Anshar-gal, cosmological deity, 417.

Antar, Arabian romance of A., 494.

Antares, observations of, 372.

Antioch, gnostic center, 699.

Antiochus Soter, cult of Marduk and Nabu, 650.

Anu, god, 51; relationship to Ishtar, 84-5; Der, city of Anu, 88, 155, 162; god of heavenly expanse, 89, 147, 207, 432; abstract conception, 89; priest of Anu, 90; Anu as term for 'lofty,' 90; member of the great triad, 107, 152, 155, 207, 677; in Lugalraggisi's pantheon, 110; artificial character in Hammurabi's pantheon, 152; position in Agum's pantheon, 152; dwells in Uruk, 153; Anatum, his consort, 153; in Ass. pantheon, 153-5, 201, 207; associated with Ramman, 154, 207, 212; associated with Dagan, 154, 209; disappears after Sargon, 155; in religious texts, 156; in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162; father of Anunnaki and Igigi, 186, 207, 593; fighting Tiamat, 197; temple in Lagash, 53, 640; temple at Ashur, 207; succeeded by Ashur, 207; associated with Ishtar, 207; blesses handiwork, 208, 237; associated with Bel and Belit, 226-7; Anu and Ishtar, names of the west gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237; associated with Nusku, 277, 286; made god of heavenly expanse, 432; "Way of Anu"=ecliptic of sun, 457; pole star of the ecliptic, 460; Nisan, sacred to A. and Bel, 462, 677; Tebet, sacred to A., Papsukal, and Ishtar, 463; 2d Ululu, sacred to Anu and Bel, 463; in the Adapa myth, 546 ff.

Anunit, goddess, 51; a variant of Ishtar, 82, 85, 242; in proper names of 2d Bab. period, 169; worshipped at Agade, 117, 242; shrine in E-babbara at Sippar, 646.

Anunnaki, explanation of name, 184; number of, and its explanation, 185; spirits of earth, 185, 593; gods in whose service the A. are, 186; their character, 186; associated with Igigi, 186, 593; altar of A. and Igigi, 186; shining chiefs of Eridu, 186; ruled by Ishtar, 204 (cf. 502); Anu, their chief, 186, 207, 593; Bel, king of all the A., 222; associated with the great triad, 236; created by Marduk, 447; offspring of Anu, 593; A. and Mammitum determine death and life, 493; in the deluge story, 500, 502 (cf. 204); in Allatu's court, 593.

Apollodorus, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 5.

Apotheosis, see Deification.

Apsu, the deep, personified ocean, 411, 443, 489, 580; synonymous with Tiamat, 411; male principle, 411; dominion of A. and Tiamat precedes that of the gods, 412; gods, product of the union of A. and Tiamat, 413; mythical monsters, product of the union of A. and Tiamat, 414; basin, a sacred object and symbol, 653; comparison with the "sea" in Solomon's temple, 653.

Arabia, metals and stone exported, 627.

Arabians invade Mesopotamia, 34, 39.

Arakh-shamnu, 8th month, sacred to Marduk, 463, 678, 686; 15^th day, sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

Aralu, the nether-world, 489, 557; called E-kur or mountain house, 558; distinction betw. Aralu, the mountain (= earth), and Aralu, the district of the dead proper, 558; names and epithets of A., 563, 592; pictorial representation of, 579 ff.; pantheon of, 582 ff.

Arbela, temple of Ishtar, 202-3, 205, 651; meaning of name, 203; theological center, 342, 651.

Archaeological religious monuments, 14.

Architecture, reed and clay materials for building, 495-6; see Temple.

Ardi-Ea, ferryman of Parnapishtim, 491; takes Gilgamesh to the fountain of life, 509.

Ark, see Ship.

Ark of the covenant compared with the Babylonian ship for the gods, 655.

Armenia, legend of Rustem parallel to Etana legend, 520 ff.; exports precious stones, 627.

Arts, patron gods, 177-8.

Aruru, goddess, creates mankind, together with Marduk, 448, 474; creates Eabani, 448, 474; = Ishtar, 448-9; creates Gilgamesh, 473-4.

Ashera compared with tree worship in Babylonia, 689.

Ashur, capital of Assyria, 42, 193, 651; modern name Kalah-Shergat, 198; temple to Ashur, 198, 651; temple to Ishtar, 205; temple to Anu, 207; temple to Shamash, 209; temple to Bel, 225; temple to Ea, 230; intellectual center, 651.

Ashur, god, consort of Belit, 150, 226, 668; rivaled by Ramman, 161; in Ass. pantheon, 189; head of Ass. pantheon, 191, 200; his unique position, 191-2, 215; local deity, 193; symbol, 194, 632; interpretation of symbol, 195-6, 685; general character of Ashur, 195; etymology of name, 196; Anshar another form of A., 197, 414; god of battle, 195, 199, 201; chief of pantheon and epithets, 200-2; king of the Igigi, 200; associated with Ninib, 214; his temples few, 215; associated with Ninib and Nergal, 216, 218; associated with Marduk, 224; associated with the great triad, 236; name of inner wall of Sargon's II. palace, 237; permits the king to grow old and protects the troop, 237; superiority to Marduk, 239; god of oracles, 344; Bel Tarbasi or lord of the court, 345; 2d Adar, sacred to A., 463; Ululu, sacred to A., 463, 685.

Ashurbanabal, library, 13; patron of science and art, 43, 229; rule, 44; recaptures Nana's statue, 85, 206; gives prominence to Nabu cult, 129; celebrates festival in honor of Gula, 218, 683; embellishes temple of Nergal at Tarbisu, 219; his pantheon, 238; sacrifices in Babylonia, 664; restores temple E-kur at Nippur, 645; Shamash cult in Sippar, 646; Ishtar cult in Uruk, 648.

Ashuretililani, king of Assyria, improves Nabu's temple at Calah, 229.

Ashurnasirbal, king of Assyria, 205; gives prominence to Ninib cult, 214; Calah, his capital, 215; builds sanctuaries to Ishtar, Sin, Gula, Ea, Ramman, 215; as a hunter, 216; builds sanctuary to Gula, 218; builds sanctuary to Sin at Calah, 219; his pantheon, 237; gives prominence to Ishtar cult, 325.

Ashur-rish-ishi, king of Assyria, 149, 204, 213.

Assyria, military superiority, 2; history by Herodotus, 3; art and antiquities, 7; character of country and culture, 30-1; character of people, 31; comparison with Babylonia, 31; architecture, 42; history, 41-4; conquest of, 44; sun worship, 78; Assyrian Ishtar cult as distinguished from Bab., 83, 85; Ass. Nabu cult as against Bab. Marduk cult, 128; religious beliefs more popular than Bab., 153; influence upon Bab. culture and religion, 179; pantheon, 188; divisions of Ass. pantheon, 188-9; comparison of Ass. and Bab. pantheons, 189, 201; attacked by Cassites, 199; A. god of oracles, 344; continuity of Ass. and Bab. religion owing to Ass. worship of Bab. deities, 642; Airu, sacred month in Ass., 684.

Assyrians, see Assyria.

Astrology, lunar worship influenced by A., 219-20; bar to monotheistic development, 319; observation of the planets, 370; questions put to the astrologer, 369.

Astronomy, factor in spreading lunar worship, 220, 245; mixture of astronomy and astrology in the observation of eclipses, 357; in the observation of the planets, 370; forms part of cosmology, 454; the determination of the laws under which the stars stood, 457; composite character of A. science, 460; divisions of, 460-1; moon and sun in, 461.

Azag-sir, minor deity in Ass. pantheon, 234.

Babbar, surname of Shamash, 72; etymology, 72.

Babylon, founded, 2; supremacy, 2; capture of, 4, 45; ancient center, 35; capital of Babylonia, 39, 116; Marduk, deity of, 54, 117-8, 531; E-sagila, temple of Marduk, 121, 241, 639; temple of Shamash, 242, 640; temple of Sin, 242; temple of Nin-makh, 242, 640; temple of Nin-khar-sag, 242; temple of Gula, 242, 638; attacked by Dibbarra, 531; zikkurat at Bab., 619, 639; temple to Nin-lil-anna (242), 640; religious center of the country, 649-50.

Babylonia, conceptions of netherworld, 2; notices in rabbinical literature, 3; extent, 26; character of country, 30; character of people, 31; character of culture, 34; Babylonian states and their history, 35 ff.; dynasties of, 39-41, 44-5, 489; united under Hammurabi, 116; Bab. and Ass. Ishtar cult, 83, 85; Bab. and Ass. Marduk cult, 128; Bab. beliefs less popular than Ass., 153; periods of Bab. religion, 162; gods common to all three periods of Bab. religion, 163; Bab. culture and beliefs influenced by Assyria, 179; comparison of Bab. and Ass. pantheons, 189, 201; country of Bel, 222; under Ass. rule, 223; source of Ass. culture, 222; independent of Assyria, 239; political and religious centers, 245; replaces Nippur, 542; sanctuary of Nabu, 640; sacrificial acts in Bab. and their meaning, 664; Nisan, the sacred month in Bab., 684; continuity of Bab. and Ass. belief owing to Ass. worship of Bab. gods, 642.

Babylonians, see also Babylonia; subjects of Bel, 222; humanity of Bel, 222.

Babylonian-Assyrian religion, 1; phases of, 46-7; age of essentials of religion, 114; gods of the B.-A. pantheon, 189; continuity of B.-A. religion, 642; see Assyria and Babylonia.

Bahrein, exports wood, 627.

Ba-kad, in the Cassite pantheon, 162, 172.

Balasi, astrologer, 340.

Balawat, explorations, 9; portals of palace at B., 627.

Bar, offspring of Ishtar declines to fight Zu, 541.

Bashtum, goddess in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

Battles of Yahwe, recalls Dibbarra epic, 534.

Bau, goddess, 51; her attributes, 59-60, 90, 678; temple in Uruazagga, 59, 103; Zag-muk, her festival, 59, 677; consort of Nin-girsu, 59, 677; identification with Gula, 60; her sphere, 60; daughter of Anu, 59-60; mother of Ea and water-deity, 61; common features with Ga-sig(?)-dug, 61; Bau not Hebr. bohu, 60; her sons (Amiaud), 103; in Gudea's pantheon, 106; in incantations, 273; Bau's ship, 655.

Ba'u-ukin = Dungi (Winckler), 65.

Baz, city in Babylonia, temple of Bel-sarbi, 242, 639.

Bel, see also Marduk and Bel-Marduk; god, temple of, 4; temple at Nippur, 11, 37, 69, 51, 54, 151, 642, 644; position in the Babylonian theology, 52; oldest spelling and meaning of name, 52; temple in Lagash, 53; growth of his cult, 53; blending with Marduk, 54, 145, 146, 148, 222; phases of cult, 55; associations and relations with Ea, 62; associated with Allat, 104; in Lugalzaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 110; subordination to Marduk, 118; transfers his name to Marduk, 140, 222, 439, 635; god of earth par excellence, 140, 147, 432, 440, 497; creator of mankind, 141, 441; in the deluge story, 142, 497, 502, 504; Bel and the triad, 107, 145-9, 207, 677; Bel in Hammurabi's pantheon, 145-6, 162; in Cassite period, 146; temple at Dur-Kurigalzu, 146; in the Assyrian pantheon, 146-7, 225-6; in the neo-Bab. pantheon, 147; epithets, 146, 222, 225, 227, 274; relationship to the other members of the triad, 147, 226; Bel (and Belit) decree fates, 150, 153, 538; Dagan = Bel, 151, 154, 209, 225; relationship to Zakar, 172; lord of Annunaki and Igigi, 186; husband of Ishtar, 205; confused with Dagan, 151, 154, 209; Ninib, first-born of Bel, 217; Sin, first-born of Bel, 219, 462; Nusku, messenger of, 221; temple at Ashur, 225; dwells in E-khar-sag-kurkura, 225; associated with Anu and Belit, 226-8; consort of Ishtar, 205; of Belit, 226; B. and Belit, names of the northern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237; lays foundations, 237 (cf. Ninib); associated with fire-god, 279, 286; Bel made lord of the earth by Marduk, 432; in the zodiacal system in conjunction with Nibir and Ea marks the three divisions of the year, 434-5; identified with north polar-star, 435, 460; Nisan, sacred to Anu and B., 462, 677; 2nd Elul, sacred to Anu and B., 463; Bel in 11th tablet of Gilgamesh epic, 496; rivalry with Ea, 497, 507 ff.; god of Dur-an-ki, 539; on seal cylinders, 540; robbed of tablets of fate by Zu, 540; temple E-U-gal, 640; figurines of Bel, 674; Zagmuk, festival of, 678.

Bel-epush, Babylonian prince, votive object, 671.

Bel-Marduk, see Bel and Marduk.

Belili, deity, 417; in incantations, 417; sister of Tammuz, 575, 588; in Allatu's court, 588, 593; consort of Alallu, 589.

Belit, goddess, 51; place of cult, 55, 635; titles and their meanings, 55-6, 227; sanctuaries, 56; in Lugalzaggisi's pantheon, 110; consort of En-lil, 111, 150, 151; consort of Ashur, 150, 226, 668; uses of "Belit," 151; Bel and Belit decree the fate, 150, 153; relationship to Zakar, 172; associated with Anu and Bel, 226-8; confusion in Ass. pantheon, 226-7; consort of Bel, 226; consort of Ea, 226-7, 231, 237; = Ishtar, 226-7; = Sarpanitum, wife of Bel-Marduk, 226, 684; E-mash-mash, her temple at Nineveh, 227; B. and Bel, names of the northern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237; brings fertility, 237; temple at Babylon (see Nin-khar-sag), 242; = Nin-lil, 635; figurines of, 674.

Belit of Akkad = Belit, 162, 176.

Belit-ekalli, in the Cassite pantheon, 162; consort of Ninib, l73; = Gula, 173, 176; meaning, 173.

Belit-ilani, consort of Ea, 226, 231, 237; B. and Ea, names of southern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237; increases offspring, 237.

Belit mati = Belit of the land = Ishtar, 151, 206, 215; perhaps=Belit, 227.

Belit-seri, scribe of Allatu, 587.

Bel-sarbi, god, his temple at Daz, 242, 639; perhaps=Nergal, 242.

Bel-zir, a layman, offers a votive object, 671.

Berosus, source B.-A. religion, 1, 4, 412.

Birs Nimrud, explored, 9.

Bit-Khabban, town in Babylonia; its patron gods, 176.

Bit-Khabban, district of Babylonia, sacred to Sin, 163.

Blood, sanctity of, 661.

Boaz, name of column in Solomon's temple, 624.

Borsippa, explorations, 9; temple of Nabu, 121, 229, 241, 639; its situation, 124, 125; beloved city of Marduk, 126; temple of Ramman, 242; 3 sanctuaries of Gula, 242, 636 (E-ul-la), 641; zikkurat at B., 617, 619, 639; E-makhtila shrine in E-zida to Nabu at Borsippa, 307, 606, 636.

Botta, P. E., excavations, 6.

Buddhism, doctrine of annihilation, 556-7.

Bulala, a foreign god, 644.

Bunene, in Nabubaliddin's pantheon, 162; in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169, 176; associated with Shamash and Malik, 176.

Bunene and Malik, attendants of Shamash, 177; consort of Malik, 177; associated with Shamash and Malkatu, 685.

Burial, see Dead.

Bur-Sin, repairs zikkurat and builds shrine in Nippur, 645.

Calah, capital of Assyria, 42, 193, 651; temple of Nabu, 128, 228; temple of Belit mati, 151; temple of Ninib, 214; capital of Ashur-nasirbal, 215; sanctuary of Sin, 219; intellectual center, 651; worship of Ninib, 215, 684; palace of Sargon II., 687.

Calendar, fixed by Marduk, 434; importance of moon for c., 436, 461; agriculture and c., 462; growth and character, 465; adopted by Hebrews, 464, 681.

Cappadocian wedge writings, 20.

Cassites, dynasty, 40-1, 480; cult of Bel of Nippur, 146, 645; cult of Shamash, 144, 646; cult of Ramman, 158; cult of Shukamuna, 152, 162; cult of Nin-dim-su, Bakad, Pap-u, Belit-ekalli, Shumalia, 162, 172; attack upon Assyria, 199.

Chaldaean Wisdom, 362, 384, 403.

Chaos, attempts at picturing c., 411, 419; gods contemporaneous with the primeval c., 413.

Christianity, influenced by Ass.-Bab. religion, 698.

Claudius Ptolemaeus' astronomy, 5.

Commercial literature in syllabaries, 135.

Cosmology, 247, 407 ff.; the Tiamat episode, 140; two or more versions of creation, 141-2, 407-8; literary-religious character of, 247; rise and development of cosmological speculations, 249; distinction between popular and scholastic c., 249-50, 442-3; distinction as to contents and form, 250; historical kernel, 250; c. deities antecedent to the known gods of the B.-A. pantheon, 417; not creatio ex nihilo, but evolution of chaos to order, the keynote of c, 418, 442; similarities with Biblical account, 409, 433, 435, 451; creation of heaven, 435, 443; of sun, 435; of moon, 436; of earth, 443; of mankind, 443; second version, its similarities with and dissimilarities from the first version, 444 ff.; the gods of Nippur, Erech, Eridu, the original creators of the universe, Marduk a later introduction, 449-50; the mountain Mashu and the cosmological conceptions, 489; see Creation epic.

Court of the World, name of temple, 641.

Creation epic, purpose of, 409; similarity with the Biblical account, 409, 433; literary form, 409 ff.; a nature myth, 432-3; representation of sun, 461; see Cosmology.

Ctesias, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 4.

Cult and worship, cf. Festivals and Rituals; organization, 115, 133, 234; gods in cult and in invocations, 238; revival of old c. in Neo-Bab. period, 242-3; tree-worship, 688-9; compounded of popular belief and theology, 689.

Cuneiform, see Wedge writing.

Cuthah, ancient center, 35; = Tell-Ibrahim, 65; cult and temple Nergal (see Laz), 65, 164, 218, 563, 583, 648, 667; a designation for the nether-world, 563, 570; synonymous with netherworld, 583.

Cuthaeans, 532.

Cyrus, captures Babylon, 4, 45; adopts Babylonian religion, 45, 650.

Dagan, god, 51; confusion with Bel, 151, 154, 209, 225; associated with Anu, 154, 209; chiefly in Assyria, 208; comparison with Dagon, 208; probably Aramaic origin, 208; god of earth, 209.

Damascius (or Damascenus), see Nicolas of Damascus.

Damascus, in Syria, cult of Ramman, 159.

Damkina, consort of Ea, 64, 143, 231; meaning of name, 143; relationship to Ea and Marduk, 143; in magical texts, 143; Ea and Damkina grant long life, 153; title Belit-ilani, 231; occasionally invoked in incantations, 276.

Damku, god, associated with Sharru-ilu and Sha-nit(?)-ka, 232; meaning of name, 232; evidently a title, 232; perhaps foreign deity, 232; worshipped at Magganubba, 232.

Damu and Damu-gal, epithets of Gula, 166, 175.

Daniel, book of; bearing upon B.-A. religion, 2, 3; Daniel and Bab. religion, 3 (cf. 668); illustrative of Babylonian dream lore, 403; authentic description of dedication of statue, 669.

Dead, universal, 556; location and names of the gathering place of the dead, 557 ff. (cf. Netherworld); All-Souls' Day, 599, 605, 682; under the special protection of the gods, 183, 558, 552, 592; furnish oracles to the living, 559, 560, 582, 657; deification of dead, 561, 582; condition of dead, 563 ff.; purified, 578, 602; can hear lamentations, 575, 577; cannot be brought back from Aralu, 576, 582; suffer hunger, 598-9; tombs and burial, 595 ff.

Death and burial, life after death, 512, 514, 556 ff.; cave burial, 557; pyramid burial, 557.

Deborah, song of, among the "Battles of Yahwe," 534.

Deification (Parnapishtim and Etana), 470, 527; of dead, 561, 582; of Gudea and Dungi, 167, 470, 561; of Gimil-Sin, 561; of Gilgamesh, 282, 284, 470, 561.

Delila, parallelism with Ishtar, 516.

Delitzsch, Friedrich, Sumerian question, 22; see Preface.

della Valle, Pietro, traveler, 15.

Deluge, in Gilgamesh epic and O. T., 495; place of origin of deluge, 498; embodying two distinct traditions, 502, 506; points of contact with Biblical narrative, 506 ff.; antiquity of the tradition, 508.

Demons, see also Animism and Spirits; chief demon, 57, 497; in incantations, 287; how exorcised, 330; when not to be exorcised, 378; messenger of god, 378; Targul-le, in the deluge story let loose by Dibbarra, 500; the Utukku, 260 (cf. 511); the Ekimmu, 260 (cf. 512); authors of evil and disease, 183, 593, 306, 692.

Der, center of worship of Nina, 88; city of Anu, 88, 155.

de Sacy, Silvestre, decipherment of wedge writing, 15.

de Sarzec, Ernest, explorer, 11.

Dibbarra, in Ass. pantheon, 189; plague-god, 232, 505, 528; a spirit, 232; identified with Nergal, 232, 528-9, 594; minor god, 234; in the deluge story, 500 (cf. 505); solar deity, 528; god of war, "the warrior," 528-9; attendant of Nergal, 529, 588; attended by Ishum, 529; D.'s attack upon Babylon, 530-1; D.'s attack upon Uruk, 531; general war among mankind, 531 ff.; Dibbarra enraged and appeased, 535; identified with Girra, 588.

Dibbarra epic, see Dibbarra, 232, 528 ff.; recalls the "Battles of Yahwe," 534.

Dilbat, city in Babylonia; temple of Ninib, 242; zikkurat E-gubba-an-ki, 639.

Dilmun, island, 125.

Diodorus, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 4, 399, 435.

Dirges, sung by priests and priestesses, 604, 658; by priestesses, 660.

Divine names, variety of names of individual divinities and local uses thereof, 73; transference of name and its meaning, 118, 140-1; in proper names, 165-6, 169; obscurity of, 233.

Djumdjuma, 10.

Dogma, establishment of, 115, 133, 247, 690 ff.

Dreams, importance of, 322-3; on par with oracles, 350, 479; treated as omens, 350, 403 ff.; in the Gilgamesh epic, 481, 486, 497.

Du'ar, Da'ur, cosmological deity, 417.

Du-azagga, council chamber of the gods, 629; = Apsu, 630; place where the sun rises, 630.

Dumu-zi, god; his double aspect, 96-7; worship at Lagash, 635.

Dumuzi-zu-aba, god, 51; interpretation of name, 96; functions and character, 96; places of worship, 96; in Gudea's pantheon, 106.

Dungi, of Ur, builds temple of Nergal at Cuthah, 65; builds temple of Nana in Uruk, 81; builds temple to Nin-Mar, 100; deified, 167, 470, 561.

Dun-shagga, 51; son of Nin-girsu, 91; meaning of name, 94; in Gudea's pantheon, 106.

Dur-an-ki, name of a temple tower in Nippur, 539.

Dur-ilu, Ass. city near Elamitic frontier; cult of Kadi, 232.

Dur-Kurigalzu, temple of Bel, 146.

Dur-padda, a fort sacred to Ramman, 158.

Dur-zakar, sanctuary of Belit, 56.

Du'zu, see Tammuz.

Ea, god, 51; functions, 62, 78, 230; epithets, 62, 142, 173, 230; associations and relations with Bel, 62; king of Eridu, 62-3, 275; sanctuary in Girsu, 61; god of the water, 63, 147, 237, 275, 430, 699; explanation of name, 64; identification with Nin-a-gal and other deities, 64; member of the great triad, 107, 148, 207, 230, 677; in Lugalzaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 111; survival of his cult, 123-4, 136; change of position since Hammurabi, 136; non-mention in historical texts, 136; prominence in religious texts, 136; Ea and Marduk in incantation texts, 139-40; transfers his name to Marduk, 118, 141, 439; god of humanity par excellence, 141 (cf. 264, 275, 297, 437, 441, 462, 497); formed of clay, 142; Ea in the deluge story, 142, 497, 504; Ea and Damkina grant long life, 153; god of fine arts, 177; fighting Tiamat, 197, 422; Ninib, first-born of Ea, 217; shrine in E-Sagila, 220, 241; Belit, consort of, 226, 231, 237; Nabu, son of, 229; in the Ass. pantheon, 230; sanctuary at Ashur, 230; titles emphasizing his skill, 230; house of wisdom, 522; similarity and difference between Ea and Nabu, 230-1; Ea and Belitilani, names of southern gates of Sargon's palace, 237; unlocks fountains, 237; shrine in E-Zida, 241; prominent in incantations, 137, 256, 275; the spirits hostile to, 264 (cf. 141); as a healer, 275; overcomes eclipse of moon, 276; associated with fire-god, 279, 286; in the Shurpu series, 288; conquers Tiamat, 422; in the zodiac in conjunction with Nibir and Bel, 434-5; identified with some star in southern heaven, 435, 460; Iyar, his sacred month, 462, 677; Ea in the 11th tablet of the Gilgamesh epic, 496; rivalry with Bel, 497, 507 ff.; Persian Gulf, sacred to Ea, 498, 545; father of Adapa, 545; Ea in Ishtar's descent, 571; Ea's sanctuary E-karzaginna, 636.

Eabani, created by Aruru, 448, 474; E. and Ishtar, 484, 486; parallelism betw. Adam and E., 511; E.'s spirit conjured up by Nergal, 511 ff., 560, 565.

E-adda, temple of Anu, 53, 640; meaning of name, 640.

E-an-dadia, name of zikkurat at Agade, 639; meaning of name, 639.

E-anna, temple of Ninni in Girsu, 80; temple of Nana or Ishtar in Uruk, 81, 242, 311, 331, 639, 648; meaning of name, 639.

Eannatum, burial costumes, 597.

E-babbara, name of the temples of Shamash in Larsa and Sippar, 70, 628, 640; worship of Shamash, Malik, Bunene in E. at Sippar, 176, 628; meaning of name, 640; history of Ebabbara in Sippar, 646 ff.; with shrine of Anunit, 646; history of Ebabbara in Larsa, 647.

Ecbatana, concentric walls, 618.

Ecclesiastes, unsatisfactory ending like 12th tablet of Gilgamesh epic, 513.

Eclipses, e. of moon removed by Ea, 276; cause of e., 264, 276, 280; calculation of time of occurrence of e., 357; indication of omens the ulterior motive of observations of, 357, 368; omens gathered from observation of e. in the "Illumination of Bel" series, 364 ff.; eclipses portend public disaster, 366, 369; importance of omens deduced from observations of e., 368; e. of sun called the "way of Anu," 457.

Eden, Garden of, legendary, 2; identical with the confluence of streams, 506.

Edessa, gnostic center, 699.

E-dim-anna, chapel of Sin in E-Zida, 639; meaning of name, 639.

E-dingiranagin, see E-anna-tuma.

E-ditar-kalama, sanctuary of Shamash in Babylon, 242, 640; meaning of name, 640.

E-dur-an-ki, zikkurat at Larsa, 639; meaning of name, 639.

E-dur-gi-na, temple of Belsarbi, 242, 639; meaning of name, 639.

E-edinna, temple of Shamash's consort, 640; meaning of name, 640.

E-esh-gi, shrine of Nin-girsu at Lagash, 640.

E-gal-makh, temple in Ur, 639.

E-gish-shir-gal, temple of Sin at Ur, 76, 241, 295, 640, 647; meaning of name, 640.

E-gi-umunna, a sanctuary, 640; meaning of name, 640.

E-gubba-an-ki, zikkurat at Dilbat, 639; meaning of name, 639.

E-igi-e-nir-kidur-makh, temple to Ninni at Kish, 639; meaning of name, 639.

Ekallate, name of city in Assyria, cult of Ramman and Shala, 212.

E-karzaginna, sanctuary of Ea in E-Sagila, 636.

E-kharsag, temple in Ur, 638.

E-kharsag-ella, temple of Gula in Babylon, meaning of name, 638.

E-kharsag-kalama, name of temple, 638; E-kur-makh, 638.

E-kharsag-kurkura, dwelling of Bel, 225; temple in Assyria, 615; meaning of name, 638.

E-khulkhul, temple of Sin in Harran, 76, 241, 641, 647; meaning of name, 641.

E-ki-dur-garza, temple to Nin-lil-anna in Babylon, 640; meaning of name, 640.

Ekimmu, a class of spirits, 260 (cf. 512, 581, 602).

E-kua, papakhu of Marduk in E-Sagila, 640; meaning of name, 640.

E-kur, temple of Bel, 11, 37, 51, 54, 69, 151, 642, 644; meaning of E-kur, 173, 217, 614, 638; = Eshara, 217; history of the temple, 644 ff.; = Kharsag(-gal)-kurkura, 558; lofty dwelling of gods, 541; designation for the nether-world, 558; = temple, 558, 614 (cf. 622); = earth, 614; in plural = divinities, 615.

E-kur-makh, name of temple, 638; = E-kharsag-kalama, 638.

Elali, in proper names of the 2nd Bab. period, 170; epithet of Gibil, 170.

Elam, 35; Elamites invade Babylonia, 38, 480; capture Nana's statue, 85; Elamitic deities: Eria, 122, 162; Kadi, 188, 232, 234.

El-Amarna, tablets of, containing the Adapa legend, 544; contains legend of Nergal conquering and wedding Allatu, 584-5.

Elul, see Ululu.

E-makh, chapel to Nin-kharsag, 639.

E-makh-tila, shrine to Nabu at Borsippa, 307, 606, 636.

E-mash-mash, temple of Ishtar, 152; of Belit, 227.

E-me-te-ur-sagga, temple of Zamama-Ninib, 640; meaning of name, 640.

En-anna-tuma, patesi of Lagash, constructs storehouse to Nin-girsu, 58.

En-anna-tuma II., 2nd dynasty of Ur, devotee of Nin-gal, 98.

E-nin-makh, chapel of Ishtar in Babylon, 242, 640; meaning of name, 640.

E-ninnu, temple of Nin-girsu, 57, 87, 635, 640.

En-ki, see Ea.

En-lil, see Bel.

En-meshara, attendant of Allatu, god of vegetation, 588; festival of E. in the 10th month, 588.

Ennanna = Ninni, 51.

En-ninna, a minor deity in the Etana legend, 521.

En-nugi, leader of the gods, 495.

En-temena, patesi of Lagash, 56; constructs storehouse to Nin-girsu, 58.

En-tena, see En-temena (better reading).

E-nun-makh, temple of Sin at Ur, 295, 640; meaning of name, 640.

Enshar, cosmological deity, 417.

En-zu, see Sin.

E-pa, zikkurat at Lagash, 639; meaning of name, 639.

E-pad-kalama-suma, sanctuary of Nabu in Babylonia, 640; meaning of name, 640.

Epics and legends, literary-religious character of, 247; historical spirit of, 250; nature myths, 250.

Erech = Warka = Uruk; see Uruk.

Eresh-Kigal = Allatu, 584.

Eria, Elamitic goddess, possibly identical with Erua, 122, 162.

Eridu, ancient center, 35, 245, 445; sanctuary of Ea, 62, 124, 445; lost her political prestige, 136; cult of Anunnaki and Igigi, 186; prominent in incantations, 256.

Erua, the "begetting" goddess, 123; amalgamation with Sarpanitum, 122-3, 130; dwelling in E-Zida, 123; consort of Nabu, 123; possibly identical with Eria, 122; water deity, 123; cult suppressed by Hammurabi, 130; place of worship, 130.

E-Sagila, temple of Marduk in Babylon, 121, 636; with a shrine of Sarpanitum, 121, 241, 636, 641; with shrine of Nusku, 220, 241; with shrine of Nabu, 127, 220, 636; with shrine of Ea, 220, 241; with shrine of Tashmitum, 220, 241; with shrine of Nin-kharsag, 639; sanctuary E-karzaginna of Ea, 636; meaning of name, 639; with papakhu of Marduk, 640; takes the place of E-kur, 645; history of E-Sagila, 648 ff.; place of installation of rulers, 649; influence of E-Sagila and E-Zida, 649.

E-Sagila, temple of Ea, 446.

E-salgisa, temple in Girsu, 641; meaning of name, 641.

Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, 200; restores temple of Nana-Ishtar at Erech, 85, 206; his pantheon, 238; restores Ekur, 645; Shamash cult in Sippar, 646.

Eschatological literature, gods and demons in e., 183.

E-shara, meaning, 173, 175, 198; offsprings of, 174; bride of E., 173, 175; built by Anshar, 198; built by Marduk, 198, 431 = Ekur, 217; placed by Marduk under control of Bel, 432.

E-shid-lam, temple of Nergal and Laz at Cuthah, 65, 648, 667.

Etana, legendary personage, 468, 505, 519 ff.; dwells in the netherworld, 511, 520, 523, 527, 590; E.'s patron, Shamash, 520; name occurs in O. T., 519; traditions among other nations, 519-21; E. and Ganymede, 523; deified, 527, 590; god of vegetation, 590.

E-temen-an-ki, zikkurat to Marduk at Babylon, 619, 639; meaning of name, 639.

Ethics, B.-A. religion, 291, 312, 692; belong to advanced period, 292, 304-5; in prayers, 298-9; gods whose nature create e. notions, 306, 692; in penitential psalms, 312 ff.; private morality, 694 ff.

E-tila, name of a temple, and meaning of name, 641.

E-tur-kalama, temple of Ishtar, 311.

E-u-gal, temple to En-lil, 640; meaning of name, 640.

E-ulla, temple to Gula in Sippar, 641; meaning of name, 641.

E-ul-mash, temple of Nana in Agade, 82.

Euphrates, stream of Garden of Eden, 2 (cf. 506); E. valley, central habitation of mankind, 2; old settlements of Hebrews, 2; course of, 27; comparison with Tigris, 30; one of the four streams forming the confluence of streams, 506 (cf. 2).

E-ur-imin-an-ki, zikkurat at Babylon, 619.

Eusebius, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 4, 5.

Eve, parallelism with Ukhat, 511.

Excavations, 6-15.

Exorcism, see Incantations.

E-Zida, temple of Nabu at Borsippa, 121, 229, 241, 639; with shrine of Erua, 123; with shrine of Sarpanitum, 241; with shrine of Tashmitum, 241; with shrine of Nusku, 241; with shrine of Ea, 241; with shrine of Sin, 639; history of E-Zida, 648 ff.; influence of E-Zida and E-Sagila, 649.

E-Zida, shrine of Nabu in E-Sagila, 127, 220, 229, 636.

Family, systematization of O. B. pantheon according to Davis, 109.

Fast days, special occasions, 688.

Fate tablets, tablets of fate in the hands of Bel, 538 (cf. 150, 153); in the Tiamat story, 420, 428, 538; robbed by Zu, 540; compared with the tablets of wisdom, 585.

Festivals, zag-muk, 59, 127, 631, 677, 678; significance of every day, 675; special significance of special days, 675, 677, 680-1, 683-5; words for f. in Assyrian, 676, 687; each month sacred to a deity, 462-3, 676, 683-4; festivals and months sacred to divinities not always corresponding, 687; special festivals, 687-8; the puru ceremony, 688; fast days and rites, 688.

Fire, see Water (cf. Gibil-Nusku in incantations, 277); means of purification, 276, 279; belongs to all three divisions of the universe, 286.

Foreign gods in B.-A. religion (see also Cassites), 142, 644; Adad = Ramman, 156; Kadi, 188, 232, 234; Damku, 232; Eria, 122, 162 (Elamitic).

Fresnel, Fulgente, expedition, 8.

Gaga, Assyrian pantheon, 188; minor god, 234; Anshar's messenger to Tiamat, 423; a foreign deity, 238, 644.

Gal-alim, 51; center of worship, 91; son of Nin-girsu, 91; in Gudea's pantheon, 106.

Gamlat, in Ass. pantheon, 188.

Ganymede and Etana, 523.

Ga-tum-dug, goddess, 51; similar to Bau, 61; worship at Lagash, 61, 635; in Gudea's pantheon, 106, 635.

Gate of Widespread Splendor, seat of Sarpanitum in E-Sagila, 121, 241, 636, 641.

Gegunu, epithet of Aralu, 563.

Genealogical systematization of Old Bab. pantheon according to Amiaud, 109.

Genesis, see Cosmology.

Gibil, fire-god, E-la-li, perhaps an epithet, 170; in Ass. pantheon, 189; amalgamated with Nusku, 220, 227; in incantations, 273, 277; older than Nusku, 277; epithets, 277, 280; a mythological conception, 277, 279; G.-Nusku, god of civilization, 278; medium betw. worshipper and deity, 279; associated with Anu, 277; associated with Bel and Ea, 279; associated with Nin-gish-zida, 463; identified with Nergal, 594.

Gil, attendant of Nergal and Allatu, 588; god of foliage, 588.

Gilgamesh, hero of the Bab. epic, 83, 468 ff.; in incantations, 282, 284, 470; mythological explanation of, 282, 486-7; with omens, 387; solar deity, 470-1, 515; king of the earth, 471; born in Marada, 473; conquers Uruk, 473, 513; created by Aruru, 473-4; Shamash (see Lugal-Marada), his patron, 471, 479; love affair with Ishtar, 481 ff.; Lugal-Marada, his patron (see Shamash), 486; conquers Khumbaba, 480, 514; G.'s contest with the bull, 486, 514, 537; contest with lion, 488, 514; Gilgamesh half divine, half human, 490, 514; G. and Sabitum, 490-1; G. and Parnapishtim, 492 ff.; points of contact with O. T., 495, 515-6; G. and Eabani, 510, 565; seeking immortality and the secret of life after death, 513; parallelism with Samson, 516; parallelism with Hercules, 516; Gilgamesh and Alexander the Great, 469, 516; G. in Aelian, 469, 524; G.'s grandfather Sokkaros, 524.

Gimil-Sin, deified, 561; temple at Lagash, 561.

Gim-nun-ta-ud-du-a, son of Bau, 103; explanation of name, 103; probable functions, 103.

Gin-shul-pa-uddu, wife of Gudea, 99.

Girra, attendant of Nergal and Allatu, 588; identified with Dibbarra, 588; a form of Nergal in later texts, 589.

Girsu, see Lagash.

Gish-galla (?), quarter of Lagash, 57; temple of Ninni, 80.

Gish-zida, identical with solar deity Nin-gish-zida, 547; G. and Tammuz, doorkeepers of heaven, 546; 5th month sacred to G., 547; intercedes for Adapa with Anu, 548-9.

Gnosticism, influenced by B.-A. religion, 698.

Great Place, name of temple, 641.

Grotefend, Georg Friedrich, decipherment of wedge writing, 16.

Gudea statues, 57, 652; his pantheon, 106 ff., 635; number of deities indicative of the extent of his sovereignty, 106; principle of order, 107; gods common to Gudea's and Lugalzaggisi's pantheon, 110; deified, 167, 470, 561; his zikkurat, 615, 619; builder of temples, 642; imports diorite from Sinai peninsula, 627, 651; Gudea's apsu, 653; Gudea's ship for Ningirsu, 654; G.'s votive objects and inscription, 57, 668-9, 672.

Gula, identified with Bau, 60; associated with Ninib, 105 (cf. 576); goddess of healing, 105, 166, 175, 282 (cf. 576, 683); in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162, 175; epithets, 166, 173, 175, 576; goddess of nether-world, 174-5; position intermediate betw. gods of the living and gods of the dead, 175 (cf. 576); creator of mankind, 175; her sanctuary erected by Ashurnasirbal, 218; her festival celebrated by Ashurbanabal, 218, 683; = Nin-Karrak, 242; temple at Babylon (see Nin-Karrak), 242, 638; three sanctuaries at Borsippa, 242, 636 (E-ulla), 641; in incantations, 273, 282; 12th day of Iyar sacred to G., 683.

Gurmu, son of Bau, 103.

Gushgin-banda, 171; "brilliant chief," patron of metal-workers, 178.

Halevy, J., Sumerian question, 22-4.

Hallabi, city near Sippar, temple of Ninni, 117, 144.

Hamath, city in N. Syria, 578.

Hammurabi, king of Babylon, secures the hegemony in Babylonia, 116, 532; Marduk, the chief of his pantheon, 117; builds temples, 642; builds temple to Ninni at Hallabi, 117; builds E-Zida, 121; ignores cult of Nabu, 128; suppresses cult of Erua, 130; care of temple of Shamash at Larsa, 143-4; Shamash cult, 117, 143-4; at Sippar, 117, 143; at Larsa, 143; Ninni cult at Hallabi, 144-5; "proclaimer of Anu and Bel," 146-7; beloved shepherd of Belit, 150; list of names of gods in H.'s pantheon, 161-2; "The Akkadian," 532; H.'s character as a Messiah, 533; = Amraphel, 534.

Harran, city in Mesopotamia, sacred to Sin, 76, 241, 641, 647; its importance and political decline, 77; meaning of its name, 78; associations with Ur, 77; enjoys the patronage of Sargon II., 77; temple of Sin, 76, 241, 641; patronized by Nabonnedos, 77, 242.

Haynes, John H., excavations, 11.

Heart of Shamash, name of a temple, 641.

Hebrews, see Old Testament.

Hercules, parallelism with Gilgamesh, 516.

Herodotus, source for B.-A. religion, 1; history of Assyria, 3; history of Persia, 4; notices on B.-A. religion, 4; notices on Ishtar cult in Erech, 485.

Hillah, village, site of, 8.

Historical texts, value as source for religion, 51, 166, 246, 661; pantheon in h. t. compared with that in incantation texts, 297; source for knowledge of sacrifices, 661.

Hittites, eagle standard among the H., 527; influence on Assyrian architecture, 627.

Hommel, Fritz, Sumerian question, 21.

Homoroka = Marduk, 5.

House Full of Joy, name of temple, 641.

House of Fifty, see E-ninnu.

House of Great Splendor, name of temple, 641.

House of Hearkening to Prayers, name of temple, 641.

House of Light, name of temple, 641.

House of the Brilliant Precinct, name of temple, 641.

House of the Seven Divisions of Heaven and Earth, name of zikkurat at Borsippa, 639.

House of the Seven Zones, name of zikkurat at Uruk, 639.

House Without Rival, name of temple, 641.

Hymns and prayers, division of religious literature, 247, 293; where composed, 248; in connection with incantations, 293, 301; h. to Shamash, 300 ff.; to Sin, 303-4; dialogue style of composition, 305; to Nebo, 306; no difference in thought betw. h. and incantation, 301, 307; illustrating relationship betw. man and gods, 309; deity as person of dialogue in, 310; see also Prayers.

Iamblichus, source of B.-A. religion, 399.

Idiklat = Tigris, 28.

Igi-dug-ga, title of Ea, 230.

Igigi, explanation of name, 185; number of, and explanation, 185; spirits of heaven, 185, 200; gods in whose service the I. are, 186; their character, 186; associated with Anunnaki, 186, 593; altar of I. and Anunnaki, 186; chiefs of Eridu, 186; Ashur, king of, 200; Anu, their chief, 186, 207, 593; associated with the great triad, 236.

Ilabrat, minor god, in the Adapa legend, 546.

Illumination of Bel, name of an omen series, 363.

Im = Ramman, 156.

Immeru = Ramman, 157.

Immortality, see Dead.

Im-pa-ud-du, son of Bau, 103; explanation of name, 103; function, 103.

Incantations, see also Magical Texts; in therapeutics, 246; means and methods of, 270-3; gods invoked in, 273; sacred objects invoked, 274; gods in incantations par excellence, 275; the fire-god in, 277; favorite time of, 280-1; i. services, 281, 283 ff.; principle of sympathetic magic, 284; mixed with ethical conceptions, 292; in connection with prayers, 293, 301; the oldest fixed ritual, 294; no line of demarcation betw. prayers and i., 297, 307; points in common with and differences from penitential psalms, 312; the natural expression of popular beliefs, 326; demons exorcised by i., 330; connecting link betw. omens and i., 352.

Inmarmaru, city in Dibbarra epic, 533.

Invocations, 165; in records of the 2nd Bab. period, 167; combined invocations, 235; where found, 235, 245; motive and manner of, 236 ff.; Tiglathpileser I., 236; Ramman-nirari I., 237; Ashurnasirbal, 237; Shalmaneser II., 237; Sargon II., 237; Sennacherib, 238; Esarhaddon, 238; Ashurbanabal, 238; gods in invocation and in actual worship, 238.

Irkalla, a designation of the netherworld, 563, 566; name of the consort of the queen of Aralu, 563, 591; identified with Nergal, 592.

Isaiah, prophet, 2.

Ish-gu-tur, temple of Nin-Mar in Mar, 100.

Ishi-milku, a foreign deity, 644.

Ishme-Dagan, king of Assyria, evidence of age of Dagan cult, 208.

Ishtar, goddess Nana, 82, 85, 202, 311, 643; absorbs other deities, 82; epithets, 83, 151-2, 204, 237; functions in B.-A., 83, 459; functions in A., 83-5; in Gilgamesh epic, 84-5, 482, 501, 563-4; zodiacal interpr., 82-4, 310-1; relationship to Sin, 79, 84, 163, 565, 571; relationship to Anu, 84-5, 566; significance of these relationships, 85; variants, 82, 85, 202, 242; temple at Agade, 117, 242; temple at Calah, 151; temple E-mash-mash, 152, 205, 227; relationship to Sin and Shamash, 163, 571; goddess of war, 83, 164, 204; during Cassite and Nebuchadnezzar's I. reign, 164, 645; variants of Assyrian Ishtar, 202; mighty over the Anunnaki, 204; milder nature in religious texts, 205; mother of mankind, 204-5, 237; relationship to her devotees, 205; temple Kidmuru, 202; temples at Arbela, Nineveh, and Ashur, 205; I. of Nineveh and I. of Arbela distinguished, 205; Ab her sacred month, 205, 462, 685; wife of Bel, 205; Belit of the land (151, 206), 215, = Belit, 226; temple in Uruk, 81, 242, 311, 531, 639; worship in Uruk, 103, 242, 472, 475, 531 (see Nana); wife of Ashur, 227; associated with the great triad, 236; Ishtar and Anu, names of west. gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237; causes the inhabitants to flourish, 237 (cf. 204); temple at Babylon, 242 (cf. Ninmakh), 640; in incantations, 273; in hymns, 310; temple E-tur-kalama, 311; in a penitential psalm, 318; prominence of cult of I. under Ashurnasirbal and before, 325, 342; in oracles and omens, 343-4; = Venus as name of planet, 370, 458-9, 571; importance of Ishtar-Venus in omen literature, 371-2; I. appears in a dream to the king, 374; personification of fertility, 459, 462, 482, 563, 587; causes decline, 483, 563; 10th month sacred to I., Papsukal, and Anu, 463; the Kizreti, Ukhati, and Kharimati of I. in Uruk, 475, 485, 660; relationship to Tammuz, 84, 482, 484, 547, 564, 574; Ishtar's love fatal to her lovers, 482, 516; I. and Eabani, 484, 486; in the deluge, 501, 503-4; parallelism with Delila, 516; I. in the lower world, 564; the 6th month "the mission of Ishtar," 564, 684; festival celebrated in Ab, 685; correlated to Allatu, 587; I. cult under Ashurbanabal, 85, 206, 238, 648; cult under Nebuchadnezzar II., 648; figurines of, 674.

Ishtaritu, general designation of Ishtar priestess, 660.

Ishum, god, 51; identity with Pa-sag, 101; in proper names of, 2nd Bab. period, 169; messenger of Nusku, 280; solar deity, 528; local deity, 528; attendant of Dibbarra, 529, 594; describes Dibbarra's deeds, 530 ff.; his wars, 533 ff.; associated with Sibi, 533; "the warrior," 533; associated with Nergal, 594.

Isin, ancient center, 35; kings, 37; Isin dynasty as "builders" of temple of Nana in Ur, 81.

Iskenderun, bay of, 122.

Iyar, see Airu.

Izdubar = Gilgamesh.

Jezreel plain, cult of Ramman, 159.

Job, book of, unsatisfactory ending like 12th tablet of Gilgamesh epic, 513.

Josephus, historical references to B.-A., 5.

Judges = priests, 625, 658.

Judith, book of, bearing upon B.-A. religion, 3.

Jupiter = Marduk, name of planet, 370, 434, 458-9, 676-7; see Marduk.

Kaaba, at Mecca, 624.

Kabru, epithet for Aralu, 563.

Kadashman-Turgu, Cassite king, votive tablet, 671.

Kadi, in Ass. pantheon, 188; Elamitic god, 232; worshipped in Dur-ilu, 232; minor god, 234.

Kadishtu, general designation of Ishtar priestess, 660.

Kalah-Shergat, excavations, 10; site of city of Ashur, 198.

Kallat-Eshara, epithet of Gula, 173.

Kanishurra, a foreign god, 644.

Kara-indash, king of Babylon, restores Shamash temple at Larsa, 144

Kar-nuna-ta-uddua, ship of Ningirsu, 654; meaning of name, 654.

Karun, one of the four streams forming the confluence of streams, 506.

Katnu, a foreign god, 644.

Kercha, one of the four streams forming the confluence of streams, 506.

Khadir = Parnapishtim, 515.

Khani, tribe hostile to Babylon, 152.

Khani, god, in Ass. pantheon, 188; a form of Nebo, 188; minor god, 234; a foreign deity, 644.

Kharimati, sacred harlots of Uruk, 475, 531, 660.

Kharsag(-gal)-kurkura, "the (great) mountain of the earth," 558; native place of the gods, 558, 614; = Ekur, 558.

Khashur, mountain destroyed by Ishum, 533.

Khasis-Adra, see Adra-khasis, 505.

Khi-gir-nun-na, son of Bau, 103.

Khi-khi, mountain attacked by Ishum, 533.

Khiraitum, a foreign deity, 644.

Khi-shaga, a son of Bau, 103.

Khorsabad, unearthed, 6, 8; capital of Assyria, 193; sanctuary of Sin, 219; palace of Sargon, 225; names of its gates and walls, 237; sanctuary of Nin-Gal, 231; zikkurat at K., 617.

Khumbaba attacks Uruk, 480; conquered by Gilgamesh, 514.

Khusha, god of the 2nd Bab. period, 168.

Kidin-Marduk, father of Parnapishtim, 488, 496.

Kidmuru temple of Ishtar in Nineveh, 202.

Kigallu, a designation of the netherworld, 562.

Kilili, a foreign deity, 644.

Kingship, differentiation of kingly and priestly functions late, 374; traces of direct relationship betw. gods and king, 374-5.

Kingu, consort of Tiamat, 420; symbol of chaos, 538; deprived of the tablets of fate by Marduk, 428.

Kinunira, city on the Euphrates (?), sanctuary of Dumuzi-zu-aba, 96.

Kish, city in Babylonia, 54; temple of Zamama, 169; temple of Ninni, 639.

Kishar, god, K. and Anshar created, 197, 410; K. and Anshar intermediate betw. the monsters and the gods in creation, 414, 416-7; creation of theologians, 416; Anshar and Kishar in the creation epic and their meaning, 418.

Kishar-gal, cosmological deity, 417.

Kishshat, a foreign god, 644.

Kislev, 9th month, sacred to Nergal, 463.

Kizreti, Ukhati, and Kharimati, the harlots of Uruk, 475, 531, 660.

Koyunjik, mound, unearthed, 7, 9.

Ku(?)-anna, 51; place of worship, 102; functions, 102; consort of Ramman (?), 102.

Kudur-mabuk, 2d dynasty of Ur, "builder" of temple of Sin in Ur, 76, 295; of temple of Nana in Ur, 81.

Kumari, city in Babylonia, temple of Ramman, 242.

Kurigalzu, Cassite, king of Babylon, cult of Bel of Nippur, 147, 645.

Kutu, see Cuthah.

Lagamal, a foreign god, 644.

Lagash, governors, 36; temple of Anu, 53, 640; temple of Belit, 56; temple of Bau, 635; quarters of, 56-7; temple of Ningirsu-Ninib, 57, 87, 635, 640; center of worship of Ninni, 80; ancient center, 35, 245; temple of Dumu-zi-zu-aba, 96; Dumuzi, temple of Ninmar, 635; temple of Nin-gish-zida, 99, 635; temple of Nina, 635; temple of Ku(?)-an-na, 152; temple of Gimil-Sin, 561; shrine of Nin-girsu, 640; zikkurat of Nin-girsu, 619, 635, 639; temple of E-salgisa, 641; temple of Nin-si-a, 635; temple of Shabra, 635; temple of Nin-sun, 635; temple of Nin-tu, 635; votive objects, 673.

Lakhamu, L. and Lakhmu cosmological, 197, 410, 417; a monster, 414, 418; in incantations, 417; in Allatu's court, 593.

Larsa, ancient center, 35; rulers, 37-8; dynasty, 39; center of worship of Shamash, 69, 143-4, 241, 628, 640, 646; zikkurats at L., 617, 639.

Lasimu, a foreign god, 644.

Layard, Austen Henry, excavations, 7.

Laz, consort of Nergal, 219, 243; not mentioned in Ass. texts, 219; not mentioned in religious texts, 583.

Lebanon, cedar forests, 626.

Legal literature, see also Literature; source for study of religion, 166; religious character of, 245.

Libations, 664, 666; in Old Testament and in A.-B., 665.

Libit-Ishtar, 2d dynasty of Ur, builds temple of Nana in Ur, 81.

Life of the World, name of temple, 641.

Light of Shamash, name of temple, 641.

Lists of gods, 213, 216; character of, 233; prepared on the basis of religious texts, 233.

Literature, Ashurbanabal's library, 132; syllabaries, 135; religious l., 12, 13, 213, 216, 233, 245, 247, 690-1; temple records, 165; legal documents, 165-6; connection betw. religion and literature, 245, 691; historical texts, 246; uncertain demarcation betw. religious and secular l., 247; epics, see Gilgamesh, Eabani, Adapa; compound of popular belief and of theology, 689.

Local cults, origin of, 49; confusion with nature cult, 49-50; growth of, 49; policy of preservation of local cults by foreign conquerors, 69-70, 106, 111; confusion of (female) local cults, 80; prominence given to local gods as compared with others, 111; local cult features and general cult features compared, 110; survival of local cults, 113; factors obscuring local cults, 113-5; political factors, 113; popular factors, 114; theological factors, 114; absorption, 114, 168, 171; number of, 170, 234, 274; in lists, 233; of the Ass. pantheon, 234; importance diminishes, 235.

Loftus, William K., excavations, 9.

Lofty and Brilliant Wall, name of temple, 641.

Lot, bears more resemblance to Parnapishtim than Noah, 507.

Lugal-banda, god, 51; temple at Uruk, 95; local character, 95; identification with Nergal, 95; signification of name, 95.

Lugal-edinna, epithet of Nergal, 172, 280.

Lugal-erima (?), god, 51; his local character, 97; interpretation of name, 97.

Lugal-gira, epithet of Nergal, 172, 280.

Lugal-ki-mu-na, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

Lugal-Marada, god, temple at Marad, 242; a solar deity, 473; patron of Gilgamesh, identical with Shamash, 486.

Lugal-mit-tu, in Samsu-iluna's pantheon, 162; wall of L., 172; meaning of name, 172.

Lugal-zaggisi, old Babylonian king of Uruk, 101; his pantheon and its age, 110, 636; gods common to Lugal-zaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 110; priest of Anu, 110.

Lulubite, name of people, 532.

Lunar cycle and sun calendar, 78.

Ma-an-ish-tu-su, servitor of A, 74.

Magarida, a foreign god, 644.

Magganubba, city in n.-e. Assyria, sanctuary of Sin, 219; restored by Sargon II., 232; cult of Damku, Sharru-ilu, Sha-nit(?)-ka, 232.

Magical texts, subdivision of religious literature, 247; practical purposes, 246, 255; beginning of rituals, 247, 253-4, 269; number of, 247; comparative age of, 253, 256; primitive popular thought, 254, 292; method of composition, 254; titles of, 254-5; incantation rituals and their growth, 255, 283 ff.; Ea and Eridu prominent in, 256; compiled character, 256-7; date of composition, 257; bilingual redaction, 258; metrical traits, 259; source of study of popular beliefs, 259; occurrence of Gibil evidence of ancient age of, 277; pantheon in m. t. compared with that in historical texts, 297.

Mahmal, tabernacle, compared with the Bab. ship for the gods, 655.

Makhir, god of dreams, 323, 402.

Maklu series, 286 ff., 302.

Ma-ku-a, name of Marduk's ship, 655.

Malik, god, in Nabubaliddin's pantheon, 162, 176; associated with Shamash and Bunene, 176; in proper names of the time of Hammurabi, 176; often used as epithet of Shamash, 176; meaning of name, 176; Malik and Bunene, attendants of Shamash, 177; consort of Bunene, 177.

Malkatu = A.

Malku, name of canal, 655; name of Naru's ship, 655.

Ma-ma, variant for Gula, 105.

Mammitu, goddess; M. and Anunnaki determine death and life, 493.

Mamu, a form of Gula in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

Mandacan, legend of Rustem parallel to Etana legend, 520 ff.

Mar, district in southern Babylonia, sacred to Nin-Mar, 100; temple Ish-gu-tur of Nin-Mar, 100.

Marad, city in Babylonia, temple of Lugal-Marada, 242; native place of Gilgamesh, 473.

Marcheshwan, see Arakh-shamnu.

Marduk, 2d Bab. period, deity of Babylon, 54, 96; child par excellence of Ea, 96, 548; prominence of his cult since Hammurabi, 116, 134-5, 690-1; his titles, 118, 126, 239, 240, 276, 500, 576, 630; identification with Bel and Ea, 118; solar deity, 118, 119, 528, 576, 690; his warlike traits, 119; in religious texts, 120; temples in Babylon (E-Sagila) and Borsippa, 121, 241, 636, 639; his papakhu, 640; his consort, 121-4, 228; statue brought from Nineveh to E-Sagila, 684; his statue recovered by Agum, 122, 152, 670, 687; lord of E-Sagila and E-Zida, 126; New Year's Day his festival, 127, 631, 678, 681; mediator betw. Ea and mankind, 139, 276; Marduk and Ea in incantation texts, 139-40; conquers Tiamat, 140, 197, 408, 422; rivaled by Ramman, 158; during the Cassite period, 162; called Sag-ila, 169; lord of Anunnaki and Igigi, 186, 239; absorbs the role of other gods, 190, 409; builds Eshara, 198; blended with Bel, 54, 145-6, 148, 222, 542; Bel's titles applied to, 222, 409, 542, 635; position in the Assyrian pantheon, 224-5, 239; associated with Ashur, 224; associated with Ashur, Shamash, and Ramman, 224; second to Ashur, 239; prominence of his cult in the neo-B. period, 239-40; rivaled by Nabu in the pantheon of Nebopolassar, 240, 679; also in old Bab period, 648; in incantations, 272-3, 276; in the Shurpu series, 288; in hymns, 307 ff.; lord of rest, 309; god of oracles, esp. in the south, 342, 345; zodiacal interpretation, 370, 434, 458-9, 676-7; his double aspect in the creation epic, 409, 432, 450; takes the tablets of fate from Kingu, 428 (cf. 542, 681); creates the universe, 428 ff., 447; establishes the districts of Anu, Bel, and Ea, 432; arranges the stations of the gods in the zodiacal system, 434; creates man, 437 (cf. Ea, Bel, 443, 448); the fifty names (of the Igigi) are bestowed upon M., 438; creates the Anunnaki, 447; = Nibir, i.e., Jupiter, exercises control over all the stars, 434, 458-9; 8th month sacred to M., 463, 678, 686; Marduk as Sharru in the deluge story, 500; absent in the deluge story, 508; dogs symbol of the solar god Marduk, 528; conquers Zu, 542; identified with Adapa, 548; temple at Ashur, 637; zikkurat at Babylon, 639; ship of Marduk, 655; procession on New Year, 679; spec. festival instituted by Agum, 687.

Marduk-baladan, of Babylon, 129.

Marduk-nadin-akhe, king of Babylon, carried statues of Ramman and Shala to Babylon, 212.

Marriage offerings, time of, 59; to Bau, 59.

Mars = Nergal, name of planet, 370, 459; the "sheep" par excellence, 459.

Mar-tu = Ramman, 166, 212.

Marwa, hill in Mecca, 687.

Mashu, mythical mountain, 488-9; = Musas or Masis, 516.

Masis, or Musas, = Mashu, 515.

Mecca, 623.

Medes, 44-5.

Median wedge writing, 19.

Meme, variant of Gula, 175.

Mer = Ramman, 157.

Mercury = Nabu, planet, 371, 459.

Mesopotamia, religious ideas and customs, 1, 3; seat of Terahites, 2; empire of Nimrod, 2; geography, 26, 27; character of, 28 ff.

Messiah, Hammurabi and the Hebr.-Christian notion of Messianic time, 533.

Mili-shikhu, king of Babylon, his cult of Shamash, 144; minor gods worshipped, 172.

Minor gods, 2d Bab. period, 171-2; by Mili-shikhu, 172; some Cassite deities, 172; in Ass. texts, 171; in neo-B. period, 171, 242-3; absorbed by greater gods, 111, 147, 171, 177, 190, 233; patron-gods of arts, 178; as personifications, 179; dividing line betw. spirits and m. g., 183, 233.

Mishiru, a foreign deity, 644.

Mitanni wedge writings, 20.

Months, connected with gods, 462 ff., 676; names of the months, 464; m. sacred to gods and their festivals not always corresponding, 687.

Monumental finds, 7.

Moon, importance of m. as omen giver, 358; manifold relations between man and m., 358; importance of m. for calendar, 436, 461; moon and sun in religion and astronomy, 461.

Moon-god, see Sin.

Moses, 130; parallelism with Sargon I., 562.

Mosul, excavations near, 5.

Mugheir, mound, excavated, 9; see also Ur.

Mummu, associated with Apsu and Tiamat, 420-1.

Muenter, Frederick, decipherment of wedge writing, 15.

Musas, or Masis, = Mashu, 516.

Mythology, see also Nature; extent and influence of Bab. m., 518 ff.

Nabonnedos, of Babylon, restores temple of Shamash in Sippar, 70, 647; last king of Babylonia, 45; restores temple of Sin in Harran, 77, 646; gives prominence to Shamash cult, 240-1.

Nabu, god, 2d B. period, 127; most prominent trait, 124; probable aqueous origin, 124-5, 220; rank as compared with that of Ea and Marduk, 125, 648; agricultural deity, 125; suppression of cult by Hammurabi and his successors, 126; becomes son of Marduk, 127, 240 (cf. 648-9); his shrine in E-Sagila, 127, 220-9, 636; prominence during the Assyrian period, 128-9, 228; his symbol, 128; temple at Calah, 128, 228-9; prominence during the neo-Bab. period, 129, 240; his epithets, 129-31, 229; meaning of name, 130; his functions, 130, 240; his cult with other Semites, 130; identified with Nusku, 220; his consort Tashmitum, 130, 228-9; his consort Nana, 224; favorite of Ramman-nirari III., 128, 228; temple E-Zida in Borsippa, 121, 229, 241, 639, 648; god of wisdom, 129, 229; son of Ea, 229; in the subscript to Ashurbanabal's tablets, 229-30; similarity and difference betw. N. and Ea, 230-1; in hymn, 306; shrine E-makh-tila in Borsippa, 307, 636; god of oracles in Assyria, 344, 348; = Mercury, name of planet, 371, 459; in the deluge, 500; sanctuary E-pad-kalama-suma, 640; Nabu's ship and procession, 654, 679.

Nabu-akhe-irba, astrologer, 340.

Nabu-bal-iddin, king of Babylon, 162, 685; restores cult of Sippar, 176, 628, 645, 670; votive offerings, 670.

Nabupelassar, see Nebopolassar.

Namar, district in Babylonia, sacred to Kamman, Nergal, and Nana, 159, 164.

Names, transference of name and interpretation of this act, 118, 140-1; composition of proper names, 165; Bab. etymologies of names, 173.

Namtar, god of pestilence, 569; strikes Ishtar with disease, 570; messenger of Allatu, 570, 580.

Nana, goddess, 51; titles, 81; center of worship, 81; position in the pantheon proper and in the cosmology, 81; her temples, E-anna in Uruk, 81, 242, 311, 531, 639; E-ul-mash in Agade, 82; in Ur, 81-2, 85, 202, 311, 639, 678; statue captured by Elamites and recaptured by Ashurbanabal, 85, 206; absorbs inferior local deities, 103; associated with Nergal and Ramman, 159, 164; worshipped by Assyr. kings, 206; consort of Nabu, 224; Zag-muk of Nana, 678.

Nannar = Sin, etymology of N., 75; N. attached to Ur, 75; Sin to Harran, 76; his position, 76; his representation, 76; his functions, 76, 78; his epithets, 76, 79, 89; relationship to Ningal, 97.

Naram-Sin, founds temple of Shamash in Sippar, 70, 646; his exploits incorporated in omen text, 562; builder of the temple of En-lil in Nippur, 642.

Naru, rivergod in incantations, 282; ship of Naru, 655; place of worship, 655.

Nature, worship, 48; confusion with local cults, 49-50; nature myth, 432-3, 487, 494.

Nazi-Maruttash, Cassite king, votive objects, 671-2.

Nebo, mount in Moab, place of death of Moses, 130.

Nebopolassar, king of Babylon, 129; makes Babylon independent, 239; makes cult of Marduk prominent, 239; makes cult of Nabu prominent, 240; Shamash cult at Larsa, 647, note 3.

Nebuchadnezzar I., expels the Cassites, 88, 158; cult of Marduk and Ramman, 158, 162; his pantheon, 162.

Nebuchadnezzar II., religion of N. and Daniel, 3; builder of Birs Nimrud, 9; rule, 44; worships Sarpanitum as the begetting deity, 122; makes cult of Marduk prominent, 240, 646; revives ancient cults, 242-3; restores temple of Nin-karrak at Sippar, 294; his prayers exemplification of ethical tendencies, 299; opposed to Bel cult in Nippur, 646; restores Shamash temple in Sippar, 646; Ishtar cult in Uruk, 648.

Nergal, god, 51; local cult and temple in Cuthah, 65, 164, 218, 563, 583, 648; worship in Palestine, 65; in Uruk, 66; his names and their meanings, 66; functions, 66-7, 537; development of his attributes, 67-8, 582, 593; identification with Lugal-banda, 95; with Irkalla, 592; associated with Allat, 104, 183, 565, 580, 593; associated with Ramman and Nana, 159, 164; Nergal in Samsu-iluna's pantheon, 162; in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162; epithets, 172; chief of nether-world and subterranean demons, 183 (cf. 260), 511, 563, 582; associated with Ninib as god of the chase, 216, 218, 237; with Ninib and Ashur, 216, 218; god of war, 218, 582; Cuthah his sacred city, 164, 218, 563, 583; Kar-Nergal named in his honor, 219; temple at Tarbisu, 219; Laz his consort, 219, 243, 583; identified with Dibbarra, 232, 528-9, 594; perhaps = Bel-sarbi, 242; in incantations, 273, 280; phases of, 280, 459; = Mars as name of planet, 370, 459; 9th month sacred to N., 463; sun of midday and summer solstice, 528, 582; pictured as a lion, 530; the lion a symbol of Nergal, 537, 580, 582; identified with Gibil, 594; associated with Allatu, 104, 183, 565, 580, 583, 593; Nergal conquers and weds Allatu, 584-5; imitation of Tiamat-Marduk fight, 585.

Nether-world, names of: Aralu, 557; Ekur, 558; Shualu, 558; Kigallu, 562; Irkalla, 563; Kutu or Cuthah, 563; epithets for n., 559, 563; Nergal, lord of the n., 563; the older head of the lower world a goddess, Allatu, not a god, 585.

New Year's Festival, see Zag-muk.

Nibir = planet Marduk or Jupiter, in the zodiac in conjunction with Bel and Ea, 434-5; exercises control over all the stars, 458.

Nicolas of Damascus, source B.-A. religion, 1, 412.

Niebuhr, Carsten, 15.

Niffer, excavations, 11; see Nippur.

Nika, mother of Esarhaddon, 340.

Nimrod, incidental biblical reference to, 2; not = Gilgamesh, 514.

Nimrud (mound), unearthed, 7; temple, 9, 627.

Nina, quarter in Lagash, 57, 86; explanation of name, 86.

Nina, goddess, 51; explanation of name, 86; centers of worship, 86-8, 635; associations with Nin-girsu, 87, 635; relations to Ea, 87-8; fusion with Ishtar of Nineveh, 88; interprets a dream, 101; a daughter of Nin-si-a, 102; in Gudea's pantheon, 106, 635.

Nin-a-gal, god, 51; meaning of name, 64; function, 64; identification with Ea, 64.

Nin-akha-kuddu, goddess, 51; her titles in incantation texts, 103, 282; in Lugalzaggisi's pantheon, 110; goddess of purification, 282; mistress of Uruk, 103, 282; water deity, 282; lady of spells, 282.

Nin-azu, "god of the great city," 592; associated with Allatu, 586, 590; god of healing, 590; identified with Ninib, 591.

Nin-dara, see Nin-si-a.

Nin-dim-su, god, in the Cassite pantheon, 162, 172; epithet of Ea, 173.

Nin-din-dug, name of Bau. (See Corrections.)

Nin-e-gal, variant of Nin-gal, 98.

Nineveh, center of action in book of Judith, 3; site of, 6; capital of Assyria, 46, 193, 651; cult of Ishtar, 152, 202-3; temple E-mash-mash of Ishtar, 152; resp. of Belit, 227; Sha-nit(?)-ka, mistress of, 233; worship of all gods and goddesses, 638; intellectual center, 651.

Nin-gal, god, 51; center of worship, 97; relationship to Nannar, 97; sanctuary at Khorsabad, 231; Nin-gal's ship, 655.

Nin-girsu, solar deity, 51; subordinate to Bel, 53, 57; identity with Ninib, 57, 217 (cf. 528); temple E-Ninnu in Girsu, 57, 87, 634-5, 640; votive offerings, 57; agricultural deity = Shulgur, 58; identity with Tammuz, 58; relations to Nin-shakh, 93; in Gudea's pantheon, 106; in incantations, 273; zikkurat in Lagash or Girsu, 619, 635, 639; shrine in Lagash, 640; his ship, 654; consort of Bau, 59, 677.

Nin-gish-zida, solar deity, 51; a form of Nin-girsu, 92; meaning of name, 92; identified with Ninib, Nin-girsu, Nin-shakh, 99, 217, 528, 547; local character, 99, 528; temple in Girsu, 99, 635; in Gudea's inscriptions and incantation texts, 99, 106, 280; consort of Nusku, 280; brings famine in the land, 387; 5th month sacred to N., 462, 547; servant of Gibil, 463; 4th month sacred to, 463; identical with Gish-zida, 547; associated with Tammuz, 546, 588; presides over the growth of trees, 588.

Nin-gul, 51; consort of Lugal-banda, 95; interpretation of name, 95; place of worship, 96.

Ninib, see Nin-girsu, solar deity, 57, 217, 459, 462, 576, 684; consort of Gula, 105 (cf. 576, 591); of Belitekalli, 173; in Hammurabi's pantheon, 162; in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162, 164; god of war, 164, 214, 218; = Ud-zal, 166; associated with Ashur, 214; epithets, 213-4, 217; temple in Calah, 214-5 (cf. 684); favorite of Ashurnasirbal and Shamshi-Ramman, 214; god of the chase in association with Nergal, 216, 218, 237; hero of the heavenly and earthly spirits, 214; in association with Nergal and Ashur, 216; identical with Nin-girsu, 57, 217; with Nin-azu, 591; absorbs Nin-gish-zida and Nin-shakh, 217 (cf. 547); represents east sun and morning sun, 217; first-born of Ea, 217; offspring of Ekur, 217; first-born of Bel, 217; god of destructive cloud storm, 217, 500; other qualities in religious literature, 218, 576; name of outer wall of Sargon's II. palace, 237; lays the foundations of cities, 237; three forms, 238; temple in Dilbat, 242; in incantations, 273, 280; = Saturn, name of planet, 371, 459; 6th and 11th months sacred, 215, 684; 4th month sacred to N., 462; in the deluge story, 500 (cf. 217), 504; worshipped at Nippur, 635; temple of Zamama-Ninib, 640.

Nin-igi-azag, title of Ea, 230.

Nin-igi-nangar-bu, 171; presides over metal workers, 178.

Nin-Karrak = goddess Gula, 242; temple at Babylon (see Gula), 242; in incantations, 273; temple at Sippar, 294; in a prayer of Nebuchadnezzar, 294.

Nin-khar-sag = goddess Belit, 164; in Samsu-iluna's pantheon, 162, 164; sanctuary at Babylon (see Belit), 242, 639.

Nin-kigal = Allatu, 282.

Nin-kurra, 171; lord of mountain, patron of stone workers, 178.

Nin-lil, see Belit.

Nin-lil-anna, in Nebuchadnezzar's II. pantheon, 242; temple in Babylon, 640.

Nin-makh = Ishtar, 242; temple at Babylon, 242.

Nin-mar, goddess, 51; center of worship, 100; her temples in Mar, 100; daughter of Nina, 100; popularity of cult, 100; in Gudea's pantheon, 106, 635; daughter of Marduk, 168; temple at Lagash, 635.

Ninni, goddess, = Enanna, 51; titles, 80; center of worship, 80; variant of Ishtar, 82; in Lugal-zaggisi's and Gudea's panthea, 110; identical with Nana of Uruk, 111; temple at Hallabi, 117; her cult by Hammurabi, 144-5; "Ninni," consort of Zamama, 169; temple in Kish, 639.

Nin-shakh, god, 51; his character and functions, 93; identified with Ninib, 93, 217; relations to Nin-girsu and Nin-gishzida, 92-3; temple at Uruk, 93.

Ninshar, cosmological deity, 417.

Nin-si-a, god, 51; or Nin-dar-a, 90; center of worship, 91, 635; absorbed by Nin-girsu, 91; in Gudea's pantheon, 106, 635.

Nin-sun, god, temple of N. at Lagash, 635.

Nin-tu, god, temple of N. at Lagash, 635.

Nin-zadim, god, 171; patron of sculpture, 178.

Nippur, rulers, 37; temple of Bel, 11, 37, 69, 51, 54, 151, 642, 644; temple of Belit, 55, 635; inscriptions from Nippur, 103; prominence during Cassite period, 40, 146, 480; wall of Zakar, 172; wall of Lugal-mittu, 172; ancient center, 245, 445; chief god Del, or En-lil, 445, 542; reference to N. in Gilgamesh epic, 486; rivalry betw. Nippur and Eridu, 508; replaced by Babylon, 542; zikkurat at N., 617; worship of Ninib, 635; worship of Nusku, 635; votive objects, 671-3.

Nisaba, goddess, 51; agricultural deity, 101; traits in common with Ea, 101; sister of Nina, 101; centers of cult, 102; in Gudea's pantheon, 111; probably local in Uruk, 111.

Nisan, sacred to Anu and Bel, 462, 677; sacred in Babylonia, 684; 7th day sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

Nisir, mount on which the ship alights, 503.

Nisroch, Assyrian deity, 2.

Noah, resemblance to Parnapishtim less than is the case with Lot, 507.

Nu-gim-mud, title of Ea, 230.

Nun-gal, god of the 2d Bab. period, 168; temple in Sippar, 168; meaning of name, 168; solar deity, 168; becomes a demon, 168.

Nur-Ramman, of Ur, builder of Sin's temple in Ur, 76; builder of temples to Nin-gal and Nannar at Ur, 97.

Nusku, fire-god, in Ass. pantheon, 188, 220-1; in Bab. pantheon, 220; amalgamated with Gibil, 220, 277; identified with Nabu, 220-1; ideographic writing of name and its explanation, 220; solar deity, 220-1, 279; shrine in E-Sagila, 220, 241; epithets, 221, 277, 280; functions, 221; shrine in E-Zida, 241; in incantations, 271-3, 277, 286; younger than Gibil, 277; a mythological conception, 277, 279; Gibil-N, god of civilization, 278; medium betw. worshipper and deity, 279; associated with Anu, 277, 286; associated with Bel and Ea, 279, 286; Ishum, messenger of, 280; worship at Nippur, 635; see Gibil.

Oktanos, see under Ea, 63.

Old Testament, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 669 (cf. 696); relations betw. the Hebrews and B.-A., 2, 611, 697-8; contrast betw. Hebr. and B.-A. religion, 3, 668; O. T. points of contact with Gilgamesh epic, 495; with deluge story, 506 ff.; parallels betw. Adam and Eabani, Eve and Ukhat, 511; betw. Samson and Gilgamesh stories, 515-6; 3d chapter Genesis compared with Adapa legend, 551; Hebr. Sheol Bab. Shualu, 560; Hebr. Shoel Bab. Sha'ilu, 560; Hebr.-Bab. custom of inquiring of the dead, 560; parallelism betw. Sargon I. and Moses, 562; conceptions of nether-world in O. T. and in Bab., 606; parallels betw. temple of Solomon and Bab. temple, 623, 632, 652-3, 655; libation of oil in O. T. and in Ass.-Bab., 665; sacrifices in O. T. compared with Ass.-Bab., 667-8; teraphim and Ass.-Bab. amulets, 674; Hebr. and Bab. New Years, 681; Purim compared with Bab. 15th Adar festival, 686; Ashera and tree worship in Babylonia, 689.

Omens, division of religious literature, 247; purposes of, 248, 331; comparative age of, 253-4; an indirect means of forecasting the future, 329; directions for the priest in recognizing o., 330; relationship betw. o. and prayers, 331; part of magic element in the ritual, 331; occasions for seeking an o., 331 ff.; derived from offered animals, 332; of a public character, 332 ff., 362, 364, 374, 401; questions of an omen seeker, 333 ff., 369; list of, 337, 362; their relation to reports, 368, 372; o. ritual, 338; connecting link betw. incantations and o., 352; variety of o. literature, 355, 362; o. from stars, 356; the more variety, the more significance—a principle of general application in interpretation of o., 358; other guiding principles, 358 ff., 388, 401; private o., 362, 403, 405; o. series and mode of their composition, 363; omens deduced from observations of eclipses, 357, 364; restricted application of o. no hindrance to their practical use, 366, 372; vagueness of o. intentional, 367; interrelation betw. reports and o., 368, 372-3; importance of o. deduced from eclipses and more ordinary phenomena, 368-9; omens deduced from observations of planets, esp. Ishtar, and of other heavenly bodies, 371-3; omen calendars, 375, 382; omens from terrestrial phenomena, 383 ff.; logical principle controlling the interpretation, 384; offshoot of sympathetic magic, 384; birth omens, 384; partly public, partly private character, 386; the rarer the phenomena, the greater the significance, 385; ideas of sympathetic magic in the interpretation of o., 388; omens from offsprings of animals, 391 ff.; omens from the actions of animals, 397-402; omens from dreams, 402-4; o. of a private character, 403; popular phase of augury, 403; omens from individual experiences, 404; dividing line betw. omens of individual and of public character, 405; the practical working of the omen belief, 406.

Ophites, a gnostic sect, 699.

Oppert, Jules, expedition to Babylonia, 8.

Oracles, see also Omens and Witchcraft, direct means of forecasting the future, 329; occasions for asking o., 338 ff.; blank forms for o., 341; form of, 341 ff.; Marduk, god of, 342; asked of the sun-god, 334 ff.; of Ishtar of Arbela, 342; ceremonies accompanying o., 345; relationship to penitential psalms, 347; practical purpose of, 349; by means of dreams, 349 ff.; generally vague language, 344; occasionally definite language, 360; objects with which o. are concerned, 360; given by priestesses, 485, or priests, 329, 560, 657-8; asked of the dead, 559-60, 657; asked on the New Year's festival, 628-9.

Pantheon, divisions and development, 48-50; sources, 51; comparison betw. p. in historical and in incantation texts, 297; comparison betw. B. and A. pantheon, 189, 201.

Papakhu, chamber of the god, 627; cosmological significance, 629.

Pap-sukal, i.e., divine messenger, epithet of Nin-shakh, Nebo, and Nusku, 93 (cf. 463, 571); in incantations, 273; 10th month sacred to P., Ishtar, and Anu, 463.

Pap-u, god, in the Cassite pantheon, 162, 172; offspring of E-sharra, 174; function, 174.

Paradise, belief in, among Babylonians, 578.

Parakku, chamber of the god, 627.

Parnapishtim, immortal, 488, 577; P. and Gilgamesh, 492 ff.; son of Kidin-Marduk, 488, 496; born in Shurippak, 496; his epithet Adra-Khasis, 505; bears more resemblance to Lot than to Noah, 507.

Pa-sag, god, 51; "the leader of the land," 101; identity with Ishum, 101; lieutenant of Shamash, 107; in Gudea's pantheon, 106.

Patesi, 198.

Patron gods, of persons, 216, 235; Nabu, patron of Ramman-nirari III., 228; of places, 49, 69-70, 106, 111.

Penitential psalms, points in common with and differences from incantations, 312; national origin of, 312; marks relationship betw. god and man, 313; purpose to appease the anger of the gods, 315, 688; advanced religious conceptions, 314-5, 326; dialogue form, 315; language, 316-7; age, 317; anonymity of the deity addressed, 318; p. for specific purposes, 324, 688; relationship to oracles, 347.

Persepolis, wedge writings, 16.

Persian Gulf, sacred to Ea, 497; not the source of the deluge, 497; confluence of the streams, 577.

Persian wedge writing, 19.

Personifications of human arts, 178.

Peters, John P., explorer, 11.

Pilgrimage, 684.

Place, Victor, excavations, 8.

Place of Fates, name of temple, 641.

Planets, observations of, 370; identifications of p. with deities, 370, 459 (cf. 619); prominence of Ishtar-Venus, in astrological texts, 371; regarded as auguries for the chiefs and the general welfare, 373; planets and zikkurats, 619.

Politics, affecting religion and literature, 108, 110-1, 134-5, 201, 239, 690-1.

Popular Belief, see Theology and Popular Belief.

Prayers, see also Hymns, occasions, 663; in connection with incantations, 293, 299; without accompaniment of incantations, 294; curses regarded as p., 296; no line of demarcation betw. incantations and p., 297, 299, 307; ethics in, 298; power of words, 328; no p. in its highest form, 329; relationship betw. prayers and omen, 330; efficacy dependent on their being uttered in the right manner and by the right person, 353.

Priestly codes, 362.

Priests and priestesses, divisions of, 269, 241-2, 657-8; p. as exorciser and his function, 271-2, 330, 657-8; mediator betw. man and god, 315, 331, 353, 374, 560, 627, 692; prognostication of future, 329, 560, 657; importance of, 353; "Priests of Ashur," association of priestly functions with early kingship, 374; priests and priestesses in their functions, 485, 655 ff., 692; priests purifying the dead, 578, 602; general name for priest, 657-8, 676; priestesses as dirge singers, 604, 658; as judges, 625, 658; intellectual leaders, 693; as sacrificers, 657-8; eligibility to priesthood, 658-9; women priests, 485, 659-60.

Proper names, see also Names, composition of, 165; source of study of divinities, 166; evidence of age of cult of gods (Ishme-Dagan), 208; Samsi-Ramman, 209.

Psalms, see Penitential Psalms; also Hymns, Prayers.

Ptolemy, see Claudius Ptolemaeus.

Pudilu, builds temple of Shamash at Ashur, 209.

Purat = Euphrates, 27.

Purification, see Rituals.

Purim, compared with the Bab. solar festival, 15th of Adar, 686; not to be compared with Puru, 688.

Puru, a festival ceremony, 688.

Puzur-Shadu-Rabu, captain of the ship of Parnapishtim, 500.

Ra, Egyptian sun-god, 210.

Rabbinical literature, bearing upon B.-A. religion, 3, 697.

Races, of Mesopotamia, 24, 33.

Ramman, god, Shala his consort, 102, 161, 212; associated with Anu, 154, 207, 212; associated with Shamash, 145, 157-8, 160, 211; associated with Sin and Shamash, 158, 163; associated with Nergal and Nana, 159, 164; rivals of Marduk, 158; ideographic and other readings of the name, 156-7; meaning of name, 156-7; extent of his cult, 159; cult by Aramaeans, 159; indigenous to Assyria, 159; rival of Ashur, 161; his two aspects as storm-god, 160; epithets, 156, 158, 160, 212, 498; in Hammurabi's pantheon, 162; in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162; = Martu, 166, 212; popular in Assyria, 211; his instruments of destruction, 212; "the mightiest of the gods," 212; name of one of the eastern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237; brings abundance, 237; temple at Borsippa, 242; temple at Kumari, 242; 11th month sacred to R., 463; R. in the deluge, 500; declines to fight Zu, 541.

Ramman-nirari I., king of Assyria, 155; cult of Ramman, 159; of Anunnaki and Igigi as spirits of earth and heaven resp., 185; repels the Cassites, 199; his pantheon, 237, 593.

Ramman-nirari III., king of Assyria, gives prominence to Nabu cult in Assyria, 128, 228; erects temple to Nabu at Calab, 228; Nabu his patron god, 228.

Rassam, Hormuzd researches, 9.

Rawlinson, Henry, explorations, 9.

Regulus, observations, 372.

Religion, unity of church and state, 690; influence upon Hebrews, see Old Testament; upon Christianity, 698; upon Egypt, Persia, and Greece, 699-701.

Religious texts, 12-3, 467; sources for religion, 51, 661; in Bab. theological schools, 134; reshaping of r. t. during Hammurabi's time, 140-2; divisions, 247-51; age, 691; comparison betw. Ass. and Bab. r. t., 251-2; their value as source for knowledge of sacrifices, 661; votive inscriptions on statues, 669; on other objects, 671-2; worn as amulets, 672; plague tablets, 536, 674.

Rim-Sin, of 2d dynasty of Ur, "called" by Bel and Ea, 62; cult of moon and sun-god in Ur, 70; of Nana in Ur, 81; builds temple of Nin-shakh at Uruk, 93; his wife builds temple to Nin-gal at Ur, 97.

Rituals, establishment of, 115; and incantations, 247-8, 253-4, 283; manner of growth, 255; purification, 284, 688; incantations the oldest fixed r., 294; penitential psalms, 312 ff., 688; bodily castigation, 320, 688; offerings, 328; prayers, 293 ff.; never without ulterior motive, 328; oracles and omens, 328 ff.; composition and growth, 329-30; strictness in observation of, 347.

Rustem, son of Sal in Armen. and Mandaean legend, parallel to Etana, 520.

Saba, district in southern Arabia, 491.

Sabitum, maiden in Gilgamesh epic, 490-1; the goddess of Siduri, 491.

Sacred objects, 651.

Sacred period, 686.

Sacred quarter, 622 ff.

Sacredness of animals, meaning of, 397-8, 662; of trees, 662-3.

Sacrifices, when not to be offered, 378; when offered, 663, 667-8; offered by priests, 657-8; Semitic view of, 660; comparison with Hebrew, 667-8; as determined from religious and historical literature, 661; development of, 661; two kinds of, 661; connected with prayers, 663; use of oil and wine, 664, 666; daily, 667; monthly, 668.

Sadu, the hunter in the service of Gilgamesh, 475; associated with Ukhat, 511.

Safa, hill in Mecca, 687.

Sag-ila = Marduk, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169.

Sal, father of Rustem, 520.

Samsi-Ramman, king of Assyria, builds temple to Ramman, 154, 159; builds temple to Ashur in Ashur, 198; his name as evidence of age of Shamash cult, 209.

Samson, parallelism with Gilgamesh, 515 ff.

Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon, 56; builds sanctuary of Belit, 56; builds Dur-padda, sacred to Ramman, 158; his pantheon, 162; builds wall of Zakar in Nippur, 172; builds wall of Lugal-mittu in Nippur, 172.

Samuel, prophet, his spirit called up, 559.

Saracus, last king of Assyria, 229.

Sargon I., "builds" temple E-ulmash of Nana in Agade, 82; myth of Sargon I. related to an incident in Moses' life, 562; his exploits incorporated in a religious text, 562; "builder" of temple of En-lil in Nippur, 642, 645.

Sargon II., of Assyria, restores "laws and customs of Harran," 77; builds sanctuary to Shamash, 211; names Kar-Nergal in honor of Nergal, 219; builds sanctuary to Sin at Khorsabad and Magganubba, 219; patron of learning, 229; prominence of Nabu cult, 229; erects sanctuary to Nin-gal at Khorsabad, 231; restores Magganubba, 232; revives the triad, 236; his pantheon, 237; his palace at Khorsabad, 225, 237; his zikkurat at Khorsabad, 617; sacrifices in Babylonia, 664; institutes special festival, 687.

Sarpanitum, consort of Marduk, 121, 224, 228, 636; interpretation of name, 121, 449; shrine in E-Sagila, 121, 241, 636, 641; her statue recovered by Agum, 122, 152, 670, 687; her subordinate position, 121-2; goddess of matrimonial fertility, 122, 684; of secret knowledge, 122; amalgamation with Erua, 122; epithets of Sarpanitum-Erua, 123; called Belit, 224, 684; shrine in E-Zida, 241; rarely in incantations, 276; 25th day of Siwan her festival, 684; festival instituted by Agum, 687.

Saturn = Ninib, planet, 371, 459.

Saul, king of Israel, and the witch, 559.

Semites and non-Semites in Babylonia, 21-2, 32-4.

Sendschirli, excavations in, 579.

Senkereh = Larsa.

Sennacherib, king of Assyria, 200; takes statues of Ramman and Shala back from Babylon, 212; erects temple to Nergal at Tarbisu, 219; his pantheon, 238, 644, note 2.

Seven spirits, cause eclipse of moon, 264, 276; 12th month sacred to them, 463; Sibi, collective personification of the s. p. associated in war with Ishum, 533.

Sex, inferiority of female to male in the B.-A. pantheon, 75, 79, 104; confusion of female cults, 80; variety of "ladies" in pantheon, 98, 104; position of female deities as consorts of male deities, 104, 586, 594; male deities becoming female and consorts of male deities, 177, 280; association of sexes in cosmology, 411; association of sexes in the creation of the gods, 413; female deities and the months, 463; sex in witchcraft, 267, 342, 660; sex in priesthood, 485, 659-60; sex in furnishing oracles, 485, 660; sex among musicians and dirge singers, 660 (see Dirge); position of woman, 694.

Shabat, 11th month, sacred to Ramman, 463; sacred to Ninib, 215, 684.

Shabra, god, temple at Lagash, 635.

Shailu, a designation for priest, 560; Hebr. Shoel, 560.

Shala, consort of Ramman, 161, 212; in proper names of 2d Bab. period, 169; in Ass. pantheon, 189; meaning of name, 213; other applications of the name, 213; epithets, 213.

Shalman, god, in Ass. pantheon, 188.

Shalmaneser II., king of Assyria, gives prominence to Shamash cult, 205, 215; his pantheon, 237.

Shamash, or Utu, 51, 277; signification of name, 68; relations to the moon-god, 68-70, 98, 305; centers of worship, Sippar and Larsa, 69, 117, 143, 176, 241, 628, 640, 646; relative age of the centers, 70; temple Ebabbara, 70, 628, 640, 645; attributes and functions, 71, 120, 210; in incantations, 71, 211; probable age of these conceptions, 72; his other names and their meaning, 72-4, 176; local uses thereof, 73; Malkatu his consort, 74-5, 176, 241-685; offspring of Nin-gal, 98; in Lugalzaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 110; in Hammurabi's pantheon, 162; warrior of heaven and earth, 144, 211; mighty hero, 152; position in Bab. pantheon during and after Hammurabi, 144; position in Ass. pantheon, 144, 209-11; associated with Ramman, 145, 157-8, 160, 211; associated with Sin and Ramman, 158, 163; associated with Ishtar, 163, 511; associated with Malik and Bunene, 176; often called Malik, 176; symbol of Shamash, 176-7; temple at Ashur, 209; protecting deity, 209; ethical level in Ass. pantheon, 209-10; judge of heaven and earth, 210, 274, 279, 297, 527 (cf. 640); prominence of sun cult during reign of Ashurnasirbal and Shalmaneser II., 210, 646; under Esarhaddon, 646; sanctuary by Sargon II., 211; cult influenced by that of Egyptian Ra, 210 (cf. 699); name of one of the eastern gates of Sargon's II. palace, 237; grants victory, 237; Nebuchadnezzar II. and Shamash cult, 646; Nabonnedos gives prominence to Sh. cult, 240-1, 647; temple in Babylon, 242, 640; Sh. in incantations, 280; in hymns, 300 ff.; in omens and oracles, 334, 344; Shamash and Sin, 305, 647; 7th month sacred to Sh., 463, 685; patron of Gilgamesh, 471, 479; identical with Lugal-Marada, 486; patron of Etana, 520; controls Zu, 538; on seal cylinders, 540; Si-gar, a festival of, 684; festival days, 685.

Shamshi-Ramman, king of Assyria, gives prominence to Ninib cult, 214.

Shamuktu, a class of priestesses of Ishtar, 660.

Sha-nit(?)-ka, goddess, in Ass. pantheon, 188; associated with Damku and Sharru-ilu, 232; mistress of Nineveh, 233; = Ishtar, 233.

Sharru, title of Marduk, in the deluge story, 500.

Sharru-ilu, god, associated with Damku and Sha-nit(?)-ka, 232; meaning of name, 232; evidently a title, 232; perhaps a foreign god, 232; worshipped at Magganubba, 232.

Shar-sarbi = Belsarbi, 242.

Sherua, minor god in Ass. pantheon, 234; foreign deity, 644.

Sheol, 560; O. T. conceptions of Sheol to Babylonian conceptions, 606 ff.; see also Shualu, Dead..

Shinar = Babylonia, 613.

Ship, construction of, 498-9; Puzur-shadu-rabu, captain of ark, 500; a sacred object, 653-4; its uses and significance, 654; compared with the Mahmal and the ark, 655.

"Ship of Light," name of Sin's ship, 655.

"Ship of Malku," name of the ship of Naru, 655.

"Ship of the Brilliant Offspring," name of Bau's ship, 655.

Shir, god, in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162; local god, 163; patron of Bit-Khabban, 176.

Shirpurla, see Lagash.

Shualu, designation of the district of the dead, 560 ff.; meaning, 559; to Hebr. Sheol, 560.

Shubu, in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162; local character, 163; patron god of Bit-Khabban, 176.

Shu-bu-la, god, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 169; patron of Shumdula, 169.

Shu-gid-la, see Shu-bu-la, 169.

Shukamuna, Cassite god, identical with Nergal, 152, 163, 172; head of Agum's pantheon, 152, 172; consort of Shumalia, 173.

Shul-gur = Nin-girsu, 51.

Shul-pa-uddu, god, 51; meaning of name, 99; age and extension of cult, 99; decline of cult in favor of Shamash and Ninib, 100; position in Babylonian astronomy, 100; solar deity, 99, 531.

Shumalia, in the Cassite pantheon, 162-3, 172; in Nebuchadnezzar's I. pantheon, 162; consort of Shukamuna, 173; epithet, 173.

Shumdula, city in Babylonia, cult of Shubula, 169.

Shum-gar, see Si-gar.

Shurippak, city on Euphrates, destroyed by rainstorm, 495; comparison with Sodom, 496, 507.

Shurpu series, 290.

Shu-sil-la, see Shubula, 169.

Sibi, collective personification of the seven evil spirits associated with Ishum, 533.

Sibittum, minor deity in the Etana legend, 521.

Siduri, Sabitum, the goddess of Siduri, 491.

Si-gar, festival of Gula, 683; festival of Sin, 684; festival of Shamash, 684; meaning, 684; date of installation of Ashurbanabal, 684.

Silili, mother of one of Ishtar's associates, 482.

Sin, god, see also Nannar; worshipped in Harran, 76, 241, 641, 647; temple at Ur, 76, 241, 295, 640, 644, 687; occurrence of the name elsewhere, 77; amalgamation with Nannar, 78; chief trait, 78; lunar cycle and sun calendar, 78; epithets and functions, 76, 78-9, 219, 462; gradual decrease of Sin cult, 78-9; in Lugalzaggisi's and Gudea's pantheon, 110; associated with Shamash and Ramman, 158, 163; in Hammurabi's pantheon, 162; patron of Bit-Khabban, 163; head of 2d triad, 163; associated with Ishtar, 163, 571; father of Ishtar, 565; temple at Calah, 219; sanctuary at Khorsabad, 219; sanctuary at Magganubba, 219; god of wisdom, 78, 219; god of water in Ass. pantheon, 219; first-born son of Bel, 76, 219; subordinate position in Ass. pantheon, 219-20; Sin and astronomy, resp. astrology, 219-20; temple at Babylon, 242; in incantations, 280; in hymn, 303-4; Sin and Shamash, 305, 647; first-born of Bel, 219, 462; Siwan, 3d month, sacred to Sin 462; chapel in E-Zida, 639; Sin cult under Nabonnedos, 77, 648; Sin's ship, 655; zagmuk of, 678; Si-gar, festival of, 684.

Sinai, a peninsula (metals and stone), 627, 652.

Sin-gamil, of Uruk, builds sanctuaries to Nergal at Cuthah, 66.

Sin-gashid, of Uruk, servitor of Lugal-banda and Nin-gul, 95-6.

Sin-iddina, of Larsa, builds sanctuary to Shamash in Larsa, 69; builds temple of Sin in Ur, 76.

Sippar, temple and archives, 10; ancient center, 35, 245; center of worship of Shamash, 69, 117, 143-4, 241, 628, 640, 646; temple of Nun-gal, 168; worship of Shamash, Malik, and Bunene, 176; temple of Nin-karrak, 294; temple of Malkalu or A, 640; zikkurat, "Threshold of Long Life," 641.

Sir, serpent god, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 170.

Sirius, observations of, 372.

Siwan, 3d month, sacred to Sin, 462, 687; sacred to the god of brick structures, 463; 25th day of Siwan sacred to Belit of Babylon, 684.

Slaves, standing of slaves a measure of social ethics, 695.

Smith, George, explorations, 9.

Sodom, destruction of, point of contact with Gilgamesh epic, 495-6, 507.

Sokkaros, grandfather of Gilgamesh (Aelian), 524.

Solomonic temple and the sacred quarter in Nippur, 623-4; horns of altar compared with Bab. custom, 652; "sea" compared with Apsu, 653; ark compared with the Bab. ship, 655.

Sorcer, Sorceress, see also Witchcraft; relationship betw. s. and oracle-giver, 342.

Spirits, in proper names, 166, 180; Nun-gal-e-ne, a class of, 168 (cf. 184); their symbols, 174, 182; functions, 174; lists of, 180; classification of, 181 ff.; of disease, 181, 186, 246; of the field, 182; of the nether-world, 183; dividing line betw. gods and spirits, 181, 183, 231, 266, 274; of evil, 260, 264; activity of, 260-1; representations of, 263; habitations of, 260, 263; the seven spirits, 264; strength attribute of, 266; relationship betw. demons and witchcraft, 267; differentiation of demons, 262.

Spiritualization of mythology, 304, 306; characteristic of later times, 297; in penitential psalms, 313, 319.

Splendor of Heaven and Earth, name of temple, 641.

Stars, writing of heaven, 454; division of, 455.

Storm, symbols of storm (birds and bulls), 537 ff.

Subartu, name of country, 532.

Sugi, name of country, 675.

Sukhaul-ziku, name of mythical fountain, 572.

Sumer and Akkad, ethnological-geographical, 32-3; S.-A. language in incantations, 259.

Sumerian question, 21-4, 32-4.

Sun, see Shamash; gates of s., 435, 443; representation of sun in creation story, 461; sun and moon in astronomy and religion, 461.

Susian wedge writing, 19.

Syllabaries, 135.

Syncellus, source for B.-A. religion, 1, 5.

Systematized religion, see Theology.

Taboo, meaning of, 397.

Talisman, see Amulet, Teraphim.

Tammuz, agricultural deity, 58, 588; relations to Ishtar, 84, 482, 484, 547, 564, 574; T. and Gish-zida doorkeepers of heaven, 546; solar deity, 547; 4th month named for T., 547, 682; intercedes for Adapa with Anu, 548-9; brother of Belili, 575; T.'s day = All-Souls' Day, 599, 605, 682; identified with Nin-girsu, 58; associated with Nin-gish-zida, 546, 588.

Tammuz, 4th month, sacred to Ninib, 462; named for god Tammuz, 547, 682; sacred to the servant of Gibil, 463.

Tarbisu, city north of Nineveh; temple of Nergal, 219.

Tar-gul-le, names of some demons let loose by Dibbarra in the deluge story, 500.

Tashmitum, goddess in pantheon of Hammurabi, 130; a new creation, 131-2; consort of Nabu, 130-1, 228-9; meaning of name, 131; her quasi-artificial character, 131-2; called Nana, 132; shrine in E-Sagila, 220, 241; in the subscript to Ashurbanabal's tablets, 229-30; shrine in E-Zida, 241.

Tashritu, see Tishri.

Taylor, J. E., excavations, 8.

Tebet, 10th month, sacred to Papsukal, Ishtar, and Anu, 463; festival of En-meshara, 588.

Tel-Id, mound near Warka, site of ancient capital of Mar, 100.

Tell-el-amarna, see El-amarna.

Tell-Ibrahim = Cuthah.

Telloh, excavations, 11; temple records and legal documents, 165.

Tell-Sifr, temple records and legal documents, 165.

Temple records, see also Literature; source of study of the deities, 167.

Temples, 612 ff.; names of t., 638 ff.; history of t., 642 ff.; as financial establishments, 650; minor part played by the temples in Assyria, 659.

Terah, Terahites, appearance in Palestine, 2; migrations, 2; home of, 9.

Teraphim, talismans parallel to Ass.-Bab. statuettes of gods, 674.

Teumman, king of Elam, 296.

Thamud, Arabic tribe destroyed, 496.

The Brilliant House, name of temple, 641.

"The Lesser Light," name of Ningal's ship, 655.

Theology and popular belief, 89, 114, 131, 180, 235, 249, 411, 414, 416, 458, 494, 527, 584, 614, 619, 629-30, 689; Gudea's system, 108; interaction betw. political fortunes and positions of divinities, 108, 110-11, 134-5, 201, 234, 235; genealogical arrangement according to Amiaud, 108; family theory according to Davis, 109; its value, 109; tendency towards recognition of certain great gods, 111, 147, 171, 190, 234-5, 696; organization of cult and ritual, establishment of dogmas, 115, 133, 247, 690; pedagogical activity, 135; formation of the great triad, 147; re-systematization of gods by Hammurabi, 171, 276; systematization of spirits, 184; attempts to systematize series of gods, 213, 216, 233; theology in cosmology, 412 ff., 418, 443; in the 12th tablet of the Gilgamesh epic, 512-3; in the Etana legend, 527; theology in the Zu epic, 542.

Thomas, Felix, excavations, 8.

Thousand and One Nights, 494.

Threshold of Long Life, name of zikkurat in Sippar, 641.

Tiamat, mythical monster, conquered by Marduk, 140, 197, 408; fought by Anu, Ea, 197; synonymous with Apsu, 411; female principle, 411; personified chaos, 411, 414; dominion of T. and Apsu precedes that of the gods, 412; gods product of the union of T. and Apsu, 413; mythical monsters product of the union of T. and Apsu, 414; associates of T., 419; Ummu-Khubur, epithet of T., 419; Kingu her consort, 420; Tiamat epic compared with Zu myth, 543; comparison with Nergal-Allat fight, 585.

Tiglathpileser I., king of Assyria, nomenclature of Bel, 146; dedicates temple to Anu and Ramman, 154, 159; as a hunter, 216; rebuilds temple of Bel at Ashur, 225; pantheon, 236; dedicates captured gods, 675.

Tiglathpileser II., sacrifices in Babylonia, 664.

Tigris, course of, 28-9; comparison with Euphrates, 30; in garden of Eden, 2 (cf. 506); one of the four streams forming the confluence of streams, 506 (cf. 2).

Tishri, 7th month, sacred to Shamash, 462 (cf. 681, 685); 7th day sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

Tombs, see Dead.

Triad, the great, Anu, Bel, Ea, 107; relationship of the members, 147; product of theology, 147, 149; development of, 148; extraneous position, 149; representative of the three kingdoms, 155; punish the violator of monuments, 207; fix the name of the months, 208, 236; general position in Ass. pantheon, 236; give victory, 236; grant rule, 236; associated with Ashur, Ishtar, and Igigi, and Anunnaki, 236; in incantations, 273; associated with fire-god, 279; in Gudea, 418; in the cosmology, 418; ancestors of the triad, 418; symbolizes the eternal laws of the universe, 432.

Triad, second, Sin, Shamash, Ramman, 163; in incantations, 273.

Tubal-cain, biblical father of metal workers, 178.

Tur-lil-en, in Nebuchadnezzar's II. pantheon, 242.

Tychsen, Gerhard, decipherment of wedge writing, 15.

Ubshu-kenna, council chamber of the gods, 423, 629, 687.

Uddushu-Namir, a divine servant, created by Ea, 571.

Ud-zal = Nimib, 166.

Ukhat, in the Gilgamesh epic, 475, 476 ff.; parallelism betw. U. and Eve, 511.

Ukhati, sacred harlots of Uruk, 475, 531, 660.

Ul-mash-shi-tum, in proper names of the 2d Bab. period, 170.

Ululu, 6th month, sacred to Ishtar, 462, 684; sacred to Ashur, 463, 685; sacred to Ninib, 215, 684; 3d day of U. sacred to Shamash, Malkatu, and Bunene, 685.

Ululu 2d (intercalated), sacred to Anu and Bel, 463.

Umu, goddess, 51; priestess of Uruk, 102; in Lugalzaggisi's pantheon, 110.

Umun-pa-uddu = Shul-pa-uddu, 99.

Ur, city, home of Terahites, 9; dynasties, 36-7; sacred to Sin or Nannar, 69-70, 75, 242, 640, 647; sanctuary of Shamash, 70; starting point of Hebrew migrations, 77; association with Harran, 77; temple of Nana, 81; temple of Nin-gal, 97; temple of Sin, 70, 242, 295, 640; literary center, 245; zikkurat at Ur, 617; temple E-kharsag, 638; temple E-gal-makh, 639.

Ur-Bau, patesi of Lagash, builds sanctuary of Belit, 56; builds sanctuary to Ea in Girsu, 61-3; builds temple of Ninni in Gishgalla, 80; builds temple to Nin-Mar in Mar, 100; builds temple to Ku(?)-anna in Girsu, 102; erects a zikkurat in Nippier, 645.

Ur-Gur, 2d dynasty of Ur, builds sanctuary to Shamash in Larsa, 69; preserves local cults in Larsa, Nippur, Uruk, 69; builds temple to Sin in Ur, 76; builds temple to Nana in Uruk, 81.