Plebeians, 105, 170; aediles, 255; the Plebs as the original inhabitants of Latium, 242, 259, 268, 289; emotional tendency of, 263-264; opening of priesthoods to, 268, 271, 279; increase of importance under the Etruscan dynasty, 275; first plebeian praetor, 279; pontifex maximus: see Coruncanius, Titus

Pliny, 51, 256; on spells and charms, 53, 57, 59, 60, 65, 66, 90, 186; on human sacrifice, 320; on death, 388, 400

Polybius, cited, 250, 253, 316, 363, 369, 390; on religion, 336

Pomoerium, 94, 214, 225, 230, 231

Pomona (or Pomunus), 122, 149; connection with Vertumnus, 485

Pompeianus, prefect of Rome, 309

Pomponius, 278, 289

Pons sublicius: no iron used in building, 35; Argei thrown from, 54, 105, 321

Pontifex Maximus, 175, 271, 280, 341; tabula kept by, 283; compelling power of, 342, 355

Pontifices, 120, 177, 200, 341; share in festivals, 106, 139; the question of their origin, 180, 195, 271; insignia of, 193; College of, 271; open to plebeians, 268, 271, 279; legal side of their work, 272-276; the XII. Tables, 58, 276-278, 289; self-elected, 276; abolition of legal monopoly, 279; work of, in third century B.C., 282; admission of new deities, 284; compilation of annals, 285; collection of religious formulae, 287; the Pontifical books, 76, 159, 182, 197, 283, 285-286

Porca praecidanea, rite of the, 121, 183, 191

Portunus, 118, 122

Poseidon, identified with Neptunus, 118

Posidonius, 250, 365, 367, 382-384, 398

Prayers, 76, 106, 126, 153, 215, 224, 225, 251; at the inauguratio of the priest-king Numa, 175; at making of new clearing, 169, 182; at sacrifices, 181-191; at flowering of the pear-trees, 182; when wine is offered, 182; for the ceremony of lustration, 183; form and manner of Roman, 185, 189, 196; magical survivals in, 188-189; in ritual of Ludi saeculares, 442, 449, 468

Precatio, 53, 166

Priests: see Pontifices

Processions: of lustratio, adapted to the ritual of the Roman Church, 211, 218, 457; of the triumphus, 217, 239-240; Roman fondness for, 263; see also Lustrations

Procuratio, 316, 328; fulminis, 115

Prodigia, 281, 316, 324, 325, 328, 338, 339, 354

Promitor, 161

Propertius, 22, 147, 403

Proserpina, black victims sacrificed to, 440

Pudor, 446

Pulvinaria, 337, 338

Punic War: see Hannibalic War

Puppets: Argei thrown into Tiber, 54, 105, 321; oscilla, 61, 67

Purification: see Lustrations

Puticuli, 395, 401

Pythagoras, legend of a religious connection between Numa and, 349, 381

Pythagoreanism, 349, 380-381

Pythagoreans, 98

Quindecemviri, 440, 442

Quinquatrus, 217

Quirinal, 134

Quirinus, 94, 118, 124, 143, 147, 246; identified with Mars, 134; with Romulus, 135

Quirites, 134, 143

Rain-making: see Aquaelicium

Ramsay, Sir W. M., 465

Red colouring in sacred rites and its connection with blood, 89, 177, 194

Redarator, 161

Regia, 45, 105, 106, 271, 288; sacrarium Martis in, 133, 208

Regifugium, 99

Reinach, M. Salomon, cited, 26, 42, 114, 131, 481

Religio, 9, 28, 30, 36, 38, 72, 76, 83, 85, 93, 104, 106, 174, 223, 227, 241, 248, 261, 263, 267, 270, 273, 282, 287, 294, 364, 405, 407; meanings and uses of the word, 21, 37, 41, 186, 192, 198, 249, 254, 385, 462, 470; Cicero's definition of, 460; and taboo, 34, 36, 40, 46; revival of, during Hannibalic war, 315, 317, 336-339

Religio Larium, 79 terminorum, 81, 82

Religion, definitions of, 7-9; and magic, 47-49, 56, 224, 253; and morality, 227, 242, 292, 466, 471; primitive, 25-28, 63, 69; real, a matter of feeling, 406

Roman: a highly formalised system, 3, 63, 103-104, 200, 226, 248-249, 340; compared with Roman law, 5; a technical subject, 6; its difficulties, 13; aid from archaeology and anthropology, 16-20, 25; primitive survivals in, 24, 30; examples of real magic in, 50, 53-54; a reality, 62-63, 103, 249; in the family, see Family; of the State, 93, 105, 226-228, 270; the Calendar of Numa the basis of our knowledge of, 94-109; moral influence mainly disciplinary, 108, 228; Greek influence, 120, 255-262, 346, 350-353; Roman ideas of divinity, 115-117, 122-123, 145-164; ritual of the ius divinum, 169-222; personal purity essential in all worshippers, 178; discouraged individual development, 226; introduction of new deities, 96, 229-242, 255-262; priesthoods limited to patrician families, 229; religious instinct of the Romans, 249; neglect and decay, 263-265, 287, 314, 429; growth of individualism, 240, 266, 287, 340, 358, 411, 456; Sibylline influence, 242, 255-262; secularisation of, 270-291; sinister influence of Etruscan divination, 307-309, 346; see Divination; used for political purposes, 336; attempt to propagate Pythagoreanism, 349-350, 381; destitution of Romans in regard to idea of God and sense of duty, 357-358; no remedy in Epicurism, 361; arrival of Stoicism: see Stoicism and Mysticism; belief in future torments, 390; religion compared with that of Homer, 392; early Christianity, 396; religious feeling in Virgil's poems, 403-427; Augustan revival, 428-451; contributions to the Latin form of Christianity, 452-472; see also Prayer and Sacrifice

Renan, cited, 185

Renel, M., cited, 26

Reville, M. Jean, on the formalism of the Roman religion, 3; his definition of religion, 8

Rex Nemoreusis, 235 sacrorum, 128, 174, 175, 180, 193, 207, 229, 271, 273, 341, 434; relation of the Rex to the augurs, 301-302

Ridgeway, Professor, on the Flamen Dialis, 112; on Janus, 140; on original inhabitants of Latium, 242, 393

Rivers, Dr., on the ritual aspect of religion among the Todas, 489-490

Robertson Smith, Professor, 19, 26, 27, 172, 221; on the Feast of the Tabernacles, 476

Robigalia, 139, 196

Robigus, 100, 117, 122, 146, 179, 434; Ovid's version of prayer to, 197

Roman Church, survival of old religious practices in the, 25, 211, 218, 456-458, 469

Romulus, 51, 130, 135

Roscher, Dr., 141

Sacellum, meaning of, 146

Sacer and sacramentum, 36, 277, 464

Sacred utensils, worship of, 436, 489-490

Sacrifices, 29, 90, 224, 225; description of the act, 179-181; honorific, 172, 173; piacular, 35, 172, 173, 182, 189, 191, 208, 273, 436; sacramental, 141, 172; vicarious, 208; dynamic theory of, 177, 184, 190, 194; meals in connection with, 172, 173, 193, 436; mystic use of blood, 34, 82; victim must be acceptable to the deity, 179; women and strangers excluded from rites, 29-31; prayers at, 181-191; sacrifice of cakes, 82, 83, 180, 183, 184; cow, 100, 120, 436; dog, 181, 197, 216, 434; goat, 54, 106, 179, 479; horse, 34, 97, 105, 179; lamb, 37, 82, 436; ox, 132, 179, 212, 215, 444; pig, 82, 132, 170, 179, 212, 215, 436; red dog, 179, 310; salt-cake, 73, 207; sheep, 132, 179, 181, 212, 215, 434; sow, 121, 183; white heifer, 172, 177, 239; wine, 82, 180, 182-184, 196; see also Human sacrifice

Sacrificium, meaning of, 171, 464

Sacrum, 171, 254

Saeculum, the old Italian idea of a, 440

St. Augustine, cited, 58, 76, 120, 149, 159, 163, 297, 430, 458; on Decius, 220

Sainte Beuve, on Virgil, 404

St. Paul, 455, 466-468

Salacia, 165; connection with Neptunus, 483

Salii, 40, 96, 110, 132, 133, 143, 176, 182, 217, 229, 434; ritual, 97 Collini, 134 Palatini, 134

Sallust, 405

Salt-cake, 73, 207

Salus, 154, 285

Sanctus, meaning of, 463-464, 470

Sarritor, 161

Saturnalia, 81, 99, 101-103, 107, 112

Saturnus, 101, 111, 118, 318; identified with Kronos, 118; connection with Consus, 482; with Ops, 482

Sayce, Professor, 155

Scaevola, P. Mucius, 283 Q. Mucius, 73, 86, 338, 353, 371

Scipio, the elder, 240, 247, 267, 340, 354; receives the Magna Mater at Rome, 330 Aemilianus, 198, 203-204, 340; his friendship with Polybius and Panaetius, 362-364, 369, 371

Scott, Sir Walter, compared with Virgil, 408

Sellar, Professor, on Virgil, 404, 406

Sementivae, festival, 79, 89

Senatusconsultum de Bacchanalibus, 347, 348, 356

Seneca, 369, 378, 438, 455

Septimontium, 110

Servius, cited, 58, 62, 119, 120, 134, 138, 142, 143, 146, 183, 184, 194, 210 Sulpicius, 371, 387 Tullius, 235; his Etruscan name Mastarna, 237

Sibyl of Cumae, 257-258

Sibylline books, 173, 242, 255-257, 261, 323; consulted during the Hannibalic war, 316-319, 329; used for personal and political purposes, 339

Silvanus, 76, 81, 89, 132, 142

Slaves, 53, 78, 395, 401, 474; Greek, buried alive in the Forum boarium, 112, 320

Sodales Titienses, 434

Sol, image of, on the Palatine, 445, 447, 450

Sondergoetter, Usener's theory of, 161-164, 168

Spells, 48, 53, 57-59, 208, 221; origin of prayer in, 185, 189

Spes, 285

Spirits, 34, 58; agricultural, 161, 251, 285; dead, see Ghosts; of the doorway, 75-76, 92, 127; evil, see Evil spirits; household, 11, 68, 73, 74, 77, 83, 84, 86, 92, 104, 193; spring, 92; water, 285; woodland, 76, 81, 83, 92, 132; development into dei, 116, 117, 119, 120, 123-124, 161, 165; see also Deities and Numen

Spolia opima, 138, 141, 288; dedicated at temple of Jupiter Feretrius, 130, 433

Stanley, on religion and morality, 292

Statues and busts at Rome, first mention of, 340, 354; see also Images

Stoicism, 359, 377, 381-383; introduced into Rome, 362; its influence on the Roman mind, 370-372, 404, 453; weak points in Roman, 372-374; failed to rouse an "enthusiasm of humanity," 375, 454

Stones: lapis manalis, 50; silex, 130; stone representing Magna Mater, 330; see also Boundary stones

Strangers, fear of, 30-32

Stubbs, Bishop, 103

Subrincator, 161

Subterranean altar, black victims offered at, 440, 445

Suffimenta, 441, 442, 449

Sulpicius, consul 211 B.C., 337

Summanus, cult-title of Jupiter, 129

Suovetaurilia, 132, 212, 215

Superstitio, 106, 355, 361, 405; temple of Isis condemned as a centre of, 433

Supplicatio, 262, 265, 269, 337; ordered during Hannibalic war, 317, 319, 323, 325, 329

Tabernacles, Feast of the, 475, 476

Taboo, 25, 83, 223; definition of, 27; its ethical value, 28; on children, 28; on women, 29; on strangers, 30-32; on criminals, 32; on inanimate objects, 32; on places, 36; on times and seasons, 38-41; on iron, 35, 44, 214; on leather, 36; on the Flamen Dialis, 33-35, 44, 45, 108, 109, 327, 342, 343; on the Flaminica Dialis, 35

Tacitus, 398

Tarentum, sacrifices on subterranean altar, 440, 445

Tarquinii, the, 146, 237, 245

Tellus (Terra Mater), 100, 120, 122, 136, 138, 139, 156, 158, 161, 162, 320, 435, 442, 446; an object of worship at marriage, 121; connection with Jupiter, 121; temple, 285

Tempestates, 285

Temples: absence of, in earliest Rome, 146; restored by Augustus, 343; Aesculapius, 260; Apollo, on the Palatine, 443-445; Bona Dea on the Aventine, 484; Castor, 231, 244; Ceres, Liber, and Libera, 255-257, 269, 344; Consus, 285; Dea Dia, 161; Diana, on the Aventine, 95, 147, 234, 237, 244; Isis, 433; Janus, 126; Juno Moneta, 135, 328-329; Juno Sospita, 354; Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, 146, 172, 237-238, 246, 254, 443; Jupiter Feretrius, on the Capitol, 95, 115, 129-130, 146, 147, 203, 245, 266, 433; Jupiter Latiaris, on the Alban Hill, 237, 238, 245; Mars, 133; Minerva, on the Aventine, 233, 234, 244; Pales, 285; Tellus, 285; Vertumnus, 285; Vesta, see Vesta: aedes

Terminalia, 34, 193, 196

Terminus, 82, 117, 239

Terra Mater, see Tellus

Tertullian, cited, 159, 163, 459, 461, 465

Theodosian code, 430

Tiberius, 429, 438, 447

Tibicines, 180, 195, 233, 445

Tibullus, cited, 22, 80, 147, 178, 403; on use of huts at rural festivals, 474

Time, religious or mystical conception of, 440-441, 449

Toga praetexta, worn by priests and children, 29, 42, 50, 61, 74, 84, 175-177, 194-195, 436 virilis, 42

Tombstones, memorial, first mention of, 341

Totemism, 25-27

Toutain, M., 26

Tozer, Mr., on Dante, 419

Trade: deities brought to Rome by, 230; connection of Hercules with, 231; gilds, 233

Trasimene, outbreak of religio after the battle of, 318

Treaties, Jupiter's connection with, 130

Tripodatio, 187, 198

Tubilustrium, 96, 217

Turiae, Laudatio, cited, 389

Turnus, 483

Tylor, Dr., 26, 49, 74, 293

Usener, H., 19, 138, 160; his theory of the Sondergoetter, 161-164, 168

Vacuna of Reate, 284, 290

Valerius Antias, 52, 115, 137 Flaccus, C., 342-343, 355 Maximus, 203-204, 299, 378

Varro, cited, 16, 59, 76, 79, 81, 89, 103, 120, 125, 142, 143, 149, 156, 159, 168, 210, 222, 235, 251, 321

Vates, meaning of, 297-298

Vedic ritual, 185

Vegetation-spirit, Mannhardt's theory, 19, 20, 478

Venilia, 483

Venus, connection with Volcanus, 166

Ver sacrum, 196, 204-205, 318

Verbenarius, 31, 43

Verrius Flaccus, 16, 30

Vertumnus, 147, 291; connection with Pomona, 485; temple, 285

Vervactor, 161

Vesta, 73, 74, 76, 92, 116, 126, 136, 137, 140, 147, 481; aedes, 39, 40, 126, 136, 146, 477; penus Vestae, 36, 73, 101, 136, 442

Vestal virgins, 53, 113, 120, 139, 175, 177, 194, 320; at the ceremony of the Argei, 54, 55, 106, 321; salt-cake baked by, 73; representative of daughters of the family, 136; statues of, 144

Vicus, 71

Vilicus, 78

Vinalia, 100

Virgil, on religio, 37; on the Paganalia, 62, 67; on lustratio, 80, 213, 221; on the Manes, 386, 399; religious feeling in his poems, 403-427, 455; compared with Wordsworth, 407-408; with Scott, 408; his idea of pietas, 409; his connection with Augustus, 428; see also Aeneid

Virites, 150, 158

Virtus, 446

Volcanalia, 98, 101

Volcanus, 118, 122, 124; connection with Maia, 151, 484; with Venus, 166

Volturnus, 117, 118, 122, 124

Vortumnus, 165, 284

Vows, 188, 226, 286; private, 201-202; public, 200, 202-204; extraordinary, 204-208; see also Devotio and Evocatio

Waltzing, on Roman trades, 233

Westcott, Bishop, on Augustine, 458

Westermarck, Dr., cited, 31, 44, 123, 179; on magic, 47; on religion of primitive man, 63, 394; on Roman prayers, 185; on religion and morality, 227

Williamowitz-Moellendorf, on Hercules, 243

Wine, used at sacrifices, 82, 180, 182-184; as a substitute for blood, 196

Winter, J. G., cited, 243

Wissowa, Georg, cited, 13, 14, 16-18, 33, 36, 112, 122, 146, 193, 199, 319, 440; on dies religiosi, 38-40; on the Argei, 54, 55, 65, 111, 321, 322; on the ritual of the Salii, 97; his list of di indigetes, 117, 139; on Faunus, 118; on Janus, 126, 141; on Mars, 142; on the Indigitamenta, 159, 161-163, 168; on cult of Jupiter, 167; on prayer, 198; on Hercules, 243; on Hebe, 332; on Carmen saeculare, 444, 450

Wolf's fat, used as a charm against evil spirits, 83, 90

Women, 264, 265; taboo on, 29; excluded from certain sacrificial rites, 29-30; at the ceremony of the aquaelicium, 64; rites to produce fertility, 54, 106, 143, 479; oaths used by, 244; excitement among, during Hannibalic war, 324; rebellion against the ius divinum, 344; festivals, 143, 346, 443, 450; deities, 135, 235, 272, 297, 318, 332, 479

Wordsworth, compared with Virgil, 407

Zeller, cited, 351, 356; on human law and divine law, 371

Zeus, 367

Zosimus, cited, 309, 439, 449, 450



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