Total Revenue $14,640,988 Total Expenditure $15,105,374 Excess of Expenditure over Revenue 464,386 ========== ========== 15,105,374 15,105,374

In 1903, therefore, Government cost the inhabitants the equivalent of about 46 per cent, of the exports' value, against 45 per cent, in Spanish times, taking the relative averages of 1890-94. The present abnormal pecuniary embarrassment of the people is chiefly due to the causes already explained, and perhaps partly so to the fact that the P30,000,000 to P40,000,000 formerly in circulation had two to three times the local purchasing value that pesos have to-day.

The "Cooper Bill," already referred to, authorizes the Insular Government to issue bonds for General Public Works up to a total of $5,000,000, for a term of 30 years, at 4 1/2 per cent, interest per annum; and the municipalities to raise loans for municipal improvements up to a sum not exceeding 5 per cent. of the valuation of the real estate of the municipalities, at 5 per cent. interest per annum. For the purchase of the friars' lands a loan of $7,000,000 exists, bearing interest at 4 per cent. per annum, the possible interest liability on the total of these items amounting to about $2,000,000 per annum.

On November 15, 1901, the high Customs tariff then in force was reduced by about 25 per cent. on the total average, bringing the average duties to about 17 per cent. ad valorem, but this was again amended by the new tariff laws of May 3, 1905. Opium is still one of the imports, but under a recent law its introduction is to be gradually restricted by tariff until March 1, 1908, from which date it will be unlawful to import this drug, except by the Government for medicinal purposes only.

On August 1, 1904, a new scheme of additional taxation came into force under the "Internal Revenue Law of 1904." This tax having been only partially imposed during the first six months, the full yield cannot yet be ascertained, but at the present rate(P5,280,970.96, partial yield for the fiscal year 1905) it will probably produce at the annual rate of $4,250,000 gold, which, however, is not entirely extra taxation, taking into account the old taxes repealed under Art. XVII., sec. 244. The theory of the new scheme was that it might permit of a lower Customs tariff schedule. The new taxes are imposed on distilled spirits, fermented liquors, manufactured tobacco, matches, banks and bankers, insurance companies, forestry products, valid mining concessions granted prior to April 11, 1899, business, manufactures, occupations, licences, and stamps on specified objects (Art. II., sec. 25). Of the taxes accruing to the Insular Treasury under the above law, 10 per cent. is set apart for the benefit of the several provincial governments, apportioned pro rata to their respective populations as shown by the census of 1903; 15 per cent. for the several municipal governments, provided that of this sum one-third shall be utilized solely for the maintenance of free public primary schools and expenditure appertaining thereto. In the aforesaid distribution Manila City ranks as a municipality and a province, and receives apportionment under this law on the basis of 25 per cent. (Art. XVII., sec. 150).

From the first announcement of the projected law up to its promulgation the public clamoured loudly against it. For months the public organs, issued in Spanish and dialect, persistently denounced it as a harbinger of ruin to the Colony. Chambers of Commerce, corporations and private firms, foreign and native, at meetings specially convened to discuss the new law, predicted a collapse of Philippine industry and commerce. At a public conference, held before the Civil Commission on June 24, 1904, it was stated that one distillery alone would have to pay a yearly tax of P744,000, and that a certain cigar-factory would be required to pay annually P557,425. Petitions against the coming law were sent by all the representative trading-bodies to the Insular Government praying for its withdrawal. When the Commissioners retired to their hill-station at Baguio (Benguet) they were followed up by protests against the measure, but it became law under Philippine Commission Act No. 1189. Since the imposition of this tax there has been a general complaint throughout the civilized provinces of depression in the internal trade, but to what extent it is justified there is no available precise data on which to form an estimate.

As already stated, the American occupation brought about a rapid rise in the price of everything, not of necessity or in obedience to the law of supply and demand, but because it was the pleasure of the Americans voluntarily to enhance established values. To the surprise of the Filipinos, the new-comers preferred to pay wages at hitherto unheard-of rates, whilst the soldiers lavishly paid in gold for silver-peso value (say, at least, double), of their own volition—an innovation in which the obliging native complacently acquiesced, until it dawned upon him that he might demand anything he chose. The soldiers so frequently threw away copper coin given them in change as valueless, that many natives discontinued to offer it. It followed that everybody was reluctantly compelled to pay the higher price which the American spontaneously elected to give. Labour, food, house-rent, and all the necessaries of life rose enormously. [294] The Colony soon became converted from a cheap into an expensive place of residence. Living there to-day costs at least three times what it did in Spanish times. Urban property and lands were assessed at values far beyond those at which the owners truly estimated them. Up to 1904 it was not at all uncommon to find the rent of a house raised to five times that of 1898. Retailers had to raise their prices; trading-firms were obliged to increase their clerks' emoluments, and in every direction revenue and expenditure thenceforth ranged on an enhanced scale. It is remarkable that, whilst pains were taken by the new-comers to force up prices, many of them were simultaneously complaining of expensive living! Governor W. H. Taft, with an annual emolument of $20,000 gold, declared before the United States Senate that the Gov.-General's palace at Malacanan was too expensive a place for him to reside in. The lighting of the establishment cost him $125 gold a month, and his servants' wages amounted to $250 monthly. He added that he would rather pay his own rent than meet the expenses of the Malacanan residence. [295]

Two and a half years later General Leonard Wood reported:

"There has been a great increase in the cost of living and in wages in this (Moro) as in other provinces—an increase which has not been accompanied either by improved methods or increased production. The cause of the increase can be traced, in most cases, to the foolishly high prices paid by army officials for labour." [296]

Wages steadily advanced as a natural consequence of the higher cost of living, and, under the guidance of a native demagogue, the working classes, for the first time in Philippine history, collectively began to grumble at the idea of labour-pay having a limit. It was one of the abuses of that liberty of speech suddenly acquired under the new dominion. On February 2, 1902, this person organized the malcontents under the title of a "Labour Union," of which he became the first president. The subscription was 20 cents of a peso per week. The legality of peacefully relinquishing work when the worker felt so inclined was not impugned; but when the strikers sought to coerce violently their fellow-men, the law justly interfered and imprisoned their leader. The presidency of the so-called "Labour Union" was thenceforth (September following) carried on by a half-caste, gifted with great power of organization and fluent oratory. He prepared the by-laws of the association, and fixed the monthly subscription at one peso per man and one peseta (one-fifth of a peso) per woman. About 100,000 members were enrolled in the union, the ostensible aim of which was the defence of the working man's interests. It is difficult to discern what those interests were which needed protection; the position of the labouring class was the very reverse of that existing in Europe; the demand for labourers, at any reasonable wage, exceeded the supply. The idea of a Filipino philanthropically devoting his life to the welfare of the masses was beyond the conception of all who understood the Philippine character. At the end of about eight months, notwithstanding the enormous assets from subscriptions, the "Labour Union" became insolvent, with a deficit of 1,000 or more pesos. Where the assets had gone needed investigation. In the meantime the leader, posing as mediator between the Insular Government and certain notorious outlaws, had endeavoured to negotiate with Governor W. H. Taft for their surrender, on the condition of full pardon. The Government, at length, becoming suspicious of his intentions and the full measure of his sympathy for these individuals, caused the leader to be arrested on May 29, 1903, on the allegations of "founding, directing, and presiding over an illegal association known as 'The Democratic Labour Union,'" irregularities connected with the foundation and administration of the same, sedition, confederacy with brigands, and other minor counts.

It was clear to every thinking man, American or European, that the control of such a formidable body was a menace to peace. The accused was brought to trial on the chief allegations, and in September, 1903, he was sentenced to four years and two months' imprisonment, but appealed against the sentence to the Supreme Court. Later on he was tried on the other counts, and, although the public prosecution failed, it served the useful purpose of dissolving a league the scope of which was shrouded in obscurity, at a period when the political atmosphere was still clouded by aspirations of impossible and undesirable realization. I followed the course of the trial daily, and I interviewed the accused at his house a week before it ended. Three hundred documents were read at the trial, and 160 witnesses were brought against him. To endeavour to establish a case of conspiracy against him, another individual was produced as his colleague. The first accused was defended by an American advocate with such fervid eloquence, apparently inspired by earnest conviction of his client's innocence, that those who had to decide his fate acquitted him of the charge of conspiracy on May 11, 1904. The defendant's verbal explanation to me of the "Labour Union" led me to the conclusion that its abolition would benefit the community.

The abnormal rise in wages had the bad effect of inducing the natives to leave their pastoral pursuits to flock into the towns. The labour question is still a difficult problem, for it is the habit of the Filipino to discontinue work when he has a surplus in his pocket. Private employers complain of scarcity and the unreliability of the unskilled labourer. Undoubtedly the majority of them would welcome the return of Chinese coolies, whose entry into the Islands is prohibited by the Insular Government, in agreement with the desire of the Filipinos, who know full well that the industrious Chinaman would lower wages and force the Filipinos into activity for an existence.

Consul-General Wildman, of Hong-Kong, in his report for 1900 to the State Department, Washington, said: "There has been, during the past year, quite an investment of Hong-Kong capital in Manila; but it is the general opinion that no investment in mines or agriculture in the Islands will be of any great value until the introduction of Chinese labour is not only permitted but encouraged."

Section IV. of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1902 provides that every Chinese labourer rightfully in any insular territory of the United States (Hawaii excepted), at the time of the passage of this Act, shall obtain, within one year thereafter, a certificate of residence, and upon failure to obtain such certificate he shall be deported; and the Philippine Commission is authorized and required to make all regulations necessary for the enforcement of this section in the Philippine Islands. No restriction is placed upon their movement from one island to another of the Philippines, but they cannot go from the Philippines to America.

The regulations established by the Insular Government (Act of March 27, 1903) in conformity with the above-cited Act are as follows: The Chinese can leave the Islands and return thereto within a year. They must obtain a certificate of departure and be photographed. To re-enter the Islands they must procure a certificate of departure at the place of embarkation (usually China) for the Philippines. Thus, during the year ending June 30, 1902, 10,158 Chinese entered Manila, and 11,432 left it with return certificates. Chinese resident in the Islands must be registered. The first banishment for contravention of this regulation took place on January 6, 1905.

For a long time there was a big contraband business done in Chinese. A coolie would pay as much as 400 pesos premium to find himself where he could earn up to 100 pesos per month. The contraband agent in China was an ex-Custom-house officer. The Manila agent was in the Customs service, and the colleagues on the China side were high officials. When the conspiracy was discovered the agent in China came to Manila to answer the charge, and was at once arrested. A prosecution was entered upon; but after a protracted trial, the proceedings were quashed, for reasons which need not be discussed. The Exclusion Act is so rigidly upheld that in the case of a Chinese merchant who died in the Islands leaving a fortune of about 200,000 pesos, his (Chinese) executor was refused permission to reside temporarily in the Colony for the sole purpose of winding up the deceased's affairs.

The social position of the Chinese permitted to remain in the Islands has changed since the American advent. In former times, when the highest authorities frowned upon the Chinese community, it was necessary to propitiate them with bags of silver pesos. There was no Chinese consul in those days; but Chino Carlos Palanca was practically the protector and dictator of his countrymen during the last decade of Spanish rule, and, if a cloud descended upon them from high quarters, he used to pass the word round for a dollar levy to dissipate it. In February, 1900, Chino Palanca was made a mandarin of the first class, and when his spirit passed away to the abode of his ancestors his body was followed to interment by an immense sympathetic crowd of Celestials. This pompous funeral was one of the great social events of the year. Now there is a Chinese consul in Manila whose relations to his people are very different from those between Europeans and their consuls. The Chinese consul paternally tells his countrymen what they are to do, and they do it with filial submission. He has given them to understand that they occupy a higher position than that formerly accorded to the Chinese in this Colony (vide Chinese, Chapter viii).

On my first visit to Manila alter the American occupation I was struck to see Chinese in the streets wearing the pigtail down their backs, and dressed in nicely-cut semi-European patrol-jacket costumes of cloth or washing-stuffs, with straw or felt "trilby" hats. Now, too, they mix freely among the whites in public places with an air of social equality, and occupy stall seats in the theatre, which they would not have dared to enter in pre-American times. The Chinese Chamber of Commerce is also of recent foundation, and its status is so far recognized by the Americans that it was invited to express an opinion on the Internal Revenue Bill, already referred to, before it became law. The number of Chinese in the whole Archipelago is estimated at about 41,000. When an enterprising American introduced a large number of jinrikishas, intending to establish that well-known system of locomotion here, the Chinese Consulate very shortly put its veto on the employment of Chinese runners. The few natives who ran them became objects of ridicule. The first person who used a jinrikisha in Manila, with Chinese in livery, was a European consul. Other whites, unaccustomed to these vehicles, took to beating the runners—a thing never seen or heard of in Japan or in colonies where they are used in thousands. The natural result was that the 'rikisha man bolted and the 'rikisha tilted backwards, to the discomfort of the fool riding in it. The attempted innovation failed, and the vehicles were sent out of the Colony.

Apart from the labour question, if the Chinese were allowed a free entry they would perpetuate the smartest pure Oriental mixed class in the Islands. On the other hand, if their exclusion should remain in force beyond the present generation it will have a marked adverse effect on the activity of the people (vide pp. 182, 411).

At the period of the American occupation the Currency of the Islands was the Mexican and Spanish-Philippine peso, of a value constantly fluctuating between 49 and 37 cents. gold (vide table at p. 647). The shifty character of the silver basis created such an uncertainty in trade and investment transactions that the Government resolved to place the currency on a gold standard. Between January 1 and October 5, 1902, the Insular Treasury lost $956,750.37 1/2 from the fall of silver. A difficulty to be confronted was the impossibility of ascertaining even the approximate total amount of silver current in the Islands. Opinions varied from P30,000,000 upwards. [297] Pending the solution of the money problem, ineffectual attempts were made to fix the relative values by the publication of an official ratio between gold dollar and silver peso once a quarter; but as it never agreed with the commercial quotation many days running, the announcement of the official ratio was altered to once in ten days. Seeing that ten days or more elapsed before the current ratio could be communicated to certain remote points, the complications in the official accounts were most embarrassing. Congress Act of July 1, 1902, authorized the coinage of subsidiary silver, but did not determine the unit of value or provide for the issue of either coin or paper money to take the place of the Mexican and Spanish-Philippine pesos in circulation, so that it was quite inoperative. Finally, Congress Act of March 2, 1903, provided that the new standard should be a peso equal in value to half a United States gold dollar. The maximum amount authorized to be coined was 75,000,000 silver pesos, each containing 416 grains of silver, nine-tenths fine. The peso was to be legal tender for all debts, public and private, in the Islands, and was to be issued when the Insular Government should have 500,000 pesos ready for circulation. The peso is officially alluded to as "Philippine currency," whilst the popular term, "Conant," derives its name from a gentleman, Mr. Charles Conant, in whose report, dated November 25, 1901, this coin was suggested. He visited the Islands, immortalized his name, and modestly retired.

The "Philippine currency," or "peso Conant," is guaranteed by the United States Treasury to be equal to 50 cents of a gold dollar. The six subsidiary coins are 50, 20, and 10 cents silver, 5 cents nickel, and 1 and 1/2 cent bronze, equivalent to a sterling value of one shilling to one farthing. This new coinage, designed by a Filipino, was issued to the public at the end of July, 1903. The inaugurating issue consisted of 17,881,650 silver pesos, in pesos and subsidiary coins, to be supplemented thereafter by the re-coinage of the Mexican and Philippine pesos as they found their way into the Treasury. For public convenience, silver certificates, or Treasury Notes, were issued, exchangeable for "Conant" silver pesos, to the extent of 6,000,000 pesos' worth in 10-peso notes; another 6,000,000 pesos in 5-peso notes, and 3,000,000 pesos in 2-peso notes, these last bearing a vignette of the Philippine patriot, the late Dr. Jose Rizal. On December 23, 1903, the Governor reported that "not till January 1, 1904, can the Mexican coin be demonetized and denied as legal tender value." A proclamation, dated January 28, 1904, was issued by the Insular Treasury in Spanish and Tagalog to the effect (1) that after October 1, 1904, the Government would only accept Mexican or Philippine pesos at the value of their silver contents, and (2) that after December 31, 1904, a tax would be levied on all deposits made at the banks of the above-mentioned coinage. Notwithstanding the publication of numerous official circulars urging the use of the new peso, the Mexican and Spanish-Philippine dollars remained in free circulation during the first six months of 1904, although rent and certain other payments were reckoned in "Conant" and current accounts at banks were kept in the new currency, unless otherwise agreed. Naturally, as long as the seller was willing to accept Mexican for his goods, the buyer was only too pleased to pay in that medium, because if, for instance, he had to pay 10 Mexican dollars, and only had "Conant" in his pocket, he could call at any of the hundred exchange shops about town, change his 10 "Conant" into Mexican at a 5 to 20 per cent. premium, settle his bill, and reserve the premium. Almost any Far Eastern fractional coins served as subsidiary coins to the Mexican or Spanish-Philippine peso, and during nine or ten months there were no less than three currencies in use—namely, United States, Mexican (with Spanish-Philippine), and "Conant." It was not practicable to deny a legal-tender value to so much Mexican, and Spanish-Philippine coin in circulation. The retailer was required to exhibit in his shop a card, supplied by the municipality, indicating the exchange-rate of the day, and declaring in Spanish, English, and Tagalog as follows: "Our prices are in American currency. We accept Philippine currency at the rate of..."; but the reckoning in small-value transactions was so bewildering that, in practice, he would accept any coinage the purchaser chose to give him at face value. From August 1, 1904, when the "Internal Revenue Law" (vide p. 630) came into operation, merchants' and bankers' accounts and all large transactions were settled on the new-currency basis. Many retailers followed the lead, and the acceptance of the new medium thenceforth greatly increased. Still, for several months, provincial natives were loth to part with their old coin at a discount, or, as they plainly put it, lose 10 to 20 per cent. of their cash capital at a stroke. The Insular Treasurer therefore issued another circular in December, 1904, stating that whosoever engaged in business should make use of the old coinage in trade transactions after December 31, 1904, without special licence, would be condemned to pay not only that licence, but a heavy fine, or be sent to prison; and that all written agreements made after October, 1904, involving a payment in old currency, would pay a tax of 1 per cent. per month from the said date of December, 1904. Nevertheless, further pressure had to be exercised by the Civil Governor, who, in a circular dated January 7, 1905, stated that "it is hereby ordered that the Insular Treasurer and all provincial treasurers in the Philippine Islands shall, on and after this date and until February 1, 1905, purchase Spanish-Filipino currency, Mexican currency, Chinese subsidiary silver coins, and all foreign copper coins now circulating in the Philippine Islands at one peso, Philippine currency, for one peso and twenty centavos, local currency."

As late as March, 1905, there was still a considerable amount of old coinage in private hands, but practically the new medium was definitely established. The total number of "Conant" pesos in circulation in the Islands, in the middle of May, 1905, was 29,715,720 (all minted in America), and "Conant" paper, P10,150,000.

From the time of the American occupation up to May, 1902, the two foreign banks—the Hong-Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation and the Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China (vide Banks, p. 258)—were the only depositaries for the Insular Treasury, outside the Treasury itself. In the meantime, two important American banks established themselves in the Islands—namely, the "Guaranty Trust Company," and the "International Banking Corporation." On May 15, 1902, the "Guaranty Trust Company" was appointed a depositary for Philippine funds both in Manila and in the United States; and on June 21 following the "International Banking Corporation" was likewise appointed a depositary for the Insular Treasury, each being under a bond of $2,000,000. These two banks also act as fiscal agents to the United States in the Philippines. [298]

In 1904 the position of the "Banco Espanol-Filipino" (vide p. 258) was officially discussed. This bank, the oldest established in Manila, holds a charter from the Spanish Government, the validity of which was recognized. The Insular Government sought to reduce the amount of its paper currency, which was alleged to be three times the amount of its cash capital. Meanwhile, the notes in circulation, representing the old Philippine medium, ceased to be legal tender, and were exchanged for "Conant" peso-value notes at the current rate of exchange.

For a short period there existed an establishment entitled the "American Bank," which did not prosper and was placed in liquidation on May 18, 1905, by order of the Gov.-General, pursuant to Philippine Commission Act No. 52 as amended by Act No. 556.

In February, 1909, the terms of Article 4 of the Treaty of Paris (vide p. 479) will lapse, leaving America a freer hand to determine the commercial future of the Philippines. It remains to be seen whether the "Philippines for the Filipinos" policy, promoted by the first Civil Governor, or the "Equal opportunities for all" doctrine, propounded by the first Gov.-General, will be the one then adopted by America. Present indications point to the former merging into the latter, almost of necessity, if it is desired to encourage American capitalists to invest in the Islands. The advocate of the former policy is the present responsible minister for Philippine affairs, whilst, on this work going to press, the propounder of the latter doctrine has been justly rewarded, for his honest efforts to govern well, with the appointment of first American Ambassador to Japan.



Trade Statistics

Total Import and Export Values (exclusive of Silver and Gold)

Period. Imports. Exports. Total Import Excess Excess and of Imports. of Exports. Export Trade. Annual Average. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $.

1880-84 19,500,274 20,838,325 40,338,599 — 1,338,051 1885-89 15,789,165 20,991,265 36,780,430 — 5,202,100 1890-94 15,827,694 19,751,293 35,578,987 — 3,923,599

Year. 1899 13,113,010 12,306,912 25,479,922 746,098 — 1900 20,601,436 19,751,068 40,352,504 850,368 — 1901 30,279,406 23,214,948 53,494,354 7,064,458 — 1902 32,141,842 23,927,679 56,069,521 8,214,163 — 1903 32,971,882 33,121,780 66,093,662 — 149,898

Great Britain and the United States are the most important foreign markets for Philippine hemp, the distribution of shipments in 1850 and in five recent years having been as follows:—



Hemp Shipments To United States, United Kingdom, and Other Countries

Year. To United States. To Great Britain. To Other Countries. Total. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons.

1850 7,387 1,092 323 8,802 1899 26,713 21,511 26,808 75,092 1900 20,304 46,419 22,715 89,438 1901 30,336 82,190 11,731 124,257 1902 60,384 44,813 6,303 111,500 1903 69,912 59,189 8,651 137,752



Hemp Shipments

Year. Total. Tons.

1850 8,802 1855 14,936 1860 24,812 1865 24,862 1870 30,535 1875 32,864 1880 49,934 1885 52,141 1890 63,269 1895 104,040 1896 95,736 1897 112,755 1898 99,076 1899 75,092 1900 89,438 1901 124,257 1902 111,500 1903 137,752



Total Chief Exports from the Philippine Islands

1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Sugar

Manila 65,678 84,204 83,469 91,628 92,856 48,071 73,296 67,996 107,003 Cebu 28,195 18,140 17,815 16,694 11,862 3,455 8,762 18,388 16,962 Yloilo 109,609 83,456 77,847 76,997 114,207 96,000 85,104 165,407 137,716

Total 203,482 185,800 179,131 185,319 218,925 147,526 167,162 251,791 261,681

Hemp

Manila 43,927 39,268 56,709 71,881 59,455 56,201 68,256 87,778 70,174 Cebu 8,214 7,192 7,663 11,298 11,616 7,068 11,087 11,035 10,010

Total 52,141 46,460 64,372 82,679 71,071 63,269 79,343 98,813 80,184

Sapan-wood

Manila 2,911 1,885 962 750 574 1,385 880 1,574 3,332 Yloilo and Cebu 1,100 2,943 4,260 5,853 4,018 1,415 3,317 2,207 1,586

Total 4,011 4,828 5,222 6,603 4,592 2,800 4,197 8,841 4,918

Coprah

tons — — — — — 4,653 17,875 22,439 11,519

Shipped from Manila only.

1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. Coffee tons 5,209 7,337 4,998 6,702 5,841 4,796 2,869 1,326 307 Cigars thousands 114,821 102,717 99,562 109,109 121,674 109,636 97,740 137,059 137,458 Tobacco-Leaf tons 6,799 6,039 4,841 10,229 10,161 8,952 9,803 12,714 11,534 Buffalo-Hides tons 632 666 566 1,888 755 394 272 327 — Indigo tons 84 64 111 232 221 19 89 278 — Gum Mastic tons 195 205 404 330 490 188 303 136 — Cordage tons 265 187 175 124 94 196 149 100 — M.O.P. Shell tons 10 8 13 12 23 31 18 10 —



Total Chief Exports from the Philippine Islands—continued

1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1858. Under American Occupation. According Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. to Sir John Bowring. Sugar

Manila 94,656 107,221 97,705 57,382 5,041 27,473 5,567 421 368 Cebu 10,198 13,335 7,701 15,257 12,363 3,731 8,283 4,595 6,202 Yloilo 88,533 110,527 124,648 130,542 71,982 36,312 45,070 97,129 81,308

Total 193,387 231,083 230,054 203,181 89,386 67,536 58,920 102,145 88,378 34,821

Hemp

Manila 82,693 93,595 83,172 102,721 — — — — — Cebu 16,804 10,445 12,564 10,034 — — — — —

Total 99,497 104,040 95,736 112,755 75,092 89,438 124,257 111,500 137,752 25,781

Sapanwood

Manila 1,292 1,619 898 1,022 No quantities stated in the Yloilo Office Returns since 1898. & Cebu 1,633 694 2,743 3,165

Total 2,925 2,313 3,551 4,187 Included in Table of 4,201 Total Export Values, p. 639. Coprah

tons 33,265 37,104 37,970 50,714 15,906 65,355 32,655 59,287 83,411

Shipped from Manila only.

Coffee tons 309 194 89 136 34 13 30 7 4 1,560 Cigars thousands 137,877 164,430 183,667 156,916 No quantities officially stated. 85,142 Tobacco-Leaf tons 9,545 10,368 10,986 15,836 6,272 9,834 7,764 9,016 8,593 4,106 Buffalo-Hides tons 398 467 397 728 — — — — — 402 Indigo tons 72 27 23 33 114 5 8 247 40 36 Gum Mastic tons 189 275 172 223 No quantities officially stated. Cordage tons 170 198 194 239 M.O.P. Shell tons 54 79 13 42



Total Export of Sugar from the Phillipine Islands During 18 Years

1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons.

Manila

Dry 47,542 62,594 62,167 63,890 — 33,233 50,342 51,718 72,007 Wet 18,136 21,610 21,302 27,738 — 14,838 22,954 16,278 34,996

Total 65,678 84,204 83,469 91,628 92,856 48,071 73,296 67,996 107,003

Cebu

Dry 23,676 15,190 12,765 13,094 — 3,145 7,562 17,488 16,712 Wet 4,519 2,950 5,050 3,600 — 310 1,200 900 250

Total 23,195 18,140 17,815 16,694 11,862 3,455 8,762 18,388 16,962

Yliolo

Dry 102,369 81,201 71,722 72,882 — 87,966 82,515 160,050 135,191 Wet 7,240 2,255 6,125 4,115 — 8,034 2,589 5,357 2,525

Total 109,609 83,456 77,847 76,997 114,207 96,000 85,104 165,407 137,716

Grand Total 203,482 185,800 179,131 185,319 213,925 147,526 167,162 251,791 261,631



Total Export of Sugar from the Phillipine Islands During 18 Years—continued

1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1902. 1903. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Under American Occupation Manila

Dry 65,189 81,502 77,676 46,345 Wet 18,136 21,610 21,302 27,738 5,041 27,473 5,567 421 868

Total 94,656 107,221 97,703 57,382 5,041 27,473 5,567 421 868

Cebu

Dry 10,198 13,085 7,484 15,137 Wet — 250 217 120 12,363 3,751 8,283 4,595 6,202

Total 10,198 13,335 7,701 15,257 12,363 3,751 8,283 4,595 6,202

Yliolo

Dry — — 123,720 129,174 Wet — — 928 1,368 71,982 36,312 45,070 97,129 81,308

Total 88,533 110,527 124,648 130,542 71,982 36,312 45,070 97,129 81,308

Grand Total 193,387 231,083 230,054 203,181 89,386 67,536 58,920 102,145 88,378

N.B.—The total export of sugar in the year 1861 was 53,114 tons.



Trade Statistics

Tobacco and Cigar Shipments Before American Occupation

Year. Cigars. Leaf. Year. Cigars. Leaf. Thousands. Tons. Thousands. Tons. Under Monopoly 1880 82,783 8,657 1889 121,674 10,161 1881 89,502 7,027 1890 109,636 8,952 1882 103,597 6,195 1891 97,740 9,803 1883 190,079 7,267 1892 137,059 12,714 1884 125,091 7,181 1893 137,458 11,534 1885 114,821 6,799 1894 137,877 9,545 1886 102,717 6,039 1895 164,430 10,368 1887 99,562 4,841 1896 183,667 10,986 1888 109,109 10,229 1897 156,916 15,836



Tobacco-leaf Shipments Since American Occupation

1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons.

6,272 9,834 7,764 9,016 8,593



Cigar Shipments Since American Occupation

The official returns do not state the quantities shipped

United States. British Empire. [299] Other Countries. Total Year. Value. Value. Value. Value. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $.

1899 3,405 430,013 512,281 945,699 1900 5,662 937,872 214,883 1,158,417 1901 908 1,604,470 227,071 1,832,449 1902 11,006 813,083 164,429 988,518 1903 1,900 757,783 201,672 961,355



Coprah Shipments

Year. Manila. Cebu. Total. Tons. Tons. Tons.

1890 4,653 — 4,653 1891 — — 17,875 1892 — — 22,439 1893 11,519 — 11,519 1894 32,045 1,220 33,265 1895 34,332 2,772 37,104 1896 34,895 3,075 37,970 1897 47,814 2,900 50,714 1899 13,356 2,378 15,906 1900 62,469 2,886 65,355 1901 30,347 2,308 32,655 1902 41,816 17,471 59,287 1903 69,189 14,222 83,411



Coprah Shipment Values

United States. British Empire. Other Countries. Year. Total Value Gold $. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $.

1899 — 72,095 654,558 726,653 1900 4,450 246,243 2,931,788 3,182,481 1901 — 91,793 1,520,045 1,611,838 1902 9,057 531,421 2,161,247 2,701,725 1903 9,354 311,606 3,498,833 3,819,793



Cocoanut-oil Shipment Values

1893 1894 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 Value Value Value Value Value Value Value Gold $. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $.

10,336 33,333 None 105 20 346 81

It will be observed that with the increase of coprah shipment, the export of cocoanut-oil has decreased.



Sapan-wood Shipments Before American Occupation

Year. Tons.

1880 5,527 1881 4,253 1882 5,003 1883 2,924 1884 2,868 1885 4,011 1886 4,828 1887 5,222 1888 6,603 1889 4,592 1890 2,800 1891 4,197 1892 3,841 1893 4,918 1894 2,925 1895 2,313 1896 3,551 1897 4,187

The official returns, since 1898, do not state the quantities of sapan-wood shipments.

Gum-mastic Shipments

Year. Tons.

1880 431 1881 440 1882 339 1883 235 1884 245 1885 195 1886 205 1887 404 1888 330 1889 490 1890 188 1891 303 1892 136 1894 189 1895 275 1896 172 1897 223

The official figures of quantity are not procurable since 1897. The values of the shipments are as follows:—In 1901, $154,801; in 1902, $189,193; in 1903, $143,093.



Coffee Shipments

Year. Tons.

1856 437 1858 1,560 1865 2,350 1871 3,335 1880 5,059 1881 5,383 1882 5,052 1883 7,451 1884 7,252 1885 5,209 1886 7,337 1887 4,998 1888 6,702 1889 5,841 1890 4,796 1891 2,869 1892 1,326 1893 307 1894 309 1895 194 1896 89 1897 136 1899 34 1900 13 1901 30 1902 7 1903 4



Gold and Silver Imports and Exports Since American Occupation

Year Imports Exports Gold. Silver. Gold. Silver. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $. Gold $.

1899 109,965 1,141,392 3,487,050 939,756 1900 71,058 2,830,263 593,143 3,147,946 1901 751,909 6,269,613 857,563 637,844 1902 3,110 4,226,924 314,295 4,173,776 1903 50,730 1,403,475 63,540 7,494,347



Tonnage Entered in Philippine Ports Since American Occupation

Year. Steamers. Net Tonnage. Sailing-ships Net Tonnage.

1899 1,562 767,605 313 58,980 1900 2,969 1,278,740 3,252 147,153 1901 3,649 1,630,176 6,333 208,092 1902 3,744 1,819,547 7,222 242,669 1903 4,679 2,343,904 6,111 251,116



Exchange Fluctuations (Of the Peso or Mexican Dollar).

Sight on London. Year. Highest. Lowest.

1869 4/5-1/4 4/1-3/4 1879 3/11 3/9 1880 3/11-3/4 3/9-3/4 1881 4/1-1/2 3/11 1882 4/1 3/11-1/2 1883 4/0-1/4 3/9-1/2 1884 3/9-1/4 3/7-3/4 1885 3/10-1/4 3/8-1/2 1886 3/9-3/4 3/7-1/2 1887 3/8-1/2 3/3 1888 3/6-3/4 3/2-3/4 1889 3/6-1/4 3/3 1890 3/10-1/2 3/2-1/4 1892 3/3-3/4 3/- 1897 2/2 1/2-3/4 1898 2/0-5/8 1/9-1/2 1899 2/05/16 1/11-3/8 1900 2/0-7/8 1/11-7/8 1901 2/0-1/2 1/10-5/16 1902 1/10-13/16 1/6-1/4 1903 1/11-5/16 1/6-11/16 1904 Local Currency 1/11-9/16 1/9-11/16 "Conant" Peso 2/0-13/16 2/0-3/16



Proportionate Table of Exports (Exclusive of Gold and Silver) Years 1899-1903

Year 1899 United States ================== British Empire =================== Spain ====== Other Countries ==========================

Year 1900 United States ==================== British Empire ======================================= Spain ======== Other Countries =======================================

Year 1901 United States ====================== British Empire ==================================================== Spain ======= Other Countries ===============================

Year 1902 United States =================================================== British Empire ======================================= Spain ===== Other Countries ==================================

Year 1903 United States ========================================================= British Empire ============================================= Spain ====== Other Countries =====================================



Proportionate Table of Imports (Exclusive of Gold, Silver, and U.S. Govt. Supplies) Years 1899-1903

Year 1899 United States ======= British Empire ================== Spain ============ Other Countries ==================================================

Year 1900 United States =========== British Empire ================================== Spain ========== Other Countries ============================================================

Year 1901 United States ================= British Empire ======================================== Spain ========= Other Countries ====================================================================

Year 1902 United States =================== British Empire ================================ Spain ============== Other Countries ====================================================================

Year 1903 United States ================= British Empire ================================ Spain ========== Other Countries ====================================================================



Proportionate Table of Hemp, Coprah, and Sugar Exports, and Rice Imports in the Years 1899-1903

Hemp. 1899 =================== 1900 ====================== 1901 =============================== 1902 =========================== 1903 ===================================

Coprah. 1899 ========= 1900 ======================================== 1901 ==================== 1902 ================================== 1903 ==============================================

Sugar. 1899 ========================================== 1900 ================================ 1901 ============================ 1902 =================================================== 1903 ===========================================

Rice (Import). 1899 =================== 1900 ====================== 1901 ========================== 1902 =========================================== 1903 ====================================================



Chronological Table of Leading Events

1494 Treaty of Tordesillas (June 7). 1519 Maghallanes' expedition sailed, resulting in discovery of the Philippines. 1521 Death of Hernando Maghallanes (April 27). 1522 Elcano completed his voyage round the world (Sept. 6). 1542 The Villalobos expedition sailed from Mexico (Nov. 1). 1545-63 Council of Trent (Dec, 1545, to Dec, 1563). Decrees published in 1564. 1564 The Legaspi expedition sailed from Mexico (Nov. 21). 1565 Miguel de Legaspi landed in Cebu. —— Austin friars' first arrival. —— The image of "The Holy Child" was found on Cebu shore. —— Cebu became the capital of the Philippines. 1571 Manila became the capital of the Philippines. 1572 Death of Miguel de Legaspi (Aug. 20). 1574 Li-ma-hong, the Chinese corsair, attacked Manila (Nov.). 1576 Death of Juan Salcedo, Legaspi's grandson (March 11). 1577 Franciscan friars' first arrival. 1578 Parish church at Manila was raised to the dignity of a cathedral. 1580 The Alcayceria (for Chinese) was established in Binondo (Manila). 1581 Dominican friars' first arrival. —— Domingo Salazar, first Bishop of Manila, took possession. 1587 Alonso Sanchez's mission to King Philip II. Consequent reforms. 1590 The walls of Manila City were built about this year. 1593 Japanese Emperor demanded the surrender of the Islands. —— First mission of friars from Manila to Japan. 1596 First expedition went to subdue the Mindanao natives. 1598 Ignacio de Santibanez, first Archbishop of Manila, took possession. 1603 Chinese mandarins came to see the "Mount of Gold" in Cavite. —— Massacre of Chinese; about 24,000 slain or captured. 1604 Los Banos hospital, church, and convent were established. 1606 Recoleto friars' first arrival. 1613 The Spanish victory (over the Dutch) of Playa Honda. 1616 Earliest recorded eruption of the Mayon Volcano. 1622 Rebellion in Bojol Island led by Dagohoy. 1626 The image of "The Virgin of Antipolo" was first brought to Manila. —— A Spanish colony was founded in Formosa Island. 1638 Corcuera's expedition against the Moros landed in Sulu Island. 1640 Foundation of the sultanate of Mindanao. —— Separation of Spain and Portugal. 1640 Spain made an unsuccessful attempt to capture Macao. 1641 Earliest recorded eruption of the Taal Volcano. 1642 Attempts to proselytize Japan ceased. 1645 Saint Thomas' College was raised to the status of a university. 1649 Rebellion of "King" Malong and "Count" Gumapos. 1660 Massacre of Chinese. 1662 Koxinga, a Chinese adventurer, threatened invasion. —— Great Massacre of Chinese in Manila. 1669 The "Letter of Anathema" was publicly read for the first time. 1684 Spanish Prime Minister Valenzuela was banished to Cavite. 1700 First admission of natives into the Religious Orders. 1718 The "Letter of Anathema" was publicly read for the last time. 1719 Friars in open riot incited the populace to rebellion. 1751 Sultan Muhamad Alimudin was imprisoned in Manila. 1754 Taal Volcano eruption destroyed Taal, Tananan, Sala, Lipa, etc. —— First regular military organization. —— Treaty with Sultan Muhamad Alimudin (March 3). 1755 Banishment of 2,070 Chinese from Manila. 1762-63 British occupation of Manila. 1762 Rebellion in Ilocos Province led by Diego de Silan. 1763 Sultan Muhamad Alimudin was restored to his throne by the British. 1768 Expulsion of the Jesuits ordered (R. Decree, 1768; Papal Brief, 1769). 1770 Expulsion of the Jesuits was effectuated. —— Simon de Anda y Salazar became Gov.-General by appointment. 1776 Death of Simon de Anda y Salazar (Oct. 30). 1781 Government Tobacco Monopoly was established. 1785 The Real Compania de Filipinas was founded (March 10). 1810 Philippine deputies were first admitted to the Spanish Parliament. 1811 The last State galleon left Manila for Mexico. 1815 The last State galleon left Acapulco (Mexico) for Manila. 1819 Secession of Mexico from the Spanish Crown. 1820 Massacre of foreigners in Manila and Cavite (Oct. 9). 1822 First Manila news-sheet (El Filantropo) was published. 1823 Rebellion of Andres Novales (June). 1830 The first Philippine bank was opened about this year. 1831 Zamboanga port was opened to foreign trade. 1834 Manila port was unrestrictedly opened to foreign trade. 1835 Rebellion in Cavite led by Feliciano Paran. 1837 Philippine deputies were excluded from the Spanish Parliament. 1841 Apolinario de la Cruz declared himself "King of the Tagalogs." 1843 Chinese shops were first allowed to trade on equal terms. 1844 Claveria's expedition against the Moros. —— Foreigners were excluded from the interior of the Islands. —— The office of Trading-Governor was abolished. 1851 Urbiztondo's expedition against the Moros. 1852 Manila City thenceforth remained open day and night. —— The Banco Espanol-Filipino was instituted. 1854 Rebellion of Cuesta. 1855 Yloilo port was opened to foreign trade. 1857 The Manila mint was established. 1859 Return of the Jesuits to the Philippines. 1801 Dr. Jose Rizal, the Philippine patriot, was born (June 19). 1863 Manila City and Cathedral damaged by earthquake; 2,000 victims. —— Cebu port was opened to foreign trade. 1868-70 The Assembly of Reformists in Manila. 1869 General Emilio Aguinaldo was born (March 22). 1870 Rebellion in Cavite led by Camerino. 1872 The Cavite Conspiracy (Jan.). 1875 Failure of Russell & Sturgis. 1876 Malcampo's expedition against the Moros. Jolo annexed. 1877 England and Germany recognized Spain's rights in Sulu. 1880 The last destructive earthquake affecting Manila. —— The Hong-Kong-Manila submarine cable was laid (via Bolinao). 1883 Tobacco free planting was thenceforth permitted (Jan. 1). —— Tobacco free export was thenceforth permitted (July 1). 1884 The "Carriedo" endowment water-supply for Manila was established. —— Tribute and Poll Tax were abolished and Cedula personal introduced. 1886 Petition to the Crown asking for the expulsion of the Chinese. —— The office of Judge-Governor was abolished. —— Investiture in Manila of Sultan Harun Narrasid (Sept. 24). —— Capuchin friars' first arrival. 1887 Terrero's expedition against the Moro Datto Utto. —— Colonel Juan Arolas' victory in Sulu Island. Capture of Maybun (April 16). —— Philippine Exhibition was held in Madrid. 1890 Municipalities in the christian provinces were created. 1891 The first Philippine railway was opened to traffic. 1895 The Marahui campaign against the Moros of Mindanao Island. —— Benedictine friars' first arrival. 1896 The Tagalog Rebellion opened (August 20). —— First battle of the Rebellion (San Juan del Monte, Aug. 30). —— Gov.-General Ramon Blanco was recalled to Spain (Dec). —— Gov.-General Polavieja arrived in Manila (Dec). —— Dr. Jose Rizal, the Philippine patriot, was executed (Dec. 30). 1897 Gov.-General Polavieja left Manila for Spain (April 15). —— Gov.-General Primo de Rivera returned to Manila (April). —— First issue of the first Philippine Loan (July 15). —— Treaty of Biac-na-bato is alleged to have been signed (Dec. 14). —— General Emilio Aguinaldo went into exile under treaty (Dec. 27). —— Tremendous tidal wave on Leyte Island. Life and property destroyed. 1898 Tragedy of the Calle de Camba, Manila (March 23). —— Rebel rising in Cebu Island (April 3). —— Gov.-General Primo de Rivera left Manila for Spain (April). —— Gov.-General Basilio Augusti arrived in Manila (April). —— The Spanish-American War began (April 23). —— Battle of Cavite. The Spanish fleet destroyed (May 1). —— General Emilio Aguinaldo returned from exile to Cavite (May 19). —— General Emilio Aguinaldo assumed the Dictature (May 24). —— Constitution of the Revolutionary Government promulgated (June 23). —— Revolutionists' appeal to the Powers for recognition (Aug. 6). —— Spanish-American Protocol of Peace signed in Washington (Aug. 12). —— American occupation of Manila (Aug. 13). —— Capitulation of Manila to the Americans (Aug. 14). —— Malolos (Bulacan) became the Revolutionary capital (Sept. 15). —— American and Spanish peace commissioners met in Paris (Oct. 1). 1898 Capitulation of the Spaniards in Negros island to the rebels (Nov. 6). —— Treaty of Peace between America and Spain (Paris, Dec. 10). —— Evacuation of Panay Island by the Spaniards (Dec. 24). —— Evacuation of Cebu Island by the Spaniards (Dec. 26). 1899 Evacuation of Cottabato by the Spaniards (Jan). —— Constitution of the Philippine Republic was promulgated (Jan. 22). —— The War of Independence began (Feb. 4). —— Bombardment of Yloilo (Feb. 11). —— American occupation of Cebu City (Feb. 22). —— American occupation of Bojol Island (March). —— Malolos, the revolutionary capital, was captured (March 31). —— The Schurman Commission appointed (Jan. 20); in Manila (May 2). —— Evacuation of Zamboanga by the Spaniards (May 23). —— Violent death of General Antonio Luna (June 3). —— The Ladrone, Caroline, and Pelew Is. (minus Guam) sold to Germany (June). —— The Aglipayan schism began. —— The Bates agreement with the Sultan of Sulu (Aug.). —— American occupation of Zamboanga (Nov. 16). —— Death of General Lawton (Dec). 1900 Monsignor P. L. Chapelle, papal delegate, arrived in Manila (Jan. 2). —— The Taft Commission appointed (Mar. 16); in Manila (June 3). —— The Philippine Commission became the legislative body (Sept. 1). 1901 General surrender of the Panay insurgent army (Feb. 2). —— Capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo (Mar. 23). —— General Emilio Aguinaldo swore allegiance to America (April 1). —— The Philippine Commission assumed full (civil) executive power (July 4). —— General surrender of Cebuano chiefs (Oct.). —— General surrender of Bojolano chiefs (Dec). 1902 Capture of V. Lucban, the last recognized insurgent chief (April 27). —— Mr. W. H. Taft in Rome to negotiate purchase of friars' lands (June). —— Civil rule throughout the Islands decreed (Congress Act, July 1). —— War of Independence ended (actually, April 27; officially, July 4). —— President Roosevelt's peace proclamation and amnesty grant (July 4). —— Military rule (remainder of) declared ended (War Office Order, July 4). —— Monsignor G. B. Guidi, papal delegate, arrived in Manila (Nov. 18). 1903 Apolinario Mabini died in Manila (May 13). —— "The Democratic Labour Union" prosecution (May). —— Moro Province constituted (Phil. Com. Act No. 787, June 1). —— Archbishop Nozaleda relinquished the archbishopric of Manila (June). —— The Philippine peso ("Conant") issued to the public (July). —— Moro Province Legislative Council organized (Sept. 2). 1904 Monsignor J. J. Harty, Archbishop of Manila, arrived (Jan.). —— Mr. W. H. Taft, appointed Secretary of War, left Manila (Jan.). —— Mr. Luke E. Wright succeeded Mr. Taft as Civil Governor (Jan.). —— Greatest inundation of Manila suburbs within living memory (July 11). —— The "Internal Revenue Law of 1904" in operation (Aug. 1). 1905 Monsignor Ambrogio Agius, papal delegate, arrived in Manila (Feb. 6). —— The Philippine Assembly to be convened in 1907 proclaimed (March 28). —— El Renacimiento prosecution for alleged libel (July). ——— 1906 English became the official language (Jan. 1; Phil. Com. Act No. 1123).



Index

Acle (wood), 313

Acuna, Gov.-General Bravo de, 74

Adasaolan, the Moro chief, 129

Aetas tribe, the, 37, 120, 145, 163

Agana (Guam Is.), 41

Agius, Monsignor Ambrogio, papal legate, 607

Aglipay, Gregorio, career of, 603; heads the Independent Church, 604; throws off allegiance to Rome, 605

Agno River, 14

Agoncillo, Felipe, 472, 485, 495

Agriculture, 269; proposed Bank of, 624; the Bureau of, 625

Aguinaldo, Emilio, 370; claims independence, 394; goes into exile, 399; goes to Singapore, 419; returns to Hong-Kong, 421; becomes Dictator, 436; becomes President of The Revolutionary Government, 469; triumphal entry into Malolos of, 470; capture of, 507; swears allegiance to America, 509; home of, 510; as witness in El Renacimiento prosecution, 550. Vide War of Independence

Agusan River, 14

Albinos, 128

Alcayceria, the, 110

Alcocer, Father Martin Garcia, 597, 602

Alferez Real, 50

Alva, Francisco, 31

Alcalde-Governors, 212

Alcalde Mayor, 213

Alguacil, 226

Ali, Datto, 529, 580-2

Allocution of the Archbishop of Madrid, 423

Alvarez, Vicente, the Tamagun Datto, 532

Ambutong, Datto, 585

Amor seco, 324

Anagap (wood), 313

Anathema, the Letter of, 82

Anda y Salazar, Simon de, usurps gov.-generalship, 91; offers rewards for British heads, 95; rewards to, 99; character of, 99; becomes Gov.-General, 99; death of, 100

Andrew, Saint, patron of Manila, 50, 560

Animals, 336 et seq.

Anobing (wood), 313

Anson, Admiral, 246

Anting-anting, the, 237

Antipolo, Virgin of, 184

Antipolo (wood), 313

Antwerp, the Treaty of, 72

Aparcero (labour) system, 274

Apiton (wood), 313

Araudia, Gov.-General Pedro de, 61, 80, 138

Araneta, General Pablo, 514, 517

Araneta, Juan, 520

Aranga (wood), 313

Archbishopric created, 56

Areca-nut, 303

Army, the (under Spain) 53, 77; pay of, 53, 230; statistics of, 229-30; the first barracks, 231; Halberdier Guard, 232; strength of, at the outbreak of the Rebellion, 364; in 1898, 466; (under America) strength of, during War of Independence, 553; arms captured by, 553; strength of, in 1904, 569; general officers' pay, 569; privates' pay, 569; the three departments of, 569; scout corps; military prison, 570

Arolas, Colonel Juan, captures Maybun, 144; death of, 144 (footnote)

Artists, native, 196

Asiento Contract, the, 257

Assembly of Reformists, the, 362

Asuan (evil spirit), 181

Athenaeum, the, 194

Augusti, General Basilio, succeeds Gen. Primo de Rivera, 413; issues a call to arms, 424; issues a proclamation against Americans, 425; quits Manila before the American occupation, 464

Austin friars, 55

Axa, 274

Ayala, Antonio de, 367 (footnote)

Azcarraga, General Marcelo, 105 (footnote)

Bacoor town, rebel headquarters, 499

Badiao destroyed, 16

Bagobos, the Moro tribe of, 145

Bagsacay weapon, 147

Baibailanes, sect of the, 608

Balabac Island, 160; slaughter of Spaniards in, 478

Balambangan, slaughter of British at, 139

Balangiga, slaughter of Americans at, 536

Balanguigui Island, Corcuera's victory in, 139

Balate (trepang), 312

Baler garrison captives, 494

Balugas tribe, the, 163

Bamboos, 308

Banaba (wood), 313

Banana fruit, 317

Bancal (wood), 314

Banco Espanol-Filipino, the, 258; run on the, 435, 638

Bandits, notorious, 238-9, 546-9, 582, Vide Brigands

Banks, foreign and Philippine, 258, 638; American, 637

Bansalague (wood), 314

Barangay chiefs, 189, 222-3, 225 (footnote)

Barasoain town, 469 (footnote), 567

Barbosa, Duarte de, 28

Barong weapon, 147

Barracks, the first, 231

Basa, Jose M., 106; biographical note of, 108 (footnote)

Basan tribe, the, 128

Batac tribe, the, 158 (footnote;

Bates Agreement, the, 571

Batitinan (wood), 313

Bato Lake, 15

Bats, 340

Battle— of Playa Honda, 75; of Saint Juan del Monte, 368; of Binacayan, 373; of Cavite, 427; of Paco, 487; of Marilao, 490

Bautista, Ambrosio Rianzares, 106

Bautista, Fray Pedro, martyr-saint, 64

Bay Lake, 15

Bayabos, the Moro tribe of, 145

Bejuco (rattan), 310

Benguet Road, the, 615 (footnote)

Berenguer y Marquina, Gov-General, 80

Beri-beri disease, 197

Betel, 303

Betis (wood), 313

Biac-na-bato, the alleged Treaty of, 396, 414 (footnote)

Bicol River, 14, 37

Bigaycaya, the, 178

Bilibid jail, 557

Binacayan, Battle of, 373

Birds, 341

Birds'-nests, edible, 311

Bishop of Manila, the first, 51, 56

Blanco, Gov.-General Ramon, 377

Blood Compact, the, 28, 369

Boar, 340

Boayan Lake, 15

Bocayo, 305

Bojo, 310

Bojol Island, rebellion in, 101; American occupation of, 528; Pedro Sanson, the insurgent leader in, 528

Boleta shipping-warrant, the, 244

Bombon Lake, 15

Bongso, Rajah, 130

Bonifacio, Andres, 370

Borneo Island, Spanish relations with, 29, 165

Botanical specimens, 321

Braganza, Duke of, 81

Braganza, Major, execution of the rebel, 537

Brewery, the first Philippine, 264

Bridge of Spain, 349

Brigands— the tulisan; the pulajan, 235, 547 et seq.; haunts of, 238; the remontado, 205; "Guards of Honour," 550. Vide Bandits

British North Borneo Co., 141

British— corsairs, 54; occupation of Manila by, 87

Bronchial affections, 197

Brunei, Sultanate of, 29, 141, 157, 165

Budgets, 227 et seq.; of 1757, 251, 629

Buffaloes, 337; rinderpest epidemic, 338, 621; efforts of Government to replace the stocks of, 622

Buffalo hides, shipments of, 640

Buhi Lake, 15

Bull-ring, 350

Buluan Lake, 15

Bureaux of the Insular Government, 561

Burgos, Dr. Jose, 106; executed, 107

Buri palm, 308

Bush-rope, 310

Bustamente Bustillo, Gov.-General, murder of, 60

Bustos, 92-4

Butler, John B., 257

Butterflies, 340

Butuan River, 14

Buyo, 303

Cabeza de barangay, 189, 222-3

Cable service, 267-8

Cacao, 301; cultivation of, 302

Cachil Corralat, King, 133

Cachila or Castila, 169, 515 (footnote)

Cagayan, river of, 14; lake of, 15

Cagaaua destroyed, 16

Cagsaysay, Our Lady of, 18, 19, 184

"Cahapon, ngayon at Bucas," the seditious play of, 554

Caida, 353

Caidas, 224

Cailles, General Juan, 507; as provincial governor, 507

Caja de comunidad, 217

Calderon, Rita, 139

Calinga tribe, the, 125

Calle de Camba tragedy, the, 401

Camagon (wood), 314

Camaguin Volcano, 16

Camerino, the rebel, 106, 397 (footnote)

Camote, 303

Campilan weapon, 147

Campo de Bagumbayan, 369

Canga-Argueelles, Felipe, 143, 158, 161

Canlauan Volcano, 16

Canovas Ministry, 378, 384, 417

Capers, 321

Capitan municipal, 225

Capsicums, 321

Captives, the Spanish, 537; why detained, 539; Baron Du Marais murdered, 540; the captors' terms of release, 541

Capture of Manila— attempted by Li-ma-hong, 47; threatened by Japanese Emperor, 64; threatened by the Dutch, 75; threatened by Koxinga, 76; by the British, 87; by the Americans, 464

Caraballo, Juan, 29

Carabaos (buffaloes), 337

Caroline Islands, the discovery of, 41, 43; seized by Germany, 44; governor of, murdered, 45; sold to Germany, 46

Carrillo Theatre, the, 349

Carromata, 559 (footnote)

Carrying-trade, the inter-island, 262; regulated by the Shipping Law of 1904, 628-9, 647

Cartagena, Juan de, 26

Casa Misericordia loan office, 247

Cassava, 321

Castila or Cachila, 169, 515 (footnote)

Castor-oil, 302

Catapusan, the, 179 (footnote)

Cathedral of Manila, the, 55

Catipad, 177

Cauit, 371 (footnote)

Cavite the conspiracy of 1872, 106, 363; fort of, 233-4; executions in 1896, 374

Cayinin, the, 555

Cebu, discovery of, 27; Legaspi in, 34; the "Holy Child" of, 183; the patron saint of, 183; the port of, 261; rising in, 402 et seq.; executions of rebels in, 405; native government in the Island of, 521; American occupation of the City of, 523; General Hughes' expedition to, 525; the City of, 526

Cedar (wood), 314

Cedula personal, the, 224

Census, the, 355, 615-6

Centro Catalico, El, 602

Chabucano dialect, the, 535

Chaffee, Maj.-General A. R., 563

Chambers of Commerce, 261

Chamorro dialect, the, 40

Champaca, 325

Chapdiki, 351 (footnote)

Chapelle, Monsignor P. L., papal legate, 595 and footnote

Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, the, 258, 435, 637

Chillies, 321

Chinese, the, 54, 109; slaughter of the Moluccas expedition leader by, 73; revolt of, 77; banishment of, 111; restrictions on, 111; as immigrants, 112; taxes first levied on, 112; social position of, under Spanish rule, 113; riots of, 114; mandarins come to seek the "Mount of Gold" in Cavite, 114; Saint Francis' victory over, 115; massacre by, 115; massacre of, 77, 93, 115; as traders, 117, 263; Guilds of, 117; patron saint of, 118; population of, 118; Macao, 118; Sangley, 118; Suya, 118; secret societies, 119; Exclusion Act, 119, 633; before the Spanish advent, 166; Club, 558; social position of, under American rule, 634; future probable effect of the exclusion of, 635

Chocolate, 301

Cholera epidemic, 116, 197

Church— relations of, to the State, 50; Dominican friars, 51 (footnote); first bishop of Manila, 51, 56; tithes to, 55; Austin friars, 55; Mendicant friars, 55; friars' term of residence, 55; Manila Cathedral, 55; the Inquisition, 55, 59, 82; archbishopric created, 56; indulgences granted, 56; relics in cathedral, 57; excommunications, 58, 67, 604; archbishop banished, 58; quarrels with the State authorities, 57-8, 99, 209-10; Chap. vii; the martyrs of Japan, 66-9; the High Host is stolen, 82; Letter of Anathema, 82; the Hierarchy, 206; revenue and expenditure of the, 207, 209; position of the regular clergy after 1898, 594; Archbishop Nozaleda, 594, 597; Father Martin Garcia Alcocer, 597, 602; attitude of the native clergy towards the, after 1898, 596; Monsignor P. L. Chapelle, 595; Monsignor G. B. Guidi, 601; Monsignor A. Agius, 607; the friars'-7lands question, 597-601; the Aglipayan Schism, 604. Vide Friars; Religious Orders

Church, the Philippine Independent. Vide Independent

Cigars, 299; shipments of, 644

Cinnamon, 311

Civil—governor, duties of the Spanish, 215; his position, 216; guard (constabulary), the, 231; the title of Civil Governor, 561; Service, the, 565; Commission, the, 560, 565; rule established, 566

Claudio, Juan, 81

Claveria, expedition against the Moros by, 139

Clergy, the native, capacity of, 607. Vide Church; Friars

Climaco, Arsenio, 522, 525

Climaco, General Juan, 522

Climate, 22; of the south, 157

Clubs, 558

Coal, 326, comparative analyses, 328

Cock-fighting, 351

Cocoanuts, 304

Cocoanut-oil, 305; export values of, 645

Coffee, 289; caracolillo, 289; where grown, 289; dealing, 290; cultivation, 291; statistics, 291; shipments of, 646

Cogon-grass, 307

Coir, 305

Colerin disease, 197

Coloram, sect of the, 608

Comenge, Rafael, inflammatory speech of, 400

Compania General de Tabacos, 299

Compania Guipuzcoana de Caracas, 252

Conant peso, the, 635-7

Concentration circuits, 391, 549

Congressional Relief Fund, the, 621, 623

Consulado trading-ring, the, 244

Constabulary statistics (Spanish), 231; (American), 550, 553, 567

Contentions, State and Church, 58

Convent of Santa Clara, 81

Convicts, corps of, 231; in Bilibid jail, 557

Cooper Bill, the, 627, 629

Copper, 334

Coprah, 305; shipments of, 645

Corcuera, Gov.-General Hurtado de, 58, 79, 81; in Sulu, 131

Cordage, shipments of, 640

Cornish, Admiral, 87

Corregidor Island, 345 (footnote), 556

Corsairs, British, 54

Cotta de San Pedro (Cebu), 402

Cottabato, meaning of, 142 (footnote); Spanish evacuation of, 529; native rule in, 529; slaughter of Christians in, 530; American intervention at, 530

Cotton-tree, 307

Council of Trent, the, 605 (footnote)

Count—of Albay, 105; of La Union, 124; of Manila, 139; of Lizarraga, 210

Courts of Justice, cost of the Spanish, 234; American, 618

Criminal law procedure, Spanish-Philippine, 241

Cruz, Apolinario de la, "King of the Tagalogs," 105

Cuadrillero guard, the, 224

Cuba, America liberates, 417

Cubang-aso, 166 (footnote)

Cueva del Ingles, the, 21

Cuevas, Datto Pedro, career of, 582; his death, 583; his justice, 586

Currency, the, under Spain, 244, 259; under America, 635-7

Custom-houses, 261, 467, 626

Customs duty, the first levied, 53; under America, 629-30

"Dabas ng pilac," the seditious play of, 554

Dagohoy's rebellion, 101

Dalahican camp, 374

Danao River, 15

Dancing, the balitao, the comitan, 180

Dasmarinas, Gov.-General Perez, 56, 78

Datto. Vide Moros

Dayfusama, Emperor of Japan, 69

Death-rate, 198

Deer, 340

Delgado, General Martin, 513-14, 517-18

Demarcation of Spanish and Portuguese spheres by papal bull, 25

Democratic Labour Union, the, 632

Departments of the Insular Government, 561

Descent of Filipinos, theory of the, 120

Despujols, Gov.-General, 383

Dewey, Admiral George, 419, 427, 430, 432

Diario de Manila, El, founded 352, suspended, 401

Diaz, Julio, 520

Diezmos prediales, 55

Dilao village, 63

Dimas alang, 389

Dimasangcay, King of Mindanao, 129

Dinagat Island, 27

Dinglas (wood), 314

Diocno, Ananias, 513, 516

Directorcillo, 222

Disciplinary (convict) corps, 231

Discovery of the Philippines, 24 et seq.

Diseases, the prevalent, 197

Dita (quinine), 308

Divisions of the Colony under Spain, 213

Djimbangan, Datto, 530, 580

Dollars, Mexican, first introduced, 244

Doll-saints, 188

Dominican friars, 51 (footnote)

Donkeys, 388

Dowries for native women, 53

Draper, Brig.-General, 87-91

Duarte de Barbosa, 28

Du Marais, Baron, 540 (footnote)

Dungon (wood), 314

Dutch, naval battles with the, 72 et seq.

Dwelling-houses, 353

Dye saps, 312

Earthquakes, 23, 356

Ebony (wood), 314

Eco de Filipinas, the seditious organ, 106

Education, under Spain, school-teachers, 192; State aid for, 193; the Athenaeum syllabus, 194; the Santa Isabel College curriculum, 194; girls' schools, 194; St. Thomas' University, 194; the Nautical School, 195; the provincial student, 195; in agriculture, 228; under America, 608; the Normal School syllabus, 609; the Nautical School, 609; the School for Chinese, 610; University and remaining Spanish schools, 610; the English language for Orientals, 611; in agriculture, 625

Egbert, Colonel, death of, 489

Elcano, Juan Sebastian, 29; voyage round the world of, 30; reward to, 31; death of, 31

"El Filibusterismo," 383

El Nuevo Dia newspaper, 524

Emoluments of Spanish officials, 214; of American officials, 561

Encomiendas, 211

Espinosa, Gonzalo Gomez de, 29, 31

Exchange fluctuations, 647

Exclusion, of foreigners in general, 258; of Chinese in particular, 111, 119, 633-5

Excommunications, 58, 67, 604

Executions of monks in Japan, 66, 69

Exhortations and proclamations, rebel and insurgent, definition of demands, 392; claim of independence, 394, 421, 433, 436, 454, 486, 502

Expenditure and revenue, under Spain, 227 et seq., 251; curious items of, 229; under America, 629

Exports, duty first levied on, 53; table of values of, 639; of produce, 639-46

Fajardo de Tua, Gov.-General, 70, 75; kills his wife, 80

Fallas tax, 224

"Family Compact," the, 72, 87

Family names, 179

Farranda Kiemon, the Japanese Ambassador, 64-5

Federal party, the, 547

Felizardo, Cornelio, the famous bandit, 548 (footnote), 549

Field of Bagumbayan, 369

"Filibusterismo, El," 383

Filipino, the, meaning of the term, 120 (footnote), 165; theory of the descent of, 163 et seq.; meaning of the term "Tagalog," 164; at the St. Louis Exhibition, 165; character of, 167; characteristics of, 168-71; notion of sleep of, 169; "Castila!" 169; hospitality of, 172, 563; good qualities of, 173-4, 176; female activity, 173; aversion to discipline, 175; bravery of, 175; troops in Tonquin, 175; physiognomy of, 177; marriages of, 177-9; minors' rights, 178; widows of, 178; family names of, 179; mixed marriages of, 181; belief in evil spirits, 181; conception of religion of, 189, 607-8; penance, 188; talent of, 196; as artists, 196; as politicians, 547; the "Irreconcilables," 547, 553, 613; capacity for self-government of, 614

Firewoods, 324

Fish, 339

Flowers, 321

Flores, Luis, 522-3

Fondos locales, 217. Vide Government.

Forests, inspection of, 228; produce of, 307 et seq.

Formosa Island, Spanish colony in, 76

Fort of Yligan, 77, 231; of Zamboanga, 77, 133 (footnote), 233; of Sampanilla (Mindanao Is.), 131; of Jolo, 150; of Labo and Taytay (Palauan Is.), 231; of Cavite, 233-4; of Cebu, 402; of Santiago (Manila), 427, 430; of San Antonio Abad (Malate), 463

Fortification of Manila, 54, 231, 343 (footnote)

Fowls, 341

"Frailuno," the term, 603 (footnote)

Francis of Tears, Saint, 183

Free trade penalties, Spanish, 250

Freemasonry, 363, 365 (footnote)

Friars, the Spanish, the Mendicant Order of, 55; term of residence of, 55; in open riot, 61; attitude of, during the British occupation (1762-3), 91-3, 96; fighting, 116, 133; as parish priests, 202; the several Orders of, 207; as traders, 250; position of, after 1898, 594; causes of the anti-friar feeling, 595; attitude of the native clergy towards, 596; number of, at the time of the rebellion (1896), 596; position of, after 1898, determined, 597; the question of the real estate of, 597, et seq.; America's negotiations with Rome, 598-600; acreage of real estate of, 601; the term "frailuno," 603 (footnote). Vide Church; Religious Orders

Fruits, 317 et seq.

Fuerza del Pilar, 133 (footnote)

Funcion votiva de San Andres, 50

Funston, Colonel, 491, 496; captures Aguinaldo, 507; reward to, 509

Fuset, Antonio, 539

Gabi, 303

Gaddanes tribe, the, 122

Gales, Nicolas, 520

Galleons, to and from Mexico, 243; officers' pay, 243; royal dues, 249

Gigantes, Paseo de los, 134 (footnote)

Gilolo Island, 32

Ginger, 321

Gobernadorcillo, 221

Gogo, 302

Goiti, Martin de, 35, 37

Gold, mining, 328 et seq.; coin, 259; imports and exports of, after 1898, 647

Gomez, Father Mariano, executed, 107

Gonzalez Parrado, General, 145, 150, 572

Government, under Spain, 211 et seq.; cost of, 214, et seq., 629; of towns, 221 et seq.; under America, 560 et seq., 576; cost of, 629; provincial, 566-7, 578-9

Governor-General, the, Legaspi, Miguel de, 33-4, 36; Lavezares, Guido de, 35 (footnote), 47; Zabalburu, Domingo, 42; powers of, 54; Perez Dasmarinas, 56, 73; Corcuera, Hurtado de, 58, 79, 131; quarrels of, with the clergy, 58; Lara, Manrique de, 59; Salcedo, Diego, 59; Leon, Manuel de, 60; Nargas, Juan de, 60; Bustamente Bustillo murdered, 60; Torralba, Jose, 60, 79, 80; Arandia, Pedro de, 61, 80; Moriones, Domingo, 62; Raon, Jose, 62, 99; Fajardo de Tua, 70, 75, 80; Bravo de Acuna, 74; Silva, Juan de, 74; Silva, Fernando de, 76; Vargas, Juan, 79; peculations of, 79, 80, 212, 220-1; Berenguer y Marquina, 80; La Torre, Francisco, 97; Obando, Jose de, 134; Jovellar, Joaquin, 211; Despujols, 383; Primo de Rivera, Fernando, 124, 211, 389, 391, 399, 408; Blanco, Ramon, 377; Polavieja, Camilo, 378-9; Augusti, Basilio, 413, 424-5, 464; Weyler 417-8, 431

Grants of land, 54, 211, 592

Grapes, 320

Guadalupe church, legend of, 361

Guaranty Trust Company, 637

"Guards of Honour," the, 550

Guava fruit, 320

Guidi, Monsignor G. B., papal legate, 601

Guijo (wood), 314

Guillermo, Faustino, the bandit, 546

Gum mastic, 311; shipments of, 646

Gumapos, "Count," 103

Gutta-percha, 311

Gypsum, 334

Hadji, title of, 571 (footnote).

Halberdiers (Bodyguard), 232

Hale, General, 488, 490-1, 497-8

Hall, General, 488, 492

Hamabar, King, 28

Harbour-masters, Spanish, 234

Hardwoods, 312; relative strengths of, 317

Harun Narrasid, Sultan, 141, 142 (footnote)

Harty, Monsignor, J. J., 602

Headhunters, the, 124-5

Hemp, 281; various uses of, 282; extraction of, 282; experiments in British India, 283; statistics of, 284; cultivation of, 285; qualities of, 285; labour difficulties, 286; shipments of, 639

Hendryx, Captain, the sad fate of, 552

Heredia, Pedro de, 74

Hierarchy, the, 206

High Host stolen, the, 82

Hindi aco patay, the seditious play of, 554

Hindoos, the, 128

"Historical Manifest," the, 136

Histrionic art, 349

"Holy Child" of Cebu, the, 183

Homestead Law, the, 592 (footnote)

Hong-Kong and Shanghai Banking Corp., the 240, 258, 435, 637

Horses, 336

Hospitals, 54

Hughes, General, 489, 525, 528

Hurricanes, 355

Husi, 282

Ibanac tribe, the, 123

Identity document, the, 224

Igorrote tribe, the, 123

Igorrote-Chinese tribe, the, 126

Illiterates, 192, 615

Ilocos rebellion, 100

Imbog, the Moro, 129

Imports, table of values of, 639; proportionate table of Rice, 650

Imus, 372 (footnote)

Indemnity to British for Manila, 89

Independent Church, the Philippine, initiation of, 603; severance from Rome of, 605; conflicts between Catholics and Schismatics of, 606; doctrine of, 607

Indigo, shipments of, 640-1

Indulgences granted, 56

Industries, native, 264, 347

Inquisition, the, 55, 59, 82

Insanity, 198

Insects, 339; edible, 342

Insular Government. Vide Government

Intellectuals, 192

International Banking Corp., 637

Ipil (wood), 314

Iron, 332

Irreconcilables, the, 547, 553; demands of, 613

Islas, del Poniente, 28; del Oriente, 28; Philipina, 32; de los Pintados, 34 (footnote)

Islands, the chief, 13; ancient names of, 13

Itavis tribe, the, 123

Jabul dress, 147

Jalajala, 360

Japan—the Ambassador Farranda Kiemon, 64-5; Taycosama, Emperor of, 65; Catholic missions to, 64-70, 164 (footnote); the martyrs of, 66, 69, 71; Dayfusama, Emperor of, 69; Xogusama, Emperor of, 69; To-Kogunsama, Emperor of, 70

Japanese, the, 63, 164; pre-Spanish immigration of, 166; industry of, 166; in Vigan, Malalos, Taal and Pagsanjan, 166; expulsion of the, 164 (footnote); under American rule, 557

Jaramillo, General Nicolas, during the Rebellion, 374; in Zamboanga, 530; as agent for the liberation of Spanish prisoners, 540

Jaro, the See of, 515 (footnote)

Jesuits, rivalry with friars, 58; in Nagasaki, 65-7; expulsion of, 99, 206; number of, in the Islands in 1896, 206 (footnote)

Jinrikisha, the, 635

Jolo, capture of, 139; annexation of, 140; town of, 149, 587; port of, 262; American occupation of, 571

Jomonjol Island, 27

Journalism, 106, 352, 363, 382, 412, 468, 524, 550

Jovellar, Gov.—General Joaquin, 211

Judicial statistics, Spanish, 234; American, 561, 618-19

Judicial Governors, 212

Junta patriotica, the, 419

Jurado v. the Hong-Kong and Shanghai Banking Corp., 240

Juramentado, the, 146, 148, 150, 583; runs amok, 152

Justice, of the peace, first appointed, 56; in municipalities, 225, 619; administration of, 618; provincial courts of, 619

Kalbi, Datto, 586

Katipunan League, the, 364, 365 (footnote), 595; demands of the, 393

Kiemon Farranda, 64-5

"King of the Tagalogs," 105

Koxinga, threatened invasion by, 76

Kudarangan, Sultan of, 143; vanquished by General Wood, 581; cotta of, 580 (footnote), 581

Labo fort, 231

Labour, problem, 225, 286, 332-3, 611, 631; on sugar estates, 274; "The Democratic Labour Union," 632; Consul-General Wildman quoted, 633

Lacandola, Rajah, 35-7, 51; descendants of, 35 (footnote)

Lachambre, General, 379

Lacson, Aniceto, 520

Ladrone Islands, discovery of, 27; sighted, 34; visited, 40

Laguna de Bay, 15

Lakes, 15

Lamurrec Island, King of, 42

Lanao Lake, 15

Land, grants of, 54; tenure of, 270; measure of, 271; the Homestead Law, 592 (footnote); problem, 555, 592-3, 624-5

Lanete (wood), 314

La Patria newspaper, 412

Lara, Gov.-General Manrique de, 59

Latitude of the Islands, 13

La Torre, Gov.-General, 97

Lauan (wood), 314

Lavezares, Guido de, 35 (footnote), 47

Law Spanish lawsuits, 56, 239; Spanish criminal law procedure, 241-2; under American rule, 618-9

Lawton, General, 493, 498-500; death of, 504

Leeches, 340

Legaspi, the expedition of, 33; in Cebu, 34; death of, 36

Leon, Gov.-General Manuel de, 60

Lepers, 70, 197, 351

Letter of Anathema, 82

Leyes de Indias, 51

Leyte Is., rebellion in, 102; insurgency in, 547

Ligusan Lake, 15

Li-ma-hong, the Chinese corsair, 47

Limasaba, Prince of, 410

Lipa destroyed, 18

Lizares, Simon, 520

Llaneras, General, 374

Llorente, Julio, 521-2, 524

Loaisa expedition, the, 31

Loan, the first Philippine, 541 (footnote)

Local funds, 217

Locust bean, 324

Locusts, 341

Logarta, Miguel, 522, 525

Loney, Nicholas, 255

Longitude of the Islands, 13

Los Banos, 359

Losa, Diego de, 67

Loewenstein, Prince Ludwig von, 488, 510

Lucban, Vicente, 535; capture of, 545

Luga, Mateo, 525

Luna, General Antonio, 496-8; on the battlefield, 496; death of, 501

Luneta Esplanade, the, 353

Lung diseases, 197

Lupis, 282

Lutao (Cebu) destroyed, 403

Mabini, Apolinario, 478, 486, 546

Mabolo fruit, 320

Macabebe, the, 446 (footnote)

Macao (Chinese), 118

Macacus radiata, 177

Macao, the colony of, 81 (footnote); Spanish attempt to capture, 81

Macasin (wood), 316

Maceo, Antonio, 417

Macui, the Moro tribe of, 145

Madrecacao tree, 291

Maestre del Campo, 48 (footnote)

Magellan Straits discovered, 27

Maghallanes, Hernando de, 24; discovers the Straits of Magellan and Ladrone Islands, 27; reaches Cebu Island, 27; death of, 28; monuments to, 28

Maghayin, Bartolome, 37

Magtan Island, 28, 403

Maguindanao Lake, 15

Maguinoo, the, 409, 411

Mahamad Alimudin, Sultan, 92, 98; vicissitudes of, 134-9

Mahometans, chap. x. Vide Moros

Mail service, 262

Maine, American warship, 418 (footnote)

Maize, 300

Malabang fort, 131

Malahi military prison, 570

Malanao Moros, 145

Malatana tribe, the, 46

Malatapay (wood), 316

Malhou Island, 27

Malinao destroyed, 16

Malolos, Father Moises Santos murdered at, 408; becomes the insurgent capital, 469; Revolutionary congress convened at, 469; becomes the new capital of Bulacan Province, 567

Malong's rebellion, "King," 103

Malvar, General Miguel, in Taal, 505; defeat and surrender of, 545

Mancono (wood), 316

Mandi, Rajahmudah Datto, in Cebu, 407; at home, 533; his daughter's marriage, 534

Mangachapuy (wood), 316

Mango fruit, 317

Manguiancs tribe, the, 128

Manguiguin, the, 131; visits Zamboanga, 589

Mani, 303

Manila Province, 212 (footnote), 560

Manila, proclaimed capital, 36; City Council of, 36; the city walls and fosse of, 54, 231, 343 (footnote); opened to foreigners, 256; public buildings, 344; port works, 344; the Bay of, 345; the public lighting of, 346; the business quarter of, 347; La Escolta, 347, 557; Easter week in, 348; vehicle traffic in, 348; theatres, 349, 558; bull-ring, 350; hotels, 352, 558; the Press, 352, 468, 559; botanical gardens, 353; Luneta Esplanade, 353; dwelling-houses, 353; society in, 354; population of, 355, 615-6; climate of, 354; earthquakes affecting, 356; dress in, 357; after 1898, 556; refrigerated meat-stores, 556; innovations in, 557; Bilibid jail, 557; clubs, theatres, hotels, 558; drinking "Saloons," 559; new feast-days, 560; the municipality of, 560; as seat of Insular Government, 560; the Federal zone of, 560

Manobos, the Moro tribe of, 145

Marahui campaign, the, 144

Marble, 334

Mariveles, 345 (footnote)

Marriages, 177-81, 618

Marti, the Cuban patriot, 417

Martin, Geronimo, 51

Martyrs, the, of Japan, 66-71; Philippine, 107

Massacre of Chinese, 93, 115-6; of other foreigners, 116

Matamis na macapano, 305

Matienza, Dr. Sancho, 26

Maxilom, General Arcadio, 524-6

Mayon Volcano, 16; eruption of in 1897, 17

McArthur, Maj.-General A., in the War of Independence, 489-91, 496-8; 563

Medicinal herbs, 324

Mejia, Pablo, 522; assassinated, 523

Melliza, Raymundo, 511, 514

Mendicant friars, 55

Mendoza, Father Agustin, 106

Mendoza, Luis de, 26

Merritt, General Wesley, 463, 466, 467

Mestizo, the, 176; character of, 182

Middlemen, 263

Midel, Isidoro, 532

Military departments, the, 569. Vide Army

Military service, Spanish, 231. Vide Army

Miller, General, 511 et seq.

Mineral oil, 335

Mineral products, 326 et seq.

Miraculous saints, 187

Mirs Bay, 419 (footnote), 427

Mixed races, 176, marriages of, 181

Mohammad Jamalul Kiram, Sultan, 141, 587-8

Molasses, 273

Molave (wood) 315

Moluccas Islands, tragic end of the Philippine expedition to, 73; abandonment of the, 77

Money, under Spain, 244, 259; lending, 255-6, 269; 246 (footnote) 624; under America, 635-7.

Monks, the. Vide Religious Orders; Friars

Monsoon region, 23

Montalon, Julian, the famous bandit, 549

Montera, General, in Cebu, 402, 521; in Zamboanga, 530 et seq.

Montilla, Jose, 520

Montojo, Admiral Patricio, sword of honour presented to, 400; 419, 428, 429 (footnote)

Montoya, Gabriel, 37

Moraga, Fray Hernando de, 78

Moriones, Gov.-General Domingo, 62

Moro Moro, 349

Moro Province, the, 576 et seq.; constitution of, 577; sub-division of, under Spanish rule, 577 (footnote); municipalities, tribal wards and districts of, 578-9; finances of, 579; armed forces in, 580; America's policy in, 588, 591, 593; education in, 591

Moros, the, Brunei Sultanate, 29, 141, 157, 165; Dimasangeay, King of Mindanao, 129; Adasaolan, the chief, 129; Bongso, Rajah, 130; Rodriguez's expedition against, 130; the Manguiguin of Mindanao, 131, 589; Corcuera's expedition against, 131; Cachil Corralat, King, 133; friars take the field against, 133; Gastambide's expedition against, 137; Claveria's and Urbiztondo's expeditions against, 139; slaughter of British at Balambangan by, 139; Corcuera's victory over, in Balanguigui Island, 139; population of, 140; Malcampo's expedition against, 140; agreement with the British North Borneo Co., 141; Harun Narrasid, Sultan, 141-2; Mohammad Jamalul Kiram, Sultan, 141, 587-8; Terrero's expedition against, 143; Arolas' expedition against, 144; Blanco's expedition against; Marahui campaign, 144; Spanish occupation of Lake Lanao, 145; Buille's (the last Spanish punitive) expedition against, 145; the chief tribes of, 145; dress of, 146-7, 154; physique of, 146; character, arts, weapons, trade of, 147; the pandita, the datto, customs of, 148, 155-6; slavery among the, 151; pensions to the, 139, 140, 151, 571, 580; the juramentado, 146, 148, 150, 152, 583; as divers, 155; Ali, Datto, 529, 580-2; Djimbangan, Datto, 530, 580; the Tamagun Datto, 532; American occupation of Jolo, 571; Bates' agreement with the Sultan of Sulu, 571; engagements with warlike dattos, 573-4, 581, 584-5; Lieut. Forsyth's expedition, 573; Gen. Baldwin's and Capt. Pershing's expeditions against, 574; Gen. Wood's expeditions against, 580-1, 584; Gen. Wood's victory at Kudarangan, 581; Major Hugh L. Scott's expedition, 584-5; capture of Panglima Hassan, 584; Hassan escapes and Major Scott vanquishes him, 585; a bichara with Datto Ambutong, 585. Vide Sulu

Morong district, 212 (footnote), 560

Mother-of-pearl shell, shipments of, 640

Moths, 340

"Mount of Gold," the, in Cavite, 114

Mountains, heights of, 13

Mules, 338

Municipal government, under Spain, 225; under America, 567. Vide Government

Music, natives' passion for, 190



Nagasaki, the Jesuits in, 65-7

Names, of islands, the ancient, 13; of places, obsolete, 13, 129, 131, 560, 567; of families, 179

Nao de Acapulco, the, 243, 249

Nargas, Gov.-General Juan de, 60

Narra (wood), 316

Natives, the civilized. Vide Filipino

Naujan Lake, 15

Navarrete, Luis de, 67

Navy, statistics of the Spanish, 233-4; the insurgent, 553

Negrito tribe, the, 120, 163

Negros Island, the development of, 255; Spaniards capitulate to the rebels in, 520; native government in, 520

Newspapers, 106, 352, 363, 382, 412, 468, 524, 550

Nipa palm, 307

Noli me tongere, 382

Notaries' offices, 54

Novales, Andres, rebellion of, 104

Nozaleda, Archbishop, 594, 597 (footnote)

Nuevo Dia, El, newspaper, 524

Obando, Gov.-General Jose de, 134

Obras Pias, the, 245, 252

Occupation of Manila, by the British, 87; agreed indemnity to British in, 89; by the Americans, 464

Officers' pay, Spanish, 280. Vide Army

Oil, mineral, 335

Onayans, the Moro tribe of, 145

Opium, restrictions on the use of, 630

Orchids, 323

Oriente, Islas del, 28

Origin of Filipinos, 120. Vide Filipino

Osmena, Sergio, 521, 524

Otis, General E. S., in the War of Independence, 488, 490-4, 497, 502-3; 563

Otong, 519 (footnote)

Our Lady of Cagsaysay, 18, 19

Outlaws, 236 et seq., 517

Pacto de sangre, the, 28, 369

Pagbuaya, Prince, 34

Paguian Goan, the Princess, 129

Paguian Tindig, the Moro, 129

Palasan, 310

Palauan Island, Spanish colonization of, 157; across the, 158, 160; produce of, 160; concession to Canga-Argueelles in, 161 (footnote)

Palma brava, 308

Palma, Rafael, 524

Palmero family, the, 105

Palo Maria de playa (wood), 316

Paloma de punalada, 341

Panay Island, the war in, 511-18; Araneta, General Pablo, 514, 517; peace concluded, 518

Pandita, 148, 155-6

Pansipit River, 15, 37

Pangasinan, revolt in, 103

Panguingui, 351 (footnote)

Papal legate, Maillard de Touruon, 84-5; Chapelle, P. L., 595; Guidi, G. B., 601; Agius, Ambrogio, 607

Papaw fruit, 318

Paran, Feliciano, revolt of, 105

Paragua Island, 157. Vide Palauan

Parian, the, 110

Paris Peace Commission. Vide Peace of Paris

Parrado, General Gonzalez, 145, 150, 572

Paseo de los gigantes, 134 (footnote)

Paseo del Real Pendon, 50

Pasig River, 15

Paterno, Maximo, 106; biographical note of, 411

Paterno, Pedro A., 106, 394; negotiates peace, 395; claims a title, 409; biographical note of, 411; pro-Spanish manifesto of, 489; becomes President of the Revolutionary Congress, 469; capture of, 504; in prison, 505; intervenes in the Spanish captives negotiations, 542; as playwright, 554

Patria, La, newspaper, 412

Patriarch Maillard de Tournon, 84-5

Peace of Paris, of 1763, 96; of 1898, 470 et seq.; concluded, 472; text of the treaty, 478; ratified, 487 (footnote)

Peculations, of governors, 79-80, 212, 220-21; of other officials, 564

Pelew Islands, 41; the people of, 42

Penaranda, Florentino, 547

Penitentiaries, 54; statistics of Spanish, 285; of San Ramon, 238

Perez Dasmarinas, Gov.-General, 56, 73

Perfumes, 325

Peso, the first introduced, 244; the Spanish-Philippine, 259; the "Conant," 635-7

Petty-governors, 221

Philippine Assembly, the, 612, 614-5

Philippine Commission, the, 560; as legislative body, 563

Philippine Islands named, 32

"Philippines for the Filipinos," doctrine of the, 564

Piang, Datto, 529, 581

Piernavieja, Father, 203

Pilar, General Pio del, 485; capture of, 305

Pina (stuff), 282

Pindan, Bernabe, 37

Pineapple, 320

Pintados, Islas de los, 34 (footnote)

Piracy, Moro, 132

Playa Honda, Battle of, 75

Poblete, Archbishop, 59

Polavieja, Gov.-General Camilo, 378-9

Poll-tax, 224

Poniente, Islas del, 28

Ponies, 336; the surra epidemic, 622

Pontoon bridge, the, 349

Population, of Chinese, 118; of Moros, 140, 355, 615-6; of Visayos, of Tagalogs, in Manila, 615; of 40 provincial towns, 616; classified by birth, 616

Portugal and Spain, united, 72; separated, 81

Posadillo, Governor of the Carolines, murdered, 45

Potatoes, 303

Press, the, 106, 352, 363, 382, 412, 468, 524, 550, 559

Principalia, 222-3

Prisoners, the Spanish, 537; why detained, 539; Baron du Marais murdered, 540; the captors' terms of release, 541

Prohibition on trade, Spain's, 248-50

Protocol of Peace, with rebels, 396; between America and Spain, 459

Provincial Government, under Spain, 213, 225; under America, 567. Vide Government.

Public Works, under Spain, 218

Pudtli, Ranee, 143

Puente de Barcas, 98

Puerta Princesa, 157-8

Pulajan, the, 235, 547, 551

Quesada, Gaspar de, 26-7

Quiapo, 324

Quinine, 308

Rada, Martin, 51

Railway, the first, 265; in project, 627

Rain, 22

Rajah Lacandola, 35-7, 51

Rajah Soliman, 35, 51

Rajahmudah, the, 131

Rama, Esteban de la, 520

Raon, Gov.-General Jose, 62, 99

Rattan-cane, 310

Real Compania de Filipinas, the 252

Real quinto, the, 53

Real situado, the, 244

Rebellion of 1896, the Tagalog—362; acts conducive to, 364; the Katipanan League, 364-5; arrests of citizens, 366; Pedro P. Rojas' case, 366; F. L. Rojas executed, 367; first overt act of, 367; Battle of San Juan del Monte, 368; first executions of rebels in Manila, 369; in Cavite, 374; Bonifacio Andres and Emilio Aguinaldo, 370; rebels capture Imus, 372; Spanish defeat at Binacayan, 373; Spaniards at Dalahican, 374; rebel General Llaneras, 374; Gov.-General Ramon Blanco, 377; definition of demands, 392; claim of independence, 394; treaty of Biac-na-bato, 396, 414 (footnote); Rafael Comenge's inflammatory speech, 400; the Calle de Camba tragedy, 401; rising in Cebu, 402, et seq.; execution of rebels in Cebu, 405; American intervention, 417; the rebels' aspirations, 420; rebels attack the Spaniards in Panay Island, 475; Spanish Governor of Negros Island capitulates, 476

Rebellion, of Diego de Silan, in llocos, 100; of Dagohoy, in Bojol Island, 101; in Leyte Island, Samar Island, and Surigao, 102; of "King" Malong and of Sumoroy, 103; of Andres Novales, 104; of Apolinario de la Cruz, 105; of Feliciano Paran, 105, 396 (footnote); in Tayabas, 105; of Camerino, 106, 397 (footnote); of Cuesta, 106; in Negros Island, 106

Regalado, Pedro, 520

Regidor, Dr. Antonio M., biographical note of, 108 (footnote)

Regium exequatur, the, 85

Relics in cathedral, 57

Religion, fanaticism in, 187-9, 521, 602; shrines, 187; coercion in, 189 (footnote); freedom in, 594 and footnote; infidel tendency in, 607-8

Religious Orders, the, 199; power and influence of, 200; opinions for and against, 201; function of the regium morum, 201; social origin of, 201; as parish priests, 202; frailties of, 203; persecution by, 205; the hierarchy, 206; outcry against, 207; dates of foundation and arrival of, 207; revenues of, 207, 209; emoluments of, 207; training-colleges in Spain for, 209; jealousy and rivalry between, 209. Vide Friars; Church

Remontado, the, 174, 205

Renacimiento, El, prosecution of, 550

Reptiles, 339

Revenue and expenditure, under Spain, 227 et seq., 251; curious items of, 229; under America, 629.

Revolts in provinces. Vide Rebellion

Revolutionary Government, the, 448; statutes of, 448-54; President's message to, 454; appeal to the Powers by, 457; Malolos becomes the capital of, 469; first Congress of, convened at Malolos, 469; ratification of Philippine independence by, 470

Ricarte, Artemio, 546

Riccio, Vittorio, 76

Rice, measures of, 276; machinery for husking of, 277; tiki-tiki, 277; Macan and Paga, yield of, 278; planting of, 279; trade in, 281

Rio de la Plata, 26

Rio Grande, de la Pampanga, 14; de Mindanao, 15

Rios, General Diego de los, 374, 474 et seq., 494 (footnote); evacuates Panay, 477, 511; as agent for the liberation of Spanish prisoners, 539

Rivalry of Church and State, 57-8. Vide Church.

Rivera, General Primo de, attempts to subdue the Igorrotes, 124; reappointed Gov.-General to suppress the Rebellion of 1896, 211, 389; edict of concentration by, 391; reward to, for closing first period of the Rebellion, 399; recalled to Spain, 408

Rivers, 14, 23

Rizal, Dr. Jose, 366, 381 et .seq.; "My last Thought," poem by, 386; the widow of, 386; public subscription to monument of, 389 (footnote); "Dimas alang," 389 (footnote)

Rizal Province, 212 (footnote), 560

Roads, under Spain, 218; under America, 627

Rodas, Miguel de, 31

Rodriguez, Estevan, 131

Rojas, Pedro P., biographical note of, 366 (footnote)

Rojo, Archbishop-Governor, 62, 88, 97

Rosario, Pantaleon E. del, 524-5, 528

Russell & Sturgis, 255, 257

Sabas, Colonel, 107

Sago, 321