253

Eusebius, an orator, surnamed Pittacos, 23, 31; (ii.) High Chamberlain, 33, 36, 167, 281; (iii.) surnamed Mattyocopa, 55; (iv.) brother of Eusebia and Hypatius, 160, 253, 516; (v.) Bishop of Nicomedia, 295

Euseni, an eastern people, near Persia, 29

Euses, a town in Gaul, 79

Eustathius, a philosopher, 136

Eutherius, prefect of the bedchamber, 93, 232

Eutropius, proconsul of Asia, 512

Evagrius, one of the emperor's household, 280

Exsuperius, one of the Victorian Legion, 361

F.

Fabius Maximus, 81

Fabricius Luscinus, 548

Fara, an island on the coast of Persia, 338

Farnobius, 587, 601

Faustina, the second wife of the Emperor Constantius, 253, 271, 423

Faustinus, a military secretary, 562

Felix, master of the offices, 233, 317

Fericius, a Mauritanian chief, 530

Ferratus, a mountain in Mauritania, 527

Festus, governor of Syria, 519; his cruelties, 528

Fidustius, accused of magic, 505

Firmus, a Mauritanian chief, 525; his flight, 533; commits suicide, 537

Flavian, a Roman citizen, 502

Florentius, (i.) prefect of the Praetorian Guard, 110, 128, 216, 232, 253, 270; (ii.) the son of Nigridianus, 58, 213, 279; (iii.) the prefect of Gaul under Valentinian, 452; (iv.) a tribune, 430; (v.) Duke of Germany, 525

Fortunatianus, a count, 504

Forum of Trajan, 102

Fragiledus, a Sarmatian chief, 148

Franks, 58, 141, 235

Fraomarius, king of the Bucenobantes, a German tribe, 524

Frigeridus, a Roman general, 595, 600

Fritigern, general of the Goths, 587, 593, 607, 609

Frontinus, 472

Fullofaudes, military duke in Britain, 453

Fulvius, a Roman general, 81

G.

Gabinius, king of the Quadi, 539, 559

Galactophagi, a Scythian tribe, 341

Galatae, the Gauls, 73

Galerius, 38

Galla, the mother of Gallus, 43

Gallienus, 4

Gallonatis, a fort in Mauritania, 531

Gallus, nephew of Constantine the Great, 1; his atrocities, 2; puts the principal persons at Antioch to death, 21; summoned by the emperor, 37; leaves Antioch and arrives at Constantinople, 39; is sent to Istria, 41; put to death, 42; his personal appearance and character, 43

Gallus, a river in Bithynia, 426

Garamantes, an African tribe, 307

Garumna (the Garonne), 78

Gaudentius, 51, 95, 143, 254, 300

Gaugamela, a city in Adiabene, 334

Gaul, description of, 73; its provinces, 79; its inhabitants, 80; produce, 81

Gaza (now Ghuzzeh), a city of Palestine, 29

Gazaca, a town in Media, 337

Geapolis, a town in Arabia, 338

Gedrosia, a province of Persia, 343

Gelani, a people of the East, near Persia, 134

Geloni, a tribe near the Caspian, 291

Genonia, a town in Parthia, 338

Genua (Genoa), chief town of the Ligures, 77

George, bishop of Alexandria, 300, 301

Gerasa, a town in Arabia, 29

Gerasus (the Pruth), 584

Germanianus, 255

Germanicopolis, in Bithynia, 456

Germanicus, 306

Germany, 78

Gerontius, tortured by Constantius, 12

Gildo, a Mauritanian chief, 526

Glabrio, Acilius, 17

Gomoarius, or Gumoharius, 233, 255, 269, 422, 429

Gordian, the elder, 421; (ii.) the younger, 326

Gorgias of Leontinum, 554

Gorgonius, Caesar's chamberlain, 48

Goths, 442, 445, 585; invade Thrace, 599; defeated by Frigeridus, 601; massacre of the, 623

Gratian, the elder, 566; (ii.) son of Valentinian, 448; takes Equitius as his colleague, 551, 602, 605; surprised by Sebastian, 607

Grumbates, king of the Chionitae, 176, 185

Gruthungi, a tribe of Ostrogoths, 446, 583

Gundomadus, king of the Allemanni, 32, 111

Gynaecon, a town in the Persian province of Gedrosia, 343

Gyndes, a Persian river, 337

H.

Hadrian, 386, 571

Hadrianople, battle of, 610-615; siege of by the Goths, 619; raised, 620

Hadrianopolis, 39, 444, 607

Hannibal, 77; buried at Libyssa, 295

Harax, a river in Susiana, 335

Hariobaudes, a tribune, 161, 162

Hariobaudus, a king of the Allemanni, 164

Harmozon, a promontory in Carmania, 332

Harpalus, one of Cyrus's lieutenants, 74

Hasdrubal, a Carthaginian general, 77

Hatra, an ancient town in Mesopotamia, 395

Hebrus (Maritza), a river in Thrace, 172

Hecataeus, an ancient geographer, 287

Hecatompylos, a town in Parthia, 338

Helen, wife of Julian, 71; her death and burial, 244

Helenopolis (Frankfort-on-the-Maine), 425

Helepolis, a military engine used in sieges, 324

Helice, a town in Achaia, destroyed by an earthquake, 140

Heliodorus, a seer, 504; his atrocities, 515; death of, 517

Heliogabalus, 421

Heliopolis, a town of Syria, 131

Helpidius, prefect of the East, 253

Hendinos, a title given to the Burgundian kings, 495

Heniochi, a tribe near the Euxine, 290

Heraclea, a city of Thrace, called also Perinthus, 278

Heraclitus, the philosopher of Ephesus, 274

Herculanus, officer of the guard, 33

Hercules, 73

Hermapion, 132

Hermes Trismegistus, 270

Hermogenes, master of the horse, 33, (ii.) of Pontus, prefect of the praetorium, 208, 253; (iii.) a Roman general in Germany, 481

Hermonassa, an island in the Palus Maeotis, 291

Hermopolis, a city in the Thebais, 312

Herod, 29

Herodianus, 314

Herodotus, 311

Hesiod, 16

Hesperus, proconsul of Africa, 502

Hesychia, a Roman matron, 477

Hiaspis, a district on the Tigris, 169

Hiberia, a country in Asia, near Colchis, 463; is divided between the Persians and Romans, 466, 549

Hibita, a station in Mesopotamia, 399

Hiera, an island on the coast of Sicily, one of the AEgates, 139

Hierapolis, a city in Commagena, 28, 267, 319; (ii.) a city in Phrygia, 333

Hierocles, son of Alypius, governor of Britain, 514

Hieroglyphics of the Egyptians, 130

Hilarinus, a charioteer, 411

Hilarius, 505

Hileia, a town in Mesopotamia, 170

Hipparchus, the philosopher, 407

Hippias of Elis, 90

Hippocephalus, a suburb of Antioch, 270

Hippopotamus of Egypt, 310

Histros, a city of Thrace, 293

Homer, 20, 71, 170, 191, 270, 341, 442, 453, 479, 617

Honoratus, Count of the East, 3, 21

Hormisdas, a Persian prince, 102; (ii.) a general of the emperor Julian, 347; (iii.) son of the preceding, 427

Horre, a town in Mesopotamia, 183

Hortarius, king of the Allemanni, 107, 144, 161; (ii.) a German noble, 525

Hucumbra, 374

Huns, 577-582

Hydriacus, a river in Carmania, 339

Hydrus, the, 310

Hymetius, proconsul of Africa, 471; banished to Boae, a town in Dalmatia, 472

Hypanis (the Bog), a river of Sarmatia, 291

Hypatius, a consul, brother of Eusebius, 160, 253, 516

Hyperechius, 426

Hyperides, a Grecian orator, 554

Hyrcania, a northern province of Persia, 339

Hystaspes, father of Darius, 336

I.

Ibis, the sacred bird of the Egyptians, 311

Ichneumon, an Egyptian reptile, 310

Iconium, a town in Pisidia, 5

Icosium, a town in Mauritania, 529

Idmon, an augur, 290

Igilgitanum, part of the coast of Mauritania, so called from the town Igilgili (Iijeli), 526

Igmazen, king of Mauritania, 535

Ilus, son of Troas, 296

Imbros, an island off the coast of Thrace, 286

Immo, a Roman count, 261

Ingenuus, a rebel, 274

Innocentius, 121

Iphicles, a philosopher, envoy from Epirus, 561

Iris, a river flowing into the Euxine, 289

Isaflenses, a people of Africa, 534

Isauria, a province of Asia Minor, 6

Isaurians, rebellion of the, 5; they besiege Seleucia, 8; compelled by Nebridius to disperse, 10

Isocrates, 570

Izala, a mountain in Mesopotamia, 173

J.

Jacobus, treasurer of the commander of the cavalry, 200

Januarius, a relation of the Emperor Julian, 406

Jasonium, a mountain in Media, 339

Jaxamatae, a Scythian tribe, 291

Jaxartae and Jaxartes, a people and river of Scythia, 341

Jazyges, a people on the Palus Maeotis, 291

Jerusalem, the temple of, 317

Jews, 283

Jovian, chief officer of the guard, 276; son of Varronianus, 388; elected emperor after Julian, 388; his treaty with Sapor, 393; advances to Hatra, 395; his severity, 399; visits Tarsus, 402; dies suddenly at Dadastana, 403; his character, 405; his body brought to Constantinople, 406

Jovianus, a secretary, 361, 398, 417

Jovinianus, a Persian satrap, 175

Jovinus, master of the horse, 256, 261, 279, 396; commander of the forces in Gaul, 414; his vigour, 436; defeats the Germans, 458; his execution, 501

Jovius, a quaestor, 256, 294

Juba, king of Mauritania, 308

Jubileni, an African tribe, 535

Julian, son of Constantius and Basilina, 383; born at Constantinople, 295; educated by Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia, 295; protected by Queen Eusebia, 48; is invested with the title of Caesar, 69; married to Helena, 71; made consul, 83; marches against the Allemanni, 85; temperate habits, 89; his moderation, 91; plots against, 93; second consulship, 104; his first campaign, 105; his prudence, 107; his speech to his soldiers, 109; the Allemanni sue for peace, 126; fixes his winter residence at Paris, 128; attacks the Chamavi, 141; military sedition, 142; he crosses the Rhine, 163; Constantius grows jealous of him, 216; saluted as emperor, 219; his dream, 223; his letters to Constantius, 229; elected emperor by the army, 234; crosses the Rhine, and attacks the Attuarii, 235; death of his wife Helena, 244; pretended adherence to Christianity, 246; defeats the Allemanni, 249; speech to his soldiers, 250; enters Sirmium, 257; his letter to the senate, 259; besieges Aquileia, 261; his march through France, 267; hears of the death of Constantius, and enters Constantinople, 278; his severities, 279; reforms the imperial palace, 281; openly professes paganism, 283; sets out for Antioch, 295; visits the ancient temple of Cybele at Pessinus, and offers sacrifices, 296; winters at Antioch, 298; forbids the masters of rhetoric to instruct Christians, 299; prepares for an expedition against the Persians, 302; orders the church at Antioch to be closed, 304; writes his 'Misopogon,' 305; marches into Mesopotamia, and arrives at Carrhae, 320; addresses his army, 328; invades Assyria, 347; captures and burns Pirisabora, 353; addresses the army, 354; his continence, 368; his sacrifice to Mars, 369; storms Maogamalcha, 357-362; burns all his ships except twelve, 370; his self-denial, 377; alarmed by prodigies, 377; wounded in fighting with the Persians, 379; his dying speech, 381; death, 383; his character, 383-386; his personal appearance, 387

Julian, uncle of the emperor, 317

Juliers (Juliacum Francorum), 127

Julius, a count commanding the army in Thrace, 422, 623

Justina, wife of Valentinian, 575; sister of Cerealis, 482

Juvenal, 488

Juventius Siscianus, the quaestor, 413; made prefect of the city, 441

K.

Kellen (Triaesinae), a town in Germany, 161

L.

Lacotene, a town in Armenia, 236

Lagarimanus, a general of the Goths, 584

Laipso, a tribune, 121

Lamforctense, a town in Mauritania, 528

Lampadius, prefect of the praetorian guard, 55; made prefect of the city, 440

Lampsacus, a city of Mysia, 287

Laniogaisus, a Frank and tribune, 59

Laodicea, a town of Syria, 28

Laranda, a town in Isauria, 8

Latinus, count of the domestics, 34

Laudias, a fort in Mesopotamia, 179

Laumellum, a town in Italy, 72

Lauricius, sent as governor to Isauria, 211

Lawyers, Roman, described, 555

Lazica, a province of Scythia, 465

Leap-year explained, 407

Leman (the Lake Leman), 79

Lemnos, an island off the coast of Thrace, 286

Lentia (Lintz), 52, 602

Lentienses, incursions of the, 53

Leo, a Pannonian, 407, 470, 551, 561

Leonas, quaestor of Constantius, 233

Leontius, prefect of Rome, 65

Leptis, a town in Africa, distress of, 497; implores the emperor's aid, 499

Lesbos, an island on the AEgean Sea, 286

Letian, a German tribe, 231

Leuce, an island in the Black Sea, 292

Liberius, bishop of Rome, banished by Constantius for refusing to concur in the deposition of Athanasius, 67

Libino, a count, sent by Julian against the Allemanni and slain, 247

Libya, 312

Libyssa, a town in Bithynia, 295

Limigantes, slaves of the Sarmatians, 151, 203; their treachery, 151, 203, 205; defeated, 207

Lions in Mesopotamia, 177

Londinium (London), 212, 454, 483

Lorne, a fort in Mesopotamia, 201

Lotophagi, mentioned by Homer, 20

Lucillianus, count of the domestics, and father-in-law of Jovian, 39, 159, 175, 257, 322, 396, 402

Lucullus, a Roman general who defeated the Thracians, 444

Lugdunum (Lyons), 79

Lupicinus, master of the horse, 163; sent against the Picts, 212, 233; (ii.) count of Thrace, 587, 589; (iii.) one of the Gentiles, 460

Luscinus, 361, 548

Luscus, governor of Antioch, burnt to death, 25

Lusius, an officer under Trajan, 526

Lutetia (Paris), the capital of the Parisii, 78

Luto, count, 65

Lycaonia, part of Asia Minor, 7

Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, 88, 296, 572

Lyons (Lugdunum), 79

—— gulf of (Adgradus), 80

Lysimachia, 287

M.

Macellum, in Cappadocia, 48

Macepracta, a town in Assyria, 351

Maces, a promontory in the Persian Gulf, 332

Machamaeus, a Roman general, killed, 374

Macrianus, a king of the Allemanni, 164, 494, 523, 552

Macrones, a people near the Euxine, 290

Maeotis Palus (the Sea of Azov), 291

Magi, 336

Maharbal, 170

Malarichus, commander of the Gentiles, 56, 57; appointed by Jovian commander of the forces in Gaul, 396

Malechus Podosaces, 350

Mallobaudes, or Mellobaudes, 41, 56, 553, 603

Mamersides, 353, 363

Mamertinus, 255, 259, 279; made prefect of Italy, with Africa and Illyricum, 414; accused of peculation, 451

Mancinus, C. Hostilius, a Roman consul, 44

Manlius Priscus, a lieutenant of Pompey, 95

Maogamalcha, a city in Persia, 357

Maraeccus, a river near the Caspian Sea, 291

Maranx, a district in Persia, 375

Maras, a Christian deacon, put to the torture, 32

Maratocupreni, a people in Syria, who lived by plunder, 48

Marcellianus, duke of Valeria, 539

Marcellus, 86; master of the horse, 88; cashiered, 92, 95; (ii.) a kinsman of Procopius, kills Serenianus, 431; seizes Chalcedon, 431; taken and put to death, 432

Marcianopolis, a city of Thrace, 444, 589

Marcianus, 265; (ii.) a rhetorician, 557

Marcius, an ancient seer, 4

Marcomanni, 538

Marcus Aurelius, 274, 538, 591

Mareades, 325

Margiani, a Persian tribe, 339

Mariandena, a district in Bithynia, 288

Maride, a fort in Mesopotamia, 201

Marius Maximus, 488

Marinus, a tribune, 51

Maronea, a town in Thrace, 286

Marseilles (Massilia), 79

Marses, a river in Assyria, 335

Martinus, a deputy-governor of Britain, 13; commits suicide, 14

Masaucio, 416

Mascizel, a Mauritanian chief, 527

Masilla, 537

Massagetae, 292, 328, 580

Massilia (Marseilles), 74, 79

Massisenses, a people of Mauritania, 527

Matrona, an Alpine mountain (Mont Genevre), 76; (ii.) the Marne, a river in Gaul, 78

Maudio, count, 65

Mauritania, 526

Maurus, a Roman count, 220

Maxentius, a Pannonian, 452

Maxera, a river in Hyrcania, 339

Maximianopolis, a city in Thrace, 444

Maximinus, the Roman emperor, 4

—— prefect of Rome, 468; his ferocity, 469, 470, 473-476

Maximus, prefect of Rome, 265

—— a celebrated philosopher, beheaded at Ephesus, 513

Mayence (Moguntiacus), stormed by Rando, a chief of the Allemanni, 457

Mazaca, a city in Cappadocia, 233

Mazices, a people in Mauritania, 529

Mazuca, a Mauritanian chief, 534

Mederichus, a king of the Allemanni, 113

Medianum, a fortress in Mauritania, 535

Media, 335

Mediolanum (Evreux), 79

Meiacarire, a small town in Mesopotamia, noted for its cool springs, 174

Melanchlaenae, a tribe near the Palus Maeotis, 291

Melanthias, a country palace of the Roman emperors, 606

Melas, a river in Pamphylia, 7

—— a bay (Gulf of Saros) on the coast of Thrace, 286

Melitina, a town in Lesser Armenia, 200, 236

Memoridus, tribune, 396

Memorius, prefect of Cilicia, 319

Memphis, a town of Egypt, 313

Menander, a poet, 270

Menapila, a town in Bactria, 340

Menophilus, the eunuch of king Mithridates, 95

Mephra, a town in Arabia, 338

Mercurius, a notary, nicknamed the Count of Dreams, 50

Merenes, a Persian general, 375

Meribanes, king of Hiberia, 253

Merobaudes, 574, 598

Meroe, a town in Ethiopia, 307, 312

Mesene, a town in Assyria, 334

Meseus, a river in Persia, 335

Mesopotamia, 134

Messala, prefect of Pannonia, 540

Meton, an ancient astronomer, 407

Metrodorus, 387

Metz (Mediomatricum), 79, 99

Midas, king of Phrygia, 296

Milan, 49

Milesiani, Athenian colonists, 291

Miletus, 468

Mimas, mount, 617

Minervius, consular governor, 473

Misopogon, the, 305

Mithridates, 94

Mnevis, 306

Modestus, count of the East, 208; prefect of the praetorium, 506, 553

Moesia, one of the Danubian provinces, 146; (ii.) a town in Parthia, 333

Moguntiacus (Mayence), 78

Monaecus (Monaco), 76

Montius, a quaestor, 24, 31; his violent death, 25, 40, 49

Mopsucrenae, a town in Cilicia, 271

Mopsuestia, 27

Mopsus, a celebrated seer, 27

Mosa (the Meuse), 127

Mosynaeci, a tribe near the Euxine Sea, 290

Mothone, a town of Laconia, 434

Moxoene, a province beyond the Tigris, 321, 393

Muderic, a Thuringian noble, 584

Murci, persons exempt from military service, 81

Murocincta, 575

Mursa, battle of, 63

Musones, a people in Mauritania, 531

Musonianus, prefect of the East, 81, 98, 136

Musonius, a rhetorician, afterwards deputy governor of Asia Minor, 456

Mygdonia, part of Bithynia, 288

Mygdus, a town in Phrygia, 424

N.

Nabathaei, a people of Arabia, 29

Nabdates, 362; burnt alive, 364

Nacolia, a town in Phrygia, 430

Naessus, or Naesus, a town in Illyricum, 259, 414

Nagara, a town in Arabia, 338

Naharmalcha, a canal joining the Euphrates to the Tigris, 366

Nannenus, or Nannienus, Count of Britain, 493; defeats the Allemanni, 603

Napaei, a tribe of the Caspian, 291

Naphtha, 333, 337

Narbona (Narbonne), capital of the following, 79

Narbonne, a province of Gaul, 78

Narses, king of the Persians, 327; (ii.) a Persian nobleman, 134, 368

Nascon, a town in Arabia, 338

Natiso, a river near Aquileia, 262

Natuspardo, chief of the domestici, 461

Naulibus, 342

Nauplius, 286

Nazavicium, mountain of Scythia, 341

Neapolis (formerly Shechem, now Nablous), a town in Palestine, 29; (ii.) a town in Africa, 313

Nebridius, count of the East, 10; made quaestor by Julian, 233; refuses to take the oath of allegiance, and retires from public life, 251; made prefect of the praetorium, 422

Nectaridus, prefect of Britain, 453

Nemesis, or Adrastea, 42

Nemetae (Spiers) a city in Germany, 78

Neo-Caesarea, a city in Pontus, 465

Neotherius, 416

Nepotianus, 467

Nestica, tribune of the Scutarii, 144

Neuri, a tribe of the Massagetae, 580

Nevitta, master of the horse, 256, 258, 259, 265, 284, 347, 359

Nicaea in Bithynia, 295

—— in Gaul (Nice), 79

Nice, a town in Thrace, 606

Nicer (the Neckar), 480

Nicomedia, 137, 287, 295, 304

Nicopolis, 444, 591

Nigrinus, 260; burnt alive, 264

Nile, 307; its islands, 309

Nileus, son of Codrus, 288, 468

Nineveh, 176 (Ninus), 28, 334

Ninus, or Nineveh, 28

Niphates, 332

Nisaea, 339

Nisibis, a town in Mesopotamia, 30, 172, 178, 393; its importance, 397

Nobles, Roman, vices of the, 487-491

Nohodares, a Persian noble, 10, 174; killed, 380

Novesium (Nuys), 161

Novidunum (Nivors), 446

Nubel, a Mauritanian chief, 525

Numerius, prefect of Gaul, 160

Nymphaeum, a temple in Rome sacred to the nymphs, 66

Nymphaeus, a river in Mesopotamia, 183

O.

Obelisk, Egyptian, inscription upon an, 132

Obroatis, a town in Persia, 338

Ochus, a river in Bactria, 340

Ocricoli (Ocriculum), 100, 472

Octavianus, proconsul of Africa, 317

Odissos, 293, 444

Odrysaeans, a people of Thrace, 443

OEa, a Roman colony in the province of Tripoli, 498

OEchardes, a people of Scythia, 341

Olybrius, prefect of the city, 469

Olympias, daughter of Abladius, 236

Ona, a river in Persia, 333

Ophiusa, a name of the Island of Rhodes, 139

Opitergium, a town in Pannonia, 538

Opurocarra, a mountain in Serica, 341

Orchomanes, a river in Bactria, 340

Orfitus, prefect of Rome, 14, 100, 439, 451

Oroates, a river in Persia, 335

Orontes, a river in Syria, 28

—— a mountain in Media, 335

Oropus, a town in Euboea, 554

Ortogordomaris, a river rising in Bactria, 342

Ortopana, a city of the Paropanisatae, 342

Osdroene, or Osdruena, a province of Mesopotamia, 10, 28, 319, 347

Ostracine, a town in Egypt, 312

Oxian Marsh in Sogdiana, 340

Oxus, a river in Hyrcania, 339

Oxyrynchus, a town in Egypt, 313

Ozogardana, a city in Assyria, 350

P.

Pacorus, king of Persia, 334

Palea, town in Pamphylia, 8

Palestine, 29

Palladius, master of the offices, 279; (ii.) a tribune and secretary, 498-502

Palm-tree, 356

Pannonia, 103, 146

Pantheon of Rome, 102

Panticapaeum, 291

Paphius, a senator, 474

Paphos, its temple of Venus, 29

Papirius Cursor, 569

Para, son of Arsaces, king of Armenia, 465, 543-549

Paraetonium, a town in Libya, 313

Paraxmalcha, a town on the Euphrates, 350

Parion, a town on the Hellespont, 287

Parnasius, prefect of Egypt, 209

Paropanisatae, a tribe of Persians, 342

Parthenius, a river in Bithynia, 289

Parthia, 338

Parthiscus, a river in Sarmatia, 152

Pasiphilus, a philosopher, 512

Patares, straits between the Palus Maeotis and the Euxine, 291

Paternianus, 551

Patigran, a town in Media, 337

Patrae, a town in Achaia, 209

Patricius, 505, 510

Patruinus, a Roman noble, 67

Paulus, surnamed "The Chain," 13, 14; his character, 207; despatched as a judge with Modestus to the East, 208; his cruelties, 209, 210, 280

Pelagia, a name given to the Island of Rhodes, 139

Pelusium, a city in Egypt, 312

Pentadius, a notary, 41; made master of the offices, 232, 279

Pentapolis, a province of North Africa, 312

Peregrinus, a philosopher, 513

Pergamius, accused of magical practices, 505

Persepolis, a town of Persia, 338

Persia, described, 331-337; its rivers, 337

Persians, also called Parthians, 216; their sovereigns called brothers of the sun and moon, 330; description of their country, 331-337; deliberate on public affairs at their banquets, 171

Pescennius Niger, 428

Pessinus, a town in Phrygia, 429; its temple of Cybele, 296

Petobio (Pettau), a town in Noricum, 40

Petronius, his influence over Valens, 418

Petrus Valvomeres, 66

Peuce, an island in the Euxine Sea, 293

Phaeacians, 170, 453

Phalangius, governor of Boetica, 473

Phanagorus, an island in the Palus Maeotis, 291

Pharos, an island and lighthouse near Alexandria, 313

Phasis, a river and city in Colchis, 290

Philadelphia, a town in Arabia, 29

Philagrius, 248

Philippopolis, a town in Thrace, formerly Eumolpias, now Philippopoli, 258, 278, 431, 444; destroyed by the barbarians, 591

Philistion, 558

Philoromus, a charioteer, 66

Philoxenus, a poet, 64

Philyres, a tribe near the Euxine, 290

Phineus, a soothsayer, 288

Phocaeans, 74

Phocus, 312

Phoenicia, 28

—— a town on the Tigris, called also Bezabde, 225

Phronemius, 422; exiled to the Chersonesus, 432

Phrygia, 380

Phrynichus, an Athenian dramatist, 468

Phyllis, a river flowing into the Euxine, 288

Picenses, a Sarmatian tribe, 155

Pictavi (Poictiers), 79

Picts and Scots, 212, 453; harass the Britons, 413

Pigranes, a Persian general, 368

Piri, a mountain in Germany, 481

Pirisabora, a town in Persia, 351; captured and burnt by Julian, 353

Pistoja, a town of Tuscany, ominous occurrence at, 439

Pityus, an island in the Euxine, 289

Plato, 90, 315, 383, 554

Plautian, 418, 507

Plotinus, 270, 314

Podosaces, chief of the Assanite Saracens, 350

Pola, a town in Istria, 41

Polemonium, a town of Pontus, 289

Pollentianus, a tribune, 518

Polybius, the historian, 353

Pompey, 146

Portospana, a town in Carmania, 339

Posthumus, 274

Potentius, a tribune, 615

Praetextatus, 285, 457, 473

Priarius, king of the Allemanni, killed, 603

Priscus, a philosopher, 383

Probus, 461; his cowardice, 540, 551, 560

Proconnesus, an island in the Propontis, 287

Procopius, 159; message from, 175, 320, 401; attempts a revolution in the East, 415; his former career, 417; saluted as emperor, 421; his successes, 424, 425; his death, 431

Profuturus, 594, 599

Prophthasia, capital of Drangiana, 342

Prosper, count, 37, 82, 136

Protagoras, 286

Provertuides, 453

Ptolemais, 312

Ptolemy the geographer, 287

Pylae, a town on the borders of Cilicia and Cappadocia, 297

Pyramids of Egypt, 311

Pythagoras, 315

Q.

Quadi, neighbours of the Sarmatians, 103, 146, 148; ravage Pannonia, 413, 538

Quadriburgium, 161

Quintianus, a senator, 507

Quintilii, two Roman brothers, 490

R.

Rabannae, a Scythian tribe, 341

Rainbows, causes of, 241

Ramestes, an Egyptian king, 132

Rando, a chief of the Allemanni, 457

Rauracum, a town on the Rhine (Basle) 34, 79, 255

Rebas, a river flowing into the Euxine, 288

Regulus, 17

Rehemena, a province beyond the Tigris, 393

Reman, a Roman fortress in Mesopotamia, 183

Remi (Rheims), 79, 86

Remigius, 64, 455, 497, 525; commits suicide, 551

Remora, a tribune given as a hostage to the Persians, 394

Resaina, battle of, 328

Rha (the Volga), 291

Rhine, its course described, 52

Rhinocolura, a city of Egypt, 312

Rhone, its course described, 79, 80

Rhodes, 139

Rhodope, 258, 287, 443

Rhombites, a river of the Sauromatae, 291

Richborough (Rutupiae), 212, 254

Richomeres, count of the domestics, 595, 598

Rigomagum (Rheinmagen), 87

Robur, a Roman fortress near Basle, 551

Roemnus, a river in Persia, 341

Rogomanis, a river in Persia, 337

Romanus, count, 455, 497, 525

Rome, its state of morals described, 15; its buildings, 101, 102; danger of a famine at, 203

Romulus, a senator, 264

Rothomagi (Rouen), 79

Roxolani, a Sarmatian race, 291

Rufina, put to death for adultery, 477

Rufinus, commander of the praetorian guard, 51, 96

—— prefect of the praetorium, 451, 461; his character, 451, 461

—— Aradius, 317

Rumitalca, a tribune, 425

Rumo, a Sarmatian chief, 148

Ruricius, 455, 498, 501

Rusticianus, a priest, 498

Rusticus Julianus, 447

Rutupiae (Richborough), 212, 454

S.

Sabaiarius, or beer-drinker; a name given by the inhabitants of Chalcedon to the emperor Valens, 425

Sabaria, a town in Pannonia, 563

Sabastios, 264

Sabinianus, 169, 171, 189

Sacae, the, 340

Saccumum, a town in Italy, 140

Saga, a town in Scythia, 341

Saganis and Sagareus, rivers in Carmania, 339

Salamis, celebrated for its temple of Jupiter, 29

Salia, his sudden death, 509

Salices, a town in Thrace, 595

Salii, a tribe of Franks, 141

Saliso (Spiers), 86

Sallust, the historian, 81

Sallustius (i.), prefect of Gaul, 255; consul with Julian, 317; opposes the Persian war, 325; (ii.) prefect of the East, 381; refuses the imperial dignity after Julian's death, 388; ambassador to the Persians, 393; succeeded in the prefecture by Nebridius, 422

Salmaces, a Mauritanian chief, 528

Samosata, a town of Syria, 28, 168, 236

Sanctio (Seckingen), 247

Sangarius, a river flowing into the Euxine, 288

Santones (Saintes), 79

Sapaudia (Savoy), 80

Saphrax, a general of the Goths, 583, 610

Sapor, king of Persia, 98; letter to Constantius, 134; his designs, 167; wounded at Amida, 185; invades Mesopotamia, and lays siege to Singara, 223; captures it, 224; takes Bezabde, 228; makes peace with the Romans, 393; his treachery, 463; renews the war, 463; invades Armenia, 465; his aggression, 503; his proposals to Valentinian, 549

Saqires, a tribe near the Euxine, 290

Saracens, 11, 307, 322, 332, 350, 391, 622

Saramanna, a town of Hyrcania, 339

Sargetae, a nation near the Euxine, 292

Sarmatians, 103, 146, 154; ravage Pannonia, 413, 540

Saturninus (i.), superintendent of the palace, 280; (ii.) a general against the Goths, 598

Saulieu (Sedelaucum), 85

Sauromaces, 468

Sauromatae, 291, 580

Saxons, 413, 454; make incursions into the Roman territory, 493, 567

Scaevolae, the, 555

Scipio, P.C., 17, 77

Sciron, a pirate, 6

Scordisci, formerly inhabitants of Thrace, 442

Scorpion, a military engine, 197; its structure, 322

Scots and Picts, 212, 413, 453

Scudilo, commander of the Scutarii, 34, 42

Scytalae, a species of Egyptian serpent, 311

Scythia, described, 341

Scythians, 229, 550

Scythopolis (Bethshean), in Palestine, 208

Sebastian, duke of Egypt, 321, 396, 458; surprises the Goths, 607, 615

Seckingen (Sanctio), 247

Secundinus, 347

Sedratyra, a town in Gedrosia, 343

Segestani, a warlike tribe, 187

Seine (Sequana), 78

Sele, a Persian town, 335

Seleucia (Selefkieh), a city in Syria, 28; (ii.) a town in Persia, also called Coche, 363

Seleucus Nicator, 28

Selymbria, a Megarian colony, 287

Semiramis, 19

Sens (Senones), 79

Sera, capital of Serica, 341

Serapion, king of the Allemanni, 107

Serapis, his temple at Alexandria, 314; also at Turgana, 338

Serdica, a town in Bulgaria, 95

Serenianus, duke of Phoenicia, 22, 41, 414; defends Cyzicus, 427; his death, 431

Sergius, 381, 461

Serica, a country bordering on Scythia, 341

Servilius, the conqueror of Cilicia, 27

Severus (i.), the Emperor, 395, 507; (ii.) master of the horse, 103; at the battle of Strasburg, 113, 141, 143; master of the infantry under Valentinian, 447, 493

Sextius Calvinus, 81

Sicani, ancient occupants of Sicily, 556

Sicinius Dentatus, 381, 461

Sidon, a city of Phoenicia, 28

Silvanus, 55; attempts to assume the imperial dignity, 59; is killed in a Christian church, 63

Simonides (i.), the lyric poet, 16, 90; (ii.) a philosopher, 512; burnt alive, 513

Simplicius, 209; cruelty of, 477

Sindi, a tribe near the Euxine, 293

Singara, a town in Mesopotamia, 170; besieged and taken by Sapor, 223, 224; given up to the Persians, 393

Sinope, in Paphlagonia, 289

Sintula, tribune of the stable, 217, 221

Sirmium, 257

Sisara, a fort in Mesopotamia, 173

Sitifis, a town in Mauritania, 501, 502

Sizyges, a Scythian tribe, 341

Socrates, 488

Socunda, a town in Hyrcania, 339

Sogdiana, a province of Persia, 340

Sole, a town of Hyrcania, 339

Solicinium, 459

Solon, 64, 88, 315

Sophanes, a general under Xerxes, 369

Sophocles, 383

Sophronius, prefect of Constantinople, 421

Sopianae, a town in Valeria, a province of Pannonia, 468

Sosingites, a lake in Assyria, 333

Sotera, a town in Persia, 342

Sparti, a Persian regiment, 200

Spectatus, a Roman tribune, 136

Sphinx, 309

Sporades, islands in the AEgean sea, 286

Stagira, the birthplace of Aristotle, 443

Stesichorus, a Greek lyric poet, 488

Sthenelus, his monument, 290

Strasburg, battle of, 113-118

Subicarense, a fortress in Mauritania, 538

Succi, a narrow pass in Mount Hemus, 258, 265, 267, 443

Sueridus, a Gothic chief, revolts, 592

Sugarbarritanum, a town in Mauritania, 529

Suggena, a Mauritanian general, 531

Sumere, a fort on the Tigris, 390

Sunon, a lake in Bithynia, 426

Suomarius, king of the Allemanni, 107; his submission, 143

Suprae, a barbarian troop, 548

Surena, the title of the Persian commander-in-chief, 354, 358; ambassador from Sapor, 393

Susa (Shushan), a city of Persia, 335

Syagrius, 481

Syene, a town of Egypt, 312

Sylla, 88, 116

Symmachus, a senator, 265; prefect of Rome, his character, 439

Symplegades, islands in the Bosporus, 288

Synhorium, a fortress in Armenia, 95

Syria, 28

T.

Tabiana, an island in the Persian gulf, 338

Tages, a soothsayer, 143, 245

Taifali, a Gothic tribe, 155

Talicus, a Persian river, 341

Tamsapor, a Persian general, 98, 134, 169, 201

Tanais (the Don), 291

Tanaitae, a tribe of the Alani, 583

Taphra, a town in Arabia, 338

Tapurian mountains in Persia, 340

Tarquitius, a soothsayer, 378

Tarratius Bassus, 473

Tarsus, a town in Cilicia, 27; Julian buried at, 404

Tauri, a tribe near the Euxine, 291

Taurini (Turin), 72

Tauriscus, a conqueror of Spain, 73

Taurus, a quaestor, 39; prefect in Italy, 253

Tenedos, an island in the AEgean sea, 286

Teredon, a city at the mouth of the Euphrates, 332

Terence, 439

Terentius, a Roman general, 465, 544

Tertullus, prefect of Rome, 203, 259