Italy, national feeling in, after Napoleonic epoch, 225.

J

Jackson, Andrew, the Democracy of, 52; quarrelsome spirit of, contrasted with Lincoln's magnanimity, 96. See Democracy, Jacksonian.

Jefferson, Thomas, doctrines of, versus those of Hamilton, 28-29; as leader of the democracy the opponent of Hamilton, 42; foreign policy of, 42, 53, 290, 292; view of democracy as extreme individualism, 43; stress laid by, on equality, 43-44; sacrifice of liberty for equality by, 44-45; fundamental difference between Hamilton and, 45-46; conduct of, on assumption of power, 46-47; Democracy of Jackson contrasted with Republicanism of, 52; mutual appreciation of Western pioneer Democrats and, 52-53; traces of work of, found in failure of Whigs against Jacksonian Democrats, 71; wherein Lincoln differed from, 95; necessity of transformation of doctrines of, before they can be nationalized, 153, 214; theory and practice of, contrasted with Roosevelt's theory and practice, 170; an example of triumphant intellectual dishonesty, 419.

Jerome, William Travers, as a reformer, 143-144, 155, 184; personality of, 160; special class of reform advocated by, 160-161; lack of success in other than municipal political field, 161-162.

Jesus, intention of, in preaching non-resistance, 282.

Judges, election of state, 119; life tenure of office of Federal, 200; as creatures of a political machine, 318.

Justice, state reform of criminal, 344-345.

L

Labor problem, the, 385-398.

Labor unions, 126 ff., 385 ff.; danger from aggressive and unscrupulous unionism, 128-129; revolutionary purpose of, in demanding class discrimination, 129-130; parallelism between big corporations and, 130, 386; divergence from corporations, 131; legal recognition of, demanded, and discrimination in their favor by the state, 386-387; economic and social amelioration of laboring class by, 387; association of laborers in, a necessity under present conditions, and the non-union man a species of industrial derelict, 387-389; conditions to which unions should conform, 390-391; the correct policy towards, 390; preference to be given to, by state and municipal governments, but discrimination to be made between "bad" and "good" unions, 394; effect of proposed constructive organization of, on non-union laborers, 395; on farm laborers, 396.

Latin-American states, cooeperation of, in establishment of a stable international system, 300-303; necessity first for improvement in domestic condition of, 302-303.

Law, big corporations and the, 115-116.

Lawyers, function of, in American political system, 131 ff.; tendency of, to specialize, 134-135; those who now figure in political life, 135-136; corporation lawyers, 136; position occupied by, in relation to modern economic and political problem, 137.

Legislative organization, failure of American, 319-320; causes, 321-324; suggested remedy, 327-331; quality of membership of, should be improved, 328-329; preparation of measures for consideration by, 330-331.

"Letters of an American Farmer," 8-9, 10.

Liberty, Hamilton's theory concerning, as contrasted with Jeffersonian Democrats', 44-45; bearing of worship of so-called, on behavior of factions at time of slavery crisis, 79; responsibility of a democracy for personal, 193 ff.; economic, of the individual, 201-206; subordinated and made helpful to the principle of human brotherhood, 207-208.

Liberty and union, Hamilton's idea of, 44-45; prevailing view of, during "era of good feeling," 51.

Life insurance companies, attempted regulation of, by various state governments, 355.

Lincoln, Abraham, first appearance of, in debates with Douglas, 85-86; service of, in seeing straighter and thinking harder than did his contemporaries, 87; makes the Western Democracy understand for the first time that American nationality is a living principle, 88; peculiar service rendered by and wherein his greatness lay, 88-89; the personal worth of, 89; early career and surroundings of, 89-90; wherein he differed from the average Western Democrat, 90-91; training and development of his intellect, 91-92; further consideration of his character, 94 ff.; contrasted with Jefferson, 95; with Garrison, 95, 427; with Jackson, 96; necessity for emphasis of the difference between, and his contemporary fellow-countrymen, 98-99; national intellectual and moral stature of, 427.

Low, Seth, as a reformer, 143.

Lynching, cause of, 318; method of stopping, 344.

M

Machinery, place of, in American economic development, 108.

Machines, political, 117 ff.; created to satisfy a real need, 124-125; power of, felt in the courts, 318; corruption and incompetence of state legislative organizations traceable to, 321; complete reform of local administrative systems necessary for breaking power of, 334; civil service reform has not retarded progress of, 335.

McClellan, George B., as a reformer, 143.

Madison, James, conduct of second war with England by, 53-54.

Manufacturing, Hamilton's policy in encouraging, 39.

Merit system in offices, 143; disappointing results of establishment of, 334-337.

Mexico, cooeperation, of, in establishment of stable international system, 303.

Middle Ages, city states of the, 215; origins of the national state found in, 217 ff.

Middle class, rise of, in Great Britain, 234-235, 239.

Militarism and nationality, 254 ff.

Millionaire, the "tainted," a result of extreme individualism, 149.

"Money Power," Jacksonian Democracy's attitude toward, 59.

Monopolies, suggested measures against, in municipalities, 374.

Monroe Doctrine, the, 290 ff.; accepted as the corollary of policy contained in Washington's Farewell Address, 291; the American retort to the Holy Alliance, 291-292; American democratic idea converted into a dangerously aggressive principle by, 293-294; results to United States of attempting to enforce, 296-297; implies an incompatibility between American and European institutions which does not exist, 297; continued adherence to, will involve United States in fruitless wars, 299-300; necessity of forestalling inevitable future objections to, 307.

Morgan, J. Pierpont, 202.

Mugwumps, 141.

Muirhead, James, quoted, 18-19.

Municipal corporations, relations of state governments to, 347-348.

Municipal reform, 143. See Cities.

Muensterberg, Hugo, quoted, 3.

N

Napoleon, 224, 225, 259.

National Bank, the, 39, 57-58, 68.

Nationality, slavery and American, 72 ff.; proposed doing away with, by international socialism, a mistake, 210-211; origins of the modern system, 215 ff.; development of principle of, in European states, 215-221; efficiency resulting from, but also abuses, 221-222; creed of French Revolutionists inimical to spirit of, 222-223; increased force of principle, resulting from abuses of French under Napoleon, 225; bearing of Treaty of Vienna and political system of the Holy Alliance on, 225-226; true meaning of, first understood after revolutionary epoch of 1848, 226-230; no universal and perfect machinery for securing, experience shows, 229-230; relation between principles of, and principles of democracy, 230; principle of, and of democracy, in England, 230 ff.; democracy and, in France, 239 ff.; relation between democracy and, in Germany, 246 ff.; schism created in German, by the Social Democrats, 251; militarism and, 254 ff.; colonial expansion is proper to principle of, 259; international relations a condition of, 263-264; important position of tradition in principle of, 265-266; principles of, and of democracy, in America, 267 ff.; and centralization, 272-279.

Nationalization, meaning of process of, 274.

Non-interference, policy of, 312-313.

Non-resistance, doctrine of, not meant for this world, 282.

Non-union laborers, 387-389; effect on, of proposed constructive organization of labor, 395.

O

Old age pensions in England, 239.

Opportunity, necessity of enjoyment of, by individuals, 203.

Order, maintenance of, as a state function, 344-345.

Oregon, the initiative in, 328.

Ore lands, lease of, to United States Steel Corporation, 114.

P

Pan-Americanism, 313-314.

Parker, Alton B., 163.

Paternalism, German, 250.

Patriotism, national, 2; American, contrasted with that of other nations 2-3.

Peace, democracy and, 308 ff.

Pensions, old age, in England, 239; military, in United States, 274.

Philippines, questions concerning American acquisition of, 308-309.

Poland, partition of, 222.

Police force, state, 344-345.

Political specialist. See "Boss."

Politics, separation of the business man from, 117; specialized organization of, 118-121.

Popular sovereignty, Stephen A. Douglas's theory of, 84-86; criticism of democracy defined as, 176-178; principle of, as represented by French Revolutionaries, 223-224; principle of national sovereignty not to be confused with, 265-266; the essential condition of democracy, 269-270; definition of the phrase, 279 ff.; is equivalent for Americans to the phrase "national Sovereignty," 280; misconceptions of, notably Douglas's error, 281.

Porto Rico, relations between United States and, 308.

Poverty, as a social danger in a democratic state, 205.

Prisons, improvement of, as a function of the state, 345.

Profits of corporations, disposal of question of excessive, 370.

Property, preservation of institution of private, 209.

Protection, Whig policy of, and its defeat, 68; Bismarck's policy of, 250.

Public ownership, 366-367; municipal, 372-375; the portion of railroad property properly subject to, 376-377; another plan of, regarding railroads, 377-378.

Public Service Commissions of New York State, 360-361; principal objection to, 368.

Public service corporations holding municipal franchises, should be subject to cities only, 349; municipal policy toward, 372-373.

Pure Food Bill, class discrimination in, 191.

R

Railroads, conditions of growth of American, 109; the granting of rebates by, 110-111; public ownership of, advocated by W.J. Bryan, 158; state ownership of, in Prussia, 250; constructive organization of, in United States, 351 ff.; domination of, in politics of states, 352-353; undesirability of state supervision of, and danger to roads themselves, 353-354; ignorant and unwise legislation by states concerning, 354-355; substitution of control of central government for state control, 356-357; policy to be followed by central government toward 357 ff.; law should be passed providing for agreements between roads, and mergers, 364-305; freedom should be left to, to make rates and schedules, and develop their traffic, 365-366; public ownership of, 366; regulation of, by Federal commissions a doubtful step, 360-363, 368; process of combination among, and results, 375-376; value of monopoly possessed by, could be secured to the community by Federal government taking possession of terminals, right of way, tracks, and stations, 376-377; the alternative plan, of government appropriation of roads, and its working out, 377-378. See Corporations.

Real estate tax, 385.

Rebates, 109, 110-113, 357.

Recall, principle of the, 332-333; employment of the, in suggested administrative system, 338, 340.

Referendum, movement in favor of, in state governments, 320; pros and cons of the, 327-328.

Reform, course of the movement, 141-142; variety in kinds of, 142-143; variety found in exponents of, 143-144; function of, according to the reformers, 144-145; disappointment of hopes for, and reasons, 145-147; a better understanding of meaning of, and of the function of reformers, necessary to successful correction of abuses, 147; causes of need for, 148-150; wrong conceptions of, and intellectual awakening essential for, 150; true methods for accomplishing, 152-154; state institutional, 315 ff.; policy of drift should not be allowed in, 315-316; state administrative, 333 ff.; impossibility of accomplishing, by Australian ballot, direct primary system, and similar devices, 341-343; direct practical value of a movement for, may be surpassed by its indirect educational value, 408.

Reich, Emil, quoted, 1.

Religious wars, bearing of, on national development of European states, 219.

Republicanism, represented by Jefferson, 28-29, 30, 31; identified with political disorder and social instability by Federalists, 32-33; opposition of, to Federalism as represented by Hamilton, 42-46; alliance of Federalists and party of, 46-47; effects of combination, 50-51; Jefferson's Republicanism contrasted with Jackson's Democracy, 52; views held by supporters of, on slavery question, 78.

Republican party, causes leading to organization of the modern, 83; its claims to being the first genuinely national party, 83-84; rescue of, by Roosevelt, 171.

Revolutions, question of, 210.

Rockefeller, John D., 111-112, 114, 115.

Roman Empire, the, 216.

Roosevelt, Theodore, 86, 136, 155; as a reformer, 142, 167; nationalization of reform by, 168-170; policy of, compared with Hamiltonian creed, 169; theory and practice of, contrasted with Jefferson's, 170; the rescue of the Republican party by, 171; vulnerability of, on the point of equal rights, 172; has really been building better than he knew or will admit, 173-174; criticism of, as a national reformer, 174-175.

Roosevelt-Taft programme, of recognition of corporations, tempered by regulation, 358-359; how best to carry out, 359-360.

Root, Elihu, 135; international system indicated by, 301.

Russia, faith of Russians in, 2; international situation of, at present, 253, 256-257, 258; weakness of, exposed, 311.

S

Saloon licenses, 385.

Santayana, George, quoted, 454.

Scientists, methods of, a perfect type of authoritative technical methods, 434.

Sherman Anti-Trust Law, a bar to proper treatment of corporate aggrandizement, 274; as an expensive attempt to save the life of the small competitor who cannot hold his own, should be repealed, 359.

Slaveholders, an impartial estimate of, 81-82.

Slavery, effect of introduction of factor of, on Democrats and Whigs, 72; sanctioned by the Constitution, and results, 72-73; attitude of the two political parties toward, 73-74; shirking of the question, and compromises, 74; brings out inconsistency of alliance between Jeffersonian democracy and American nationality as embodied in Constitutional Union, 75; Webster's attitude on the question, 75-77; American people separated into five parties by, 77; attitude of Constitutional Unionists toward, 78; beliefs of Abolitionists, Southern Democrats, Northern Democrats, and Republicans, 78-79; body of public opinion looking to de-nationalizing slavery, which was organized into the Republican party, 83-84.

Smythe, William, 151.

Social Democrats, party of, in Germany, 251.

Socialism, weakness of, 210; idea of an international, a mistake, 210-211.

Socialists, doctrine preached by extreme, in France, 243.

Social problem, democracy and the, 138-140.

South America, bearing of Monroe Doctrine on, and possible complications resulting from, 294-296.

Spain, religious wars of, 219; national feeling in, increased by abuses of Napoleon, 225.

Specialization, contempt for, in Middle West of pioneer days, 63-65; necessity for, resulting from industrial development, 102-103; of the American business man, 105 ff., 117; of the politician, 117 ff.; labor unions a decisive instance of, 126 ff.; among lawyers, 134-135; regarded as a revolt from the national democratic tradition, 138-139; perils of, to American social organization, 139; part to be played in individual emancipation by, 427-441.

Spoils system, causes of introduction of, 57, 59-60; effect of, opposite of that intended, 60-61; civil service reform and the, 143.

"Square deal," Roosevelt's, 20, 151, 172.

Standard of living, a constantly higher, for wage-earners, 206; labor unions an effective machinery for raising, 387.

Standard Oil Company, attempted regulation of, by various states, 355.

Standards, in scientific work and in liberal or practical arts, 434-435; acquirement of authentic, 435-436; of technical excellence, 436-437; only way of improving popular, for men of higher standards, 443-444.

State, development of the national, 215 ff.; increasing political efficiency of, shown to be proportioned to responsible exercise of powers, 217-220.

State governments, reorganization of, in democratic spirit, after Revolutionary War, 31; lack of success of American, 317; failure of criminal and civil courts, 318; chaotic condition of tax systems and educational systems, 318-319; incompetent and frequently dishonest financial and economic legislation, 319; fault lies partly in existing standards of morality, but in part also is result of unwise organization, 319; demand for reorganization of, 319-320; movement in favor of initiative and referendum in, 320, 327-328; wrong diagnosis of causes of legislative corruption and incompetence, 320-321; reasons for failure of, 321 ff.; disadvantages of system of checks and balances in, 323-324; failure of, to be imputed chiefly to lack of a centralized responsible organization, 324; improvement in legislatures necessary, 326-329; plan suggested for improvement of, 328-331; administrative reform in, 333 ff.; maintenance of order by, 344; reorganization of criminal laws by, 344-345; improvement of prisons and insane asylums by, 345; possible activities of, in relation to labor, educational questions, etc., 346; method of attaining their maximum usefulness, 347; relation of, to cities, 347-349; questions such as regulation of commerce, control of corporations, distribution of wealth, and prevention of poverty outside of field of activities of, 350; domination of railroads in, 352-353; interference of, with railroad, insurance, and other corporations, 353-355.

Steffens, Lincoln, 163.

Sterilization of criminals, 345.

Strikes, 127-128, 392.

Suffrage, advantages and disadvantages of a limited, 198-199.

Supreme Court, power of the, 132-133; success of, in the American political system, 134; question of life tenure of office of judges of, 200.

T

Taft, President, 135.

Tammany Hall, 125, 151.

Tariff, an example of class legislation, 191; Federal authorities responsible for, 274; first duty of United States to revise, 305.

Tariff reform, 142-143.

Taxation, remedying excessive profits of corporations by, 370; as a weapon of municipalities against monopolies, 374; use of power of, to equalize distribution of wealth and raise money for governmental expenses, 381; of inheritances, 382-385; of incomes, 384-385; real estate and saloon, 385.

Tax systems, state, chaotic condition of, 318.

Technical schools, growth of, 429-430.

Tobacco manufacture, regulation of, by government, 379.

Tolstoy, pernicious results of triumph of democracy of, 282; led into error by brotherly feelings, 453.

Trade schools, 391.

Tradition, force of accumulated national, in forming a people into a state, 227, 259; the national, of England, Germany, France, and America, 267-270; necessity of emancipation of nations from, 279.

Trust funds, evils of, 383-384.

Trusts. See Corporations.

U

Un-Americanism, the reforming spirit wrongly called, 49.

Unification, of Germany by Bismarck, 247-249; wars which helped toward, were justifiable, 256.

Unionism, labor. See Labor unions.

United States Steel Corporation, lease of ore lands by, 114.

V

Vienna, Treaty of, 225.

Virtue, the principle of democracy, 454.

Voting, for state representatives, 329; American systems of, 341-343.

W

Wage-earners, increasing standard of living for, 206; weakness of socialistic programme for, 210-211. See Labor unions.

War of 1812 and its lessons, 53-55.

Wars, justifiability of, 255-256; likelihood of more, before establishment of a stable European situation, 257.

Washington, foreign policy contained in Farewell Address of, 290.

Wealth, necessity of opportunity for acquiring, 203; improvement in the distribution of, 209-210; distribution of, in France, 244-245; equalization of distribution of, by graduated inheritance tax, 381-385.

Webster, Daniel, 52, 427; reason for failure of ideas of, 69-70; representative of behavior of public opinion as regarded slavery question during the Middle Period, 75-77.

Wells, H.G., quoted, 4.

Whigs, standards represented by, against Jacksonian or Western Democracy, 65-67; wherein they improved on the Federalists, 67; policy of internal improvements, 66; its failure, 67-68; failure regarding re-chartering of National Bank, 68; and regarding policy of protection, 68; complete failure in fight against Federal executive, 68-69; reason for failures, 69-70; attitude of, toward slavery, 73-74.

Workingmen, party composed of, in Germany, 251.

THE END