But here I haue iust occasion to doubt whether the authour of these reuilings hath bene the more iniurious to Islanders, or the Printer thereof Ioachimus Leo (and whatsoeuer else they be who in their editions dare neither professe their own name, nor the name of their Citie) which Leo hath nowe twise, if not oftener, published the saide pamphlet at Hamburg. Doe you suffer this to goe vnpunished, O ye counsell and commons of Hamburg? What? [Sidenote: The commodities of Island.] Haue you determined to gratifie Island in this sort, which these many yeeres, by reason of your aboundant traffique with vs, and your transporting home of all our commodities, of our beeues and muttons, and of an incredible deale of butter and fishes, hath bene vnto your Citie in stead of a storehouse. [Sidenote: The ancient traffique of England with Island.] In times past also, certaine Cities of England and of Holland haue reaped the commodities of this Isle. Moreouer, there hath bene ancient traffique of Denmarke, Breme, and Lubeck with the Islanders. But they neuer gained by any of their chapmen such commendations, and such thanks, as are contained in this libell: It hath in your, in your Citie (I say) bene bred, brought foorth, iterated, if not the thirde time published: which I hath armed other people vnto whom the name of Island was otherwise scarce knowne, to the disdaine and contempt of this our Nation: and this iniurie offered by a Citizen of yours, hath Island susteined these 30. yeeres and more, and doeth as yet susteine. But many such accidents often come to passe without the knowledge of the magistrate, neither do we doubt but that good men are grieued at such infamous libels, and do take diligent heed that they be not published: for such editions are contrary to the lawe of nature: Doe not that to another which thou wouldest not haue done vnto thy selfe: [Sidenote: Lawes against libels.] and to the laws Emperial of infamous libels: wherein is enioyned a most grieuous penaltie vnto those who inuent, write, ytter, or cause such libels to be bought or sold, or do not presently vpon the finding thereof teare them in pieces.

But now time bids vs to sound a retreat: and to returne home vnto thee, Island (our most deare mother) whom neither pouertie, nor colde, nor any other such inconueniences shall make ircksome vnto vs, so long as thou ceasest not to giue heartie and willing entertainment vnto Christ: where, first we doe earnestly exhort thee to the serious and ardent affection, and loue of God, and of the heauenly knowledge reueiled vnto vs in Christ: that thou wouldest preferre this before all things, being enflamed with desire of doctrine, and of the worde: that thou wouldest not lightly esteeme, contemne or hate the holy ministerie and ministers, but reuerence, cherish and loue them. Accompting those that practise the contrary as wicked and prophane: and managing all thine affaires both priuate and publique, according to the prescript rule of pietie and honestie, that vnto this, thy states and orders Ecclesiasticall and politique may in all things be conformed; and so in either kinde of life relying thy selfe vpon that leuell and line of equitie and iustice, and auoyding others, who vpon stubbernesse and impietie swerue therefrom. That thou wouldest also inflict iust punishments vpon offenders: All which we doubt not but the Magistrate will haue respect vnto. But especially that thou admittest none to be Magistrates, but men of approued fidelitie and honestie, and such as may adioyne vnto these vertues others hereto belonging, by which meanes inconueniences may fitly be preuented. For if this matter be well handled, namely that they which are the best of all good men be chosen to beare publicke authoritie, wicked and vnfit men being altogether reiected; the condition of the subiects shalbe most prosperous: the hues and maners of all men shal proue by so much the more commendable; godlinesse also and honestie shal become the more glorious. But on the contrary, if pastours of Churches be not answerable to their function, either in life or doctrine; if all men without respect or difference be admitted to the gouernment of the common wealth, who aspire thereunto by their owne rashnesse, ambition, or auarice, and desire of honour, yea though they be suspected or conuicted of crimes and dishonestie, or be protectours or vniust fauourers of such persons as are suspected and conuicted; then what will be thy state, oh Island? What wil be thy outward show or condition? Doubtlesse most miserable. Neither shalt thou by any other meanes more suddenly approch to thy ruine and destruction, then if thou committest thy selfe to the gouernment of such men, who to the vttermost of their power, although they be of thine owne brood, dayly seeke thine ouerthrow for their owne priuate aduantage and secret malice. Wherefore (to be short) let these be to aduertise my deare Countrey, how behouefull it is that the matters aforesaid be put in practise.

But whilest I am speaking these things vnto thee (my Countrey) oh that my deepe and dolefull sighes, which lie hid in the former speach, might pierce the eares of our Kings most excellent Maiestie, before whom, on thy behalfe I doe bewaile the publique miseries, which in this respect especially doe arise, because wee are so farre distant from the seate and royall presence of our King, that many therefore take more libertie, and promise more securitie of offending vnto themselues. But we will commit all these matters to the most iust Judge of heauen and earth who beholdeth all things in equitie.

Nowe it remaineth (my beloued Countrey) that thou wouldest take in good part these my labours employed in thy seruice, and accept them with that fauourable and courteous minde which I haue expected. And although they be not of such worth as I could wish, yet sith a willing minde is worth all, I would not therefore giue ouer because I mistrusted my selfe as one insufficient to contend for thine innocencie, for thy reputation, and thine honour, my deare Countrey. But rather whatsoeuer it be (if it be ought) and how mickle soeuer which for my slender abilitie I was able to afford in thy defence, I thought good not to suppresse it: for I esteeme not those men worthy of commendation, who despairing

To ouergrow the limmes of Lyco stoute, Neglect to cure their bodies of the goute:

And in very deed, it doeth no whit repent me of my labour, if this little treatise shall tend neither to thine, nor to mine owne disgrace. But if it shall any thing auaile to thine honour or defence, I will thinke my trauaile right well bestowed. Yea, if by this my slender attempt, I may but onely excite other of thy children, and my natiue Countreymen, being farre my superiours both in learning and industrie to take thy cause in hand, either nowe or hereafter what reason is there why any man should say that it is not worth my labour? Nowe, if they addresse themselues to write, howsoeuer my fame shalbe obscured, yet wil I comfort my selfe with their excellencie, who are like to impaire my credite: for albeit a man ought to haue speciall regard of his name and fame, yet he is to haue more of his Countrey, whose dignitie being safe and sound, we also must needes esteeme our selues to be in safetie.

Written at Holen Hialtedale in Island, the yeere of our Lord 1592. the 17. of the Kalends of May.

* * * * *

A letter written by the graue and learned Gudbrandus Thorlacius Bishop of Holen in Island, concerning the ancient state of Island and Gronland, &c.

Reuerendissimo viro, eruditione et virtute conspicuo, D. Hugoni Branham, Ecclesi Hareuicensis in Anglia pastori vigilantissimo, fratri et symmyst obseruando.

Mirabar equidem (vt conijcis, reuerende domine pastor) primo literarum tuarum intuitu, ignotum me, ab ignoto, scriptis salutari. Cterm, cum vlterius progrederer, comperi me, si non aliter, cert nomine tens, tibi (qu tua est humanitas) innotuisse: Simlque qud te nominis Islandorum studiosum experirer, ex animo gauisus sum. Vnde etiam faciam, vt tua pietas, tumque nomen, de Euangelio Iesu Christi nobis congratulantis, dque gente nostra tm benign tmque honorific sentientis, et scribentis apud nos ignotum esse desinat.

[Sidenote: Commentarius breuis de Islandia: per Arngrimum Ionam Islandum editus, 1593.] Qud ver ad antiquitatis monimenta attinet, qu hic extare creduntur, nihil san est (prter illa, quorum in Commentario isto de Islandia, quem vidisse te scribis, fit mentio) de hac nostra insula lectu scriptuu dignum, quod cum humanitate tua communicem. De vicinis itidem terris pauca, prter historiam Regum Noruegi, seu veris eiusdem histori fragmenta; qu alijs alitr descripta sunt: sunt tamen talia, qu Krantzius non attigerit, aut eorum cert pauca. De vicina quoque Gronlandia, id veterum opinione habemus, eam magno circuitu ab extrema Noruegia, vbi Biarmlandia [Marginal note: Biarmia.] nuncupatur, et qua haud vasto interuallo sita sit, circum quasi Islandiam exporrigi. Illic nostrates aliquando commercia exetcuisse, et eam terram tempore Pontificiorum suos Episcopos habuisse annales nostri testantur. Ctera nobis incognita. [Sidenote: Gronlandia olim suos habuit Episcopos.] At hodie fama est, vestris Brittannis (quos ego prop maris dominos appellarim) quotannis csse in Gronlandia negotmiones de qua re, si me certiorem feceris, non erit iniucundum. Euam velim qucunque noua erunt de rebus vestratium aut vicinorum regnorum, ea non omittas.

Vale foeliciter (reuerende Dom. pastor) Deo musis, et commissio gregi qum diuttssime superstes, Amen. Ex Islindij in festo visitationis D. Mari Anni 1595.

Human. tu studiosus Gudbrandus Thorlacius Episcopus Holensis in Islandia.

The same in English.

To the reuerend, learned, and vertuous, Master Hugh Branham minister of the Church of Harewich in England, his brother and felow pastour, &c.

I much marueiled (euen as you your selfe, reuerend sir coniectured that I would) at the first sight of your letters, that being a stranger I should be saluted in writing by one altogether vnknown vnto mee. Howbeit, reading a little further I found my selfe, if not otherwise, yet by name at least (which procedeth of your courtesie) knowne vnto you: And also, for that I sawe you desirous of the credite and honest report of vs Islanders, I greatly reioyced. Wherefore I my selfe will be a meane, that your vertue and good name (because you congratulate with vs for the gospel of Christ here published, and doe thinke and write so louingly and honourably of our nation) may sease hereafter to be vnknown amongst vs.

[Sidenote: This is the brief Commentarie of Ionas Arngrimus immediatly going before.] As touching the monuments of antiquitie which are here thought to be extant, there is, in very deede nothing (except those particulars, whereof mention is made in the Commentary of Island which you write vnto me that you haue seene) worthy to be read or written, which I may communicate with you. And as concerning our neighbor Countreys we haue litle to shewe, besides the history of the Kings of Norway, (or rather some fragments of the same history) which others haue otherwise described: howbeit they are all in a maner such things as Crantzius neuer mentioned: vnlesse it be some fewe relations. Moreouer, as touching Grondland, we holde this from the opinion of our ancestours, that, from the extreeme part of Norway, which is called Biarmlandia [Marginal note: Biarmia.] and from whence the saide Gronland is not farre distant, it fetcheth about the Northren coast of Island with an huge circuit in maner of an halfe Moone. [Sidenote: Gronland in old time had Christian Bishops.] Our Chronicles likewise doe testifue that our owne countreymen in times past resorted thither for traffique, and also that the very same countrey of Gronland had certaine Bishops in the dayes of Poperie. More then this we cannot auouch. But now it is reported that your Englishmen (whom I may almost call the lordes of the Ocean sea) make yeerely voyages vnto Gronland: concerning which matter if you please to giue me further aduertisement, you shall doe me an especial fauour. Moreouer, whatsoeuer newes you heare concerning the the affaires of England or of other Countreys thereabout, I pray you make vs acquainted therewith. Thus (reuerend sir) wishing you long life, for the seruice of God, for the increase of learning, and the benefit of the people committed to your charge, I bid you farewel. From Island vpon the feast of the visitation of the blessed Virgine Mary, Anno Dom. 1595.

Yours Gudbrandus Thorlacius Bishop of Hola in Island.



INDEX.

Where the same Document is given in Latin and English the reference is to the English Version.

NB—The large print indicates that the whole section refers to the subject mentioned.

ADAMS, Clement, mentioned AFFRICA, daughter of Fergus of Galway, marries Olavus AFRICA, a peninsula —Circumnavigated —Portuguese trade with AGATHA marries Edward Atheling AGINCOURT, battle of ALCOCK, Thomas his voyage ALEPPO, Elizabeths communications with ALEXANDER (the Great), mentioned ALEXANDRIA (Egypt), mentioned ALFRED mentioned ALGESIRAS or Algezar, mentioned ALGIERS, English at AMERICA, discovered ANGLES, mentioned ANGLESEY, conquered —CONQUEST OF BY EDMUND ANTIOCH, taken AQUITAINE, mentioned ARABIA, Felix, mentioned ARABIAN Gulf, mentioned ARDOK (River), visited by Jenkinson ARDOVIL, mentioned ARGYLE, mentioned ARISTOTLE, quoted ARMADA, The Great ARMENIA, English in ARSACES, mentioned ARTHUR, King, mentioned —THE CONQUESTS OF —Buried at Glastonbury —Alluded to ( note) ASAFI, English at ASCHILIUS, King, submits to Arthur ASTRAKHAN, English at ATHELSTAN, mentioned ATHELWOLD, Bishop, mentioned (note) ATLANTIS, mentioned AUGUSTINE, Archbishop of Britain AUGUSTUS, mentioned AUSTRO HUNGARIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION, mentioned (note) AZORES, mentioned

BAATU, mentioned BABYLON, Elizabeth's communications with BALE, mentioned BALSARA, Elizabeth's communications with BALTIC, mentioned —Described BARBAROSSA Frederick, HIS TREATY WITH HENRY II —Biographical Notice (note) BARENTZ, mentioned (note) BARGENLAND (see Borhalme) BEDE, Venerable, quoted —HIS ACCOUNT OF THE CONQUEST OF ANGLESEY AND MAN —THE VOYAGE OF BERTUS —HIS TESTIMONY TO THE IMPORTANCE OF LONDON VNDER THE SAXONS BEDFORD, John, Duke of, defeats the French —Defeats Genoese BENGORION, Joseph, quoted BENIN, English in BERGEN, mentioned BERTUS, mentioned —Account of his voyage into Ireland BIARMIA described —Mentioned BLEKINGIE, mentioned BOATS, limited to three iron nails BOKHARA or Boghar, mentioned —Visited by Jenkinson BONA SPERANZA (Cape of), Englishmen double BORHOLME, mentioned BORIS, Emperor, mentioned BORISTHENES, mentioned BOSTON (Lincolnshire), mentioned BOWES, Jerome, mentioned BRABANT, mentioned BRACTON, Henry, quoted BRAZIL, first English trade to BREMEN, mentioned BRISTOL, mentioned —Its trade with Norway and Ireland BRITTANY, mentioned BRUNSWICK, mentioned BURLEIGH, Lord, mentioned BURROUGH, Hubert defeats the Welsh BURROUGH, Stephen, mentioned BURROUGH, William, assists Hakluyt —His voyage BUTE, mentioned

CABOT, John, patent granted by Henry VII. to CABOT, Sebastian, created Grand Pilot CADIZ, Expedition to, mentioned CAIRO, mentioned CALAIS, mentioned CAMDEN, eulogised —His eulogy of Hakluyt. —His CHRONICLES OF THE KINGS OF MAN CANARY ISLES, mentioned CANDISH, Thomas, mentioned CANUTE obtains privileges at Rome —Mentioned CAPE VERDE Islands, English in CARDANUS, quoted CARPINI, Joannes de Piano, his journey CASBEN, mentioned CASPIAN (Sea), mentioned —Visited fourteen times CATALONIA, mentioned CAZAN, mentioned CHANCELLOR, Richard, doubles North Cape —Arrives in Russia CHARLEMAGNE, concludes treaty with Offa —Mentioned CHARLES V. founds lecture on navigation CHAUCER, Geoffrey, mentioned —Quoted CHAUEZ, Alonso de, quoted CHAUEZ, Hieronymo de, quoted CHAUL, Englishmen at CHERRILLAND, mentioned CHESTER, Rainulf de, quoted CHILI, Englishmen in CHINA, traffic with —Sends Embassy to Rome —Mentioned CHRISTIAN IV, dedication of Commentary on Iceland to CHRISTINA, daughter of Edward Atheling CINQUE (Ports), mentioned —HISTORY OF, FROM EDWARD THE CONFESSOR TO EDWARD I. CNOYEN, James, quoted COG, The, mentioned COLBY, (River), mentioned COLGOIEVE (Gulf of), mentioned COLMOGRO, mentioned COLOGNE, mentioned COLUMBUS, Christopher, mentioned —Discovers America COMETS COMMERCE, HISTORY OF CONDORA, visited CONRAD, Emperor, confers privileges on Canute CONSTANTINOPLE, mentioned COPE, William, his collection of curiosities CORELIA, coasted CORNWALL, Richard, Earl of, King of the Romans COURCY, John de, conquers Ulster —Taken prisoner —Invades Man COURLAND, mentioned CROUAlN, Godred, mentioned CRUZES burnt by Drake CUMBERLAND, Earl of, sends Expedition to South West CYRUS, mentioned

DANTZIG, mentioned DARIEN, (Isthmus of), crossed by Oxnam DAVIS, John, mentioned DEAL, mentioned DEDICATION To First Edition —To Second Edition DEE, Doctor, mentioned —His Testimony Touching Nicholas de Lenna —Biographical notice DENMARK, submits to Arthur —Conquered by Malgo —Mentioned DENMARK (Sound of), [See Baltic] DEPTFORD, Guild of Navigation founded at DERBENT, visited by Jenkinson —Mentioned DERBY, Henry, Earl of, his journey DIODURUS, quoted DOLDAVIUS, King, submits to Arthur DONALD, usurps kingdom of Man DOOMSDAY Book, quoted DOUGLAS (Man), mentioned DOVER, one of Cinque Ports —Mentioned DRAKE Sir Francis, mentioned DUBLIN, mentioned —Taken by Gadred Cronan DUGALD, son of Sumerled, becomes King of Man DWINA (River), English on —Mentioned —Visited —Description of DYER or Dier, Edward, assists Hakluyt

EASTERLINGS, mentioned EASTLAND (See Lithunia) EASTMEERE, mentioned EST(Sea) (See Baltic) ECFRID, mentioned —Sends army into Ireland EDEN, Richard, mentioned EDGAR, Atheling, mentioned EDGAR, King, mentioned —His navigation —Surnamed Pacificus—Buried at Glastonbury EDMUND, Prince, mentioned —His Voyage into Hungary EDRIC, mentioned EDWARD, Atheling, mentioned —His voyage into Hungary EDWARD the Conftssor, mentioned EDWRD I, confers privileges on Cologne, Lubeck, and Hanse Towns —Grants the Great Charter —Grants Charter to Cinque Ports EDWARD II, corresponds with Haco —Decree of Staple EDWARD III, his fleet against Calais EDWARD IV, trade under KDWARD VI, names Sebastian Cabot, Grand Pilot of England EDWIN, King, conquers Man and Anglesey ELAND, mentioned ELIZABETH, Queen, portrait ELSENBORG, mentioned ELY, Foundation Charter of Cathedral EMDEN, mentioned ENNIUS, Father, mentioned EPISTLE to Cupid, quoted —Its authorship ESSEX, Earl of, his expedition against Cadiz —Geoffrey Fitz-Peter, Earl of EUDOXUS, mentioned EUPHRATES (River), Englishmen on EUROPE, Map of Northern EUXINE (Sea), mentioned

FABIAN, Robert, quoted FALSTER, mentioned FARAON, taken by Howard FAROE Islands, mentioned FAVERSHAM, mentioned FEMELAND, mentioned FENTON, Edward, mentioned FERNELIUS, John, quoted FINGAL, King of Man FINMARK, visited —Mentioned FINONS, described —Pay tribute to Biarmes FLANDERS, mentioned FLETCHER, Doctor, mentioned FLORENCE, mentioned FLORES Historiarum, quoted FLORIDA, discovered by Cabot FLORUS, Lucius, quoted FOLKESTONE, mentioned FONTANAS, mentioned FOX, mentioned FRANCE, mentioned FRANZ-JOSEF Land, discovered FREDERICK SAXO, mentioned FREDERIC III, changes constitution of Norway FRISIUS, mentioned —Confuted FROBISHER, mentioned FRUSO, mentioned

GADES (see Gibraltar) GALWY, subdued by Magnus GAMA, Vasco de, doubles Cape of Good Hope GARGANUS (Mount), mentioned GARTH or Garthe, Richard, his collection of curiosities GENOA, mentioned GERMANY, a Charter for Merchants of —Mentioned GEORGIA, English in GIBRALTAR (Straits of), mentioned GILBERT, Sir Humphrey, mentioned GILLAN (Persia), English in GIRALDUS CAMBRIENSIS, quoted GLASTONBURY, Invocation to GOA, Englishmen at GODRED, his voyage to Norway —Mentioned GODRED, son of Olavus —Murdered GODRED. (See Cronan) GOLETTA, English at GOROPIUS, Joannes, quoted GOSPATRICIUS, usurps Man GOTHLAND, submits to Arthur —Mentioned —Conquered by Malgo GRANADA, mentioned GREENLAND, mentioned GRESHAM COLLEGE, founded GRESHAM, Sir John, mentioned GRESHAM, Sir Richard, mentioned GRESHAM, Sir Thomas, founds lectures —Biographical sketch (note.) GUILLAUMURIUS, King, sends Ambassadors to Arthur GUINEA, English in GUNFACIUS, King, submits to Arthur

HACO takes possession of the Islands HACO HUSBAC invades the Islands HACO IV., his treaties with Henry III. —HIS CORRESPONDENCE WITH HENRY III. —His expedition to Scotland HAINAULT, mentioned HAKLUYT, Edmund, tutor to Lord William Howard HAKLUYT, Richard, of Middle Temple —Assists his cousin HAKLUYT, Richard, preacher, biographical notice —Greek eulogy of —Latin eulogy by Richard Mukaster —Anonymous eulogy —Latin eulogy by Camden —Italian eulogy by M. A. Pigafeta —Eulogy by Oldys —Eulogy by Zouch HAMBURG, mentioned HANNO, mentioned HANSE towns, treat with Edward I. —With Henry IV. HARFLEUR, mentioned HAROLD, daughter of, marries Jeruslaus HAROLD Harfager, mentioned HAROLD, son of Godred Crouan HAROLD, son of Godwin, mentioned HAROLD, son of Olave, King of Man, mentioned —Regains his kingdom HAROLD (the Black), mentioned HASTINGS, mentioned HAWKINS, Sir John, his voyage —Assists Hakluyt HEBRIDES, mentioned —Conquered by Edwin HECLA, mentioned HELGAFEL (Mount) mentioned HELIGOLAND, mentioned HENRY, Emperor of Germany, mentioned HENRY II., his treaty with Frederick Barbarossa —His charter quoted —Mentioned HENRY III, his treaties with Haco —His CORRESPONDENCE WITH HACO —His PRIVILEGES TO LUBECK HENRY IV his treaties with the Great Masters of Prussia His CHARTER TO ENGLISH MERCHANTS HENRY V, mentioned —His FLEET HENRY VI, trade under HENRY VII, offer made by Columbus to HENRY VIII employs Knevett —Supports explorations —Founds Guilds of Navigation HERDLE-VOER, mentioned HERODOTUS, quoted —Mentioned HETHA, mentioned HINGE, King of Norway HIREAN, mentioned HISPANIA, Nova, Englishmen in HISPANIOLA, visited by Hawkins HODSON, Christopher, mentioned HORSEY, HIEROME, his journey HOVEDEN, Roger de, mentioned HOWARD, Lord Charles, mentioned —Dedication of Second Edition to —Biographical notice —Accompanies Essex HOWARD, Lord William, mentioned HUGO, Earls, taken and slain HUMBER (River), mentioned HUNGARY, mentioned HUNGERFORD, Earl of, mentioned HY, Isle of, mentioned HYRCAMlA, English in HYTHE, mentioned

ICELAND, true state of —Conquered by Arthur —Sends Ambassadors —Mentioned —Conquered by Malgo —A COMMENTARY OF, BY ARNGRIMUS JONAS —Map of —Longitude and latitude —Mean Temperature —Size —Barrenness —Mountains and volcanoes —Volcanic eruptions —Gysers —Brimstone mines —Abundance of fish —Reindeer —Fauna —Conversion to Christianity —Oldest chronicles —Bishops of Schalholt —Bishops of Holen —The houses are built of fishes' bones —Men and beasts all live in one house —The habits of the inhabitants —Their morals —A yearly governor sent from Denmark —Community of property —Their want of love for their children —The status of the bishops —Food —Ancient trade with England ICELANDIC clergy, defended IERUSLAUS. (See Jeruslaus) ILSING, mentioned INDIAN (Ocean), discovered by Portuguese INDIES (West) first visited by Englishmen —Mentioned —Described by Plato INDUS (River), mentioned INGEMUNDUS lands in Lewes —Sent to Man INGULPH colonizes Iceland INNOCENTIUS IV, mentioned IONA, mentioned IOUGHORIA, mentioned IPSWICH, mentioned IRELAND, invaded by Bertus —Invaded by Magnus —Conquered by John —By Arthur —Sends Ambassadors —Mentioned —Conquered by Malgo ISOCRATES, quoted IUNGINGEN, Conrad de, mentioned IUNGINGEN, Ulrich de, mentioned

JACKMAN, Charles, mentioned JAMES, Doctor, assists Hakluyt JAPAN, mentioned JAPANESE in England JAVA, treaties with JENKINSON, Anthony, mentioned —Assists Hakluyt —His narrative JERUSALEM, Britains at Siege of JERUSLAUS, marries Harold's daughter JOHN, King, confers privileges on foreigners —Conquers Ireland —Mentioned JOHN, Pope, confers privileges on Canute JOHNSON, Richard, mentioned JONAS, Arngrimus, HIS COMMENTARIE OF ICELAND —Biographical notice JOSEPH of Arimathea, buried at Glastonbury JUSTUS, Bishop JUTLAND, mentioned

KENT, mentioned KERWARY, Isle of, mentioned KINGSTON-UPON-HULL, Guild of Navigation founded at —Mentioned KIRKWALL, Haco buried at KNEVETT, Sir Henry, Agent for Henry VIII KRANTZIUS, mentioned —Confuted

LACY, Hugo de, invades Ulster LACY, Walter de, defeats De Courcy LAGMAN, mentioned LAMBERT'S [Greek: Archaionomia] quoted —His Perambulations of Kent quoted —The History of the Cinque Ports LANGLAND, mentioned LAPLAND coasted —Mentioned LATHYRUS, mentioned LAYLAND, mentioned LEINSTER, mentioned LEO, Joachim, criticised LETTO, King of, conquered LEWES, Isle of, conquered —Mentioned LIBEL, Law of, in Iceland LIEFLAND, visited by Horsey —Mentioned LINNA, Nicholas de, mentioned —ACCOUNT OF HIS VOYAGES TO THE NORTH LISTER, Christopher, mentioned LITHUANIA, mentioned —Described LIVERE DE REIS DE ENGLETERRE, MS., quoted LOGLEN, Deputy in Man LOMBARDS, mentioned LOMBARDY, mentioned LONDON, famous for Commerce —Its importance under the Saxons —Under Stephen LOT, King, submits to Arthur LUMLEY, Lord, his Library LUZONES, Englishmen landing on LYNN (Norfolk), mentioned MACMARRAS, slain MADEIRA, mentioned MLSTROM, described MAGELLAN, Straits of, Englishmen passing through MAGNUS, King of Norway —Opens coffin of St Olave MALCOLM, King of Scotland, dies MALGO, mentioned —THE CONQUESTS OF MALMESBURY, William of, quoted —His ACCOUNT OF THE TREATY BETWEEN CHARLEMAGNE AND OFFA —HIS ACCOUNT OF LONDON UNDER STEPHEN MALTA, English at MALVASIUS, King, sends Ambassadors to Arthur MAN, Isle of, conquered —Chronicles of, mentioned —CONQUEST OF, BY EDWIN —CHRONICLE OF THE KINGS OF —Transferred to Scotland MANCHESTER, mentioned MANGUCAN, Emperor of Tartary MANGUSLA, mentioned MARE'S Milk MARGARET of Scotland, mentioned MARY, Queen, grants patent to Muscovy Company MEDIA, English in MEDITERRANEAN, mentioned MEERE, mentioned MELLITUS, Bishop of East Saxons MERCATOR, mentioned —Quoted MERCHANTS, raised in rank for thrice crossing the sea —Ancient customs of —Arrested by Haco MEXICO, English in MEXICO, Gulf of, visited by Hawkins MICHL, Bishop of the Isles MOLLINEUX, his map mentioned MOLUCCAS, Treaties with —Sir Francis Drake visits MONMOUTH, Geoffrey de, quoted —His ACCOUNT OF ARTHUR —HIS ACCOUNT OF MALGO MOROCCO, English in MORSES MOSCOW, English at MOSKOWA (River), mentioned MULCASTER, Richard, Eulogy of Hakluyts Collection MUNCH, P. A., quoted MUNSTER, mentioned —Confuted MUSCOVY Company, mentioned —Receives patent from Queen Mary

NADDODR, mentioned NAVARRE, mentioned NAVIGATION, Lecture on, suggested —Founded by Charles V. NECO, King of Egypt, mentioned NEPOS, Cornelius, mentioned NERO, mentioned NETHERLANDS Company formed NEWCASTLE-UPON TYNE, Guild of Navigation founded at —Mentioned NIALUS, mentioned NICHOLAS, Bishop of the Isles NOBLE (coin) NOMBRE DE BIOS, visited by Drake NORTHBERN, mentioned NORTH CAPE, doubled NORTHUMBERLAND, mentioned NORTH WEST PASSAGE NORWAY, mentioned —Submits to Arthur —Conquered by Malgo —Described NOVA ZEMBLA, mentioned NOVGOROD, mentioned

OBDOLOWCAN, King of Hircan, mentioned OBI (River), mentioned O'BRIEN, Murecardus, King of Ireland —Forced to carry shoes of Magnus OCCA (River), mentioned OCCLEVE, Thomas, THE EPISTLE OF CUPID attributed to OCTHER, mentioned —His VOYAGE TO THE NORTH EAST —HIS VOVAGE INTO THE SOUND Of DENMARK OFFA, TREATY WITH CHARLEMAGNE O'FOGOLT, Viscount of Man OLAVE, mentioned —His coffin opened —Appears to Magnus OLAVUS MAGNUS, mentioned —Confuted OLAVUS, son of Godred Crouan —King of Man —Detailed biography OLDYS, quoted ONEGA (River) mentioned ORKNEYS, conquered by Magnus —Submit to Arthur —Conquered by Malgo —Mentioned ORMOND, Earl of, mentioned ORMUZ, Englishmen at ORTELIUS, quoted —Mentioned OSEP NAPEA, Russian Ambassador OSMAN, Basha, mentioned OSWALD, Bishop, mentioned OTHOR, Earl, slain OTTO Frisingensas, quoted OVID, quoted OXNAM, John, crosses Isthmus of Darien OXUS (River), visited by Jenkinson

PACIFIC, first visited by English PAGORELLA, Pheodata, Russian Ambassador PAULINUS, converts Northumbrians PAY, Henry, defeats the French PECHORA (Gulf), mentioned PEEL (Man), mentioned PEMBROKE, Richard, Earl of, invades Ireland PEROSLAF, English at PERSIA, Elizabeth's communications with PERSIAN GULF, Englishmen on PERU, Englishmen in PETT, Arthur, mentioned PETZORA. (See Pechora). PEUCER, Casper, mentioned —Quoted PEVENSEY, mentioned PHOENICIANS, circumnavigate Africa PHEODOR, Emperor of Russia PHILLIPPINES, inhabitants at, in England —Mentioned PHISEMSKI, Pheodor, Russian Ambassador PIGAFETTA, Marco Antonio, his eulogy of Hakluyt PLATE (River), Englishmen at PLATO, quoted PLINY, quoted —Mentioned PLUTARCH, quoted —Mentioned POLAND, mentioned POLICY, THE PROCESS OF THE LIBEL OF —Eulogised —Quoted POLITIA, (See Policy) POMERANIA, mentioned POMERLAND, (See Pomtrenia) PONTANUS, quoted POPILINIERE, quoted PORTO SANTO, mentioned PORTUGAL, mentioned PREFACE, Editors —To first edition, To second edition PRISAGE PROPERTIUS, quoted PROUENCE, mentioned PRUSSIA, mentioned —Grand Masters of PTOLOMY, quoted

QUENELAND, mentioned

RADEVIEUS Frisingensis, quoted RALEIGH, Sir Walter, assists in compiling this Collection —Plants colonies in Virginia RAMSEY (Man), taken by Godred Crouan —Conspiracy at —Battle of RANDOLPH, Ambassador to Russia REGINALD, Bishop of the Isles REGINALD, Son of Eacmarcat, invades Man REGINALD, Son of Olavus, usurps Kingdom of Man —King of Man —Detailed biogragraphy REIN-DEER RHINFRIN, or RENFREW, mentioned RICHARD, Bishop of Sodor RICHARD II, his treaties with the Great Masters of Prussia RICHMOND (Yorkshire), mentioned RIGA, visited by Horsey ROCHESTER, mentioned ROE, mentioncd ROGNOLPWAHT (See Peel) ROMNEY ROMULUS, mentioned ROSTOFF, English at ROSTOK, visited by Horsey —Mentioned ROYAL Exchange, founded RUBRIEIS, William de, his journey RUDULPH, King, confers pnvileges on Canute RUSHEN or Russin, Abbey of, founded —Grant of land to —Removed to Douglas RUSSIA, mentioned, 11, 17, 24 RYE

SAINT DUNSTAN, mentioned SAINT HELENA, English at —Mentioned SAINT JAMES, Legend of SAINT LOUIS, mentioned SAINT MARY'S, Abbey of, founded SAINT NICHOLAS (Bay), mentioned SAINT PATRICK (Armagh), burial place of Magnus SAINT PATRICK, Isle of, taken by Magnus SAINT THOMAS, Isle of, mentioned SALOMON, a mistake for Stephen, King of Hungary SALT, scarcity of, in Iceland SAMOEDIA, mentioned SAMOGITIA, mentioned SANDERSON, William, mentioned SANDWICH, mentioned SANTA CRUZ, English at SANTWAT (Man), battle of SARTACH, Duke of Tartary SAXO GRAMMATIEUS, mentioned —HIS ACCOUNT OF THE MARRIAGE OF HAROLD'S DAUGHTER TO JERUSLAUS —Confuted SAXONS, cross the seas —Mentioned SCACAFELL (Man) SCARBOROUGH, mentioned SCIPIO AFRICANUS, mentioned SCIPIO (the Elder), quoted SCIRINGS HALI, mentioned SCONIE, mentioned SCOTLAND, mentioned SEALS, Capture of, in Iceland SEMELAND, mentioned SENECCA, quoted SENEGAL, English in SEVILLE, Lecture on Navigation at SHAHRAM, visited by Jenkinson SHALLY MURZEY, mentioned SHAMAKY, visited by Jenkinson SHEFFIELD, Lady, mentioned SHELISUR, mentioned SIDNEY, Sir Philip, fellow-student of Hakluyt SIGISMUND, Emperor SILLAND, mentioned SMOLENSK, visited by Alcock SOLIMUS, mentioned SOUTHAM, mentioned SOUTHAMPTON, mentioned SPAIN, mentioned SPARKE, mentioned STAFFORD, Sir Edward, mentioned STAMFORD BRIDGE, Battle of STAPER, Richard, assists Hakluyt STAPLE ordained for wool STEPHEN, trade under STEPHEN the Holy STILYARD, the, mentioned STRABO, quoted —Mentioned SUETONIUS, mentioned SUEZ, Isthmus of, mentioned SUMERLED, his wars with Godred —Marries his daughter —His sons quarrel SUN, eclipsed SWEDEN, mentioned SWERRO, mentioned SYRRIE, mentioned

TACITUS, quoted TARTARS take an Englishman prisoner —Visited by two friars TAURICA CHERSONESUS, mentioned TENERIFFE, mentioned THAMAS, Shah, mumoned THEOPHRASTUS, quoted THORLACIUS GUDBRANDUS, Introduction to Arngrinus Jonas's Commentary on Iceland —A LETTER TO THE REV HUGH BRANCHAIN THULE, identical with Iceland TINGUALLA, (See Tynwald Mount) TIRIVIL, mentioned TITUS, mentioned TONESBERG, mentioned TOSTI mentioned TOULOUSE, mentioned TRIPOLIS, Elizabeth's communications with TRUSCO, mentioned TUERDICO, Stephen, Russian Ambassador TUNIS, English at TURBEVILLE, George, mentioned TURKEY, Elizabeths communications with —Mentioned TYCHO BRAHE, mentioned TYNE (River) TYNEMOUTH CASTLE, mentioned TYNWALD MOUNT, Battle of

URGENCE, mentioned URRY, quoted,

VAIGATZ, Isles of, mentioned VANDALS, mentioned VENICE, mentioned VESPASIAN, mentioned VESUVIUS, mentioned VIRGIL, quoted VIRGINIA, English colonies in VIVIANUS, marries Godred to Rhingola VOBSKO, visited by Horsey VOLGA, English on the VOLOGDA, English at VORTIPORIUS, mentioned

WALES, Princce of, voyage to North West WALPOLE, Horace mentioned WALSINGHAM, Sir Francis, portrait —Dedication to Biographical Notice —Mentioned WALSINGHAM, Thomas quoted —HIS ROLE OF THE FLEET OF EDWARD III —Biographical Notice —THE VOYAGE OF HENRY, EARL OF DERBY —VOYAGE OF THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK WARD, Luke, mentioned WENFDLAND, (See Prussia) WESTMINSTER ABBEY mentioned WESTMINSTER, Matthew of quoted WEXEL or WIXEL (River) mentioned WEXELMOUTH or WIXELMOUTH WEYMOUTH, mentioned WHALES, Hunting of —In Iceland WHITTINGTON, Richard WILLIAM I, mentioned WILLIAM II, mentioned WILNA, taken WILLOUGHBY, Sir Hugh, mentioned WlLLOLGHBY'S LAND, visited WINCHELSEA WINDLAND, mentioned WIRELND, mentioned WISMER, mentioned WITHRINGTON, Robert, mentioned WITLAND, mentioned WOLSIAN, HIS NAVIGATION —Mentioned WOODSTOCK, Thomas of, his journey WOOL, Staple for WORCESTER, Foundation Charter of Cathedral quoted WORCESTER, Florence of, quoted —HIS ACCOUNT OF THE VOYAGE OF THE SONS OF EDMUND IRONSIDE

YARMOUTH, mentioned YAVATE, mentioned YELL or YLE (Island), mentioned YENO, Abbot of Furness YEROSLAV, English at YORK, taken by Harold and Tosti

ZAMORANO, Rodengo, mentioned ZEELAND, mentioned ZIEGLER, J., mentioned —Confuted —Map of Northern Europe from his Schndta ZOLNER, Conrad de, mentioned ZOUCH'S eulogy of Hakluyt

LIST OF PLATES AND MAPS

1. MAP OF NORTHERN EUROPE FROM J. ZIEGLER's Schodia, 1532 2. PORTRAIT Of QUEEN ELIZABETH after WHITE—Facsimile 3. PORTRAIT OF SIR FRANCIS WALSIGHAM, after VIRTUE 4. MAP OF ICELAND

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Editor's Preface II. Facsimile Title-Page III. Dedication to First Edition IV. Preface to First Edition V. Dedication to Second Edition VI. Preface to Second Edition VII. [Greek: Eis Apodaemias Brettanon ponaema Richardon tou Haklitou] VIII. In Nauales Richardi Hakluyti Commentarios, R. Mulcaster IX. Ejusdem in eundem X. In eximium opus R. Hakluyti Gulielmi Camdeni Hexastichon XI. Marco Antonio Pigafeta ad Hakluytum XII. Extract from Oldys's Librarian, 1738. XIII. Extract from Zouch's Life of Sir Philip Sidney

1. The Conquests of Arthur, from Geoffrey of Monmouth

2. A Testimonie of the Right and Appendances of the Crowne of the Kingdome of Britaine, taken out of Mr. Lambard, his [Greek: Archaionomia]

3. A Testimonie concerning the Conquests of Malgo, King of England, from Geofrrey of Monmouth

4. The Conquest of the Isles of Anglesey and Man, by Edwin, King of Northumberland, from Bede's Ecclesiastical History

5. Another Testimonie by Bede to the same purpose

6. The Voyage of Bertus, Generall of an Armie sent into Ireland by Ecfridus, King of Northumberland, from Bede's Ecclesiastical History

7. The Voyage of Octher, made to the North-East parts beyond Norway, reported by himselfe unto Alfred

8. The Voyage of Octher out of his countrey of Halgoland into the Sound of Denmarke

9. Wolstan's Navigation in the East Sea (Baltic), from Hetha to Trusco, which is about Dantzig

10. The Navigation of King Edgar, from Florence of Worcester, Hoveden, and Dr. Dee

11. The Voyage of Edmund and Edward, the Sonnes of King Edmund Ironside, into Hungarie, from Florence of Worcester

12. A Chronicle of the Kings of Man from Camden's Chorographia

13. The Marriage of the Daughter of Harold to Jeruslaus, Duke of Russia, from Saxo Grammaticus

14. The State of the Shipping of the Cinque Ports from Edward the Confessour and William the Conqueror, and so downe to Edward I., from Lambert's Perambulations of Kent

15. The roll of the huge Fleete of Edward III. before Calice, from Thomas Walsingham

16. The Voyage of Nicholas de Linna, a Franciscan Frier, and an excellent Mathetician, of Oxford, to all the regions situate under the North Pole, in the yeere 1360

17. A Testimonie of the learned Mathematician Master John Dee, touching the foresaid Voyage of Nicholas de Linna

18. The Voyage of Henry, Earle of Derbie, after Duke of Hereford, and lastly King of England, by the name of Henry IV., into Prussia and Lettowe, against the Infidels, from Thomas of Walsmgham

19. The Voyage of Thomas of Woodstocke, Duke of Gloucester, into Prussia, written by Thomas Walsingham

20. The verses of Geoffrey Chaucer, showing that the English Knights were wont in his time to travaile into Prussia and other heathen lands

The original proceedings and successe of the northren, domestical, and forren trades and traffiques of this Isle of Britain, from the time of Nero the Emperor, who deceased in the yeere of our Lord 70, under the Romans, Britons, Saxons, and Danes, till the Conquest; and from the Conquest untill this present time, gathered out of the most authenticall histories and records of this Nation, viz.:

21. A Testimonie out of Cornelius Tacitus, proving London to have bene a famous Mart Town in the Reigne of Nero the Enperour

22. A Testimome out of Venerable Beda, proving London to have bene a citie of great Trafficke, not long after the beginning of the Saxons Reigne

23. The League betweene Carolus Magnus and Offa, concerning safe trade of English Merchants

24. An ancient Testimonie as to the rank of Merchants, from Lambert's Perambulation of Kent

25. A Testimonie of certaine privileges obtained for English and Danish Merchants, of Conrad the Emperor, and John, Bishop of Rome, by Canutus the Kinmg, extracted out of a Letter of his

26. The flourishing state of the citie of London, in the Reigne of King Stephen, from William of Malmsbury

27. The Traffike of Bristow with Norway and Ireland, from William of Malmsbury

28. The League betwecne Henry II., and Frederick Barbarossa, from Radevicus and Otto Frisingenses

29. A generall safe-conduct granted to all forreine Marchants by King John, from the Records of the Tower

30. The Letters of King Henry III., unto Haquinus, King of Norway, concerning a Treaty of Peace

31. A Mandate for the King of Norway, his ship called The Cog

31. A charter granted to the Merchants of Colen, by Edward I.

33. The Charter of Lubeck, graunted by Henry III.

34. A Charter for the Marchants of Almaine, graunted by Edward I.

35. A Mandate of King Edward I., concerning outlandish Marchants

36. The Great Charter granted unto forreine Marchants by Edward I.

37. The Letters of Edward II., unto Haquinus, King of Norway, concerning the English Marchants arrested in Germany

38. An Ordinance of the Staple to be holden at one certaine place

39. A Charter of King Henry IV., to English Merchants resident in Prussia, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Germany

40. A note touching the mighty ships of King Henry V., from a Chronicle in the Trinity Church of Winchester

41. A branch of a Statute made in the Reigne of Henry VI., for the trade to Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Finmark

42. Another branch of a Statute made in the Reigne of Henry VI., concerning the English Marchants in Denmark

43. The Process or the Libel of English Policie, exhorting all England to Keepe the Sea

44. A brief Commentarie of Island: wherein the errors of such as have written concerning this island are detected, and the Slanders and Reproches of certaine strangers, which they have used over boldly against the People of Island are confuted by Arngrimus Ionas

BOOK I.

SECTION 1.

The Isle of Island, being severed from other countries, an infinite distance standeth farre into the ocean, etc.

SECTION 2.

In this Island at the Summer Solstitum there is no night, etc.

SECTION 3.

It is named of the ice, which continually cleaveth unto the north part thereof.

SECTION 4.

The Island is so great that it containeth many people, etc.

SECTION 5.

The Island, the most part thereof, is mountainous and untilled.

SECTION 6.

There be in this Island mountaines lift up to the skies, whose tops being white with perpetual snowe, their roots boile with everlasting fire, etc.

SECTION 7.

The flame of Mount Hecla will not burne towe, neither is it quenched with water.... This place is thought by some to be the prison of uncleane soules, etc.

SECTION 8.

Neare unto the mountaines there be three vast holes, the depth thereof cannot be discerned by any man; but there appeare to the beholders thereof certaine men at that instant plunged in, who answere their friends, exhorting them, with deepe sighs, to returne home, and, with that, they suddenly vanish away

SECTION 9.

But round about the Island there floateth ice. The inhabitants are of opinion that in Mount Hecla and in the ice there are places wherein the soules of their countrymen are tormented,

SECTION 10.

If any man shall take a great quantity of this ice, and shall keepe it never so warily in a coffer or vessel, it wil, at the time when the ice thaweth about the Island, utterly vanish away, etc.

SECTION 11.

Not far from the Mountains there be four fountaines of a most contrary nature betweene themselves. The first converteth into a stoen any body cast into it. The second is extremely cold. The third is sweeter than honey. The fourth is altogether deadly, etc.

SECTION 12.

There are so great store of Fishes in this Island that they are laid forth on piles to be sold in the open air, as high as the tops of houses

SECTION 13.

They have most swift horses, which will run without ceasing a continual course, for the space of thirty leagues

SECTION 14.

There be seen neare unto Island huge whales.... It sometimes falleth out that Mariners thinking these whales to be Islands, and casting out upon their backs, are often in danger of drowning, etc.

BOOK II.

Introduction

SECTION 1.

Adalbert, Metropolitanate of Hamburg, saw the Islanders converted unto Christianity.... At their humble request he appointed a certaine holy man named Islief to be thsir first Bishop

Chronology of the Bishops of Schalholt

Chronology of the Bishops of Holen

SECTION 2.

They inhabit caves.... and have many houses built with the bones of fishes, etc.

SECTION 3.

They and their cattell use all one house, etc.

SECTION 4.

The customs of the inhabitants

SECTION 5.

The King of Denmarke and Norway sendeth every year a Lieutenant into the country

SECTION 6.

All things are common among them, except their wives

SECTION 7.

They make all one reckoning of their whelpes and of their children, etc.

SECTION 8.

They honour their Bishop as their King, etc.

SECTION 9.

They live there for the most part upon fishes, etc.

SECTION 10.

The inhabitants do celebrate the acts of their ancestors.... with songs, and they grave them in rocks.... There be divers found among them that be minstrels, etc.

SECTION 11.

Joachim Leo and his slanders on Iceland,

SECTION 12.

Adulteries and Whoredoms arc not only public and common vices.... but are not accounted by them for vices

SECTION 13.

The treachery of the inhabitants

SECTION 14.

The good wife of the house reacheth to every one a Chamber-pot.... at Banquets.... Ten persons, men and women, lie together in one bed, etc.,

SECTION 15.

The food of the inhabitants

SECTION 16.

The simple manners of the inhabitants, and their Commerce, etc.

45. A Letter written by Gudbrandus Thorlacius, Bishop of Holen in Island, concerning the Ancient State of Island and Gronland,

Index

List of Plates and Maps

Table of Contents

END OF VOL. 1