Showered with evidences of undiminished popularity, the General came down to his last day in office. One enthusiast sent him a light wagon made entirely of hickory sticks with the bark upon them. Another presented a phaeton made of wood taken from the old frigate Constitution. A third capped the climax by forwarding from New York a cheese four feet in diameter, two feet thick, and weighing fourteen hundred pounds—twice as large, the Globe fondly pointed out, as the cheese presented to Jefferson under similar circumstances a quarter of a century earlier. From all parts of the country came callers, singly and in delegations, to pay their respects and to assure the outgoing Chief of their goodwill and admiration. March 4,1837, was a raw, disagreeable day. But Jackson, pale and racked by disease, rode with his chosen successor to the place where he had himself assumed office eight years before, and sat uncovered while the oath was administered and the inaugural delivered. The suave, elegantly dressed Van Buren was politely applauded as the new Chief to whom respect was due. But it was the tall, haggard, white-haired soldier-politician who had put Van Buren where he was who awoke the spontaneous enthusiasm of the crowds.

Three days after the inauguration Jackson started for the Hermitage. His trip became a series of ovations, and he was obliged several times to pause for rest. At last he reached Nashville, where once again, as in the old days of the Indian wars, he was received with an acclaim deeply tinged by personal friendship and neighborly pride. A great banquet in his honor was presided over by James K. Polk, now Speaker of the national House of Representatives; and the orators vied one with another in extolling his virtues and depicting his services to the country. Then Jackson went on to the homestead whose seclusion he coveted.

No one knew better than the ex-President himself that his course was almost run. He was seventy years of age and seldom free from pain for an hour. He considered himself, moreover, a poor man—mainly, it appears, because he went back to Tennessee owing ten thousand dollars and with only ninety dollars in his pockets. He was, however, only "land poor," for his plantation of twenty-six hundred acres was rich and valuable, and he had a hundred and forty slaves—"servants" he always called them—besides large numbers of horses and cattle. A year or two of thrifty supervision brought his lands and herds back to liberal yields; his debts were soon paid off; and notwithstanding heavy outlays for his adopted son, whose investments invariably turned out badly, he was soon able to put aside all anxiety over pecuniary matters.

Established again in his old home, surrounded by congenial relatives and friends, respected by neighbors without regard to politics, and visited from time to time by notable foreigners and Americans, Jackson found much of satisfaction in his declining years. For a time he fully lived up to the promise made to Benton and Blair that he would keep clear of politics. His interest in the fortunes of his party, however, was not diminished by his retirement from public life. He corresponded freely with Van Buren, whose policies he in most respects approved; and as the campaign of 1840 approached the "old war-horse began once more to sniff the battle from afar." Admitting to his friends that the situation looked "a little dubious," he exerted himself powerfully to bring about the reelection of the New Yorker. He wrote a letter belittling the military qualities of the Whig candidate, thereby probably doing the Democratic cause more harm than good; and finally, to avert the humiliation of a Whig victory in Tennessee, he "took the stump" and denounced the enemy up and down through all western Tennessee and southern Kentucky. But "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" was too much for him; the Whig candidates carried both Tennessee and Kentucky and won the nation-wide contest by 234 to 60 electoral votes.

The old warrior took the defeat—his defeat, he always regarded it—philosophically, and at once began to lay plans for a recovery of Democratic supremacy in 1844. For another quadrennium his hand was on the party throttle. When men speculated as to whether Van Buren, General Cass, General Butler, or Senator Benton would be the standard bearer in 1844, they always asked what Jackson's edict on the subject would be; and the final selection of James K. Polk, while not fully dictated by the ex-President, was the result of a compromise in which his advice played a prominent part. Though past seventy-seven and hardly able to sign his name, Jackson threw himself into the campaign and undoubtedly contributed to the election of his fellow-Tenneseean. His satisfaction with the outcome and with the annexation of Texas which quickly followed found expression in a barbecue attended by all the Democrats of the neighborhood and by some of note from a distance. "We have restored the Government to sound principles," declared the host in a brief, faltering speech from the Hermitage portico, "and extended the area of our institutions to the Rio Grande. Now for Oregon and Fifty-four-forty."

Oregon—although not to fifty-four forty—was soon to be duly made American soil. But Jackson did not live to witness the event. Early in 1845 his health began to fail rapidly and on the very day of Polk's inauguration he was at the point of death. Rallying, he struggled manfully for three months against the combined effects of consumption, dropsy, and dysentery. But on Sunday, the 8th of June, the end came. In accordance with a pledge which he had given his wife years before, he had become a communicant of the Presbyterian church; and his last words to the friends about his bedside were messages of Christian cheer. After two days the body was laid to rest in the Hermitage garden, beside the grave of the companion whose loss he had never ceased to mourn with all the feeling of which his great nature was capable. The authorities at the national capital ordered public honors to be paid to the ex-President, and gatherings in all parts of the country listened with much show of feeling to appropriate eulogies.

"General Jackson," said Daniel Webster to Thurlow Weed in 1837, "is an honest and upright man. He does what he thinks is right, and does it with all his might. He has a violent temper, which leads him often to hasty conclusions. It also causes him to view as personal to himself the public acts of other men. For this reason there is great difference between Jackson angry and Jackson in good humor. When he is calm, his judgment is good; when angry, it is usually bad.... His patriotism is no more to be questioned than that of Washington. He is the greatest General we have and, except Washington, the greatest we ever had."

To this characterization of Andrew Jackson by his greatest American contemporary it is impossible to make noteworthy addition. His was a character of striking contradictions. His personal virtues were honesty, bravery, open-heartedness, chivalry toward women, hospitality, steadfastness. His personal faults were irascibility, egotism, stubbornness, vindictiveness, and intolerance of the opinions of others. He was not a statesman; yet some of the highest qualities of statesmanship were in him. He had a perception of the public will which has rarely been surpassed; and in most, if not all, of the great issues of his time he had a grasp of the right end of the question.

The country came to the belief that the National Bank should not be revived. It accepted and perpetuated Van Buren's independent treasury plan. The annexation of Texas, which Jackson strongly favored, became an accomplished fact with the approval of a majority of the people. The moderated protective tariff to which Jackson inclined was kept up until the Civil War. The removal of the Indians to reservations beyond the Mississippi fell in with the views of the public upon that subject and inaugurated an Indian policy which was closely adhered to for more than half a century. In his vindication of executive independence Jackson broke new ground, crudely enough it is true; yet, whatever the merits of his ideas at the moment, they reshaped men's conception of the presidency and helped make that office the power that it is today. The strong stand taken against nullification clarified popular opinion upon the nature of the Union and lent new and powerful support to national vigor and dignity.

Over against these achievements must be placed the introduction of the Spoils System, which debauched the Civil Service and did the country lasting harm; yet Jackson only responded to public opinion which held "rotation in office to be the cardinal principle of democracy." It needed a half-century of experience to convince the American people of this fallacy and to place the national Civil Service beyond the reach of spoilsmen. Even now public opinion is slow to realize that efficiency in office can be secured only by experience and relative permanence.



BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

The events of the period covered in this volume are described with some fullness in all of the general American histories. Of these, two are especially noteworthy for literary quality and other elements of popular interest: Woodrow Wilson's History of the American People, 5 vols. (1902), and John B. McMaster's History of the People of the United States, 8 vols. (1883-1913). The Jacksonian epoch is treated in Wilson's fourth volume and in McMaster's fifth and sixth volumes. On similar lines, but with more emphasis on political and constitutional matters, is James Schouler's History of the United States under the Constitution, 7 vols. (1880-1913), vols. III-IV. One seeking a scholarly view of the period, in an adequate literary setting, can hardly do better, however, than to read Frederick J. Turner's Rise of the New West (1906) and William MacDonald's Jacksonian Democracy (1906). These are volumes XIV and XV in The American Nation, edited by Albert B. Hart.

Biographies are numerous and in a number of instances excellent. Of lives of Jackson, upwards of a dozen have been published. The most recent and in every respect the best is John S. Bassett's Life of Andrew Jackson, 2 vols. (1911). This work is based throughout on the sources; its literary quality is above the average and it appraises Jackson and his times in an unimpeachable spirit of fairness. Within very limited space, William G. Brown's Andrew Jackson (1900) tells the story of Jackson admirably; and a good biography, marred only by a lack of sympathy and by occasional inaccuracy in details, is William G. Sumner's Andrew Jackson (rev. ed., 1899). Of older biographies, the most important is James Parton's Life of Andrew Jackson, 3 vols. (1861). This work is sketchy, full of irrelevant or unimportant matter, and uncritical; but for a half-century it was the repository from which historians and biographers chiefly drew in dealing with Jackson's epoch. John H. Eaton's Life of Andrew Jackson (1842) describes Jackson's earlier career, mainly on the military side; but it never rises above the level of a campaign document.

Among biographies of Jackson's contemporaries may be mentioned George T. Curtis, Life of Daniel Webster, 2 vols. (1870); Henry C. Lodge, Daniel Webster (1883); John B. McMaster, Daniel Webster (1902); Frederic A. Ogg, Daniel Webster (1914); Carl Schurz, Henry Clay, 2 vols. (1887); Gaillard Hunt, John C. Calhoun (1908); William M. Meigs, The Life of John Caldwell Calhoun, 2 vols. (1917); John T. Morse, John Quincy Adams (1882); Edward M. Shepard, Martin Van Buren (1888); Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Hart Benton (1888); and Theodore D. Jervey, Robert Y. Hayne and His Times (1909).

On many topics the reader will do well to go to monographs or other special works. Thus Jackson's policy of removals from public office is presented with good perspective in Carl R. Fish, The Civil Service and the Patronage (Harvard Historical Studies, xi, 1905). The history of the bank controversy is best told in Ralph C. H. Catterall, The Second Bank of the United States (1903); and interesting chapters in the country's financial history are presented in Edward G. Bourne, History of the Surplus Revenue of 1837 (1885), and David Kinley, The History, Organization, and Influence of the Independent Treasury of the United States (1893). On the tariff one should consult Frank W. Taussig, Tariff History of the United States (6th ed., 1914) and Edward Stanwood, American Tariff Controversies, 2 vols. (1903). Similarly illuminating studies of nullification are David F. Houston, Critical Study of Nullification in South Carolina (Harvard Historical Studies, in, 1896) and Ulrich B. Phillips, Georgia and State Rights (American Historical Association Reports, 1901, II).

Aside from newspapers, and from collections of public documents of private correspondence, which cannot be enumerated here, the source materials for the period fall into two main classes: books of autobiography and reminiscence, and the writings of travelers. Most conspicuous in the first group is Thomas H. Benton, Thirty Years' View; or, a History of the Working of the American Government for Thirty Years, from 1820 to 1850, 2 vols. (1854). Benton was an active member of the Senate throughout the Jacksonian period, and his book gives an interesting and valuable first-hand account of the public affairs of the time. Amos Kendall's Autobiography (1872) is, unfortunately, hardly more than a collection of papers and scattered memoranda. Nathan Sargent's Public Men and Events, 1817-1853, 2 vols. (1875), consists of chatty sketches, with an anti-Jackson slant. Other books of contemporary reminiscence are Lyman Beecher's Autobiography, 2 vols. (1863-65); Robert Mayo's Political Sketches of Eight Years in Washington (1839); and S.C. Goodrich's Recollections of a Lifetime, 2 vols. (1856). The one monumental diary is John Quincy Adams, Memoirs; Comprising Portions of his Diary from 1795 to 1848 (ed. by Charles F. Adams, 12 vols., 1874-77). All things considered, there is no more important nonofficial source for the period.

In Jackson's day the United States was visited by an extraordinary number of Europeans who forthwith wrote books descriptive of what they had seen. Two of the most interesting—although the least flattering—of these works are Charles Dickens's American Notes for General Circulation (1842, and many reprints) and Mrs. Frances E. Trollope's Domestic Manners of the Americans (1832). Two very readable and generally sympathetic English accounts are Frances A. Kemble's Journal, 1832-1833, 2 vols. (1835) and Harriet Martineau's Society in America, 3 vols. (2d ed., 1837). The principal French work of the sort is M. Chevalier, Society, Manners, and Politics in the United States (Eng. trans, from 3d French ed., 1839). Political conditions in the country are described in Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (Eng. trans, by Reeve in 2 vols., 1862), and the economic situation is set forth in detail in James S. Buckingham, America, Historical, Statistical and Descriptive, 2 vols. (1841), and The Slave States of America, 2 vols. (1842).

NOTES

[1: Bassett, The Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. I, p. 123.]

[2: Brown, Andrew Jackson, pp. 75-76.]

[3: Buell, History of Andrew Jackson, vol. n, pp. 94-95.]

[4: Buell, History of Andrew Jackson, vol. II, p. 97.]

[5: Turner, Rise of the New West, p. 188.]

[6: Turner, Rise of the New West, p. 268.]

[7: Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. III, p. 168.]

[8: Brown, Andrew Jackson, p. 127.]

[9: Osborn vs. Bank of the United States.]

[10: MacDonald, Jacksonian Democracy, p. 98.]

[11: Turner, The Rise of the New West, p. 325.]

[12: MacDonald. Jacksonian Democracy, p. 239.]

[13: See The Old Northwest, by Frederic Austin Ogg (in The Chronicles of America).]



INDEX

Adams, John, Jackson makes acquaintance of, 17.

Adams, J.Q., Secretary of State, and Jackson's Florida expedition, 62, 63, 64. candidate for presidency, 76-77, 82-83, 84, 86, 87, 88-93. and Jackson, 80, 93-94, 108, 122, 220. diary quoted, 88, 109. "corrupt bargain," 89-92, 96. elected, 93. as President, 95-100, 104-106. personal characteristics, 96-97. abolishes patronage, 97-98. and internal improvements, 99, 100, 105. candidate for reelection (1828), 106, 109-110. no enthusiasm for, 113. on Calhoun, 139. and Indian question, 206. biography, 238.

Alabama, Indians in, 202, 203, 204, 214.

Ambrister, Robert, 58.

American, New York, quoted, 229.

Apalachicola River, Nicholls builds fort on, 53. Jackson's army marches down, 57.

Arbuthnot, Alexander, 53, 58.

Aurora, Pennsylvania newspaper, 193.

Baltimore, welcomes Jackson, 64, 219. Democratic convention at (1835), 225.

Bancroft, George, quoted, 222.

Bank, United States, Jackson's attitude toward, 79, 184-88. Adams and, 99. established, 138, 182. and the South, 140. war on, 181-200. Congress supports, 187. Jackson plans reorganization of, 187. bill to recharter, 189-91. bill vetoed, 190, 218. as political issue, 191. believed insolvent by Jackson, 192-93. removal of deposits, 193-95. senate censures Jackson for removal, 196-98. Whigs try to resurrect (1841), 200. bibliography, 239.

Barry, W.T., Postmaster-General, 118.

Bassett, J.S., biographer of Jackson, cited, 4, 238. quoted, 37.

Benton, Jesse, Jackson encounters, 21, 33.

Benton, T.H., 26, 149, 232, 233. Jackson fights with, 21, 33. quoted, 49, 113, 167. introduces bills against Adams, 105. on Van Buren's defeat as minister, 136. on Foote's resolution, 144. on Hayne, 147. and United States Bank question, 190-91, 195. and censure of Jackson, 197. biography, 238.

Berrien, J.M., Attorney-General, 118.

Biddle, Nicholas, President of United States Bank, 183, 184, 185-86, 187, 188, 189, 192, 195.

Black Hawk War, 215.

Blair, F.P., editor of the Globe, 130, 193, 221, 232.

Blount, William, 17. Governor of Tennessee, 26, 28, 30, 35, 55, 74.

Borgne, Lake, British army at, 40.

Boston, endorses Jackson's proclamation to South Carolina, 176. welcomes President Jackson, 219.

Bowyer, Fort, British attempt to destroy, 39.

Branch, John, Secretary of Navy, 118.

Brown, Jacob, of New York, 51.

Buchanan, James, author of "corrupt bargain," 90.

Burr, Aaron, Jackson makes acquaintance of, 17. opinion of Jackson, 73.

Butler, General, 233.

Cabinet, Jackson's, 117-18, 129-130, 135-36, 193-94, 218. Kitchen, 130-31.

Cadwalader, General Thomas, 110, 184.

Calhoun, J.C., father makes home at Waxhaw, 5. Secretary of War, and Jackson's Florida expedition, 56, 62, 135. aspirant for presidency, 77-78, 87, 103, 131. Jackson's attitude toward, 80. candidate for vice presidency, 84. elected, 85. described by Adams, 109. re-elected to vice presidency, 110. Eaton controversy, 132-134. against Van Buren, 134. sectionalist, 139. at Hayne-Webster debate, 149. change in political ideas, 159. Exposition, 161, 168. and nullification, 161, 162, 164-65, 166, 167-68, 171, 172. seeks support of South Carolina, 162. Address to the People of South Carolina, 168. Fort Hill Letter, 168. and tariff, 169. resigns vice presidency, 172. in Senate, 172, 196. on Indian policy, 216. bibliography, 238.

Calhoun, Mrs. J.C., 134.

Calhoun, Rebecca, marries Andrew Pickens, 5.

Callava, Jose, Governor of Florida, 58-59, 65, 66, 67.

Campbell, G.W., Senator from Tennessee, 23.

Carrickfergus (Ireland), home of Jackson's father, 1, 9.

Carroll, William, 111.

Cass, Lewis, Secretary of War, 136. accompanies Jackson to New England, 219. possible candidate for presidency, 233.

Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Lord Viscount, quoted, 61.

Caucus as nominating device, 81-82, 84.

Charleston (S.C.), Andrew Jackson's father arrives at, 1. Jackson in, 9-10. preparations against, 173. nullifiers meet at, 178.

Cherokee Indians, number, 203. location, 203. civilization, 204. and Georgia, 207-13. treaty with, 214. remainder removed from the East, 215.

Cherokee Nation vs. State of Georgia, 210-11.

Cheves, Langdon, exponent of broad constitutional construction, 159. President of United States Bank, 183.

Chickasaw Indians, number, 203. location, 203. civilization, 203-204. removed, 214.

Choctaw Indians, number, 203. location, 203. civilization, 203-204. removed, 214.

Cincinnati greets Jackson, 115.

Civil service, Adams and, 97-98. bibliography, 239. see also Spoils System.

Claiborne, W.C.C., Governor-General and Intendant of Louisiana, 25.

Clay, Henry, quoted, 43. and Jackson's Florida expedition, 62, 63. candidate for presidency (1824), 78, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88. and Jackson, 80. "corrupt bargain," 89-92, 96. Secretary of State, 94, 97, 105. and nationalism, 100. loses hope of presidency, 109. Compromise Tariff, 179. and United States Bank, 189, 196. on veto power, 190. nominee of National Republican party (1832), 191, 225. on disposal of proceeds from public lands, 199. on removal of Indians, 215-16.

Clayton, J.M., of Delaware, 148.

Clinton, DeWitt, toasted at Tammany dinner, 64.

Cochrane, Sir Alexander Inglis, Admiral, sends news of peace to Jackson, 46.

Cocke, General John, 33, 34.

Cohens vs. Virginia, 141.

Columbia (S.C.), ordinance of nullification drawn up at, 170-71, 174.

Columbian Observer of Philadelphia, 89, 90.

Concord (N.H.), Jackson goes to, 219.

Congress, question of Jackson's Florida expedition, 62-63. and Adams, 104-05. nationalistic laws, 138. Webster-Hayne debate, 145-57. Force Bill, 177, 179, 180. Verplanck Bill, 178. and United States Bank, 187, 189-91, 196. Senate censures Jackson, 196-98, 228. Senate ratifies Indian treaty, 206. creates Indian reservation, 209.

Constitution, Adams for liberal construction, 99. amendment proposed, 105. questions in 1828, 143. Webster-Hayne debate, 145-57.

Corn Tassel, Cherokee executed in Georgia, 212.

Cotton, influence of price on sentiment of South Carolina, 159.

Crawford, W.H., at Waxhaw settlement, 5. and Jackson, 62, 80. supported by Van Buren, 64. candidate for presidency, 76, 77, 81, 82, 83, 86. health fails, 83-84. supporters ally themselves to Jackson, 103.

Creek Indians, and Tecumseh, 25. massacre at Fort Mims, 31, 32. outbreak in South, 32-36, 52, 54-55. treaty with, 37-38. number, 203. location, 203. civilization, 203. dispossessed, 205-07, 214. see also Creek War, Seminole War.

Creek War, 32-38.

Cumberland River, Jackson's army down the, 28.

Dale, Sam, and Jackson, 174.

Davie, W.R., Governor of North Carolina, 5.

Democratic party, and United States Bank, 195. convention (1835), 225.

Dickerson, Mahlon, of New Jersey, 148.

Dickinson, Charles, killed in duel by Jackson, 21.

Donelson, A.J., nephew and private secretary of Jackson, 114, 130.

Donelson, Mrs. A.J., mistress of White House, 114, 221.

Donelson, John, helps found Nashville, 12. Jackson marries daughter of, 15.

Duane, W.J., Secretary of Treasury, 193-94.

Earl, R.E.W., artist engaged in painting portraits of Jackson, 114.

Eaton, J.H., and Jackson, 7-8, 52, 73, 116, 130. Secretary of War, 8, 117, 118, 208.

Eaton, Mrs. J.H., 88, 132-34.

Elections, Presidential, of 1824, 82-93,95-96. manner of selecting President an issue of 1824, 84. "corrupt bargain," 89-92, 96. proposed amendment to Constitution providing direct, 105. campaign of 1828,106-10. of 1832, 187, 191. of 1836, 226-27. of 1840, 232. of 1844, 233.

England, frontiersman's attitude toward, 25. see also War of 1812.

Everett, Edward, cited, 219.

Finance, national debt paid, 199. Government funds in state banks, 199. independent treasury system, 199-200, 235. see also Bank, United States. Tariff.

Florida and Jackson, 22, 27-28, 30-31, 39-40, 51-61. Southwest longs for conquest of, 26. encourages Indian uprising, 32. Spain and, 52, 53, 55-56, 61. controversy over Jackson's expedition, 61-64. United States treaty with Spain, 64.

Foote, S.A., of Connecticut, 144.

Force Bill, 177, 179. nullified by South Carolina convention, 180.

Forsyth, John, of Georgia, 149.

Fowltown, fight at, 54, 55.

Franklin, "Western District" tries to set up State of, 12.

Frelinghuysen, Theodore, of New Jersey, 148.

Friends, Society of, protest removal of Indians, 216.

Gaines, General E.P., 54, 55.

Gallatin, Albert, Jackson makes acquaintance of, 17. describes Jackson, 18.

Gazette, Nashville, 75.

General Neville (river boat), Jackson travels down Ohio on, 101.

Georgia, and state rights, 142. and tariff, 169. Indians of, 202, 203, 204, 205 et seq. nullification, 213.

Ghent, Treaty of, 43, 53,137.

Gibbs, General, 40.

Girard Bank of Philadelphia, treasury receipts to be deposited in, 194.

Globe, administration organ, 130, 230.

Green, Duff, party manager for Jackson, 115. edits United States Telegraph, 118. in Kitchen Cabinet, 130.

Grundy, Felix, of Tennessee, 74, 75, 149.

Hall, D.A., Federal district judge in New Orleans, 47.

Hamilton J.A., 117, 118.

Hamilton, James, Governor of South Carolina, 168, 170, 179.

Harrisburg (Penn.), nominating convention at, 84.

Harrison, W.H., Governor of Indiana, at Tippecanoe, 25. Jackson offers aid to, 26. resigns commission, 37. candidate for presidency, 226-27.

Hartford Convention, 138.

Harvard University confers degree on Jackson, 220.

Havana, Jackson sends Spaniards to, 60.

Hayne, R.Y., 110, 167. speech in Congress, 144-45. debate with Webster, 145-57. personal characteristics, 147. change in political ideas, 159, 163. and nullification, 162, 176. elected Governor of South Carolina, 172. biography, 239.

Hermitage, The, Jackson's home, 19-20, 50, 55, 67, 68-72, 102-103, 218, 223, 231, 233, 234.

Hill, Isaac, 111, 116, 221. Senate rejects nomination of, 129. in Kitchen Cabinet, 130. quoted, 164-65, 181.

Holmes, John, of Maine, 148.

Horseshoe Bend, battle with Creeks at, 35.

Houston, Sam, 35.

Hunter's Hill, Jackson's plantation near Nashville, 15, 19.

Huntsville (Ala.), Jackson brings forces together at, 33.

Indian Queen Tavern (the Wigwam), 115, 120.

Indian Territory created (1834), 214.

Indians, 142. hostility near Nashville, 12. Creek War, 32-38. Seminole War, 54-58. removal of, 201-16, 236. see also names of tribes.

Ingham, S.D., Secretary of Treasury, 117.

Internal improvements, 138. Jackson on, 79. issue in 1824, 84. Adams and, 99, 100, 105. South opposes, 140. South Carolina and, 159. Maysville Road veto, 218.

Jackson, Andrew, father of the President, 1-3.

Jackson, Andrew, birth (1767), 3-4. birthplace, 4-5. early life, 5 et seq. personal characteristics, 6, 7, 11, 15, 18, 19, 20-21, 213, 217, 234-35. education, 7, 10. in the Revolution, 8-9. attitude toward British, 9. business enterprises, 9-10, 19-20. in Charleston, 9-10. admitted to bar, 11. goes to Tennessee, 13-14. as "solicitor" in Nashville, 14-16. marriage, 15. represents Tennessee in Congress, 16-17. in Senate, 17-18, 69. as judge in Tennessee, 18-19. quarrels, 20-21. in War of 1812, 26 et seq. nicknamed "Old Hickory," 30: in Creek War, 33-38. at New Orleans, 40-43, 45-50. popularity, 45, 50, 63-64, 115, 210, 229-30. in Seminole War, and Florida expedition, 55-61. controversy about Florida expedition, 61-64. as Governor of Florida, 64-67. life at the Hermitage, 68-72, 102-03. candidate for presidency (1824), 73 et seq., 95. and tariff, 79, 143, 162-63, 169, 235-36. and Adams, 80, 93-94, 108, 122, 220. and Crawford, 80. and Clay, 80. and Calhoun, 80, 134-35. candidate for presidency (1828), 100 et seq. resigns from Senate, 102. as a politician, 107-08. election, 109-10. journey to Washington, 114-15. as President-elect, 115-19. Cabinet, 117-18, 129-30, 135-36, 193-194, 218. inauguration, 119-124. and Spoils System, 124-127, 236. and Congress, 128. Kitchen Cabinet, 130-31. Eaton controversy, 132-34. toast to the Union, 164-66. and nullification, 167, 173-77. candidate for reelection (1832), 168, 218. proclamation to South Carolina (1832), 175-176. Force Bill, 177, 179, 180. and United States Bank, 182, 184 et seq., 218. censured by Senate, 196-98, 228. and Indian policy, 208-09, 214-16. and Georgia, 213. journeys to New England, 219. Harvard confers degree on, 220. life at White House, 221-23. his finances, 223-24. political influence, 224-28. farewell address, 228-29. return to Nashville, 230. last years, 231-34. death (1845), 234. Webster's characterization of, 234-35. achievements, 235-36. bibliography, 237-38.

Jackson, Mrs. Andrew, mother of the President, 3-4, 5, 8-9.

Jackson, Mrs. Andrew, wife of the President, 48-50, 65, 71, 122. quoted, 65-66, 68-69. death, 111-12.

Jackson, Fort, 36. Treaty of, 54.

Jamaica, British from, 40.

Jefferson, Thomas, Jackson makes acquaintance of, 17. on Jackson, 18. candidate of the masses, 113. and State rights, 139, 141-42, 164.

Jonesboro (Tenn.), Jackson's traveling party at, 13.

Kemble, Fanny, and Jackson, 217.

Kendall, Amos, 221. in Kitchen Cabinet, 130.

Kentucky made a State (1791), 16.

Key, F.S., at Jackson's inauguration, 121.

King, W.R., of Alabama, 149.

Kitchen Cabinet, 130-31.

Knoxville (Tenn.), 25. convention at, 16.

Kremer, George, and "corrupt bargain," 89-91.

La Fayette, Marquis de, 219. and Jackson, 71-72.

Lavasseur, secretary to La Fayette, 70.

Lewis, Major W.B., 63, 125, 129, 134-35. campaign manager for Jackson, 74, 75, 85, 103, 111, 112, 163. accompanies Jackson to Washington, 114, 116, 221. in Kitchen Cabinet, 130.

Livingston, Edward, 48. Jackson makes acquaintance of, 17. declines place in cabinet, 117. Secretary of State, 136. and proclamation to South Carolina, 175. and United States Bank, 188. minister to France, 193.

Lodge, H.C., quoted, 146.

Louisville greets Jackson, 115.

Macay, Spruce, lawyer with whom Jackson studied, 10, 12.

M'Culloch vs. Maryland (1819), 141, 183.

MacDonald, William, Jacksonian Democracy, quoted, 152.

McDuffie, George, 162, 189.

McKemy family at whose home Jackson is said to have been born, 4.

McLane, Louis, Secretary of Treasury, 136. and United States Bank, 188, 193.

McLean, John, Postmaster-General, 118. candidate for presidency, 226.

McNairy, John, 12-13, 14, 21.

Mangum, W.P., of North Carolina, 227.

Marshall, John, Chief-Justice, at Jackson's inauguration, 120, 121. and State rights, 138,141. on Cherokee nation, 211. and Jackson, 213.

Martinsville (N.C.), Jackson practices law at, 11.

Mason, Jeremiah, branch bank president, 185.

Maysville Road veto, 218.

Mims, Fort (Ala.), massacre at, 31, 32, 36.

Mississippi and Indians, 214.

Mississippi Valley, British plan assault on, 38.

Missouri Compromise, 159.

Mobile, Jackson and, 29, 37, 39, 57. Congress authorizes taking of, 30.

Monroe, Fortress, 173.

Monroe, James, Secretary of War, 40. Jackson writes to, 13. and Jackson's Florida expedition, 56, 61, 62, 67. Jackson supports, 80. Adams confers with, 94. popular approval of, 95. and Indian question, 206.

Monticello, home of Jefferson, 18.

Morganton (N.C.), 25. Jackson joins traveling party at, 13.

Nashville (Tenn.), founded, 12. Jackson goes to, 13-14. in 1789, 14. Phillips reaches, 25. Jackson's army assembles at, 28. entertains Jackson, 37, 101. Jackson in, 51, 230.

Natchez (Miss.), Jackson's troops in, 29, 30.

National Intelligencer, 62, 89.

National Republican party, 104, 108. defends United States Bank, 191, 195. joins Whigs, 225.

Negro Fort, Nicholas's, 53, 54, 57.

New England receives President Jackson, 219-20.

New Orleans, news of War of 1812 reaches, 25. Jackson and, 28, 37, 39, 40-43, 45-50. gunboats sent from, 57.

New Orleans Territory, Jackson denied governorship of, 20.

New York (State) controls vice presidency, 75-76.

New York City, fetes Jackson, 63, 219. and nullification, 176.

Nicholls, Colonel Edward, 32, 52-53.

Nolte describes Jackson and his wife, 49-50.

North Carolina, claims to be Jackson's birthplace, 4. and tariff, 169.

Nullification, 161-80, 236. and Jefferson, 142. Georgia and, 142, 213. South Carolina Exposition, 142. Hayne on, 150. Webster on, 151, 152-53. Calhoun and, 161, 162, 164-165, 166, 167-68, 171, 172. Turnbull's Crisis, 161. Calhoun's Exposition, 161. Jackson and, 167, 173-77, 219. South Carolina's ordinance of, 170-171, 179-80. Force Bill, 177, 179, 180. Compromise Tariff, 178-79. bibliography, 239.

Ohio on State rights, 141.

O'Neil, "Peggy," see Eaton, Mrs. J.H.

O'Neil's Tavern, 87-88.

Onis, Luis de, Spanish Minister, 61, 64.

Oregon, Jackson desires extension in, 233.

Osborn vs. United States Bank (1824), 183.

Pakenham, General Sir Edward, 40, 42.

Panama Congress (1826), 105.

Parton, James, biographer of Jackson, 238. cited, 4, 18-19, 29, 72, 175.

Peale, picture of Jackson by, 64.

Pennsylvania, 193-94. grants Bank charter, 198.

Pensacola, Jackson and, 29, 39, 40, 58. Nicholls at, 32. Spanish in, 52. toast to, 60.

Philadelphia, national capital, 17. fetes Jackson, 63, 219.

Phillips, William, "Billy," courier, 23, 24-25, 26.

Pickens, Andrew, at Waxhaw settlement, 5.

Pittsburgh greets Jackson, 115.

Poinsett, J.R., of South Carolina, 174.

Political parties, no party lines in 1822, 76. see also Democratic, National Republican, Republican, Whig.

Polk, J.K., 230, 233.

Public lands, Adams and, 99. Foote's resolution (1829), 144-145, 155. sale of, 169, 199.

Randolph, John, 17, 93, 96.

"Red Sticks," name for Creek braves, 36, 54.

Reid, John, biographer of Jackson, 7.

Republican party, and Constitution, 99. supports Jackson, 103.

Rhea, John, 56, 74.

"Rhea letter," 56.

Richmond Enquirer, 141.

Roane, Judge, of Virginia, 141.

Robertson, James, helps found Nashville, 12.

Rush, Richard, cited, 61.

St. Augustine, Jackson and, 29. Spaniards in, 52.

St. Marks, Spaniards in, 52. Jackson and, 57, 58.

Salisbury (N.C.), 25. Jackson studies law at, 10-11.

Scott, General Winfield, 173, 215.

Scott, Fort, 55, 57.

Seminole Indians, 52.

Seminole War, 54-58.

Sevier, John, Governor of Tennessee, 20.

Seymour, Horatio, of Vermont, 148.

Slavery, South resists federal legislation on, 140.

South, The, on State rights, 139-140, 143. and United States Bank, 140. and tariff, 160-61. see also names of States.

South Carolina, claims to be birthplace of Jackson, 4. and tariff, 142, 145, 159, 166. see also Nullification.

South Carolina Exposition, 142.

"Southwest Territory," 16.

Spain, and Florida, 52, 53, 55-56. treaty with, 64. see also Florida.

Spoils System, Jackson and, 124-27, 236.

State rights, 139-40. Hayne on, 150, 154. Webster on, 152. see also Nullification.

Story, Judge Joseph, quoted, 123.

Strother, Fort, 34, 35.

Supreme Court, on State rights, 138-39. on United States Bank, 183. on Indian rights, 210-12. Georgia defies, 212,-213.

Suwanee (Fla.), Jackson at, 58.

Swann, Thomas, Jackson and, 21.

Tammany entertains Jackson, 63.

Taney, R.B., Attorney-General, 136. writes for Jackson, 190, 228. Secretary of Treasury, 194, 196.

Tariff, 84, 158 et seq. Jackson and, 79, 143, 162-63, 169, 235-36. Adams and, 99. Calhoun votes for protection, 139. South opposes protective, 140, 142, 143, 159-60. woolens bill (1827), 160. Act of 1824, 160, 161. Act of 1828, 160, 169, 170. Act of 1832, 169, 170. Force Bill, 177, 179, 180. Verplanck Bill, 178. Compromise Tariff, 179. bibliography, 239. see also Nullification.

Tecumseh works among Southern Indians, 25-26.

Tennessee, admitted as State (1798), 16. meaning of name, 16. Legislature favors Jackson's nomination, 102. Indians, 202.

Texas, Jackson favors annexation, 235.

Tippecanoe, Battle of, 25.

Tohopeka, battle at, 35.

Troup, G.M., Governor of Georgia, 206.

Turnbull, R.J., The Crisis, 161.

Turner, F.J., The Rise of the New West, quoted, 159-60.

Twelve-mile Creek, Jackson's father settles on, 2.

Tyler, John, President, 148. Bank vetoes, 200.

Union County (N.C.), Jackson's father settles in, 3.

United States Telegraph, of Washington, Jackson organ, 102, 118, 130.

Van Buren, Martin, 63, 115, 219, 221, 232, 233. supports Jackson, 103-04. Governor of New York, 116-17. Secretary of State, 117, 118. in Kitchen Cabinet, 130. aims at presidency, 132-34, 135. in Eaton controversy, 133-34. appointment as minister to Great Britain not ratified, 136. advises Jackson, 166. candidate for vice presidency, 168, 224. sets up independent treasury system, 200. candidate for presidency, 224-25. election, 226-27. inauguration, 230. biography, 238.

Verplanck, J.C., of New York, tariff bill, 178.

Virginia, controls presidency, 75-76. and State rights, 141-142. and tariff, 169.

War of 1812, 24 et seq., 52, 99, 137-38.

Washington, George, 14, 219.

Washington, captured, 38. Jackson journeys to, 50-51, 85, 114-15.

Waxhaw settlement, Jackson family at, 2. notable people from, 5. in the Revolution, 8

Weathersford, Creek half-breed, 36

Webster, Daniel, 18, 93, 189, 196. quoted, 115-16, 127. constitutional debate (1830), 145-57. life and characteristics, 147-148. Jackson's estimate of, 225-26. on Jackson, 234-35. bibliography, 238.

Webster, Ezekiel, 113.

West, The, and War of 1812, 25. and Indian policy, 201 et seq.

"Western District" tries to set up State, 12

Whig party, 225. tries to resurrect United States Bank, 200.

White, H.L., of Tennessee, 116, 149. candidate for presidency, 224, 226, 227.

Wilkinson, General James, 29, 31, 37.

Wirt, William, 210.

Woodbury, Levi, Secretary of Navy, 136, 148, 219.

Worcester vs. State of Georgia, 211-12.

THE END