had time to make themselues houses. This countrie was very well peopled, and the houses scattered like those of Mauilla, fat and plentifull of Maiz, and the most part of it was fielding: they gathered as much as sufficed to passe the winter. Some Indians were taken, among which was one whom the Cacique esteemed greatly. The Gouernour sent an Indian to signifie to the Cacique, that he desired to see him and to haue his friendship. The Cacique came vnto him, to offer him his person, countrie and subiects, and told him, that he would cause two other Caciques to come to him in peace; who within few daies after came with him, and with their Indians: the one was called Alimamu, the other Nicalasa. They gaue a present vnto the Gouernour of an hundred and fiftie conies, and of the countrie garments, to wit, of mantles and skinnes. The Cacique of Chicaca came to visit him many times; and sometimes the Gouernour sent to call him, and sent him a horse to goe and come. He complained vnto him, that a subiect of his was risen against him, and depriued him of his tribute, requesting his aide against him, for he meant to seeke him in his countrie, and to punish him according to his desert. (M638) Which was nothing els but a fained plot. For they determined assoone as the Gouernour was gone with him, and the campe was diuided into two parts, the one of them to set vpon the Gouernour, and the other vpon them that remained in Chicaca. Hee went to the towne where he vsed to keepe his residence, and brought with him two hundred Indians with their bowes and arrowes. The Gouernour tooke thirtie horsemen, and eightie footemen, and they went to Saquechuma (for so was the Prouince called of that chiefe man, which he said had rebelled.) They found a walled towne, without any men: and those which went with the Cacique set fire on the houses, to dissemble their treason. But by reason of the great care and heedfullnesse, that was as well in the Gouernors people which hee carried with him, as of those which remained in Chicaca, they durst not assault them at that time. The Gouernour inuited the Cacique, and certaine principall Indians, and gaue them hogges flesh to eate. And though they did not commonly vse it, yet they were so greedie of it, that euery night there came Indians to certaine houses a crossebow shot from the Camp, where the hogges lay, and killed, and carried away as many as they could. And three Indians were taken in the manner. Two of them the Gouernour commanded to be shot to death with arrowes; and to cut off the hands of the other; and he sent him so handled to the Cacique. Who made as though it grieued him that they had offended the Gouernor, and that he was glad that he had executed that punishment on them. He lay in a plaine countrie half a league from the place, where the Christians lodged. Foure horsemen went a straggling thither, to wit Francisco Osorio, and a seruant of the Marques of Astorga, called Reynoso, and two seruants of the Gouernour, the one his page called Ribera, and the other Fuentes his Chamberlaine: and these had taken from the Indians some skinnes, and some mantles, wherewith they were offended and forsooke their houses. The Gouernour knew of it, and commanded them to be apprehended; and condemned to death Francisco Osorio, and the Chamberlaine as principalls, and all of them to losse of goods. The Friers and Priests and other principall persons were earnest with him to pardon Francisco Osorio his life, and to moderate his sentence, which hee would not grant for any of them. While he was readie to command them to be drawne to the market place to cut off their heads, there came certaine Indians from the Cacique to complaine of them. Iohn Ortiz, at the request of Baltasar de Gallegos and other persons changed their words, and told the Gouernour that the Cacique said he had notice how his Lordship held those Christians in prison for his sake, and that they were in no fault, neither had they done him any wrong, and that if he would do him any fauour he would set them free. And he told the Indians; That the Gouernour said, he had them in prison, and that he would punish them in such sort, that they should bee an example to others. Hereupon the Gouernour commanded the prisoners to be loosed. (M639) Assoone as March was come, hee determined to depart from Chicaca, and demanded of the Cacique two hundred men for cariages. He sent him answere, that hee would speake with his principall men. Vpon Twesday the eight of March, the Gouernour went to the towne where he was, to aske him for the men; Hee told him, he would send them the next day. Assoone as the Gouernour was come to Chicaca, he told Luys de Moscoso the Camp-master, that hee misliked the Indians, and that he should keepe a strong watch that night, which hee remembred but a little. The Indians came at the second watch in foure squadrons, euery one by it selfe, and assoone as they were descried, they sounded a drum, and gaue the assault with a great cry, and with so great celeritie, that presently they entred with the scoutes, that were somewhat distant from the Campe. (M640) And when they were perceiued of them which were in the towne, halfe the houses were on fire, which they had kindled. That night three horsemen chanced to bee skouts, two of them were of base calling, and the worst men in all the Camp, and the other, which was a nephew of the Gouernour, which vntill then was held for a tall man, shewed himselfe there as great a coward, as any of them: for all of them ran away. And the Indians without any resistance came and set the towne on fire; and taried without behind the doores for the Christians, which ran out of the houses, not hauing any leasure to arme themselues: and as they ran hither and thither amazed with the noise, and blinded with the smoke and flame of the fire, they knew not which way they went, neither could they light vpon their weapons, nor saddle their horses, neither saw they the Indians that shot them. Manie of the horses were burned in the stables, and those which could breake their halters gat loose. The disorder and flight was such, that euery man fled which way he could, without leauing any to resist the Indians. But God (which chastiseth his according to his pleasure, and in the greatest necessities and dangers sustaineth them with his hand,) so blinded the Indians, that they saw not what they had done, and thought that the horses which ran loose, were men on horsebacke, that gathered themselues together to set vpon them. The Gouernour only rod on horsebacke, and with him a souldier called Tapia, and set vpon the Indians, and striking the first he met with his lance, the saddle fell with him, which with haste was euill girded, and so hee fell from his horse. And all the people that were on foote were fled to a wood out of the towne, and there assembled themselues together. And because it was night, and that the Indians thought the horses were men on horsebacke which came to set vpon them, as I said before, they fled; and one onely remained dead, and that was he whom the Gouernour slew with his lance. The towne lay all burnt to ashes. There was a woman burned, who, after shee and her husband were both gone out of their house, went in againe for certaine perles, which they had forgotten and when she would haue come out, the fire was so great at the doore that shes could not, neither could her husband succour her. Other three Christians came out of their lodgings so cruelly burned, that one of them died within three daies, and the other two were carried many daies each of them vpon a couch betweene staues, which the Indians carried on their shoulders, for otherwise they could not trauell. There died in this hurlieburlie eleuen Christians, and fiftie horses; and there remained an hundred hogges, and foure hundred were burned. If any perchance had saued any clothes from the fire of Mauilla, here they were burned, and many were clad in skinnes, for they had no leasure to take their coates. They endured much cold in this place, and the chiefest remedie were great fires. They spent all night in turnings without sleepe: for if they warmed one side, they freesed on the other. Some inuented the weauing of certaine mats of drie iuie, and did weare one beneath, and another aboue: many laughed at this deuice, whom afterward necessitie inforced to doe the like. The Christians were so spoiled, and in such want of saddles and weapons which were burned, that if the Indians had come the second night, they had ouercome them with little labour. They remooued thence to the towne where the Cacique was wont to lie, because it was in a champion countrie. Within eight daies after, there were many lances and saddles made. There were ash trees in those parts, whereof they made as good lances as in Biscay.



Chap. XXI. How the Indians set againe vpon the Christians, and how the Gouernour went to Alimamu, beyond which towne in warlike sort they tarried for him in the way.

Vpon Wednesday the 15. of March 1541. after the Gouernour had lodged 8. daies in a plaine, halfe a league from the place which he had wintered in, after he had set vp a forge, and tempered the swords which in Chicaca were burned, and made many targets, saddles, and lances, on Tuesday night, at the morning watch, many Indians came to assault the Campe in three squadrons, euery one by themselues: Those which watched gaue the alarme. The Gouernour with great speed set his men in order in other three squadrons, and leauing some to defend the Campe, went out to incounter them. The Indians were ouercome and put to flight. The ground was champion and fit for the Christians to take the aduantage of them; and it was now breake of day. But there happened a disorder, whereby there were not past thirtie or fortie Indians slaine: and this it was: that a Frier cried out in the Campe without any iust occasion, To the Campe, To the Campe: Whereupon the Gouernour and all the rest repaired thither, and the Indians had time to saue themselues. There were some taken, by whom the Gouernour informed himselfe of the Countrie, through which he was to passe. The 25. of Aprill, he departed from Chicaca, and lodged at a small towne called Alimamu. They had very little Maiz, and they were to passe a desert of seuen daies iournie. The next day, the Gouernour sent three Captaines euerie one his way with horsemen and footemen to seeke prouision to passe the desert. And Iohn Dannusco the Auditor went with fifteene horsemen, and 40. footemen that way that the Gouernour was to goe, and found a strong fort made, where the Indians staied for him, and many of them walked on the top of it with their weapons, hauing their bodies, thighes and armes okered and died with blacke, white, yellow and red, striped like vnto paines, so that they shewed as though they went in hose and doublets: and some of them had plumes, and others had hornes on their heads, and their faces blacke, and their eies done round about with strakes of red, to seeme more fierce. Assoone as they saw that the Christians approched, with a great crie sounding two drummes with great furie they sallied foorth to receiue them. Iohn Dannusco and those that were with him, thought good to auoid them, and to acquaint the Gouernour therewith. They retired to a plaine place, a crossebowshot from the fort in sight of it, the footemen, the crossebowmen, and targetters placed themselues before the horsemen, that they might not hurt the horses. The Indians sallied out by seuen and seuen, and eight and eight to shoote their arrowes, and retired againe: and in sight of the Christians they made a fire, and tooke an Indian, some by the feete, and some by the head, and made as though they went to cast him into the fire, and gaue him first many knocks on the head: signifying, that they meant so to handle the Christians. Iohn Danusco sent three horsemen to aduertise the Gouernour hereof. He came presently: for his intent was to driue them from thence, saying, that if he did it not, they would be emboldened to charge him another time, when they might doe him more harme. He made the horsemen to alight, and set his men in foure squadrons: The signe being giuen, they set vpon the Indians, which made resistance till the Christians came neere the fort, and assoone as they saw they could not defend themselues, by a place where a brooke passed neere the fort, they ran away, and from the otherside they shot some arrowes: and because at that instant we knew no ford for the horses to passe, they had time enough to get out of our danger. Three Indians were slaine there, and many Christians were hurt, whereof within few daies, there died fifteene by the way. All men thought the Gouernour to bee in fault, because he sent not to see the disposition of the place on the other side of the Riuer, and to know the passage before hee set vpon them. For with the hope they had to saue themselues by flight that way, when they saw none other meanes, they fought til they were broken, and it was an incouragement to defend themselues vntill then, and to offend the Christians without any danger to themselues.



Chap. XXII. How the Gouernour went from Alimamu to Quizquiz, and from thence to Rio Grande, or the great Riuer.

Three daies after they had sought some Maiz, whereof they found but little store, in regard of that which was needfull, and that for this cause, as well for their sakes that were wounded, it was needfull for them to rest, as for the great iournie they were to march to come where store of Maiz was: yet the Gouernour was inforced to depart presentlie toward Quizquiz. He trauelled seuen daies through a desert of many marishes and thicke woods: but it might all be trauelled on horseback, except some lakes which they swamme ouer. Hee came to a towne of the Prouince of Quizquiz without being descried, and tooke all the people in it before they came out of their houses. The mother of the Cacique was taken there: and he sent vnto him by an Indian, that he should come to see him, and that he would giue him his mother, and al the people which he had taken there. The Cacique sent him answere againe, that his Lordship should loose and send them to him, and that he would come to visit and serue him. The Gouernour, because his people for want of Maiz were somewhat weake and wearie, and the horses also were leane, determined to accomplish his request, to see if hee could haue peace with him, and so commanded to set free his mother and all the rest, and with louing words dismissed them and sent them to him. The next day, when the Gouernour expected the Cacique, there came many Indians with their bowes and arrowes with a purpose to set vpon the Christians. The Gouernour had commanded all the horsemen to be armed, and on horsebacke, and in a readines. When the Indians saw that they were readie, they staied a crossebowe shot from the place where the Gouernour was neere a brooke. (M641) And after halfe an houre that they had stood there stil, there came to the Camp sixe principall Indians, and said, they came to see what people they were, and that long agoe, they had been informed by their forefathers, "That a white people should subdue them: and that therefore they would returne to their Cacique, and bid him come presently to obey and serue the Gouernour:" and after they had presented him with sixe or seuen skinnes and mantles which they brought, they tooke their leaue of him, and returned with the other, which waited for them by the brookeside. The Cacique neuer came againe nor sent other message. (M642) And because in the towne where the Gouernour lodged, there was small store of Maiz, he remooued to another halfe a league from Rio Grande, where they found plentie of Maiz: And he went to see the Riuer, and found, that neere vnto it was great store of timber to make barges, and good situation of ground to incampe in. Presently he remooued himselfe thither. They made houses, and pitched their Campe in a plaine field a crossebow shot from the Riuer. And thither was gathered all the Maiz of the townes, which they had lately passed. They began presently to cut and hew down timber, and to saw plankes for barges. (M643) The Indians came presently down the Riuer: they leaped on shore, and declared to the Gouernor, That they were subiects of a great Lord, whose name was Aquixo, who was Lord of many townes, and gouerned many people on the other side of the Riuer, and came to tell him on his behalfe, that the next day he with al his men would come to see, what it would please him to command him. The next day with speed, the Cacique came with two hundred canoes full of Indians with their bowes and arrowes, painted, and with great plumes of white feathers, and many other colours, with shields in their hands, wherewith they defended the rowers on both sides, and the men of warre stood from the head to the sterne, with their bowes and arrowes in their hands. The canoe wherein the Cacique was, had a tilt ouer the sterne, and hee sate vnder the tilt; and so were other canoes of the principall Indians. And from vnder the tilt where the chiefs man sat, hee gouerned and commanded the other people. All ioyned together, and came within a stones cast of the shore. From thence the Cacique said to the Gouernour, which walked along the Riuers side with others that waited on him, that he was come thither to visit, to honour, and to obey him; because he knew he was the greatest and mightiest Lord on the earth: therefore he would see what he would command him to doe. The Gouernour yeelded him thankes, and requested him to come on shore, that they might the better communicate together. And without any answere to that point, hee sent him three canoes, wherein was great store of fish and loaues, made of the substance of prunes like vnto brickes. After he had receiued al, he thanked him, and prayed him againe to come on shore. And because the Caciques purpose was, to see if with dissimulation he might doe some hurt, when they saw that the Gouernour and his men were in readinesse, they began to goe from the shore: and with a great crie, the crossebowmen which were ready, shot at them, and slue fiue or sixe of them. They retired with great order: none did leaue his oare, though the next to him were slaine; and shielding themselues, they went farther off. Afterward they came many times and landed: and when any of vs came toward them, they fled vnto their canoes, which were verie pleasant to behold: for they were very great and well made, and had their tilts, plumes, paueses, and flagges, and with the multitude of people that were in them, they seemed to be a faire armie of gallies. In thirtie dayes space, while the Gouernour remained there, they made foure barges: In three of which hee commanded twelue horsemen to enter, in each of them foure; in a morning, three houres before day, men which hee trusted would land in despight of the Indians, and make sure the passage, or die, and some footemen being crossebowmen went with them, and rowers to set them on the other side. And in the other barge he commanded Iohn de Guzman to passe with the footemen, which was made Captaine in stead of Francisco Maldonado. And because the streame was swift, they went a quarter of a league vp the Riuer along the bancke, and crossing ouer, fell downe with the streame, and landed right ouer against the Camp. (M644) Two stones cast before they came to land, the horsemen went out of the barges on horsebacke to a sandie plot very hard and cleere ground, where all of them landed without any resistance. Assoone as those that passed first, were on land on the other side, the barges returned to the place where the Gouernour was: and within two houres after Sunnerising, all the people were ouer. The Riuer was almost halfe a league broad. If a man stood still on the other side, it could not be discerned, whether he were a man or no. The Riuer was of great depth, and of a strong current: the water was alwaies muddie: there came downe the Riuer continually many trees and timber, which the force of the water and streame brought downe. There was great store of fish in it of sundrie sorts, and the most of it differing from the freshwater fish of Spaine, as hereafter shall be shewed.



Chap. XXIII. How the Gouernour departed from Aquixo to Casqui, and from thence to Pacaha: and how this Countrie differeth from that which we had passed.

Hauing passed Rio grande, the Gouernour trauelled a league and an halfe, and came to a great towne of Aquixo, which was dispeopled before hee came thither. They espied thirtie Indians comming ouer a plaine, which the Cacique sent, to discouer the Christians determination: and assoone as they had sight of them, they tooke themselues to flight. The horsemen pursued them, and slue tenne, and tooke fifteene. And because the towne, whither the Gouernour went, was neere vnto the Riuer, he sent a Captaine, with as many men as he thought sufficient to carrie the barges vp the Riuer. And because in his trauelling by land many times he went farre from the Riuer to compasse the creekes that came from it, the Indians tooke occasion to set vpon them of the barges, and put them in great danger, because that by reason of the great current, they durst not leaue the shore, and from the bancke they shot at them. Assoone as the Gouernour was come to the towne, hee presently sent crossebow men downe the Riuer, which came to rescue them; and vpon the comming of the barges to the towne, hee commanded them to bee broken, and to saue the iron for others, when it should bee needfull. Hee lay there one night, and the day following, hee set forward to seeke a Prouince, called Pacaha: which hee was informed to bee neere vnto Chisca, where the Indians told him there was gold. He passed through great townes of Aquixo, which were all abandoned for feare of the Christians. Hee understood by certaine Indians that were taken, that three daies iournie from thence dwelt a great Cacique, whose name was Casqui. Hee came to a small Riuer, where a bridge was made, by which they passed: that day till Sunset, they went all in water, which in some places came to the waste, and in some to the knees. When they saw themselues on dry land, they were very glad, because they feared they should wander vp and downe as forlorne men al night in the water. At noone they came to the first towne of Casqui: they found the Indians carelesse, because they had no knowledge of them. There were many men and women taken, and store of goods, as mantles and skinnes, as well in the first towne, as in another, which stood in a field halfe a league from thence in sight of it; whither the horsemen ran. This Countrie is higher, drier, and more champion, than any part bordering neere the Riuer, that vntill then they had seene. There were in the fields many Walnut trees, bearing soft shelled Walnuts in fashion like bullets, and in the houses they found many of them, which the Indians had laid vp in store. The trees differed in nothing else from those of Spaine, nor from those which we had seene before, but onely that they have a smaller leafe. There were many Mulberrie trees and Plum trees, which bare red plums like those of Spaine, and other gray, somewhat differing, but farre better. And all the trees are all the yeere so fruitfull, as if they were planted in orchards: and the woods were verie thinne. The Gouernour trauelled two daies through the Countrie of Casqui, before hee came to the towne where the Cacique was: and most of the way was alway by champion ground, which was full of great townes, so that from one towne, you might see two or three. He sent an Indian to certifie the Cacique, that hee was comming to the place where he was, with intent to procure his friendship, and to hold him as his brother. Whereunto he answered, That he should be welcome, and that he would receiue him with speciall good wil, and accomplish all that his Lordship would command him. Hee sent him a present vpon the way; to wit, skinnes, mantles, and fish: And after these complements, the Gouernour found all the townes, as he passed, inhabited with people, which peaceablie attended his comming, and offered him skinnes, mantles, and fish. The Cacique accompanied with many Indians came out of the towne, and staied halfe a league on the way to receiue the Gouernour, and when hee came to him, he spake these words following:

Right high, right mighty, and renowned Lord, your Lorship is most hartilie welcome. Assoone as I had notice of your Lordship, of your power, and your perfections, although you came into my Countrie, killing and taking captiues the inhabitants thereof and my subiects: yet I determined to conforme my will vnto yours, and as your owne to interpret in good part all that your Lordship did: beleeuing, that it was conuenient it should be so for some iust respect, to preuent some future matter reuealed vnto your Lordship, and concealed from me. For well may a mischiefe be permitted to auoid a greater, and that good may come thereof: which I beleeue will so fall out. For it is no reason to presume of so excellent a Prince, that the noblenesse of his heart, and the effect of his will would permit him to suffer any vniust thing. My abilitie is so small to serue you as your Lordship deserueth, that if you respect not mine abundant good will, which humblie offereth all kind of seruice, I deserue but little in your presence. But if it bee reason that this be esteemed, receiue the same; my selfe, my Countrie, and subiects for yours, and dispose of me and them at your pleasure. For if I were Lord of all the world, with the same good will should your Lordship by me be receiued, serued and obeyed.

The Gouernour answered him to the purpose, and satisfied him in few words. Within a while after both of them vsed words of great offers and courtesie the one to the other, and the Cacique requested him to lodge in his houses. The Gouernour, to preserue the peace the better, excused himselfe, saying, that hee would lodge in the fields. And because it was very hot, they camped neere certaine trees a quarter of a league from the towne. (M645) The Cacique went to his towne, and came againe with many Indians singing. Assoone as they came to the Gouernour, all of them prostrated themselues vpon the ground. Among these came two Indians that were blind. The Cacique made a speech: to auoid tediousnesse, I will onely tell in few words the substance of the matter. Hee said, that seeing the Gouernour was the sonne of the Sunne, and a great Lord, he besought him to doe him the fauour to giue sight to those two blind men. The blind men rose vp presently, and very earnestly requested the same of the Gouernour. He answered, That in the high heauens was he that had power to giue them health, and whatsoeuer they could aske of him, whose seruant he was: And that this Lord made the heauens and the earth, and man after his owne likenesse, and that he suffered vpon the crosse to saue mankind, and rose againe the third day, and that he died as he was man, and as touching his diuinitie, he was, and is immortall; and that he ascended into heauen, where he standeth with his armes open to receiue all such as turne vnto him: and straightway he commanded him to make a verie high crosse of wood, which was set vp in the highest place of the towne; declaring vnto him, that the Christians worshipped the same in resemblance and memorie of that whereon Christ suffered. The Gouernour and his men kneeled downe before it, and the Indians did the like. The Gouernour willed him, that from thencefoorth hee should worship the same, and should aske whatsoeuer they stood in need of, of that Lord that he told him was in heauen. Then he asked him how far it was from thence to Pacaha: He said, one daies iournie, and that at the end of his Countrie, there was a lake like a brooke which falleth into Rio Grande, and that hee would send men before to make a bridge whereby he might passe. The same day that the Gouernour departed thence, he lodged at a towne belonging to Casqui: and the next day hee passed in sight of other townes, and came to the lake, which was halfe a crossebow shot ouer, of a great depth and current. At the time of his comming, the Indians had made an end of the bridge, which was made of timber, laid one tree after another: and on one side it had a course of stakes higher then the bridge, for them that passed to take hold on. The Cacique of Casqui came to the Gouernour, and brought his people with him. The Gouernour sent word by an Indian to the Cacique of Pacaha, that though hee were enemie to the Cacique of Casqui, and though hee were there, yet he would doe him no disgrace nor hurt, if he would attend him peaceablie, and embrace his friendship; but rather would intreate him as a brother. The Indian, which the Gouernour sent, came againe, and said, that the Cacique made none account of that which hee told him, but fled with all his men out at the other side of the towne. Presentlie the Gouernour entred, and ran before with the horsemen, that way, by which the Indians fled; and at another towne distant a quarter of a league from thence, they tooke many Indians: and assoone as the horsemen had taken them, they deliuered them to the Indians of Casqui, whom, because they were their enemies, with much circumspection and reioycing, they brought to the towne where the Christians were: and the greatest griefe they had, was this, that they could not get leaue to kill them. There were found in the towne many mantles, and Deere skinnes, Lions skins, and Beares skinnes, and many Cats skins. Many came so farre poorely apparrelled, and there they clothed themselues: of the mantles, they made them cotes and cassocks, and some made gownes, and lined them with Cats skins; and likewise their cassocks. Of the Deeres skinnes, some made them also ierkins, shirts, hose and shooes: and of the Beare skinnes, they made them verie good clokes: for no water could pierce them. There were targets of raw oxe hides found there; with which hides they armed their horses.



Chap. XXIIII. How the Cacique of Pacaha came peaceablie to the Gouernour, and the Cacique of Casqui absented himselfe, and came againe to make his excuse, and how the Gouernour made them both friends.

Vpon Wednesday, the 19. of Iune, the Gouernour entred into Pacaha: He lodged in the towne, where the Cacique vsed to reside, which was very great, walled, and beset with towers, and many loopeholes were in the towers and wall. And in the towne was great store of old Maiz, and great quantitie of new in the fields. Within a league and halfe a league were great townes all walled. Where the Gouernour was lodged, was a great lake, that came neere vnto the wall: and it entred into a ditch that went round about the towne, wanting but a little to enuiron it round. From the lake to the great Riuer was made a weare by the which the fish came into it; which the Cacique kept for his recreation and sport: with nets, that were founde in the towne, they tooke as much as they would: and tooke they neuer so much, there was no want perceiued. There was also great store of fish in many other lakes that were thereabout, but it was soft, and not so good as that which came from the Riuer, and the most of it was different from the fresh water fish of Spaine. There was a fish which they call Bagres: the third part of it was head, and it had on both sides the gilles, and along the sides great pricks like very sharpe aules: those of this kind that were in the lakes were as big as pikes: and in the Riuer, there were some of an hundred, and of an hundred and fiftie pounds weight, and many of them were taken with the hooke. There was another fish like barbilles; and another like breames, headed like a delicate fish, called in Spaine besugo,(127) betweene red and gray. This was there of most esteeme. There was another fish called a pele fish: it had a snout of a cubit long, and at the end of the vpper lip it was made like a peele. There was another fish like a Westerne shad; And all of them had scales, except the bagres, and the pele fish. There was another fish, which sometimes the Indians brought vs, of the bignes of a hog, they call it the Pereo fish: it had rowes of teeth beneath and aboue. The Cacique of Casqui sent many times great presents of fish, mantles, and skinnes. Hee told the Gouernour that he would deliuer the Cacique of Pacaha into his hands. He went to Casqui, and sent many canoes vp the Riuer, and came himselfe by land with many of his people. The Gouernour with 40. horsemen and 60. footemen tooke him along with him vp the Riuer. And his Indians which were in the canoes, discouered where the Cacique of Pacaha was in a little Island, situated betweene two armes of the River. And fiue Christians entred into a canoe, wherein Don Antonio Osorio went before, to see what people the Cacique had with him. There were in the Isle fiue or six thousand soules. And assoone as they saw them, supposing that the Indians which were in the other canoes were also Christians, the Cacique, and certaine which were in three canoes, which they had there with them, fled in great haste to the other side of the Riuer: The rest with great feare and danger, lept into the Riuer, where much people was drowned, especially women and little children. Presently the Gouernour which was on land, not knowing what happened to Don Antonio, and those that went with him, commanded the Christians with all speed to enter with the Indians of Casqui in the canoes, which were quickly with Don Antonio in the little Island, where they tooke many men and women, and much goods. Great store of goods, which the Indians had lain vpon hurdles of canes, and rafts of timber to carrie ouer to the other side, draue downe the river, wherewith the Indians of Casqui filled their canoes: and for feare lest the Christians would take it from them, the Cacique went home with them downe the Riuer, without taking his leave of the Gouernour: whereupon the Gouernour was highly offended with him: and presently returned to Pacaha, he ouerran the Countrie of Casqui the space of two leagues, where hee tooke twentie or thirtie of his men. And because his horses were wearie, and he wanted time that day to goe any farther, hee returned to Pacaha, with determination within three or four daies after to inuade Casqui. And presently hee let loose one of the Indians of Pacaha, and sent word by him to the Cacique, that if hee would haue his friendship, he should repaire vnto him, and that both of them would make warre upon Casqui. And presently came many Indians that belonged to Pacaha, and brought an Indian, in stead of the Cacique, which was discouered by the Caciques brother which was taken prisoner. The Gouernour wished the Indians that their Master himselfe should come: for hee knew very well that that was not hee, and told them, that they could doe nothing which he knew not before they thought it. (M646) The next day the Cacique came, accompanied with many Indians, and with a present of much fish, skinnes and mantles. He made a speech that all were glad to heare, and concluded, saying, That though his Lordship, without his giuing occasion of offence had done him hurt in his Countrie and subiects; yet hee would not therefore refuse to bee his, and that he would alwaies be at his commandement. The Gouernour commanded his brother to be loosed, and other principall Indians that were taken prisoners. That day came an Indian from the Cacique of Casqui, and said, that his Lord would come the next day to excuse himselfe of the error which he had committed, in going away without licence of the Gouernour. The Gouernour willed the messenger to signifie vnto him that if he came not in his owne person, hee would seeke him himselfe, and giue him such punishment as he deserued. The next day with all speede came the Cacique of Casqui, and brought a present to the Gouernour of many mantles, skinnes, and fish, and gaue him a daughter of his, saying, that he greatly desired to match his blood with the blood of so great a Lord as he was, and therefore he brought him his daughter, and desired him to take her to his wife. Hee made a long and discreet oration, giuing him great commendations, and concluded, saying, that hee should pardon his going away without licence, for that Crosses sake, which he had left with him: protesting that hee went away for shame of that which his men had done without his consent. The Gouernour answered him, that hee had chosen a good patrone; and that if hee had not come to excuse himselfe, hee had determined to seeke him, to burne his townes, to kill him and his people, and to destroy his countrie. To which he replied saying:

My Lord, I and mine are yours, and my countrie likewise is yours: therefore if you had done so, you should haue destroyed your owne countrie, and haue killed your owne people: whatsoeuer shall come vnto me from your hand, I will receiue as from my Lord, as well punishment as reward: And know you, that the fauour which you did me in leauing me the Crosse, I do acknowledge the same to be a very great one, and greater then I haue euer deserued. For you shall vnderstand, that with great droughts, the fields of Maiz of my countrie were withered; and assoone as I and my people kneeled before the Crosse, and prayed for raine, presently our necessitie was relieued.

The Gouernour made him and the Cacique of Pacaha friends; and set them with him at his table to dine with him: and the Caciques fell at variance about the seats, which of them should sit on his right hand. The Gouernour pacified them; telling them that among the Christians, all was one to sit on the one side or on the other, willing them so to behaue themselues, seeing they were with him, that no bodie might heare them, and that euery one should sit in the place that first hee lighted on. From thence he sent thirtie horse men, and fiftie footemen to the Prouince of Caluca, to see if from thence hee might trauel to Chisca, where the Indians said, there was a worke of gold and copper. They trauelled seuen daies iournie through a desert, and returned verie wearie, eating greene plummes and stalkes of Maiz, which they found in a poore towne of sixe or seuen houses. From thence forward toward the North; the Indians said, That countrie was very ill inhabited, because it was very cold: (M647) And that there were such store of Oxen, that they could keep no corne for them: that the Indians liued vpon their flesh. The Gouernour seeing that toward that part the countrie was so poore of Maiz, that in it they could not be sustained, demanded of the Indians, which way it was most inhabited; and they said, they had notice of a great Prouince, and a verie plentifull countrie, which was called Quigaute, and that it was toward the South.



FOOTNOTES

M1 The principall causes why this voyage is vndertaken. M2 The seconde kinde of planting M3 Iosua 4. M4 Iosua 6. M5 Ioshua 8. M6 Ioshua 9. M7 Iudg. 11. 13. M8 Iudg. 1. M9 A good note for al Conquerers to be mercifull. Iudg. 6. 7. M10 Ruffinus lib. I. cap. 9. M11 Meropius slaine; Edesius and Frumentius preserued by the Indians. M12 Frumentius in great fauour with the Queene of the Indias; Another great worke begunne by a man a meane birth. M13 Ruffinus the Author of this storie.

1 Marginal note. Euseb. in his Ecclesiasticall historie, testifieth how that Constantine the great did enlarge his dominions by subduing of Infidels and Idolatrous nations. Eusebius lib. I. de vita Constant. cap. 4. et cap. 9. Euseb. cod. lib. cap. 39.

M14 Theodoret in eccle. lib. 5. cap 20. M15 Theodoretus cap. 26. eodem lib. M16 1170. Owen Guyneth was then Prince of Northwales. M17 Nullum tempus occurrit Regi. This Island was discouered by Sir Humfrey and his company, in this his last iourney.

2 Montezuma.

M18 Mutezuma his Oration to his subiects in presence of Hermando Cortes, which Oration was made about the yeere 1520. M19 M. Oliuer Dalbony. M. Edward Reow. M.R.H. M.I.A. M20 Cox the master.

3 Marginal note.—Clothiers. Woolmen. Carders. Spinners. Weauers Fullers. Sheermen. Diers. Drapers. Cappers. Hatters, &c. and many decayed townes repayred.

M21 The idle persons of this realme shall by occasion of this iourney bee well imployed and set on worke. M22 Hempe doeth growe neere S. Laurence riuer naturally. M23 Read the beginning of the booke intituled Diuers touching the discouery of America. M24 Beasts for pleasure. M25 Hides solde for forty shillings a piece. M26 Great grapes. Wine of the Palme tree. M27 Commodities found in August last. M28 2 Corinth. 9. M29 This bargen cannot be uniust, where both parties are gainers.

4 Equator

M30 2. Decad. lib. 5. fol. 77. of the West Indies in English. Canoa is a kind of boat. 3. Decad. lib. I. fol. 97. About the yere of our Lord 1511. M31 Conquest of the West Indies. fol. 43. and 45. English. M32 A marueilous victorie.

5 Louis Cadamosto, a Venetian, born about 1422, sailed from Madeira in 1455. under the auspices of Dom Henry, son of King John of Portugal. He discovered Senegal, Cape Verd, and Gambia River. In a second voyage, in 1456, he pushed as far as the Saint Dominic River. On his return to his native land in 1464, he published an account of his travels.

M33 Ceffella accompted to be the place where the noble and wise king Salomon did fetch his gold.

6 Vasco da Gama was the first to double the Cape of Good Hope. Died at Cochin, 24th December 1525.

7 Alonzo, Duke of Albuquerque, an illegitimate descendant of the Kings of Portugal, established the Portuguese power on the East Coast of Africa, in Arabia, the Persian Gulf, further India, the Moluccas, etc. As Viceroy of the East Indies, his justice and chivalrous nature won the love and respect of all, and many years after his death, which happened in 1515, the natives used to make pilgrimages to his tomb to pray for justice against his cruel successors.

8 Ceylon.

M34 These are the furthest parts of the world from England. At these Islands hath sir Francis Drake bene, where the fame of the Queenes most excellent Maiestie was renowmed. M35 Remember the great arrest of the Hollanders. An. 1598. M36 Commodities of this voyage in shortnesse. M37 Commodities of the countrey more then those of Moscouie. M38 The seuerall merchandise. M39 A lake of salt in Vasques his voyage.

9 Marginal note.—The ewer of metal brought by M. Fromisher, caused two seuerall supplies, the two yeeres next following; whereof the latter was of thirteene tall ships.

M40 Master Carliles owne experience M41 The Frenchmens trade renewed in Canada, in the yeere 1581. M42 The South part best for inhabiting and traffique. M43 The furnishing foorth of 100. men for one yeere will cost 4000. li. M44 The fleete of Canada. M45 The markes of the harbour of the Isle Ramea. M46 An Isle like a Floure de lice. M47 A banke of sand. M48 The maine a shold coast. M49 Lisle Blanche. The place where they killed 1500. Morses. M50 Sands and sholds. A smal Island conteining a league of ground. M51 A hard hauen. M52 Markes to come into the hauen. M53 The barre. M54 The best anchorage. M55 Another entrance. The Isle of Cormorants.

10 This page refers to Vol. III. of the Edition of 1812. For Jacques Cartier's voyage, see farther on.

11 A very curious account of the Unicorn is to be found in Goldsmid's Myths of Ancient Science, 1886.

M56 The voyage of M. Drake of Apsham to Ramea. M57 The Isle of Ramea, or Menquit. M58 The English men land vpon Cape Briton. M59 They goe on shore in another place. M60 The people of the countrey came downe to our men. M61 Blacke dogs. M62 A secret trade to the Southwest of Cape Briton. M63 Soundings to the South and Southwestward of Cape Briton. M64 They sayle 50 or 60 leagues to the South-West of Cape Briton. M65 Great store of Seales, Porposes, Whales and Cods. M66 They continue on the coast from Cape Briton Westwards full eleuen weekes. M67 An huge Whale pursued their ship by the space of many dayes till one of their men fell ouerboord.

12 Probably a Shark.

M68 The Islands of the Martyers. The Isles of S. Peter. M69 They land on the Isle of Natiscotec. M70 The Isle of Menego. M71 The 2 Islands of Birdes. M72 Store of Morsses. M73 In Bryans Island excellent ground for corne and meadow. M74 Another harbourough in Ramea. M75 A skirmish betweene the French men and vs. M76 A new treason of the Britons. M77 The bar of the hauen of Ramea. M78 They depart from Ramea. M79 Isle Blanch or the White Isle. M80 The riuer of Cape Briton. M81 Their arriuall in the Isle of Cape Briton. M82 The Chancewel cast away 18 leagues within Cape Briton. M83 Woods on the Isle of Cape Briton. M84 The Sauages of Cape Briton come aboord of our ship. M85 Cibo an harborow in the Isle of Cape Briton. M86 They departed from Cape Briton. M87 S. Peters Islands. M88 A Spanish ship taken. M89 M. Crafton. M90 The harborow of Cape S. Marie. M91 A Briton ship of 200 tunnes taken.

13 Blank in original.

M92 A great white bear. M93 Les Chasteaux. M94 Blanc Sablon or white Sands. M95 Brest a place to the North in Newfoundland.

14 Blank in original.

M96 The riuer of S. Iaques. M97 Boats made of the barke of birch trees.

15 Blank in original.

M98 The Islands of Margaulx. M99 Morses or Sea oxen. M100 An exceeding goodly land. M101 Varietie of goodly trees.

16 Blank in original.

M102 The passage de Chasteaux. M103 Trees able to mast ships of 300. tunnes. M104 Fortie or 50 boates of sauages. M105 Three hundred gentle Sauages. M106 Bay du Chaleur, or the Bay of heat.

17 Sous.

M107 Maize. M108 This hauen seemeth to be Gaspay. M109 Two sauages taken.

18 Blank in original.

M110 Fifty degrees of latitude. M111 The Streit of S. Peter.

19 Gulf of Mexico.

M112 The Isle of birds in 49 degrees 40 minutes. M113 The Bay des Chasteaux or The Grant Bay. M114 A Cape of the Isle of Assumption. M115 A mighty skull of Whales. M116 The mouth of the riuer of Hochelaga about thirty leagues broad. M117 The Isle of Assumption or Natiscotec. M118 A hauen on the Southerne coast. M119 This is the riuer of Tadascu, or of Saguenay. M120 The Ile of Condres or Filberds. M121 This great Iland is called The Ile of Orleans. Maiz. M122 Santa Croix. M123 Goodly hemp. M124 The Ile of Bacchus, or the Ile of Orleans. M125 Vines laden with grapes. M126 Hochelay. M127 The lake of Angolesme. M128 Wild rats as big as Conies. M129 They leaue their Pinnesse behind. M130 Hochelaga distant from the lake of Angolesme 45 leagues. M131 The third of October. M132 Hochelaga sixe miles from the riuer side. M133 This Millet is Maiz. M134 The description of Hochelaga. M135 Maiz, pease, beanes, musk-millions, cucumbers, and other fruits. Plentie of fish and the preseruing thereof. M136 Esurgni good to stanch blood. M137 A ridge of mountaines to the North of Hochelaga and another to the South. M138 The 3 faults or falls of water in 44 degrees of latitude. M139 The riuer of Saguenay commeth from the West, where there is gold and siluer. M140 Toudamani dwelling Southward of Canada. M141 They desire to be baptised. M142 Tobacco described. M143 It is now found to be but 200 leagues. M144 Riuers falling from mountaines. M145 Beasts. M146 Birds. M147 Fishes. M148 The right way to Saguenay. M149 Store of gold and red copper. M150 Two or three great lakes. Maredulcum aquarum. M151 A perfect remedy against the French Pocks. M152 A long winter. M153 Rubies, Gold, and wollen cloth with other riches in Saguenay. M154 A people called Picquemians. M155 The towne of Sidatin. M156 Donnacona, Taignoagny, and Domagaia taken. M157 Four and twenty chains of Esurgny. M158 The Isle of Orleans. Isle de Coudres. M159 A knife of red coper brought from Saguenay. M160 The Isle of Hares. M161 Ten Sauages brought into France. Great riches and very good soile in Saguenay, which is beyond the saults.

20 Near Boulogne, between that town and Calais.

M162 The kings letters to Cartier. M163 The great mischiefe of leesing the season. M164 Carpont Hauen. M165 Transporting of diuers sorts of cattell for breed. M166 The new king of Canada. M167 Great dissimulation of a Sauage. M168 A good roade 4. leagues aboue Saincte Croix. M169 Trees aboue 3. fathoms about. Hanneda the most excellent tree of the world. M170 Abundance of Vines of grapes. M171 Fruit like Medlers. M172 Seed sprong out of the ground within 8 days.

21 Turnips. (French, Navets).

M173 A great Plaine of very good arable ground. M174 Diamants of Canada. M175 Excellent and strong hempe. M176 The rich countrey of Saquenay situated beyond the Saults which are in 44. deg. M177 They depart from Charlesburg Royal the 7. of Septem. M178 They delight in red cloth. M179 The 11 of September. M180 Bad ground and a great current. M181 Another village of good people which dwell ouer against the second Sault. M182 400 persons about their boates. M183 Like those of New Albion. M184 The sauages are great dissemblers. M185 The Sauages conspire together against the French. M186 A very great number of Sauages assembled together.

22 This may refer either to Lake St. Peter or Lake Ontario; I should think the latter.

M187 The Saults are in 44. deg. and easie to passe. M188 But 5. leagues iourney to passe the 3 Saults. M189 Ten dayes iourney from the Saults to this great Lake. M190 The Isle of Blanc Sablon or white sand. M191 The Isle Ascention, Assumption or Naliscotec. M192 The commendation of the Isle of Ascension.

23 Hedgehogs.

24 Query, Mount Logan.

25 Cape Gaspe.

26 Chaleur Bay.

M193 Greater store and better fish then in Newfoundland. M194 The mouth of the riuer of Canada twenty fiue leagues broad.

27 Filbert.

M195 The riuer is here but 10 leagues broad. M196 The riuer 8 leagues broad.

28 Saguenay River really rises in Lake St. John.

M197 The riuer not past 4 leagues ouer.

29 The word Canada in the native tongue meant, as we have seen above, a town, and is probably the modern Rimouski.

M198 The beginning of the fresh water. M199 The riuer but a quarter of a league broad. M200 Why the countrey is colder in the Winter then France. M201 A second reason. M202 The variation of the compasse.

30 The name Norumbega had a different meaning at different periods. First, there was the fabulous city of Norumbega, situated on the Penobucot. Secondly, there was the country of Norumbega, embracing Nova Scotia and New England, and at one time reaching from Cape Breton to 30 deg. in Florida. Subsequently it receded to narrower limits and embraced only the region on both sides of the river above named. (Woods, Introduction to Western Planting, p. lii.)

M203 Gold and siluer like to be found in Canada. M204 A Bay in 42 degrees giuing some hope of a passage.

31 The Bay of Fundy is probably here alluded to.

M205 The cause of the often snowing in Canada. M206 Iaques Cartier stole away. M207 August 1542. September 14. M208 The proportion of their victuals. M209 The length of the Winter. M210 So haue they of Ceuola, and Quiuira, and Meta Incognita. M211 Their gouernment.

32 He was only knighted some time between December 1584 and February 1585.

33 Public Record Office. Dom. Eliz. Addenda, Vol. xxix., No. 9. This letter was printed in full in the Maine Historical Society's Documentary History of the State of Maine, Vol. ii.

34 See the Introduction by Leonard Woods to the Reprint of Hakluyt's Discourse for the Maine Historical Society.

35 A great collector of Rare Books, who died in 1770, and whose library was sold in 1815.

36 This "last edition" is evidently the limited one of Hakluyt's Collection of Voyages of 1809-12, 5 vols. 4to, edited by R. H. Evans and printed by Woodfall.

37 Stevens's Historical and Geographical Notes, p. 20.

38 Estavan Gomes, a Portuguese pilot, sailed with Magellan on his famous voyage in 1519, but deserted with his ship and crew. In 1525 (not 1524) he sailed from Corunna. He coasted Newfoundland as far south as 40 deg. Here he took on board certain Indians and carried them to Spain. (C.D.)

39 Born 1478. His Historia general de los Indias was not published in its entirety until 1851-55. (C.D.)

40 It appears from a passage in Chapter xvii. of this Discourse that Hakluyt had seen an original manuscript account of Cartier's second voyage in the Royal Library at Paris.

M212 The Prynces of England called the defenders of the faithe.

41 This title was conferred on Henry VIII. by Leo X. by a bull dated the fifth of the Ides of October 1521, for his book "Assertio Septem Sacramentorum adversus Martin Lutherum," etc., printed by Pynson, 1521.

M213 Plantings fyrste necessarye.

42 Friar Luys Cancel of Balvastro was, with other friars, sent to Florida by Philip II. in 1549, where they were massacred and eaten. (See Eden's version of Gomara's Historia general, cap. xiv. Woods.)

M214 A question of the adversary.

43 For an account of this earliest colony of Protestantism in America, consult Bayle's Dictionnaire, Art. Villegagnon and Ricker; Cotton Mather, Magnalia, Book I., Southey's History of Brazil; De Thou, Maimbourg, etc.

44 Dr. Woods thinks Hakluyt is mistaken in saying ministers went out with Ribault to Florida. It is indeed hardly likely that Coligny would have thus alienated the sympathy of Charles IX.

45 Master Wolfall was the name of the minister who accompanied Frobisher, (see vol. xii. of this edition, p. 81), and Master Francis Fletcher was with Drake in his voyage round the world in 1577-80. His notes of the voyage were republished by the Hakluyt Society in 1854.

M215 Barbary

46 See the accounts of Voyages to Barbary given in Vol. xi. of this Edition.

M216 The Domynions of the Kinge of Spayne.

47 See Vol xi. of this Edition.

M217 France.

48 Hakluyt was chaplain to the English Ambassador in Paris for five years.

M218 Flaunders. M219 Estlande. M220 Denmarke.

49 Russye.

50 This is Ivan III., surnamed the Great; he asked Queen Elizabeth in marriage in 1579.

M221 In the first volume of Ramusius, fol. 374, pag. 2.

51 When Hakluyt speaks of Florida, he means not only the peninsula so called now, but as far north as 36 degrees. The most northerly European colony in 1584 was situated south of the present town of Savannah. It was probably St. Augustine.

52 The work alluded to is Ribault's "The whole and true discoverye of Terra Florida.... Prynted at London by Rouland Hall for Thomas Hacket. 1563." A copy is in the British Museum. The French version is one of the lost books of the world.

M222 Sylke wormes exceedinge faire. M223 The gentleness of the people. M224 Harvest twise yn the yere. M225 Pepper groweth here; yt is longe pepper.

53 This "Joyfull Newes" was a translation by Frampton of the "Historia Medicinal ... de nuestras Indias," (1574), of Nicholas Monardes, a learned Spaniard, who died in 1578. The English version was published in 1577. (C.D.) A copy is in my library.

M226 These apples growe in Italy, and are yellowe like a pipen.

54 Probably Jean Parmentier, of Dieppe.

M227 Excellent colours for dyenge.

55 Not improbably the old seaport of Brouage, near La Rochelle, now deserted. This appears to be the only notice extant of an expedition by de La Roche in 1584. For an account of his later expedition, consult Parkman, Pioneers of France, pp. 210-212.—C.D.

56 The full account in English of de Coronado's travels is given by Hakluyt in this collection. Hakluyt probably was ignorant of Spanish, as be always quotes the French or Italian versions.

57 Captain Richard Whitbourne, of Exmouth, in his Preface to "A Discourse and Discovery of Newfoundland," London, 1620, says he was an eye-witness to Sir H. Gilbert's taking possession of the countrey—C.D.

58 This work was reprinted in full by Hakluyt in this collection. See ante.

M228 Letters the last yere, in Latin, out of Newfoundelande.

59 Also reprinted in full in the collection. See ante.

M229 Afterwardes they sett the woodds on fire, which burnt three weekes together. M230 Greate heate in Newfoundelande in sommer.

60 This voyage of Cortereale took place in 1500.

61 In all these Italian quotations, the edition by Dr. Deane has the word e or ed spelled et, a curious blunder.

62 In a "True Discourse of the late voyages of discoverie," written by George Best, who accompanied Frobisher, London, 1578, and reprinted by the Hakluyt Society.

M231 A singuler commoditie for dyenge of Englishe clothe. Thinges incident to a navy. M232 Prevention to be taken hede of. M233 Idle persons mutynous and desire alteration in the state.

63 This is a lost book. Emden was the capital of East Friseland. With reference to the removal of the English merchants at Antwerp to Emden, consult Strype's Life of Grindall, Oxford, cap, ix.

64 No less than seven editions of Sleidan's De quatuor monarchiis were printed by the Elzeviers alone, a proof of the popularity of the work. An English translation by John Daus was published in London in 1560.

M234 Six hundred thousand pounde gayned yerely by Englishe wolles.

65 Reprinted in Hakluyt's "Divers Voyages," 1582.

M235 Objection. Aunswer.

66 See Myles Phillip's Voyage, post. Also consult Nicholas, Pleasaunt Historie of the Conquest of the Weast India, 1578, pp. 378-9.

M236 The benefits of plantings aboute Cape Bryton or Newfounde lande.

67 Utrecht.

M237 Kinge Phillipps injuries offred by his treasures.

68 These baseless assertions of complicity on the part of Phillip in the attempts on the life of William of Nassau, only prove the bitter prejudices of the Protestant party. I am surprised to find Dr. Deane, in a note on this passage, endorsing Hakluyt's unfounded charges.

69 Marnix de Sainte Aldegonde was born at Brussels in 1538. Died 1598. He was at one time Ambassador to England.—See Motley's United Netherlands, I. 145.—C.D.

M238 The example of Antigonus.

70 Golfo Dulce.

M239 A speciall note of a passage.

71 No such river was ever cut.—C.D.

M240 The Frenche.

72 Off the cost of Venezuela.

73 Port-au-Prince.

74 It is strange the Hakluyt should omit St. Vincent, Dominica, Guadeloupe, etc., and mention such small islands as Marigalante. The other two islands named are probably Urala and Curasoa.

M241 Bishop Bartholomewe de las Casas an eye wytnes of these cruelties.

75 This quotation is from the English translation, "The Spanish Colonie," London, 1583.

M242 Johannes Metellus Sequanus. M243 The Spanishe monarchy is like unto the monarchy of Alexander the Greate.

76 Hakluyt here refers to his "Divers Voyages," published in 1582.

M244 A lecture of the arte of navigation. M245 Marques de la Cruz Admyrall of the Ocean. M246 A meane to avoid the sodden arrests of our navy. M247 The cause why these discoveries went not forward in King Henry the Seavenths tyme. M248 (a symbol of a finger pointing)

77 This is not the case.

M249 Sawe milles.

78 See the translation of Zeno's Voyages, printed by the Hakluyt Society, and edited by Major.

79 See Introductory note.

80 The illegitimate son of the Infant Don Luiz and Violante Gomes. Consult Froude, Hist. of England, vol. ix.

81 See Vol. xii of this collection of Voyages.

82 See Lamartine's "Columbus" in my Bibliotheca Curiosa.

M250 The reason why the discovery was lefte of in Kinge Henry the Seaventh's tyme. M251 N f land discoverd. M252 Math. 16

83 Evidently memoranda added to the Manuscript from time to time.

M253 A most nedeful note. M254 Free Denization graunted. M255 Anno 1584.

84 This is the voyage that was taking place while Hakluyt was writing his Discourse on Planting I have given above.

M256 A Southerly course not greatly needful for Virginia. M257 A sweet smell from the land. M258 The first riuer. Iuly 13 possession taken. M259 Abundance of grapes. M260 The Isle of Wokokon. M261 Conference with a Sauage. M262 Abundance of fish. M263 The ariuall of the kings brother. M264 Trafficke with the Sauages. Tinne much esteemed. M265 White corall. Perles. M266 Pitch trees. M267 The manner or making their boates. M268 Their Idole. M269 Skicoak a great towne. M270 A ship cast away. M271 Their weapons. M272 Or Pananuaioc. M273 Roanoak sixteen miles long.

85 This is the same Sir Richard Grenville whose heroic fight in the "Revenge" is so well known.

M274 The land vpon the Iland of S. Iohn de Porto Rico.

86 Should be 24th.

M275 Iune M276 They land on the Iles of Caicos.

87 Off Smith's Island.

M277 They land in Florida. M278 Iuly.

88 Probably Lake Matimuskeet.

M279 August. M280 September. M281 October. M282 The rich and manifold commodities of Virginia. M283 Commodities fit to carie to Virginia. M284 2 parts of this discourse.

89 Pamlico Sound.

90 Chesapeake Bay.

M285 The excellencie of the seat of Chesepioock.

91 Albemarle Sound.

92 River Meherrin.

M286 The towne of Chawanook able to make 700. men of warre. M287 Pearles in exceeding quantitie. M288 An enterprise of speciall importance. M289 Whither M. Ralfe Lane meant to remoue.

93 River Appomatox?

94 James River?

M290 Wingina changeth his name. Conspiracie of the Sauages against the English. M291 Their women. M292 A marueilous Mineral in the countrey of Caunis Temoatan. M293 This skill of making weares would be learned. M294 The beginning of their haruest in Iuly. M295 The conspiracie of Pemisapan. M296 The forme of the treason. M297 The sufficiencie of our men to deal against the Sauages. 10 to an hundred.

95 Night surprise. So called from having been made by horsemen with white shirts over their armour so as to recognise each other in the darkness.

M298 The slaughter and surprise of the Sauages. M299 Pemisapan slaine. M300 A letter from Sir Francis Drake. M301 This ship arriued in Virginia. M302 Sir Richard Grinuils third voyage.

96 See the different account given above by one of the colonists.

M303 Fifteen men more left in Virginia. M304 Fiue thousand pearles gathered. M305 Tabacco. M306 Monardes parte 2, lib. 1. cap. 4.

97 This is no doubt, that most useful vegetable, the potato.

M307 The iuice of Coscushaw is poison. M308 There are iii. kinds of Tunas whereof that which beareth no fruith bringeth foorth the Cochinillo.

98 Of course, this is an error.

M309 In the gulfe of California they vse the like fishing.

99 Thanet

M310 Iaques Cartier voyage 2. chap. 8.

100 This is quite different from the Indians of South America, who "rarely attacked in the night." (Prescott, Conquest of Peru, II, cap. X.)

M311 This want is hereafter to be supplied. M312 One of the Isles of the Indies inhabited with Sauages.

101 One of the Virgin Islands.

M313 Circumspection to be vsed in strange places.

102 Now called Crux Bay.

M314 Musketos Bay, is a harbour vpon the south side of S. Iohns Island, where we take in fresh water. M315 A pleasant and fruitfull countrey, lying on the west end of S. Iohns Island, where groweth plenty of Orenges, Limons, Plantans, and Pines. M316 An intent to plant in the Bay of Chesepiok M317 Their meaning to remoue 50 miles into the countrey. M318 Smerwick in the West of Ireland.

103 Littlehampton.

104 Probably Dingle, County Kerry.

M319 The fight was in sight of the Iland of Nauaza.(105)

105 Novassa, south of the Windward Passage.

106 Or Florida Keys.

M320 The state of the currents from the cape of Florida to Virginia.

107 The Gulf Stream.

M321 Great diuersity of soundings.

108 This is either the Core Bank or Hatteras Bank.

M322 Hatorask in 36 degr. and a terce. M323 They land. M324 Captaine Spicer drowned. M325 They leaue the coast of Virginia.

109 Heave to.

M326 13. Pipes of siluer

110 Between 1587 and 1602 Raleigh sent out five expeditions to Virginia. To the last be firmly believed in the future of the country.

M327 The Isle of Madera M328 They discouer land. M329 The coast trendeth to the East in 34. degrees of latitude.

111 North-East.

M330 Courteous and gentle people. M331 They run 50 leagues farther. M332 They ran along the coast 200 leagues. They make hollow their Canoes with fire. M333 Vines like those of Lombardie. M334 A mighty riuer. M335 People clad with feathers of diuers colours. M336 The pleasantness and riches of the land. M337 The description of Claudia, Iland, tenne leagues from the mayne. Claudia was mother of king Francis. M338 Most pleasant and fruitful lands. M339 The fashion of their houses. M340 The coast full of good havens. M341 Their curing with Tobacco and perfumes. M342 The description of a notable hauen in 41. deg. and 2 tierces. M343 Here the people begin to be more sauage. M344 Beades of copper. M345 32 pleasant Islands. M346 They ran almost to 50. degrees. M347 Other mens misfortune ought to be our warning.

112 Marginal note.—The chiefe things worthie obseruation in Florida are drawen in colours by Iames Morgues painter sometime liuing in the Black fryers in London.

113 Pierced.

M348 A collection of the commodities of Virginia. M349 Meanes to raise benefit in new discoueries vsed by the Spaniards and Portugals. M350 Kine, sugar-canes and ginger transported into Hispaniola and Madera &c. M351 Woad and vines planted in the Azores.

114 Marginal note.—The great zeal of Elizabeth Queene of Castile and Aragon in aduancing of new discoueries tending to Gods glory.

M352 The aptnesse of the people in the maine of Virginia to embrace Christianitie. Seneca. M353 2 Cor. 12. 14. M354 Iosue 1. 6. M355 The good successe in Ireland of Richard Strangbow earle of Chepstowe. M356 The happy late discouery of the Northwest of Captaine Dauis.

115 [Marginal note: The kings of Poartugal had neuer aboue ten thousand of their naturall subiects in all their new conquered dominions.]

M357 Planting of Colonies. M358 When force of armes is to be vsed. M359 Nota. M360 America vnknowen to all antiquity. M361 Christopher Colon or Columbe. Americus Vespucius of whom America took the name. The first generall part of America. Cabota in the yeere 1597 had discouered all this tract for the crowne of England. M362 The trees of Florida. M363 These are perhaps those which the Sauages call Tunas. M364 The beasts of Florida. M365 The foule of Florida. M366 The disposition and maners of the Floridians. M367 The wearing of their haire. M368 Many Hermaphrodites which have the nature of both sexes. M369 Their order in marching to the warre. M370 The drinking of Cassine before they goe to battell. M371 Their maner of the buriall of Kings. M372 The buriall of their Priests. M373 Their maner of liuing in the Winter. M374 Oile in Florida. M375 The first voyage of Iohn Ribault to Florida. 1562. M376 The course of the Spaniards not altogether necessary. M377 Cape Francois in 30. degrees. M378 A pillar set vp. M379 Prayiers and thankes to God. M380 Presents giuen to Ribault. M381 Their fish weares like those of Virginia. M382 They passe ouer the riuer.

116 Belle a voir.

M383 The Riuer of Port Royall in 32. degrees of latitude. M384 A passage by a riuer into the Sea. M385 Ribault saileth 12 leagues vp the Riuer. M386 A Pillar of free stone wherein the Armes of France were grauen, set vp in an Iland in the riuer of Port Royal. M387 Two Indians taken away. M388 The dolefull songs of the Indians. M389 The Indians eat not before the sun be set. M390 Landonniers putting down in writing the words and phrases of the Indians speech. M391 This seemeth to be La grand Copal. M392 The 2 Indians escape away. M393 The benefite of planting. M394 The Oration of Iohn Ribault to his company. M395 AElius Pertinax descending from base parentage became Emperour of Rome. M396 Agathocles a potters sonne became king of Sicilie. M397 Rusten Bassha of an heard-mans sonne through his valure became the greate Turkes sonne in law. M398 The souldiers answere to Ribaults Oration. M399 The length and bredth of the fort taken by Laudonnier and Captaine Salles. M400 Ribaults speech to Captaine Albert. M401 The riuer Base 15 leagues Northwards of Port Royall. M402 Note. M403 The feast of Toya largely described. M404 The Indians trimming of themselues with rich feathers. M405 Inuocations of the Iawas or Priests vnto Toya. M406 The Indians manner of liuing in the Winter time of Mast and rootes. M407 The liberalitie of king Ouade. M408 The fort set on fire by casualtie. M409 Their second iourney to the countrey of Ouade. M410 The place where christall groweth in very good quantitie ten dayes iourney from the riuer Belle. M411 Note. M412 Mutiny against the captaine, and the causes thereof. M413 Captaine Albert slaine by his owne souldiers. M414 They put to sea without sufficient victuals. M415 Their victuals vtterly consumed. M416 They drinke their vrine for want of fresh water. M417 Extreme famine. M418 The French succoured by an English Barke. M419 It seemeth hee meaneth the voyage intended by Stukely. M420 The ciuill warres the cause why the Frenchmen were not supplied, which were left behinde in their first voyage.

117 The masacre of Huguenots at Vassy had taken place on March 1st 1562; the battle of Dreux was fought in December.

118 The temporary Peace of Amboise.

M421 Laudonniers second voyage to Florida, with three ships the 22 of Aprill 1564.

119 Pine Apples.

M422 Cape Francois between the riuer of Dolphins and the riuer of May, maketh the distance 30 leagues about which is but 10 leagues ouer land. M423 The riuer of Dolphins called Seloy by the Sauages.

120 Marginal note.—The pillar set vp before by Ribault crowned with garlands of Laurell and inuironed with small paniers full of corne, worshipped by the Sauages.

M424 Grosses. M425 The curtesie of the Floridians to the French. M426 Men of exceeding old age. M427 Sauages in Florida of 250. yeres olde. M428 Siluer certain dayes iourney vp within the riuer of May. Thimogoa mortall enemies to Satourioua. M429 Laudionniers consultation with his company where it might be best for them to plant. M430 They begin their planting with prayer to God. M431 In Florida they couer their houses with Palme leaues. M432 The forme of the Fort Caroline. M433 High building is not good for this Countrey. M434 Note. M435 The first voyage twentie leagues. M436 Mayrra a king rich in golde and siluer. M437 The second voyage. M438 An exceeding rich place. M439 Some paint their faces with blacke, and some with red. M440 King Malica. M441 They lappe mosse about their woundes and vse it instead of napkins. M442 The returne of their shippes toward France the 28 of Iuly. M443 The ceremonie which they vse before they goe to warre. M444 Consultation before they assault their enemies. M445 How they vse their enemies which they take in war. M446 Their maner of triumph. M447 Excellent Pumpions. M448 A wonderfull lightning the 29. of August. M449 The Sauages thinke the lightning to be discharging of the Christians Ordinance. M450 Laudonnier vsed the present occasion to his profite. M451 A wonderfull heate. M452 Fiftie cart load of fish dead in the Riuer with this heat. M453 The thirde voyage the tenth September. Mayarqua a place 80 leagues vp the Riuer of May. M454 King Patanou. M455 The Indians maner of war. M456 Two hundreth Indians. M457 Vtina getteth the victory of Potanou by the helpe of the French. M458 La Roquettes conspiracie. M459 Monsieur de Genre. M460 Gienres message to Laudoniere in the Souldiers name. M461 His answere. M462 A dangerous practice against the Captaine and his Lieute'nt. M463 Laudonniers sicknesse. M464 Laudonniers Apothecarie. M465 Captaine Bourdet arriued in Florida the 4. of September. M466 The 4. voyage the 7. of Nouember. M467 One of his Barks stolne away by his Mariners. M468 Another of his Barks stolne away by two Carpenters. M469 One of these Mariners named Francis Iean betrayed his own countrey men to the Spaniard, and brought them into Florida. M470 A Saw-mill necessary here. M471 The thirde sedition. M472 By Peru the French meane the coast of Carthagena and Nombre de Dios. M473 The captaines charge at his setting forth. M474 Landonniere kept 15. dayes prisoner by his owne souldiers. M475 The returne of part of Laudonnieres seditious souldiers. M476 Laudonnieres oration to his mutinous souldiers. M477 The sentence of death. M478 Execution. M479 Laudonniere setteth things in order after his returne out of prison to the fort. M480 Reparation of the West side of the fort. M481 Two Spanyards brought vnto Laudonniere by the Sauages. M482 Calos a place uopn the Flats called The Martyres neere the Cape of Florida. M483 Plates of gold as broad as a sawcer. M484 One of these Spanyards names was Martin Gomes. M485 King Oathcaqua or Houathca. M486 The greatest victory among the Floridians. M487 The Floridians great traitours and dissemblers. M488 Nicholas Masson otherwise called Nicolas Barre. M489 King Audustas great humanity.

121 Marginal note.—Peter Martyr writeth cap. 1. decad. 7. that the like flocks of pigeons are in the isles of the Lucayos.

M490 The widow of King Hioacaia, or Hihouhacara. M491 This queenes name was Nia Cubicani. M492 The fift voyage vp the riuer of May. M493 Vtina sendeth to Laudonniere for his helpe. M494 A good note. M495 Three hundred Indians. M496 Iawa signifieth their Priest or Magician. M497 Potanou accompanied with two thousand Indians. M498 The prediction of the Magician found true. M499 Vtina hath 18 or 20 kings to his Vassals. M500 A custome of the Indians to leaue their houses for 3 or 4 moneths and to liue in the woods. M501 They looke for succour out of France by the end of April at the vttermost. M502 Extreme famine for sixe weekes space. M503 The vile nature of the Indians. M504 Vtina taken prisoner in his village by Laudonniere and 50 of his souldiers. M505 Note. M506 Note. M507 New corne by the end of May in Florida. M508 A little greene fruite that groweth in the riuers as big as cheries. M509 Two Carpenters killed for gathering the Indians maize. M510 Patica a village. M511 Desire of reuenge rooted in the sauage. M512 A necessarie admonition. M513 The Floridians subtilities. M514 A certaine signe of warre. M515 A skirmish betwene the Sauages and the French. M516 A second fresh charge of Sauages. M517 The Floridians maner of fight. M518 Courtesie and liberalitie the best meanes to deale with the sauages. M519 The beating downe of the houses without the fort, and the Palisade. M520 The cause why the French lost Florida. M521 Eight kings Laudonniers friends and allies. M522 The principall scope of planters in strange countreys. M523 Florida a rich countrey. M524 Aug. 1565. M525 M. Iohn Hawkins the English Generall. M526 Sheepe and poulterie carried into Florida. M527 An aduantage wisely taken. M528 The French mistrusted that the Englishmen would plant in Florida. M529 Silver found in Florida. M530 Note. The great importance of this enterprise. M531 The great humanitite and bounty of Master Iohn Hawkins to the French. M532 The departure of the English Generall. M533 The arriual of Captaine Iohn Ribault at the Fort the 28 of August 1565. M534 Note. M535 False reports of Laudonniere to the Admirall of France. M536 The danger of back-biting. M537 Alcibiades banished by backbiters. M538 Laudonnieres receiuing of Captaine Ribault. M539 Letters of the Lord Admirall vnto Laudonniere. M540 Accusations against him. M541 Laudonnieres answere thereunto. M542 Five Indian kings. M543 The mountaines of Apalatcy wherein are mines of perfect gold. Sieroa Pira red mettall. M544 Good meanes to auoid the danger of fire. M545 The Spaniards undermining and surprizing of the French.

122 Marginal note.—The Riuer Seloy or the riuer of Dolphins but 8 or 10 leagues ouer land from the fort: but it is thirty doubling the Cape by sea.

M546 Dangerous flawes of wind on the coast of Florida in September. M547 A village and riuer both of that name. M548 An aduertisment of my Lord Admirall to Captaine Ribault. M549 A mighty tempest the 10 of September. M550 Landonniere hardly vsed by Ribault. M551 Landonniere and his company begin to fortifie themselues. M552 A muster of men left in the fort by Ribault. M553 The Spanyards discryed the 20 of September. M554 The Spaniards enter the fort. M555 Francis Iean a traitour to his nation. M556 Don Pedro Melendes captaine of the Spaniards. M557 Laudonniers escape. M558 Iohn du Chemin a faithful seruant. M559 The diligence of the Mariners to saue them that escaped out of the fort. M560 Among these was Iaques Morgues painter sometime liuing in the Blackfryers in London. M561 Francis Iean cause of this enterprise. M562 The bad dealing of Iames Ribault. M563 Our returne into France the 25. of September 1565. M564 Laudonniers arriuall in Swansey Bay in Glamorganshire in South Wales. M565 The courtesie of our Master Morgan. M566 Monsieur de Foix Ambassador for the French king in England. M567 The conclusion. M568 The causes why the French lost Florida. M569 The chanell of Bahama betweene Florida and the Isles of Lucayos. M570 The Frenchmens landing at the riuer Tacatacourou. M571 Complaints of the Sauages against the Spanyards. M572 Peter de Bre had liued about two yeeres with Satourioua. M573 Three pledges deliuered to Gourges by Satourioua. M574 The estate of the Spanyards in Florida. M575 The riuer Saracary, or Sarauahi. M576 The assault and taking of the first Fort. M577 The valure of Olotocara. M578 The assault and taking of the second fort. M579 The Sauages great swimmers. M580 The Spaniards of the second Fort all slaine. M581 Note. M582 A notable Spanish subtiltie. M583 The cause why the Floridans bury their goods with them. M584 Note. M585 The slaughter of the Spaniards at the third fort. M586 The writings hanged ouer the French and Spaniards slaine in Florida. M587 The three Forts razed. M588 Great honour done by the Sauages to Gourgues. M589 Kniues in great estimation. M590 The arriuall of Gourgues at Rochel, the sixt of Iune. M591 The birth, life and death of captaine Gourgues.

123 See an account of these cotton breastplates in Prescott's Mexico.

M592 Chap. 35. M593 Decad. 3. lib. 8. cap. 8.

124 For a full account of Herrera and his writings, consult Prescott's Mexico.

M594 Chap. 15. M595 Chap. 23. M596 Chap. 24. M597 Chap. 14. M598 Chap. 31 and 32. M599 Chap. 31 and 32.

125 From this preface it is clear that Hakluyt interested himself in Virginia even after Raleigh's disgrace.

M600 Eluas is a Citie in Portugal. M601 Cabeca de Vaca was the Gouernour of the Riuer of Plate. M602 Sixe hundred men went with Soto into Florida. M603 Great figges.

126 Marginal note: Erua babosa Mameia, an excellent fruite.

M604 Batatas, or Potatos. M605 The Cassaui root. M606 Store of good horses. M607 The length and breadth of Cuba. M608 A wittie stratagem. M609 This place was called Baya de Sirito Sancto, being on the West side of Florida, in 29 degrees. 1/2. M610 The ships came vp to the towne of Vcita. M611 Iohn Ortiz liued 12. yeeres, among the Floridians of Vcita and Mococo. M612 Mococo dwelleth two daies iournie from Vcita. M613 Mococo his towne within 2. leagues of the sea. M614 Paracossi 30. leagues from Puerto de Spirito Santo. M615 A new conspiracie. M616 Two hundred Indians taken. M617 Chap. 11. M618 Cosaqui. Patofa. M619 Two swift Riuers. M620 Another greater Riuer. M621 The great increase of swine. M622 An Indian burned for his falsehood. M623 Cutifa-Chiqui. M624 This towne was but two daies iourney from the hauen of Santa Helena. In the yeere 1525. It is 32 degrees 1/2. M625 Chalaque seuen daies iournie from Cutifa-Chiqui. M626 The desert of Ocute, chap. 14. M627 Certaine townes. M628 Mines of copper and gold in Chisca toward the North. M629 Chisca is directly North from Cutifa-Chiqui which is within two daies of Santa Helena. M630 Two Christians sent from Chiaha to seeke Chisca. M631 A wise strategem. M632 Vllibahali walled about. M633 Mauilla walled. M634 Al the clothes and perles of the Christians were lost. M635 A consultation of the Indians to send away their Cacique. M636 The death of 2500. Indians. M637 The Port of Ochuse sixe daies iournie from Mauilla. M638 An Indian stratagem. M639 March, 1541. M640 Chicaca set on fire by the Indians. M641 An olde prophecie. M642 Another towne, Rio Grande, or Rio de Espiritu Santo. M643 Aquixo, a great Lord on the West side of Rio grande. M644 They passe ouer Rio Grande. M645 The chiefe towne of the Cacique of Casqui.

127 "Pez muy comun en los mares setentrionales de Espana, de un pie de largo, comprimido, de color por el lomo azul claro, y por el vientre bianco." (Diccionario de la Academia.)—Probably the Sparus of Pliny.

M646 The Cacique of Pacaha cometh to the Gouernour. M647 Great store of Oxen toward the North of Pacaha. This is like Quiuira.

THE END