18. Memorial by Los Rios.—The same as No. 17, second part.

19. Letter from Dasmarinas, June 28, 1597.—The same as No. 4.



NOTES

[1] Another corruption of Kuwambaku (see Vol. VIII, note 42).

[2] The province of Satsuma, in the southern part of Kiushiu Island, the most southern of the main Japan group.

[3] Miako (more generally known by its Chinese name, Kioto) was the capital of the Japanese emperors from the year 794 until 1868. Mengoya is probably the same as the modern Nagoya, an important city in the province of Owari; in the other MS. the name is Nongoya.

[4] Firando is now Hirado; and Mangasatte is apparently a corruption of Nangasaki.

[5] Evidently an error in the MS. (which seems to be a duplicate copy of the original); the other MS. has "Chaxuma"—i.e., Satsuma.

[6] From this point we follow the second and fuller account given in the other MS. (see Bibliographical Data at end of volume). The two agree nearly to the end of Solis's deposition; then follows, in the first, a brief statement by Antonio Lopez, and a letter from Dasmarinas to the Japanese emperor (which we shall give at the close of the second report).

[7] In the original, cha, a word of Chinese origin.

[8] The Christian religion was first introduced into Japan by the preaching of the great Jesuit St. Francis Xavier, in 1549. Favored by the Japanese ruler Nobunaga, the Jesuit missions rapidly increased; and by 1581 "they reckoned nearly one hundred and fifty thousand adherents in all classes of society, and over two hundred churches." (Rein's Japan, pp. 265-271.)

[9] Liao-Tung, a province of Manchuria which lies between Korea and the Chinese province of Chi-Li (in which is Pekin); the former is also known as Mukden, from the name of its capital city.

[10] This plan is not in the Archivo de Indias.

[11] A textile fabric of cotton made by the natives of the Philippines; see Zuniga's Estadismo (Retana's ed.), ii, 88, where the word is spelled lompote.

[12] Spanish, encomenderos temporales; apparently referring to grants of encomiendas made for a limited time, or to those which were held subject to an annual pension.

[13] It has been generally supposed that the first book printed in the Philippines was the Arte y reglas de la lengua Tagala (Bataan, 1610). J.T. Medina cites the Historia eclesiastica of Fray Alonso Fernandez (Toledo, 1611—but he cites p. 100 of edition of 1693), to show that in 1602 a book was published at Manila concerning Our Lady of the Rosary. But this letter of Dasmarinas proves conclusively that printing in the islands goes back to at least as early a date as 1593. It was published by Retana in Politica de Espana en Filipinas (October 23, 1899); and in part by Medina, who conjectures that the "Christian Doctrine" there mentioned was composed by Fray Juan de Plasencia. Aduarte states explicitly (Historia, ed. 1640, i, p. 108, and ii, p. 16) that the first printer in the islands was Juan de Vera, a Chinese convert, in the Dominican convent at Manila; and that he was incited to do this work by the Dominican friar Francisco de San Joseph. But he also states that the latter came to the Philippines with Benavides (1595). For further accounts of printing in the islands, see Medina's Imprenta en Manila (Santiago de Chile, 1896), pp. v-lxxvi; Retana's Zuniga, ii, pp. 93*-100*; and Middleton's Notes on Bibliography of Philippines (Philadelphia, 1900), pp. 27—37.

[14] Apparently meaning pieces of canvas on which the arms were painted.

[15] According to Morga, this king was named Prauncar (Phra Uncar) Langara; and his ambassador was Diego Belloso (Veloso), a Portuguese. On returning to Cambodia with this letter to its king, the envoy found that country conquered by the Siamese. He was captured by them and carried, with the presents that he bore from Dasmarinas, to Siam. Later, he aided in the restoration of the exiled royal family of Cambodia to power; and for these services a province was given to him. See Morga's Sucesos (Hakluyt Soc. trans., London, 1878), pp. 44—52.

[16] Regarding Dasmarinas's death, see note 44, Vol. VIII. He was succeeded by his son, Luis Perez, the writer of this letter; he acted as governor until the summer of 1596.

[17] Belloso secured aid from Luis Perez Dasmarinas for the exiled king of Cambodia; but Morga says (p. 46) that this was done against his advice and that of other leading officers.

[18] Francisco Ortega (thus Perez; but de Ortega in the MSS. which we follow) made profession in the Augustinian order, at Toledo—in 1564, according to Perez, but various allusions in this document render 1554 a more satisfactory date. Two years later he went to Mexico, and thence (about 1570) to the Philippines. In 1575, when he was a missionary in Mindoro, he barely escaped death at the hands of the natives, and was then appointed prior of the convent of Manila. In 1580 he went to Spain as commissary for the Philippine province of the order; and ten years afterward returned to the Philippines with a considerable body of missionaries. In 1597 Ortega was transferred to Mexico, where he died in 1601.

[19] In MS. dos (two); evidently an error for doce (twelve).

[20] In the original, las galeras que estan la Havana. It must be remembered that these Ortega papers are in abstract only—apparently summarized for the use of the royal council by some clerk, who may have been more familiar with affairs in Nueva Espana than in the Philippines. La Havana is probably his error or conjecture for a Cavite.

[21] Carbajal was the captain in whose ship sailed Pedro Bautista, envoy of Dasmarinas to Japan (Vol. VIII, note 33). A full account of this embassy is given by La Concepcion in Hist. de Philipinas, ii, pp. 341—376.

[22] Miguel de Benavides (born about 1550) came to the Philippines as a member of the first Dominican mission band (1587). Three years later he went to China as a missionary; returning to Manila, he accompanied Salazar to Spain (1592). He was created the first bishop of the new diocese of Nueva Segovia, and afterward archbishop of Manila; he died in that city on July 26, 1605. To him was due the foundation of the college of Santo Tomas.

[23] Ignacio de Santibanez, a Franciscan, was appointed first archbishop of Manila; he then went to Nueva Espana, where he was consecrated in 1596, but did not take possession of his see until 1598. His term of office lasted less than three months, for he died on August 14 of the same year.

[24] The maravedi was a money of account; thirty-four made a real (see Vol. III, p. 177). A royal decree dated June 14, 1595, granted to Santibanez an annuity of 500,000 maravedis from Salazar's death until such time as his successor should enter upon his duties as archbishop.

[25] By bulls given at Rome, August 14, 1595, the bishoprics of Nueva Segovia, Cebu, and Nueva Caceres were established. The right of changing the boundaries of the dioceses was reserved to the papal nuncio in Spain; and the patronage was granted (as in the new archbishopric of Manila) to the king of Spain.

[26] Better known as Yuthia (a name corrupted from the Sanscrit); it was the ancient capital of Siam, and lies on the river Meinam, fifty-four miles above Bangkok.

[27] See the detailed account of the ceremonies with which the royal seal of the Audiencia was received on its arrival at Manila, as related by Morga in his Sucesos (Hakluyt Soc. trans.), pp. 89—91.

[28] The archbishop of Manila, in a letter to the king dated August 15, 1624, makes the following interesting observation on the state of affairs in Manila after the suppression of the Audiencia: "The principal motive that influenced Philippo Second, our sovereign, to reestablish, in the time of the governorship of Don Francisco Tello, the royal Audiencia in these islands, which had been suppressed some years before, was that, in districts so remote and distant from his royal presence, the governors might not be so absolute, but that there might be a superior arm to check them, and not allow extortions upon an innocent people."

[29] The letter here mentioned is found in a group of papers in the Sevilla archives (see Bibliographical Data for "Instructions to Figueroa"), and is (in somewhat condensed form) as follows: "Since writing the letter of embassy, the king has ordered me to write another for your Lordship, as the former was not necessary on account of the embassy which Diego Beloso was conducting for the king of Canvoxa, whose kingdom the king of Sian has taken. Accordingly he would have your Lordship send the first embassy, or allow commerce, since the road is open to all vessels and persons who desire to go thither from Sian, for he will do the same for that trade as for Malaca. He desires from your Lordship a horse and mare for breeding, and will take it as a mark of esteem from you. He orders Captain Diego Beloso to command this junk, and the latter will negotiate with your Lordship. He carries a number of presents for your Lordship. I recommend Captain Diego Beloso to you, although I know it to be unnecessary after what he has done in Canvoja. He is carrying to your Lordship two elephants, male and female, at his own suggestion, together with a beautiful piece of ivory. Done on October 8, 1594.

Fray Gregorio da Cruz."

[30] Champa (Chanpa) was the Malay name of Cambodia (Camboja); it was, however, first applied to a Malay settlement on the eastern coast of the Gulf of Siam. Later, the province of Champa was a part of the kingdom of Anam, and is now part of French Cochin-China.

[31] Veinte e cuatros, literally "twenty-fours," aldermen or regidors in the town councils of certain towns in Andalusia.

[32] A decree of like import, and couched in exactly the same language, was issued at the same place and on the same date in re the bishopric of Nueva-Caceres. This decree is published in Doc. Ined. Amer. y Oceania, xxxiv, pp. 99—101.

[33] Contract for disposing of goods by wholesale.

[34] As early as 1550 a decree was issued that, "when possible, schools should be established for the instruction of the Indians in the Castilian language" (Recop. leyes Indias, lib. vi, tit. i, ley xviii); but apparently this was not fully enforced.

[35] See the document here referred to, at the end of Vol. V, and completed in Vol. VI.

[36] Figueroa, "before leaving Iloilo, made his will, endowing the Jesuit college at Manila with two thousand pesos of income; and directed that in case his daughters should die their inheritance should pass to that college of San Jose" (Montero y Vidal's Pirateria en Mindanao, i, p. 140).

[37] See Discovery of the Solomon Islands (Hakluyt Soc. publications, 2d series, nos. 7, 8; London, 1901); this contains Mendana's and other narratives of his expeditions in the southern Pacific Ocean.

[38] A title given among Mahometans to certain persons of religious profession.

[39] This and other italic headings to paragraphs in this document are, in the original MS., marginal notes in another handwriting—probably made by a clerk, for convenience of reference.

[40] When Figueroa began the conquest of Mindanao (1596) he was accompanied thither by two Jesuits—Juan del Campo, a priest; and Gaspar Gomez, a lay brother. The former was carried off by a fever, dying on August 10, 1596, at the age of thirty years, after little more than a year's stay in the islands. In his place, Juan de Sanlucar and Pedro de Chirino accompanied Ronquillo's expedition in the following year. Sanlucar entered the Jesuit order in 1570, and came to the Philippines in time to join the Mindanao expedition; he died at Palapag, April 26, 1612.

Pedro de Chirino entered the Jesuit order in 1580, and arrived at Manila ten years later. He died there on September 16, 1635, at the age of seventy-eight. His noted work, Relacion de las Islas Filipinas (Roma, 1604), will be presented in subsequent volumes of this series. La Concepcion says of him (Hist. de Philipinas, v, p. 198): "A man of great industry and of studious habits, who devoted to study and books all the time which was not occupied by his ministry to souls."

[41] La Caldera, "the Caldron"—a port in the extreme south of Mindanao, not far from Zamboanga; its primitive name, Cauite.

[42] The original MS. of this document is illegible or torn in many places: these are indicated by leaders (...).

[43] This ship was wrecked on the coast of Japan, driven thither by tempests; and its rich cargo was seized by the Japanese. Detailed accounts of this event and its consequences are furnished by Morga in his Sucesos (Hakluyt Soc. trans.), pp. 75—79; Santa Ines, in the Cronica, ii, pp. 252—272; and La Concepcion, in Hist. de Philipinas, iii, pp. 106—119, 143—148.

[44] Francisco de Ibarra was a prominent Spanish officer in Mexico (1554—72); he subjected to the dominion of Spain the province of Copala, which he named Nueva Vizcaya, founding therein the cities of Durango, Sinaloa, and others.

[45] For accounts of early explorations on North American coasts, see the following works: On the northeastern coast, Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America, iv, pp. 33—102. On the Pacific coast, H.H. Bancroft's History of the Northwest Coast, i, pp. 1—136. The voyages mentioned in this document are regarded by Bancroft as apocryphal. Bacallaos ("cod-fish") was an early designation of the island of Newfoundland, but was afterward extended to the mainland of eastern Canada. The cape of Breton evidently refers to Cape Breton, on the island of that name.

[46] Sedeno, as vice-provincial of his order in the islands, governed all its missions there. On a journey of inspection he suffered greatly from the hardships of a stormy voyage, and died at Cebu on September 1, 1595. La Concepcion gives an interesting sketch of his life and labors, in Hist. de Philipinas, iii, pp. 7—12. Before coming to the Philippines, Sedeno had accompanied the expeditions of Pedro Melendez in Florida.

THE END