Kapurthala, 31.2 N.—75.2 E. Capital of State. Contains Maharaja's palace. Population 16,367.

Malerkotla, 30.3 N.—75.6 E. Capital of State. Population 23,880.

Mandi, 31.4 N.—76.6 E. Capital of State. Population 7896. On the Bias, 131 miles from Pathankot, with which it is connected by the Pathankot—Palampur—Baijnath road. There is a fine iron bridge spanning the Bias. It is a mart for trade with Ladakh and Yarkand.

Nabha, 30.2 N.—76.1 E. Capital of State. Population 13,620, as compared with 18,468 in 1901. Founded in 1755 by Hamir Singh (page 277). Since irrigation from the Sirhind Canal has been introduced the environs have become waterlogged and the town is therefore unhealthy.

Nahan, 30.3 N.—77.2 E. Capital of Sirmur State. Elevation 3207 feet. Population 6341. There is a good iron foundry at Nahan.

Patiala, 30.2 N.—76.3 E. Capital of State. Population 46,974. On Rajpura-Bhatinda Branch of N.W. Railway. Contains fine gardens and modern buildings. The old palace is in the centre of the town. Patiala is a busy mart for local trade.

Pattan Munara (Bahawalpur), 28.1 N.—70.2 E. There are the ruins here of a large city and of a Buddhist monastery. They are situated in the south of the State five miles east of Rahim Yar Khan Station.

Sangrur (Jind), 30.1 N.—75.6 E. Became the capital of Jind State in 1827. Population 9041. On Ludhiana—Dhuri—Jakhal Railway.

Sirhind (Patiala), 30.4 N.—76.3 E. Properly Sahrind. On N.W. Railway. Population 3843. The idea that the name is Sir-Hind = head of India is a mistake. An old town of great importance in Muhammadan period (pages 177 and 180). The ruins extend for several miles. There are two fine tombs known as those of the Master and his Disciple dating probably from the fourteenth century.

Sui Vehar (Bahawalpur), 29.2 N.—71.3 E. Six miles from Samasata. Site of a ruined Buddhist stupa. An inscription found at Sui Vehar belongs to the reign of Kanishka (page 164).

Uch (Bahawalpur), 29.1 N.—71.4 E. On the Sutlej near the point where it joins the Chenab. Consists now of three villages. But it was in early Muhammadan times a place of great importance, and a centre of learning. It is still very sacred in the eyes of Musalmans.

III. NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE.

(a) Districts.

Abbottabad, 34.9 N.—73.1 E. Headquarters of district and a cantonment with four battalions of Gurkhas. Population 11,506. At south end of Orash Plain 4120 feet above sea level. Appropriately named after Captain James Abbott (page 299).

Bannu. See Edwardesabad.

Cherat (Peshawar), 33.5 N.—71.5 E. Small hill sanitarium in Peshawar near Kohat border, 4500 feet above sea level.

Dera Ismail Khan, 31.5 N.—70.6 E. Headquarters of district and a cantonment. Population 35,131, including 5730 in cantonment. The Powinda caravans pass through Dera Ismail Khan on their march to and from India.

Dungagali (Hazara), 34.6 N.—73.2 E. Small sanitarium, elevation 7800 feet, in Hazara Galis, two miles from Nathiagali. Moshpuri rises above it to a height of 9232 feet.

Edwardesabad (Bannu), 33.0 N.—70.4 E. Headquarters of Bannu district and a cantonment. Founded by Lieutenant (afterwards Sir Herbert) Edwardes in 1848. Population 16,865. It is unhealthy owing to the heavy irrigation in the neighbourhood.

Fort Lockhart (Kohat), 33.3 N.—70.6 E. Important military outpost on Samana Range, elevation 6743 feet. Saragarhi, heroically defended by twenty-one Sikhs in 1897 against several thousand Orakzais, is in the neighbourhood.

Kohat, 33.3 N.—71.3 E. Headquarters of district and a cantonment. Population 22,654, including 5957 in Cantonment. On Khushalgarh—Thal Branch of N.W. Railway.

Mansehra (Hazara), 34.2 N.—73.1 E. Headquarters of tahsil. The two rock edicts of Asoka are in the neighbourhood (pages 163 and 202).

Nathiagali (Hazara), 34.5 N.—73.6 E. Summer headquarters of Chief Commissioner of N.W.F. Province in Hazara Galis. Elevation 8200 feet. It is a beautiful little hill station. Miran Jani (9793 feet) is close by, and on a clear day Nanga Parvat can be seen in the far distance.

Naushahra (Peshawar), 34 N.—72 E. Population 25,498, including 14,543 in cantonment. On railway 27 miles east of Peshawar. Risalpura, a new cavalry cantonment, is in the neighbourhood.

Shekhbudin, 32.2 N.—70.5 E. Small hill station on Nila Koh on border of Dera Ismail Khan and Bannu districts. Elevation 4516 feet. It is on a bare limestone rock with very scanty vegetation and is hot in summer in the daytime. Water is scarce. The Deputy Commissioners of Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan spend part of the hot weather at Shekhbudin.

Thal (Kohat), 33.2 N.—70.3 E. Important military outpost at entrance of Kurram Valley. Terminus of Khushalgarh—Thal branch of N.W. Railway.

Thandiani (Hazara), 34.1 N.—73.2 E. Small hill station in Galis sixteen miles N.E. of Abbottabad. Elevation about 8800 feet. A beautifully situated place chiefly resorted to by residents of Abbottabad and Missionaries.

(b) Agencies and Independent Territory.

Ali Masjid (Khaibar), 34.2 N.—71.5 E. Village and fort in Khaibar, 10-1/4 miles from Jamrud. Elevation 2433 feet.

Ambela (Indep. Territory), 34.2 N.—72.4 E. Pass in Buner, which gave its name to the Ambela campaign of 1863 (page 191).

Chakdarra (Dir, Swat, and Chitral), 34.4 N.—72.8 E. Military post to N.E. of Malakand Pass on south bank of Swat River.

Chitral, 35.5 N.—71.5 E. A group of villages forming capital of Chitral State. There is a small bazar.

Jamrud (Khaibar), 34 N.—71.2 E. Just beyond Peshawar boundary at mouth of Khaibar. Terminus of railway. 10-1/2 miles west of Peshawar. There is a fort and a large sarai. Elevation 1670 feet.

Landi Kotal (Khaibar), 34.6 N.—71.8 E. 20 miles from Jamrud. Fort garrisoned by Khaibar Rifles at highest point of Khaibar route. Elevation 3373 feet. Afghan frontier 6 miles beyond.

Malakand (Dir, Swat, and Chitral), 34.3 N.—71.6 E. Pass leading into Swat Valley from Peshawar district.

Miram Shah (N. Waziristan), 33.6 N.—70.7 E. Headquarters of North Waziristan Agency in Tochi Valley 3050 feet above the sea.

Parachinar (Kurram), 33.5 N.—70.4 E. Headquarters of Kurram Agency and of Kurram Militia. Climate temperate. Population 2364.

Wana (S. Waziristan), 37.2 N.—69.4 E. Headquarters of South Waziristan Agency. In a wide valley watered by Wana Toi. There is much irrigation and the place is unhealthy, though the elevation of the Valley is from 4300 to 5800 feet.

IV. KASHMIR AND JAMMU.

Baramula, 34.1 N.—74.2 E. Situated at the point where the Jhelam gorge ends and the Vale of Kashmir begins. Travellers who intend to go to Srinagar by water board their house boats here. There is an excellent poplar-lined road from Baramula to Srinagar and a bad road to Gulmarg.

Chilas, 35.4 N.—74.2 E. See page 323.

Gulmarg, 34.1 N.—74.4 E. S.W. of Srinagar. It is a favourite hot weather resort of Europeans. The Maharaja has a house here. The forest scenery is beautiful, especially on the way to the limit of trees at Khilanmarg. Good golf links on beautiful turf.

Gurais, 34.7 N.—74.8 E. A beautiful valley drained by the head waters of the Kishnganga. It lies between Bandipura and the Burzil Pass on the road to Gilgit.

Hunza, 36.4 N.—74.7 E. (See page 323.) Hunza is a group of villages. The Raja's (or Tham's) fort, Baltit castle, at an elevation of 7000 feet is splendidly situated in full view of Rakaposhi, distant 20 miles. It is overhung by the enormous mass of snow peaks said to be called in the language of the country Boiohaghurduanasur (the peak of the galloping horse).

Islamabad, 33.4 N.—75.1 E. About 40 miles by river from Srinagar, near the point where the Jhelam ceases to be navigable. Achabal and Martand are easily visited from Islamabad, and it is the starting point for the Liddar Valley and Pahlgam. It is a dirty insanitary place.

Jammu, 32.4 N.—74.5 E. Capital of the Jammu province and winter residence of the Maharaja. Connected with Sialkot by rail. Situated above the ravine in which the Tawi flows. At a distance the white-washed temples with gilded pinnacles look striking. The town was once much more prosperous than it is to-day.

Leh, 34.2 N.—77.5 E. Capital of Ladakh. On the Indus 11,500 feet above sea-level. The meeting place of caravans from India and Yarkand. The Central Asian caravans arrive in Autumn, when the bazar, in a wide street lined with poplars, becomes busy. The Wazir Wazarat has his headquarters here, and there is a small garrison in the mud fort. The old palace of the Gyalpo (King) is a large pile on a ridge overhanging the town. There are Moravian and Roman Catholic missions at Leh.

Martand, 33.4 N.—75.1 E. Remains of a remarkable temple of the Sun god three miles east of Islamabad (pages 166 and 201).

Payer (erroneously Payech). Nineteen miles from Srinagar containing a beautiful and well-preserved temple of the Sun god, dated variously from the fifth to the thirteenth century (page 202).

Punch, 33.4 N.—74.9 E. Capital of the jagir of the Raja of Punch, a feudatory of the Kashmir State. 3300 feet above sea level. There is a brisk trade in grain and ghi. Decent roads connect Punch with Rawalpindi and Uri on the Jhelam. Cart Road into Kashmir. Kashmiris call the place Prunts and its old name was Parnotsa.

Skardo, 35.3 N.—75.6 E. Old capital of Baltistan. 7250 feet above sea-level. In a sandy basin lying on both sides of the Indus, and about five miles in width. A tahsildar is stationed at Skardo.

* * * * *

TABLE I. Tribes of Panjab (including Native States) and N.W.F. Province[1].

- - Landholding etc. Traders Artizans and menials Impure Castes - - Tribe Panjab N.W.F.P. Tribe Panjab N.W.F.P. Tribe Panjab N.W.F.P. Tribe Panjab N.W.F.P. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. p.c. - - Jats 20.5 3.9 Aroras 2.8 3.1 Lohars and Chuhra[8] 5.1 Rajputs 6.8 .7 Khatris 1.8 1.2 Tarkhans[2] 4.0 3.3 Chamar[9] 4.7 Arains and Banias 1.7 Julahas[3] 2.6 1.7 Kambohs 4.8 Jhinwar and Brahmans 4.2 .6 Machhi[4] 2.6 - Gujars 2.5 5.2 Kumhar[5] 2.3 1.0 Biloch 2.2 1.2 Nai[6] 1.4 1.1 Awan 1.8 12.6 Teli[7] 1.2 .3 Shekhs inc. Kureshi 1.7 Kanet 1.7 Sainis, Malis, and Malliars 1.3 1.8 Pathans 1.2 38.3 Saiyyids 1.0 4.4 - -

[1] Only tribes amounting in number to 1 p.c. of total population shown.

[2] Blacksmiths and Carpenters.

[3] Weavers.

[4] Water carriers.

[5] Potter.

[6] Barber.

[7] Oilman.

[8] Scavenger.

[9] Leather-worker.

* * * * *

TABLE II. Rainfall, Cultivation, Population, and Land Revenue.

- - - - Classes of Cultivation, p.c. Population Land Zone District Rainfall No. of Cultivated -+ 1911 Revenue in Masonry Area in 1911-12 inches Wells Acres Well Canal Abi Total Moist Dry Total in hundreds 1911-12 Irrd. Unirrd. of rupees + - - - - Kanga 125 5 587,826 20 20 80 80 770,386 9,267 Simla 68 9,984 7 7 93 93 39,320 175 Ambala 35 2,154 750,515 4 2 6 4 90 94 689,970 11,477 Hoshyarpur 36 6,841 722,122 5 2 1 8 92 92 918,569 14,225 Total British 9,000 2,070,447 3 1 6-1/2 10-1/2 1-1/2 88 89-1/2 2,418,245 35,144 Mountain dts. Panjab (1.10.0[1]) and - - - + - Submontane Hazara (N.W.F.P.) 46 353 430,872 10 10 90 90 603,028 5,129 (1.3.1) + - - - - Kashmir and Jammu 35[3] 1,750,056 32 68 2,893,066 Indus Valley[2] 5[4] 121,952 100 210,315 Total Kashmir 1,872,008 30 70 3,103,381 - - - - Gujrat 28 10,221 845,023 26 26 6 68 74 784,011 8,445 North Sialkot 35 23,010 941,558 54 1 3 58 9 33 42 979,553 14,847 Central Gurdaspur 35 6,439 844,403 16 11 27 14 59 73 836,771 15,410 Panjab Amritsar 24 12,386 787,229 31 31 62 4 34 38 880,728 12,746 Plain Jalandhar 28 28,289 695,571 44 44 5 51 56 801,920 14,871 (British Ludhiana 28 9,991 754,373 19 7 26 4 70 74 517,192 11,103 Districts) Total 90,336 4,868,157 32 8 1 41 7 52 59 4,800,175 77,422 (1.9.5) - - - -

- - - + - Rawalpindi 33 947 598,371 1/2 1/2 1 99 99 547,827 6,754 Jhelam 26 4,103 754,585 4 4 4 92 96 511,175 7,576 Attock 19 6,850 1,031,962 2-1/2 1 3-1/2 1 96 97 519,273 6,741 Mianwali 12 7,128 748,255 17 2 19 38-1/2 42-1/2 81 341,377 4,866 North- Total Panjab 19,028 3,133,173 6 1/2 1/2 7 10 83 93 1,919,652 25,937 West (0.13.3) Area + - - - - Peshawar 13 6,597 894,803 5 33 1/2 38-1/2 2 59-1/2 61-1/2 865,009 11,375 Kohat 18 467 327,949 1/2 12 12-1/2 1/2 87 87-1/2 222,690 2,755 Bannu 13 11 523,688 24 24 76 76 256,086 3,040 Total 7,075 1,746,440 3 24-1/2 2-1/2 30 1 69 70 1,343,785 17,170 N.W.F.P. (0.15.8) - - - + - Gujranwala 24 10,926 1,179,348 37 40 77 4 19 23 923,419 10,497 Lahore 21 13,828 1,462,108 31 43-1/2 1 75-1/2 5 19-1/2 24-1/2 1,036,158 11,301 Shahpur 14 6,403 1,267,566 14 55 69 6 25 31 648,989 8,701 Jhang 10 11,588 723,733 36 46 82 16 2 18 515,526 6,429 Lyallpur 9 121 1,373,892 99 99 1 1 857,711 12,736 South- Montgomery 10 10,472 815,355 27 28 1 56 25 19 44 555,219 6,225 Western Multan 7 20,132 1,081,030 58-1/2 26 1 85-1/2 13-1/2 1 14-1/2 814,871 15,865 Plains Muzaffargarh 6 14,053 553,643 36 33 4 73 27 27 569,461 7,316 Dera Ghazi Khan 6 9,564 1,035,011 25-1/2 16 2-1/2 42 53-1/2 2-1/2 56 499,860 5,752 Total Panjab 97,087 9,491,686 28 46 1 75 14-1/2 10-1/2 25 6,420,814 84,822 districts (0.14.4) + - - - - D.I. Khan 8 795 544,746 1 17 8 26 11 63 74 256,120 3,062 N.W.F.P. (0.9.0) - - - - Karnal 30 7,827 1,148,876 13 21 34 10 56 66 799,787 10,833 Delhi[6] 7,133 555,057 19 18 37 6 57 63 657,604 8,563 South- Gurgaon 26 6,594 988,613 13 10 1 24 3-1/2 72-1/2 76 643,177 12,182 Eastern Rohtak 21 2,450 974,200 4-1/2 30 34-1/2 65-1/2 65-1/2 541,489 9,660 Plains Hissar 16 720 2,691,478 11-1/4 11-1/4 2-1/4 86-1/2 88-3/4 804,809 8,582 (British Ferozepore 21 7,940 2,248,322 7 40-1/2 47-1/2 2 50-1/2 52-1/2 959,657 12,066 Districts) Total Panjab 32,664 8,606,546 7 22-1/2 29-1/2 3-1/2 67 70-1/2 4,306,523 61,886 districts (0.11.6) - - - -

[1] Rate per cultivated acre in rupees (Rupee 1 = 16 pence).

[2] = Ladakh, Baltistan, Astor, and Gilgit.

[3] At Jammu.

[4] At Gilgit. Leh 3, Skardo 5.

[5] Including Frontier Ilaka 264,750.

[6] The Delhi district has been broken up, and, with the exception of the area now administered by the Government of India, has been divided between Rohtak and Gurgaon.

* * * * *

TABLE III. Diagrams relating to Cultivation.

PANJAB





N.W.F. PROVINCE

(a) Harvests

Rabi 64 p.c. Kharif 36 p.c.



PANJAB



N.W.F. PROVINCE



FOOTNOTES:

[1] Only tribes amounting in number to 1 p.c. of total population shown.

* * * * *

TABLE IV. Percentages of Principal Crops[1].

KEY: ** = (both harvests) Rape Pulses Toria + Zone Districts Wheat Barley and Other Fodder Maize Tara Gram Pulses ** mira ** + + + + -+ + + + + Kangra 32 7 1 4 4 21 Simla 31 15 3 13 Ambala 26 2 1 17 9 11 10-1/2 Hoshyarpur 33 1-1/2 1 17 5 7 17-1/2 Mountain Total Panjab 30 3 1 13 6 6 16 and districts + + + -+ + + + + Submontane Hazara N.W.F.P. 26 10 1 10 1-1/2 43 Zone + + + -+ + + + / Kashmir and Jammu 21 4 7 38 Indus Valley 29 4 12 7 + + + -+ + + + + Total Kashmir 23 4 8 35-1/2 + + + + -+ + + + + Gujrat 42 4 1 8 7 8 2-1/2 North Sialkot 43 6 1 3 5 15 8 Central Gurdaspur 36 4 1 7 13 11 8 Panjab Amritsar 36 2 3 16 3 20 5 Plain Jalandhar 33 1 15 7 23 10 (British Ludhiana 28 2 2 3 8 11 7 districts) Total 37 3 1 11 8 14 7 + + + + -+ + + + + Rawalpindi 41 2 1 1 19 2-1/2 8 Jhelam 47 2 2 3 10 5 1 Attock 50 2 2 9 7-1/2 2-1/2 2-1/2 North- Mianwali 34 4 3 19 10 2 West Total Panjab 43 2 2 7 11 3-1/2 3 districts Area + + + -+ + + + + Peshawar 36-1/2 16 1 1 3 7 18-1/2 Kohat 43 2-1/2 1 5 4 2 8 Bannu 49 4 24 1/2 4 8 Total N.W.F.P. 41 10 1 8-1/2 2-1/2 5 13-1/2 + + + + -+ + + + + Gujranwala 40 3 4 15-1/2 3 12 2-1/2 Lahore 37 1 6 16 1 15 4-1/2 Shahpur 44 1 7 7 3 10 2 Jhang 47 1 2 4-1/2 4 10 2 South- Lyallpur 42-1/2 1/2 13 8 2-1/2 5 4-1/2 Montgomery 41 1-1/2 2 13 4-1/2 17 3 Western Multan 41 1 2 4 6 13 1/2 Muzaffargarh 44-1/2 3 2 8 10 7 Plains Dera Ghazi Khan 27 1 10 3-1/2 5-1/2 5 Total Panjab d 40-1/2 1-1/2 6 9 4 10 2 districts + + + -+ + + + + D.I. Khan N.W.F.P. 31 2 13 8 3 1/2 + + + + -+ + + + + Karnal 21 2 5 26-1/2 4-1/2 6-1/2 5-1/2 Rohtak 8 2-1/2 1 34-1/2 7 2 Gurgaon 8 13 1-1/2 20 12 4 South- Hissar 4 7 4 28 8 4 Eastern Ferozepore 28 7 4 31-1/2 4 8 2-1/2 Plains (British Total Panjab 14 6 3 28-1/2 7 5 1-1/2 Districts) districts + + + -+ + + + + Grand total Panjab 31 3-1/2 4 16 6-1/2 8-1/2 4 " N.W.F.P. 36 8-1/2 3 7 3-1/2 3-1/2 16-1/2

- Millets -+ - Other Rice Cotton Cane Crops Districts Zone Bajra Jowar ** + + -+ + + -+ + + 15 1/2 1 14-1/2 Kangra 6 32 Simla 1-1/2 1 7 6 2 6 Ambala 1/2 1 4 2 3 7-1/2 Hoshyarpur Mountain 1/2 1/2 8 3 2 11 Total Panjab districts and + -+ -+ + + -+ Submontane 1-1/2 1 3 1 2 Hazara N.W.F.P. + -+ -+ + + -+ Zone 9 21 Kashmir and Jammu 1 47 Indus Valley + -+ -+ + + -+ 8 21-1/2 Total Kashmir + -+ -+ + + -+ + + 15 6 1 1-1/2 1 1 Gujrat 1-1/2 1-1/2 6-1/2 2 4 3-1/2 Sialkot North 1/2 1/2 6-1/2 1 7 4-1/2 Gurdaspur Central 4-1/2 4 3 3-1/2 Amritsar Panjab 3-1/2 3-1/2 4 Jalandhar Plain 1/2 3 2 2 12 Ludhiana (British districts) 3 2 3 2-1/2 3-1/2 4-1/2 Total + -+ -+ + + -+ + + 17 4 1 3-1/2 Rawalpindi 21 2 2 5 Jhelam 19 2-1/2 2 1 Attock 19 4 1/2 4-1/2 Mianwali North- 19 3 1-1/2 5 Total Panjab West districts + -+ -+ + + -+ + Area 1 4-1/2 1-1/2 4 3 3 Peshawar 27-1/2 2 1 1 3 Kohat 3 1-1/4 1/2 1/2 1-1/4 4 Bannu 6 3 1 2-1/2 2 4 Total N.W.F.P. + -+ -+ + + -+ + + 2-1/2 3 5 5 2-1/2 2 Gujranwala 1 1 2-1/2 9 1 5 Lahore 10 3-1/2 1 8 1/2 3 Shahpur 2 8 1/2 5-1/2 13-1/2 Jhang 1/2 1 9 2-1/2 11 Lyallpur South- 1 2 3 5 7 Montgomery 4 8 3 9 8-1/2 Multan Western 3 2 7 6 1 6-1/2 Muzaffargarh 9 23 8 6 2 Dera Ghazi Khan Plains 3-1/2 4 3 7 1 8-1/2 Total Panjab districts + -+ -+ + + -+ 22 9 2 9-1/2 D.I. Khan N.W.F.P. + -+ -+ + + -+ + + 5 11-1/2 4 6 2 1/2 Karnal 21 14 6-1/2 2 1-1/2 Rohtak 25 5 8 1/2 3 Gurgaon 26 6-1/2 3 9-1/2 Hissar South- 3 6 6 Ferozepore Eastern Plains 15 8 1/2 3-1/2 1/2 7-1/2 Total Panjab (British districts Districts) + -+ -+ + + -+ 9 5 2-1/2 4-1/2 1-1/2 4 Grand total Panjab 8 4 1 2 1 6 " N.W.F.P. -

[1] In case of Panjab districts figures relate to Kharif 1910 and Rabi 1911.

* * * * *

TABLE V Revenue and Expenditure, 1911-12.

+ -+ -+ + Income Expenditure + -+ -+ + - Heads Provincial Provincial + -+ + + Total in Total in Rs. 000 Share Amount Rs. 000 Share Amount in in Rs. 000 Rs. 000 -+ -+ -+ -+ + + Land Revenue 3,47,92 Half 1,73,96 47,76 Whole 47,76 Salt 38,16 Nil 4,82 Nil Stamps 52,57 Half 26,29 1,77 Half 89 Excise 64,00 Half 32,00 1,71 Half 86 Income-tax 16,22 Half 8,11 11 Half 5 Forests 13,10 Whole 13,10 7,64 Whole 7,65 Registration 3,16 Whole 3,16 1,20 Whole 1,20 General Administration 18,33 Various 13,65 Law and Justice Courts 4,35 Whole 4,35 42,18 Whole 42,18 Law and Justice Jails 3,41 Whole 3,41 12,24 Whole 12,24 Police 1,80 Whole 1,80 58,57 Whole 58,57 Education 3,64 Whole 3,64 23,27 Whole 23,27 Irrigation Major Works 2,13,08 Half 1,06,54 1,36,42 Half 68,21 Irrigation Minor Works 7,99 Various 56 11,17 Various 1,07 Civil Works 6,93 Various 6,20 67,90 Various 62,70 Medical 21,20 Whole 21,20 All other heads[1] 27,60 Nil and 16,21 56,96 Whole, 41,29 various various, and nil + -+ -+ -+ + + Total 8,03,93 3,99,33 5,13,25 4,02,79 + -+ -+ -+ + + +

[1] Under Income "Salt," "Tribute," "Interest," "Miscellaneous," and "All other heads." Under Expenditure "Political," "Scientific," "Pensions," "Stationery," "All other items."



INDEX

Abbott, Captain J.; 299, 300

Abbottabad; 302, 303, 355

Adamwahan railway bridge; 46, 283

Adina Beg; 179

Administration, British 1849-1913; 188-195 General; 212-221 Local; 222

Afghan War; 1878-1880 193

Afridis; 196, 297, 309

Agriculture; 101, 102, 143, Tables II, III, IV

Agriculturists, Legislation to protect; 102

Agror; 303

Ahirs; 230, 231

Ahmad Shah; 178, 179

Aitchison, Sir Charles; 194

Akazais; 303

Akbar; 172

Ala Singh, Raja; 273, 274

Ala ud din; 169

Alexander the Great; 161-162

Alexandra railway bridge; 41

Ali Masjid; 356

Alptagin; 168

Altamsh; 170

Alum; 59

Amb; 303

Ambala division; 225-235 district; 233-235 town and cantonment; 347

Ambela; 192, 305, 356

Amritsar district; 249 town; 175, 339, 340

Anandpal Raja; 168

Arains; 242, 245, 248, 252, 279

Aravallis; 50

Archaeology; 200-208

Areas; 2-3

Arjan Guru; 175

Aroras; 105, 106

Asoka; 162, 163

Attock, Fort; 37, 38, 350

Attock district; 257, 258

Aurangzeb; 172, 177

Awans; 105, 254, 258-260, 299-300

Babar; 172, 273

Babusar pass; 301

Bahawalpur State; 280-283 town; 353

Bajaur; 306

Balban; 170

Banda; 178

Banias; 106

Bannu district; 295, 296 town; 355

Bar; 261, 262, 267

Bara river; 298, 309

Baralacha pass; 12, 236

Baramula; 40, 357

Bari Doab Canal, Upper; 135, 249, 251 Lower; 138, 262

Barnala; 179, 353

Bashahr State; 287-290

Baspa river; 288, 289

Bazar valley; 309

Bein torrent; 45

Bhakkar; 258

Bhittannis; 294

Bhupindar Singh, Maharaja of Patiala; 275

Bhure Singh, Raja of Chamba; 286

Bias river; 43-45, 162, 237, 249, 251 railway bridge; 45

Bilaspur State; 288

Biloches; 104, 105, 268, 269

Birmal; 24

Black buck; 94, 95

Black Mountain Expedition; 191

Boltoro glacier; 21

Borax; 60

Boundaries; 3-6

Brahmans; 104, 106, 240

Brijindar Singh, Raja of Faridkot; 280

Buddhism; 114, 115, 169, 236, 289

Bunhar torrent; 254

Burzil pass; 12

Canals; 132-141, 197

Carving in wood and ivory; 154

Castes; 105, 106

Chagarzais; 302

Chail; 29

Chakdarra; 305, 306, 356

Chakki torrent; 45

Chamba State; 245, 246 town; 201, 354

Chamberlain, Sir Neville; 305

Chamkannis; 310, 311

Chandrabhaga river; 2, 41, 286 (see also Chenab)

Chandra Gupta; 162

Chatar Singh, Sardar; 186-187

Chenab river; 41, 247, 249, 252, 261, 266, 267

Cherat; 31, 355

Chilas; 36, 301, 357

Chilianwala; 187, 351

Chingiz Khan; 170

Chini; 44, 288, 354

Chitral; 196, 305, 307, 308, 356

Chitral and Dir levies; 313

Cholera; 101

Chor mountain; 285

Chos; 241

Christians; 119

Chund Bharwana railway bridge; 41

Climate; 64-70

Coal; 58

Coins 208-211

Colleges; 125, 126

Colonization of Canal lands; 136, 139, 140, 263

Co-operative Credit Societies; 197, 199

Crops; 146-150, Tables III-IV

Cultivation; 142-150, Tables II-III

Dalhousie, Lord; 188

Dalhousie hill station; 68, 246, 350

Dalip Singh, Maharaja; 184

Dandot; 58

Dane, Sir Louis; 199

Darbar 1877; 193-333 1903; 333 Coronation 1911; 199, 333, 334

Dards; 107, 108

Darius; 161

Darwesh Khel; 312

Daulat Rao Sindhia; 183

Daur valley; 312

Davies, Sir Henry; 191

Deane, Sir Harold; 197

Degh torrent; 42, 247

Delhi; 169, 199, 205-208, 224, 225, 325-334

Delhi-Ambala-Kalka Railway; 130

Deodar; 80, 86, 302, 307

Dera Gopipur; 44

Dera Ghazi Khan district; 268-270

Dera Ismail Khan district; 294, 295 town and cantonment; 355

Dharmsala; 68, 238, 348

Dhauladhar; 16

Dhunds; 256

Dir; 305-307

Domel; 40

Dorah pass; 22

Dor river; 299, 301

Dost Muhammad, Amir; 184

Drishaks; 270

Dujana State; 283

Dungagali; 355

Durand, Colonel; 194

Durand, Sir Henry; 191

Durand Line; 4, 196, 306, 307, 308

Earthquake of; 1905 197

Education; 119, 121-126

Edwardes, Sir Herbert; 186

Edwardesabad; 355

Egerton, Sir Robert; 191

Ekbhai mountain; 27

Ethnology; 109, 110

Expenditure, Provincial; 219-220, Table V

Exports and Imports; 159

Factories; 156, 157

Famines; 195, 227

Faridkot State; 244, 280

Fateh Singh, Sardar of Kapurthala; 279

Fauna; 90-95

Ferozepore district; 243-245 railway bridge; 46 town and cantonment; 349

Ferozeshah, battle of; 186, 244, 349

Fever, mortality from; 100, 101

Finance; 219-222

Fitzpatrick, Sir Dennis; 195

Flora; 71-85

Fluctuating assessments; 221

Forests; 86-89

Fort Lockhart; 355

Fort Munro; 27, 270

Fossils; 53, 55-57

Fotula; 12

Gaddis; 236

Gajpat Singh, Sardar of Jind; 276

Game; 91-95

Gandamak, treaty of; 193

Gandgarh hills; 302

Ghagar torrent; 46, 47, 227, 231, 233

Ghaibana Sir; 31

Ghakkhars; 168, 169, 254, 256, 300

Ghaznevide raids; 168

Giandari hill; 27

Gilgit; 194, 321, 323

Giri river; 235, 285, 288

Girths; 240

Godwin Austen Mt; 21

Gold; 59, 322

Gomal pass; 25, 312

Gough, Lord; 187

Govind Singh, Guru; 177, 178

Granth Sahib; 175

Grey Inundation Canals; 244

Gujars; 107, 241, 245, 252, 300

Gujranwala district; 249 town; 350

Gujrat battle; 187 district; 252 town; 351

Gulab Singh, Raja; 184, 186, 219, 314, 323

Gulmarg; 357

Gupta Empire; 164

Gurais; 357

Gurchanis; 270

Gurdaspur district; 245, 246

Gurgaon district; 229, 230

Gurkhas; 235, 274, 289

Gurus, Sikh; 173-178

Hakra river; 40

Handicrafts; 152-156

Hangu; 297

Haramukh mountain; 14

Harike ferry; 44

Hari Singh Nalwa, Sardar; 184

Haro river; 38, 258, 299, 301, 302

Harvests; 142

Hasanzais; 303

Hattu mountains; 288

Hazara district; 186, 298-303

Himalaya; 8-20, 67, 68

Hindkis; 299

Hindu Kush; 22, 23, 305, 307

Hindur; 287

Hindus and Hinduism; 114-118, 119, 120

Hira Singh Sir, Raja of Nadha; 278

Hissar district; 226-228 town; 347

History; 160-199

Hiuen Tsang; 165

Hoshyarpur district; 240, 241, 278

Humayun; 172

Hunza town; 357

Hunza and Nagar; 323

Hunza-Nagar levies; 313 war; 194, 195

Ibbetson, Sir Denzil; 197, 198

Imperial Service troops; 276, 277, 279, 283

Income and Expenditure; 219, 286, Table V

Indus river; 34-39, 260, 270, 281, 296, 300, 302

Inundation Canals; 139, 262, 267

Islamabad; 358

Jagatjit Singh, Maharaja of Kapurthala; 279

Jahangir; 173, 175, 208

Jains; 280

Jalandhar district; 241, 242 town and cantonment; 349

Jalandhara kingdom; 241

Jalkot; 36

Jammu State; 107, 314-317 town; 358

Jamna river; 48, 49

Jamna Western Canal; 133, 135

Jamrud; 356

Janjuas; 254

Jassa Singh, Ahluwaha Sardar; 279

Jats; 103, 104, 234, 240, 242, 245, 248, 249, 252, 254

Jhang district; 265, 266

Jhelam Canal, Lower; 133, 137, 138, 261, 265 Upper; 138, 252

Jhelam district; 253, 254 river; 39, 40, 253, 254, 261, 265, 301 town and cantonment; 351

Jind; 271, 276, 277

Joint Stock Companies; 157, 158

Jowakis; 297, 310

Jubbal State; 287

Kabul; 22, 165 river; 23, 37, 298 canal; 140, 298

Kafiristan range; 307

Kagan; 40, 301

Kaha torrent; 270

Kaisargarh mountain; 26

Kalabagh; 38, 39, 295

Kalachitta range; 30, 258

Kalsia State; 280

Kamalia; 353

Kambohs; 263

Kangra district; 235-240 town and fort; 168, 171, 183, 349

Kanjutis; 108

Kankar; 60, 127

Kaoshan pass; 22

Kapurthala State; 278, 279 town; 356

Karakoram; 20, 324

Karnal district; 230-232 town; 348

Kashmir, Early History; 165, 166, 172 Forests; 89 Population; 99, 100, 106, 107 Territories; 2, 12, 14, 16, 20, 21, 193, 314, 324

Kashmiri Pandits; 107

Kasranis; 270

Katas; 201

Kathias; 263

Keonthal State; 287

Keppel, Sir George Roos; 197

Khaibar; 23, 309 Rifles; 308, 309, 313

Khairimurat hills; 30, 258

Khanki weir; 195, 310

Khanwah Canal; 263

Kharrals; 263

Khatris; 105, 106

Khattaks; 297, 298

Kheora Salt Mine; 51, 351

Khojas; 104

Khosas; 170

Khost; 311

Khowar; 308

Khurmana river; 311

Khushalgarh railway bridge; 130

Kila Drosh; 307, 308

Kirana hill; 261

Kishnganga river; 40, 261, 319

Kohala; 40, 257

Kohat district; 296-298 salt; 57, 58, 296 town and cantonment; 356

Kolahoi mountain; 14

Kuka rising; 192, 193

Kulu; 17, 235, 237, 238

Kunar river; 23, 37, 307

Kunawar; 289

Kunhar 40, 301

Kurram militia; 313 river; 39, 260, 295, 311 valley; 24, 296

Ladakh; 64, 65, 109, 112, 319-321

Lagharis; 270

Lahore city; 169, 173, 334-339 district; 251, 252 division; 245 railway bridge; 43

Lahul; 64, 236

Lake, Lord; 183

Land Alienation Act, XIII of 1900; 196

Land Revenue; 220, 221

Landai river; 38

Landi Kotal; 357

Languages; 110-113

Larji; 43

Lawrence Memorial School; 234

Lawrence, Sir Henry; 186, 188 Sir John; 188-191

Legislative Council; 195, 216

Leh; 35, 64, 65, 358

Leprosy; 101

Liddar valley; 40

Lieutenant Governors; 188-199

Local Self Government; 195, 217, 218

Lohars; 106, 152

Loharu State; 283

Lolab valley; 40

Lowari pass; 307, 308

Lower Bari Doab Canal; 138, 262, 267 Chenab Canal; 136, 137, 195, 263, 265 Jhelam Canal; 137, 138, 197, 260 Swat Canal; 140, 141, 298

Ludhiana district; 242, 243 town; 153, 349

Lulusar lake; 301

Lunds; 270

Luri bridge; 45

Lyall, Sir James; 194

Lyallpur district; 263, 264 town; 353

Macleod, Sir Donald; 191

Mahaban mountain; 36

Mahirakula; 164

Mahmud of Ghazni; 168

Mahsud Wazirs; 196, 312

Malakand pass; 299, 305, 306, 357

Malerkotla State; 283 town; 354

Mali ka parvat; 301

Malka; 305

Mallagoris; 308, 309

Mamdot; 244

Mamunds; 306

Manali; 43, 237

Mandi State; 283, 284 town; 354

Mangal; 287

Mansehra; 356

Mardan; 298, 299

Markanda torrent; 47

Martand temple; 166, 358

Marwats; 296

Mazaris; 270

Mazhbis; 106

Meghs; 107

Menander; 163, 164

Mendicants; 106

Meos; 229

Metals; 59

Mianwali district; 258-260

Miram Shah; 357

Miranzai; 297

Moghal Empire; 171-180

Mohmands; 308, 309

Mongol invasions; 170

Montgomery, Sir Robert; 191

Montgomery district; 261, 262 town; 353

Mudki battle field; 186, 282

Muhammad Ghori; 169

Muhammad Tughlak; 170, 171

Muhammadan Architecture; 204-208

Muhammadan States; 280-283

Muhammadans; 118, 119, 252, 262, 291

Muin ul Mulk; 179

Mulraj, Diwan; 186-282

Multan district; 266, 267 division; 262

Multan city; 154, 166, 183, 186, 340, 341 district; 266-267 division; 262

Municipalities; 217

Murree; 68, 256, 303, 351, 352

Musa ka Musalla mountain; 301

Musallis; 106

Mutiny of 1857; 227

Muzaffargarh district; 267, 268

Nabha State; 271, 277, 278 town; 354

Nadir Shah; 178

Nahan State; 285 town; 354

Nalagarh State; 207

Nanga parvat (mountain); 12

Naraina, battlefield of; 232

Nardak; 232

Nathiagali; 356

Naushahra; 298, 356

North West Frontier Province; 197, 291-313

North Western Railway; 120-131

Nun and Kun peaks; 12, 324

Occupations; 101, 102, 105, 106, 152-156

O'Dwyer, Sir Michael; 199

Ohind; 37

Orakzais; 196, 297, 309-311

Otu weir; 47

Pabar river; 288

Pabbi hills; 252

Paharpur canal; 292

Paiwar Kotal; 24

Pakhli plain; 302

Pakpattan; 353

Palosi; 36

Pangi; 14, 286

Panipat; 172, 179, 232, 348

Panjkora river; 38, 306, 307

Panjnad river; 41, 382

Parachas; 106

Parachinar; 311, 357

Pataudi State; 283

Pathans; 105, 260, 294, 299, 300, 304, 311

Patiala State; 180, 271-274 town; 354

Pattan Munara; 354

Payech, see Payer

Payer; 201, 358

Peshawar city; 160, 164, 169, 184, 341, 342 district; 298, 299

Petroleum; 59

Phillaur; 46, 243

Phulkian States; 196, 271-278

Pihowa; 232, 348

Pirghal mountain; 24

Piti, See Spiti

Plague; 97-99, 100, 195, 245

Population; 96-113

Pottery; 152, 156

Powindahs; 25

Pressure, barometric; 65-67

Punch; 358

Railways; 128-131

Rajput Hill Chiefs (Simla); 288

Rajputs; 104, 240, 241, 245, 248, 254, 288

Raldang mountain; 288

Rampur ;45, 289

Ranbir Singh, Maharaja of Jind; 277

Ranjit Singh, Maharaja; 181-184

Ravi river; 41-43, 247, 251, 262, 266, 267, 286

Rawalpindi cantonment and town; 256, 352 district; 255-257 division; 252

Religions, Kashmir; 114 N. W. F. Province; 114 Panjab; 114-117

Ripon, Lord; 195

Ripudaman Singh, Maharaja of Nabha; 270

Rivaz, Sir Charles 197

Rivers; 32-49

Road, Grand Trunk; 127

Roads; 127, 128

Rogi cliffs; 45

Rohtak district; 228, 229

Roos-Keppel, Sir George; 197

Rotang pass; 14, 236

Rupar; 46, 348

Sabaktagin; 167, 168

Sadik Muhammad Khan, Nawab of Bahawalpur; 281, 282

Sad Istragh mountains; 22

Safarmulk lake; 301

Safed Koh range; 24, 311

Saiyyids; 105, 304

Sakesar; 29, 352

Sakki stream; 250

Salt; 57, 58

Salt Range ;29, 30, 253, 254, 257, 258, 262 Geology of; 51-53 Flora of; 76, 77

Samana range; 297 Rifles; 297, 298

Sam Ranizai; 306

Sangrur; 276, 354

Sansar Chand, Raja; 183

Sapphires; 60

Saraj; 235, 237

Sarusti torrent; 46, 47, 231, 232 canal; 47

Sasserla; 20

Sattis; 256

Shah Alam, Emperor; 181

Shahjahan; 173

Shah Shuja; 184

Shahpur district; 260-262

Shawal; 24

Shekhbudin; 31, 356

Shekhs; 105

Sher Khan; 170

Sher Singh Maharaja; 184

Shigri glacier; 236

Shipki pass; 45

Shooting; 94, 95

Shuidar mountain; 24

Shyok river; 36

Sialkot district; 247 town and cantonment; 164, 350

Sials; 266

Sidhnai canal; 139, 267

Sikandar Lodi; 171

Sikaram mountain; 24

Sikh Jats; 104, 250, 252, 276, 280 wars; 186, 187 religion; 117, 118

Sil torrent; 258

Simla district; 254 hill station; 67, 68, 342-344 Hill States; 287-290

Sind valley; 40

Sirhind canal; 135, 136, 195, 227, 245, 271, 275, 276, 280

Sirhind, town; 177, 180, 354, 355

Sirmur State; 285

Siwaliks; 27, 52, 53

Skardo; 36, 321

Smallpox; 101

Soan torrent (Hoshyarpur); 241 (Rawalpindi), see Sohan

Sobraon, battle of; 186

Sohag Para Canals; 262

Sohan torrent; 38, 253, 256

Southern Panjab Railway; 130

Spiti; 55, 235, 236 river; 45, 288

Stupas; 202

Suds; 106

Suliman range; 26, 27, 270, 290

Sultanpur (Kulu); 238

Sultanpur (Kapurthala); 278

Sunars; 106

Surindar Bikram Parkash, late Raja of Sirmur; 285, 286

Sutlej inundation canals; 267 river; 45, 46, 245, 262, 266, 281, 288

Takht i Suliman mountain; 26 hill (Kashmir); 318

Tamerlane. See Timur

Tanawal; 302, 303

Tanawal hills; 302

Tarkanris; 307

Tarkhans (carpenters); 106, 152

Teri; 296

Thakkars; 107

Thal desert; 149, 259-261, 262, 265, 267

Thal (Kohat); 297, 311, 356

Thandiani; 356

Thanesar; 165, 168, 232, 348

Tilla hill; 29

Timur (Tamerlane); 171

Tirach Mir mountain; 22, 308

Tirah Campaign; 176

Tiwanas; 260

Tochi valley; 24, 296

Tons, river; 48

Torrents, action of; 47, 48

Trade; 159

Traders; 105, 106

Tribal militias; 312

Triple Canal Project; 138, 197

Tumans Biloch; 270

Turis; 311

Uch; 355

Uchiri range; 307

Udyana; 304

Ujh torrent; 42

Umra Khan; 196

Unhar river; 302

University, Panjab; 125, 126

Upper Bari Doab Canal; 135, 191, 247, 249, 251 Chenab Canal; 138, 139, 249 Jhelam Canal; 138, 139, 252 Swat Canal; 141, 298

Utman Khel; 306

Vaccination; 101

Wana; 24, 196, 312, 357

Wattus; 263

Waziristan; 312 hills; 24 militias; 313

Wazirs Darwesh Khel; 312 Madsud; 312

Weavers; 102, 152, 154

Wellesley, Marquis of; 182 Arthur; 183

Wells; 143, 144

Western Jamna Canal; 135, 227, 232, 273, 276

Wular lake; 40

Yakub Khan, Amir; 194

Yarkhun river; 305, 307

Yasin river; 307

Young, Sir Mackworth; 195

Yusafzais; 299, 304, 305, 306

Zaimukhts; 310

Zakaria Khan; 178

Zakha Khel; 309

Zamzama gun; 187

Zanskar; 320 Himalaya; 10, 286 river; 36

Zojila; 12

THE END