Other number scales of this region are given as follows:

HUASTECA.[367]

10. laluh. 20. hum-inic = 1 man. 30. hum-inic-lahu = 1 man 10. 40. tzab-inic = 2 men. 50. tzab-inic-lahu = 2 men 10. 60. ox-inic = 3 men. 70. ox-inic-lahu = 3 men 10. 80. tze-tnic = 4 men. 90. tze-ynic-kal-laluh = 4 men and 10. 100. bo-inic = 5 men. 200. tzab-bo-inic = 2 x 5 men. 300. ox-bo-inic = 3 x 5 men. 400. tsa-bo-inic = 4 x 5 men. 600. acac-bo-inic = 6 x 5 men. 800. huaxic-bo-inic = 8 x 5 men. 1000. xi. 8000. huaxic-xi = 8-1000.

The essentially vigesimal character of this system changes in the formation of some of the higher numerals, and a suspicion of the decimal enters. One hundred is boinic, 5 men; but 200, instead of being simply lahuh-inic, 10 men, is tsa-bo-inic, 2 x 100, or more strictly, 2 times 5 men. Similarly, 300 is 3 x 100, 400 is 4 x 100, etc. The word for 1000 is simple instead of compound, and the thousands appear to be formed wholly on the decimal base. A comparison of this scale with that of the Nahuatl shows how much inferior it is to the latter, both in simplicity and consistency.

TOTONACO.[368]

10. cauh. 20. puxam. 30. puxamacauh = 20 + 10. 40. tipuxam = 2 x 20. 50. tipuxamacauh = 40 + 10. 60. totonpuxam = 3 x 20. 100. quitziz puxum = 5 x 20. 200. copuxam = 10 x 20. 400. tontaman. 1000. titamanacopuxam = 2 x 400 + 200.

The essential character of the vigesimal element is shown by the last two numerals. Tontamen, the square of 20, is a simple word, and 1000 is, as it should be, 2 times 400, plus 200. It is most unfortunate that the numeral for 8000, the cube of 20, is not given.

CORA.[369]

10. tamoamata. 20. cei-tevi. 30. ceitevi apoan tamoamata = 20 + 10. 40. huapoa-tevi = 2 x 20. 60. huaeica-tevi = 3 x 20. 100. anxu-tevi = 5 x 20. 400. ceitevi-tevi = 20 x 20.

Closely allied with the Maya numerals and method of counting are those of the Quiches of Guatemala. The resemblance is so obvious that no detail in the Quiche scale calls for special mention.

QUICHE.[370]

10. lahuh. 20. hu-uinac = 1 man. 30. hu-uinac-lahuh = 20 + 10. 40. ca-uinac = 2 men. 50. lahu-r-ox-kal = -10 + 3 x 20. 60. ox-kal = 3 x 20. 70. lahu-u-humuch = -10 + 80. 80. humuch. 90. lahu-r-ho-kal = -10 + 100. 100. hokal. 1000. o-tuc-rox-o-kal.

Among South American vigesimal systems, the best known is that of the Chibchas or Muyscas of the Bogota region, which was obtained at an early date by the missionaries who laboured among them. This system is much less extensive than that of some of the more northern races; but it is as extensive as almost any other South American system with the exception of the Peruvian, which was, however, a pure decimal system. As has already been stated, the native races of South America were, as a rule, exceedingly deficient in regard to the number sense. Their scales are rude, and show great poverty, both in formation of numeral words and in the actual extent to which counting was carried. If extended as far as 20, these scales are likely to become vigesimal, but many stop far short of that limit, and no inconsiderable number of them fail to reach even 5. In this respect we are reminded of the Australian scales, which were so rudimentary as really to preclude any proper use of the word "system" in connection with them. Counting among the South American tribes was often equally limited, and even less regular. Following are the significant numerals of the scale in question:

CHIBCHA, OR MUYSCA.[371]

10. hubchibica. 20. quihica ubchihica = thus says the foot, 10 = 10-10, or gueta = house. 30. guetas asaqui ubchihica = 20 + 10. 40. gue-bosa = 20 x 2. 60. gue-mica = 20 x 3. 80. gue-muyhica = 20 x 4. 100. gue-hisca = 20 x 5.

NAGRANDA.[372]

10. guha. 20. dino. 30. 'badinoguhanu = 20 + 10. 40. apudino = 2 x 20. 50. apudinoguhanu = 2 x 20 + 10. 60. asudino = 3 x 20. 70. asudinoguhanu = 3 x 20 + 10. 80. acudino = 4 x 20. 90. acudinoguhanu = 4 x 20 + 10. 100. huisudino = 5 x 20, or guhamba = great 10. 200. guahadino = 10 x 20. 400. dinoamba = great 20. 1000. guhaisudino = 10 x 5 x 20. 2000. hisudinoamba = 5 great 20's. 4000. guhadinoamba = 10 great 20's.

In considering the influence on the manners and customs of any people which could properly be ascribed to the use among them of any other base than 10, it must not be forgotten that no races, save those using that base, have ever attained any great degree of civilization, with the exception of the ancient Aztecs and their immediate neighbours, north and south. For reasons already pointed out, no highly civilized race has ever used an exclusively quinary system; and all that can be said of the influence of this mode of counting is that it gives rise to the habit of collecting objects in groups of five, rather than of ten, when any attempt is being made to ascertain their sum. In the case of the subsidiary base 12, for which the Teutonic races have always shown such a fondness, the dozen and gross of commerce, the divisions of English money, and of our common weights and measures are probably an outgrowth of this preference; and the Babylonian base, 60, has fastened upon the world forever a sexagesimal method of dividing time, and of measuring the circumference of the circle.

The advanced civilization attained by the races of Mexico and Central America render it possible to see some of the effects of vigesimal counting, just as a single thought will show how our entire lives are influenced by our habit of counting by tens. Among the Aztecs the universal unit was 20. A load of cloaks, of dresses, or other articles of convenient size, was 20. Time was divided into periods of 20 days each. The armies were numbered by divisions of 8000;[373] and in countless other ways the vigesimal element of numbers entered into their lives, just as the decimal enters into ours; and it is to be supposed that they found it as useful and as convenient for all measuring purposes as we find our own system; as the tradesman of to-day finds the duodecimal system of commerce; or as the Babylonians of old found that singularly curious system, the sexagesimal. Habituation, the laws which the habits and customs of every-day life impose upon us, are so powerful, that our instinctive readiness to make use of any concept depends, not on the intrinsic perfection or imperfection which pertains to it, but on the familiarity with which previous use has invested it. Hence, while one race may use a decimal, another a quinary-vigesimal, and another a sexagesimal scale, and while one system may actually be inherently superior to another, no user of one method of reckoning need ever think of any other method as possessing practical inconveniences, of which those employing it are ever conscious. And, to cite a single instance which illustrates the unconscious daily use of two modes of reckoning in one scale, we have only to think of the singular vigesimal fragment which remains to this day imbedded in the numeral scale of the French. In counting from 70 to 100, or in using any number which lies between those limits, no Frenchman is conscious of employing a method of numeration less simple or less convenient in any particular, than when he is at work with the strictly decimal portions of his scale. He passes from the one style of counting to the other, and from the second back to the first again, entirely unconscious of any break or change; entirely unconscious, in fact, that he is using any particular system, except that which the daily habit of years has made a part himself.

Deep regret must be felt by every student of philology, that the primitive meanings of simple numerals have been so generally lost. But, just as the pebble on the beach has been worn and rounded by the beating of the waves and by other pebbles, until no trace of its original form is left, and until we can say of it now only that it is quartz, or that it is diorite, so too the numerals of many languages have suffered from the attrition of the ages, until all semblance of their origin has been lost, and we can say of them only that they are numerals. Beyond a certain point we can carry the study neither of number nor of number words. At that point both the mathematician and the philologist must pause, and leave everything beyond to the speculations of those who delight in nothing else so much as in pure theory.



THE END.



INDEX OF AUTHORS.

Adam, L., 44, 159, 166, 175. Armstrong, R.A., 180. Aymonier, A., 156.

Bachofen, J.J., 131. Balbi, A., 151. Bancroft, H.H., 29, 47, 89, 93, 113, 199. Barlow, H., 108. Beauregard, O., 45, 83, 152. Bellamy, E.W., 9. Boas, F., 30, 45, 46, 65, 87, 88, 136, 163, 164, 171, 197, 198. Bonwick, J., 24, 27, 107, 108. Brinton, D.G., 2, 22, 46, 52, 57, 61, 111, 112, 140, 199, 200. Burton, R.F., 37, 71.

Chamberlain, A.F., 45, 65, 93. Chase, P.E., 99. Clarke, H., 113. Codrington, R.H., 16, 95, 96, 136, 138, 145, 153, 154. Crawfurd, J., 89, 93, 130. Curr, E.M., 24-27, 104, 107-110, 112. Cushing, F.H., 13, 48.

De Flacourt, 8, 9. De Quincey, T., 35. Deschamps, M., 28. Dobrizhoffer, M., 71. Dorsey, J.O., 59. Du Chaillu, P.B., 66, 67, 150, 151. Du Graty, A.M., 138.

Ellis, A.A., 64, 91. Ellis, R., 37, 142. Ellis, W., 83, 119. Erskine, J.E., 153, 154.

Flegel, R., 133.

Gallatin, A., 136, 159, 166, 171, 199, 204, 206, 208. Galton, F., 4. Gatschet, A.S., 58, 59, 68. Gilij, F.S., 54. Gill, W.W., 18, 118. Goedel, M., 83, 147. Grimm, J.L.C., 48. Groeber, G., 182. Guillome, J., 181.

Haddon, A.C., 18, 105. Hale, H., 61, 65, 93, 114-116, 122, 130, 156, 163, 164, 171. Hankel, H., 137. Haumonte, J.D., 44. Hervas, L., 170. Humboldt, A. von, 32, 207. Hyades, M., 22.

Kelly, J.W., 157, 196. Kelly, J., 180. Kleinschmidt, S., 52, 80.

Lang, J.D., 108. Lappenberg, J.M., 127. Latham, R.G., 24, 67, 107. Leibnitz, G.W. von, 102, 103. Lloyd, H.E., 7. Long, C.C., 148, 186. Long, S.H., 121. Lubbock, Sir J., 3, 5. Lull, E.P., 79.

Macdonald, J., 15. Mackenzie, A., 26. Man, E.H., 28, 194. Mann, A., 47. Marcoy, P. (Saint Cricq), 23, 168. Mariner, A., 85. Martius, C.F. von, 23, 79, 111, 122, 138, 142, 174. Mason, 112. Mill, J.S., 3. Moncelon, M., 142. Morice, A., 15, 86. Mueller, Fr., 10, 27, 28, 45, 48, 55, 56, 60, 63, 66, 69, 78, 80, 90, 108, 111, 121, 122, 130, 136, 139, 146-151, 156-158, 165-167, 185-187, 191, 193. Murdoch, J., 30, 49,137.

Nystron, J.W., 132.

O'Donovan, J., 180. Oldfield, A., 29, 77. Olmos, A. de, 141.

Parisot, J., 44. Park, M., 145-147. Parry, W.E., 32. Peacock, G., 8, 56, 84, 111, 118, 119, 154, 186. Petitot, E., 53, 157, 196. Pott, A.F., 50, 68, 92, 120, 145, 148, 149, 152, 157, 166, 182, 184, 189, 191, 205. Pruner-Bey, 10, 104. Pughe, W.O., 141.

Ralph, J., 125. Ray, S.H., 45, 78, 80. Ridley, W., 57. Roth, H.L., 79.

Salt, H., 187. Sayce, A.H., 75. Schoolcraft, H.R., 66, 81, 83, 84, 159, 160. Schroeder, P., 90. Schweinfurth, G., 143, 146, 149, 186, 187. Simeon, R., 201. Spix, J.B. von, 7. Spurrell, W., 180. Squier, G.E., 80, 207. Stanley, H.M., 38, 42, 64, 69, 78, 150, 187.

Taplin, G., 106. Thiel, B.A., 172. Toy, C.H., 70. Turner, G., 152, 154. Tylor, E.B., 2, 3, 15, 18, 22, 63, 65, 78, 79, 81, 84, 97, 124.

Van Eys, J.W., 182. Vignoli, T., 95.

Wallace, A.R., 174. Wells, E.R., jr., 157, 196. Whewell, W., 3. Wickersham, J., 96. Wiener, C., 22. Williams, W.L., 123.



INDEX OF SUBJECTS.

Abacus, 19. Abeokuta, 33. Abipone, 71, 72. Abkhasia, 188. Aboker, 148. Actuary, Life ins., 19. Adaize, 162. Addition, 19, 43, 46, 92. Adelaide, 108. Admiralty Islands, 45. Affadeh, 184. Africa (African), 9, 16, 28, 29, 32, 33, 38, 42, 47, 64, 66, 69, 78, 80, 91, 105, 120, 145, 170, 176, 184, 187. Aino (Ainu), 45, 191. Akra, 120. Akari, 190. Alaska, 157, 196. Albania, 184. Albert River, 26. Aleut, 157. Algonkin (Algonquin), 45, 92, 161. Amazon, 23. Ambrym, 136. American, 10, 16, 19, 98, 105. Andaman, 8, 15, 28, 31, 76, 174, 193. Aneitum, 154. Animal, 3, 6. Anthropological, 21. Apho, 133. Api, 80, 136, 155. Apinage, 111. Arab, 170. Arawak, 52-54, 135. Arctic, 29. Arikara, 46. Arithmetic, 1, 5, 30, 33, 73, 93. Aryan, 76, 128-130. Ashantee, 145. Asia (Asiatic), 28, 113, 131, 187. Assiniboine, 66, 92. Athapaskan,92. Atlantic, 126. Aurora, 155. Australia (Australian), 2, 6, 19, 22, 24-30, 57, 58, 71, 75, 76, 84, 103, 105, 106, 110, 112, 118, 173, 206. Avari, 188. Aymara, 166. Aztec, 63, 78, 83, 89, 93, 201, 207, 208.

Babusesse, 38. Babylonian, 208. Bagrimma, 148. Bahnars, 15. Bakairi, 111. Balad, 67. Balenque, 150. Bambarese, 95. Banks Islands, 16, 96, 153. Barea, 151. Bargaining, 18, 19, 32. Bari, 136. Barre, 174. Basa, 146. Basque, 40, 182. Bellacoola, see Bilqula. Belyando River, 109. Bengal, Bay of, 28. Benue, 133. Betoya, 57, 112, 135, 140. Bilqula, 46, 164. Binary, chap. v. Binin, 149. Bird-nesting, 5. Bisaye, 90. Bogota, 206. Bolan, 120. Bolivia, 2, 21. Bongo, 143, 186. Bonze, 151. Bororo, 23. Botocudo, 22, 31, 48, 71. Bourke, 108. Boyne River, 24. Brazil, 2, 7, 30, 174, 195. Bretagne (Breton), 120, 129, 181, 182. British Columbia, 45, 46, 65, 86, 88, 89, 112, 113, 195. Bullom, 147. Bunch, 64. Burnett River, 112. Bushman, 28, 31. Butong, 93.

Caddoe, 162. Cahuillo, 165. Calculating machine, 19. Campa, 22. Canada, 29, 53, 54, 86, 195. Canaque, 142, 144. Caraja, 23. Carib, 166, 167, 199. Carnarvon, 35, 36. Carrier, 86. Carthaginian, 179. Caucasus, 188. Cayriri (see Kiriri), 79. Cayubaba (Cayubabi), 84, 167. Celtic, 40, 169, 179, 181, 190. Cely, Mom, 9. Central America, 29, 69, 79, 121, 131, 195, 201, 208. Ceylon, 28. Chaco, 22. Champion Bay, 109. Charles XII., 132. Cheyenne, 62. Chibcha, 206. China (Chinese), 40, 131. Chippeway, 62, 159, 162. Chiquito, 2, 6, 21, 40, 71, 76. Choctaw, 65, 85, 162. Chunsag, 189. Circassia, 190. Cobeu, 174. Cochin China, 15. Columbian, 113. Comanche, 29, 83. Conibo, 23. Cooper's Creek, 108. Cora, 166. Cotoxo, 111. Cowrie, 64, 70, 71. Cree, 91. Crocker Island, 107. Crow, 3, 4, 92. Crusoe, Robinson, 7. Curetu, 111.

Dahomey, 71. Dakota, 81, 91, 92. Danish, 30, 46, 129, 183. Darnley Islands, 24. Delaware, 91, 160. Demara, 4, 6. Dene, 86. Dido, 189. Dinka, 136, 147. Dippil, 107. Division, 19. Dravidian, 104, 193. Dual number, 75. Duluth, 34. Duodecimal, chap. v. Dutch, 129.

Eaw, 24. Ebon, 152. Efik, 148, 185. Encabellada, 22. Encounter Bay, 108. Ende, 68, 152. English, 28, 38-44, 60, 81, 85, 89, 118, 123, 124, 129, 183, 200, 203, 208. Eromanga, 96, 136, 154. Eskimo, 16, 30, 31, 32, 36, 48, 51, 52, 54, 61, 64, 83, 137, 157, 159, 195, 196. Essequibo, 166. Europe (European), 27, 39, 168, 169, 179, 182, 183, 185, 204. Eye, 14, 97. Eyer's Sand Patch, 26. Ewe, 64, 91.

Fall, 163. Fate, 138, 155. Fatuhiva, 130. Feloop, 145. Fernando Po, 150. Fiji, 96. Finger pantomime, 10, 23, 29, 67, 82. Fingoe, 33. Fist, 16, 59, 72. Flinder's River, 24. Flores, 68, 152. Forefinger, 12, 15, 16, 54, 61, 91, 113. Foulah, 147. Fourth finger, 18. Frazer's Island, 108. French, 40, 41, 124, 129, 181, 182, 209. Fuegan, 22.

Gaelic, 180. Galibi, 138. Gaul, 169, 182. Georgia, 189. German, 38-43, 129, 183. Gesture, 18, 59. Gola, 151. Golo, 146. Gonn Station, 110. Goth, 169. Greek, 86, 129, 168, 169. Green Island, 45. Greenland, 29, 52, 80, 158. Guachi, 23, 31. Guarani, 55, 138. Guatemala, 205. Guato, 142. Guaycuru, 22. Gudang, 24.

Haida, 112. Hawaii, 113, 114, 116, 117. Head, 71. Heap, 8, 9, 25, 70, 77, 100. Hebrew, 86, 89, 95. Heiltsuk, 65, 88, 163. Herero, 150. Hervey Islands, 118. Hidatsa, 80, 91. Hill End, 109. Himalaya, 193. Hottentot, 80, 92. Huasteca, 204. Hudson's Bay, 48, 61. Hun, 169. Hunt, Leigh, 33.

Ibo, 185. Icelandic, 129, 183. Illinois, 91. Index finger, 11, 14. India, 96, 112, 131. Indian, 8, 10, 13, 16, 17, 19, 32, 36, 54, 55, 59, 62, 65, 66, 79, 80, 82, 83, 89, 90, 98, 105, 112, 171, 201. Indian Ocean, 63, 193. Indo-European, 76. Irish, 129, 180. Italian, 39, 80, 124, 129, 203.

Jajowerong, 156. Jallonkas, 146. Jaloff, 146. Japanese, 40, 86, 89, 93-95. Java, 93, 120. Jiviro, 61, 136. Joints of fingers, 7, 18, 173. Juri, 79.

Kamassin, 130. Kamilaroi, 27, 107, 112. Kamtschatka, 75, 157. Kanuri, 136, 149. Karankawa, 68. Karen, 112. Keppel Bay, 24. Ki-Nyassa, 150. Kiriri, 55, 138, 139, 167. Kissi, 145. Ki-Swahili, 42. Ki-Yau, 150. Klamath, 58, 59. Knot, 7, 9, 19, 40, 93, 115. Kolyma, 75. Kootenay, 65. Koriak, 75. Kredy, 149. Kru, 146. Ku-Mbutti, 78. Kunama, 151. Kuri, 188. Kusaie, 78, 80. Kwakiutl, 45.

Labillardiere, 85. Labrador, 29. Lake Kopperamana, 107. Latin, 40, 44, 76, 81, 86, 124, 128, 168, 169, 181, 182. Lazi, 189. Left hand, 10-17, 54. Leper's Island, 16. Leptscha, 193. Lifu, 143. Little finger, 10-18, 48, 54, 61, 91. Logone, 186. London, 124. Lower California, 29. Luli, 118. Lutuami, 164.

Maba, 80. Macassar, 93. Machine, Calculating, 19, 20. Mackenzie River, 157. Macuni, 174. Madagascar, 8, 9. Maipures, 15, 56. Mairassis, 10. Malagasy, 83, 95. Malanta, 96. Malay, 8, 45, 90, 93, 170. Mallicolo, 152. Manadu, 93. Mandingo, 186. Mangareva, 114. Manx, 180. Many, 2, 21-23, 25, 28, 100. Maori, 64, 93, 122. Marachowie, 26. Mare, 84. Maroura, 106. Marquesas, 93, 114, 115. Marshall Islands, 122, 152. Massachusetts, 91, 159. Mathematician, 2, 3, 35, 102, 127, 210. Matibani, 151. Matlaltzinca, 166. Maya, 45, 46, 199, 205. Mbayi, 111. Mbocobi, 22. Mbousha, 66. Melanesia, 16, 22, 28, 84, 95. Mende, 186. Mexico, 29, 195, 201, 204, 208. Miami, 91. Micmac, 90, 160. Middle finger, 12, 15, 62. Mille, 122. Minnal Yungar, 26. Minsi, 162. Mississaga, 44, 92. Mississippi, 125. Mocobi, 119. Mohegan, 91. Mohican, 172. Mokko, 149. Molele, 164. Moneroo, 109. Mongolian, 8. Montagnais, 53, 54, 175. Moree, 24. Moreton Bay, 108. Mort Noular, 107. Mosquito, 69, 70, 121. Mota, 95, 153. Mpovi, 152. Multiplication, 19, 33, 40, 43, 59. Mundari, 193. Mundo, 186. Muralug, 17. Murray River, 106, 109. Muysca, 206.

Nagranda, 207. Nahuatl, 141, 144, 177, 201, 205. Nakuhiva, 116, 130. Negro, 8, 9, 15, 29, 184. Nengone, 63, 136. New, 128-130. New Caledonia, 154. New Granada, 195. New Guinea, 10, 152. New Hebrides, 155. New Ireland, 45. New Zealand, 123. Nez Perces, 65, 158. Ngarrimowro, 110. Niam Niam, 64, 136. Nicaragua, 80. Nicobar, 78, 193. Nightingale, 4. Nootka, 163, 198. Norman River, 24. North America, 28, 82, 171, 173, 176, 194, 201. Notch, 7, 9, 93. Numeral frame, 19. Nupe, 149, 186. Nusqually, 96.

Oceania, 115, 176. Octonary, chap. v. Odessa, 34. Ojibwa, 84, 159. Okanaken, 88. Omaha, 161. Omeo, 110. Oregon, 58, 195. Orejone, 23. Orinoco, 54, 56, 195. Ostrich, 71, 72. Otomac, 15. Otomi, 165, 199. Ottawa, 159. Oyster Bay, 79.

Pacific, 29, 113, 116, 117, 131. Palm (of the hand), 12, 14, 15. Palm Island, 156. Pama, 136, 155. Pampanaga, 66. Papaa, 148. Paraguay, 55, 71, 118, 195. Parana, 119. Paris, 182. Pawnee, 91, 121, 162. Pebble, 7-9, 19, 40, 93, 179. Peno, 2. Peru (Peruvian), 2, 22, 61, 206. Philippine, 66. Philology (Philologist), 128, 209, 210. Phoenician, 90, 179. Pigmy, 69, 70, 78. Pikumbul, 57, 138. Pines, Isle of, 153. Pinjarra, 26. Plenty, 25, 77. Point Barrow, 30, 51, 64, 83, 137, 159. Polynesia, 22, 28, 118, 130, 170. Pondo, 33. Popham Bay, 107. Port Darwin, 109. Port Essington, 24, 107. Port Mackay, 26. Port Macquarie, 109. Puget Sound, 96. Puri, 22, 92.

Quappa, 171, 172. Quaternary, chap. v. Queanbeyan, 24. Quiche, 205. Quichua, 61.

Rapid, 163. Rarotonga, 114. Richmond River, 109. Right hand, 10-18, 54. Right-handedness, 13, 14. Ring finger, 15. Rio Grande, 195. Rio Napo, 22. Rio Norte, 136, 199. Russia (Russian), 30, 35.

Sahaptin, 158. San Antonio, 136. San Blas, 79, 80. Sanskrit, 40, 92, 97, 128. Sapibocone, 84, 167. Saste (Shasta), 165. Scratch, 7. Scythian, 169. Seed, 93. Semitic, 89. Senary, chap. v. Sesake, 136, 155. Several, 22. Sexagesimal, 124, 208. Shawnoe, 160. Shell, 7, 19, 70, 93. Shushwap, 88. Siberia, 29, 30, 187, 190. Sierra Leone, 83. Sign language, 6. Sioux, 83. Slang, 124. Slavonic, 40. Snowy River, 110. Soussou, 83, 147. South Africa, 4, 15, 28. South America, 2, 15, 22, 23, 27-29, 54, 57, 72, 76, 78, 79, 104, 110, 173, 174, 194, 201, 206. Spanish, 2, 23, 42. Splint, 7. Stick, 7, 179. Stlatlumh, 88. Streaky Bay, 26. String, 7, 9, 64, 71. Strong's Island, 78. Subtraction, 19, 44-47. Sunda, 120. Sweden (Swedish), 129, 132, 183.

Tacona, 2. Taensa, 44. Tagala, 66. Tahiti, 114. Tahuata, 115. Tama, 111. Tamanac, 54, 135. Tambi, 120. Tanna, 154. Tarascan, 165. Tariana, 174. Tasmania, 24, 27, 79, 104, 106. Tawgy, 130. Tchetchnia, 188. Tchiglit, 157, 196. Tembu, 33. Temne, 148. Ternary, chap. v. Terraba, 172. Teutonic, 40, 41, 43, 179, 181, 208. Texas, 69. Thibet, 96. Thumb, 10-18, 54, 59, 61, 62, 113, 173. Thusch, 189. Ticuna, 168. Timukua, 165. Tlingit, 136, 163, 197. Tobi, 156. Tonga, 33, 85. Torres, 17, 96, 104, 105. Totonaco, 205. Towka, 78. Triton's Bay, 152. Tschukshi, 156, 191. Tsimshian, 86, 164, 198. Tweed River, 26.

Uainuma, 122. Udi, 188. Uea, 67, 153. United States, 29, 83, 195. Upper Yarra, 110. Ureparapara, 153.

Vaturana, 96. Vedda, 28, 31, 76, 174. Vei, 16, 147, 185. Victoria, 156. Vilelo, 60.

Waiclatpu, 164. Wales (Welsh), 35, 46, 141, 144, 177, 180. Wallachia, 121. Warrego, 107, 109. Warrior Island, 107. Wasp, 5. Watchandie, 29, 77. Watji, 120. Weedookarry, 24. Wimmera, 107. Winnebago, 85. Wiraduroi, 27, 108. Wirri-Wirri, 108. Wokke, 112. Worcester, Mass., Schools of, 11.

Yahua, 168. Yaruro, 139. Yengen, 154. Yit-tha, 109. Yoruba, 33, 47, 64, 70, 185. Yucatan, 195, 201. Yuckaburra, 26.

Zamuco, 55, 60, 138, 139. Zapara, 111. Zulu, 16, 62. Zuni, 13, 14, 48, 49, 53, 54, 60, 83, 137.



FOOTNOTES:

[1] Brinton, D.G., Essays of an Americanist, p. 406; and American Race, p. 359.

[2] This information I received from Dr. Brinton by letter.

[3] Tylor, Primitive Culture, Vol. I. p. 240.

[4] Nature, Vol. XXXIII. p. 45.

[5] Spix and Martius, Travels in Brazil, Tr. from German by H.E. Lloyd, Vol. II. p. 255.

[6] De Flacourt, Histoire de le grande Isle de Madagascar, ch. xxviii. Quoted by Peacock, Encyc. Met., Vol. I. p. 393.

[7] Bellamy, Elizabeth W., Atlantic Monthly, March, 1893, p. 317.

[8] Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft, Bd. III. Abt. i., p. 94.

[9] Pruner-Bey, Bulletin de la Societe d'Anthr. de Paris, 1861, p. 462.

[10] "Manual Concepts," Am. Anthropologist, 1892, p. 292.

[11] Tylor, Primitive Culture, Vol. I. p. 245.

[12] Op. cit., loc. cit.

[13] "Aboriginal Inhabitants of Andaman Islands," Journ. Anth. Inst., 1882, p. 100.

[14] Morice, A., Revue d'Anthropologie, 1878, p. 634.

[15] Macdonald, J., "Manners, Customs, etc., of South African Tribes," Journ. Anthr. Inst., 1889, p. 290. About a dozen tribes are enumerated by Mr. Macdonald: Pondos, Tembucs, Bacas, Tolas, etc.

[16] Codrington, R.H., Melanesians, their Anthropology and Folk-Lore, p. 353.

[17] E.g. the Zunis. See Cushing's paper quoted above.

[18] Haddon, A.C., "Ethnography Western Tribes Torres Strait," Journ. Anth. Inst., 1889, p. 305. For a similar method, see Life in the Southern Isles, by W.W. Gill.

[19] Tylor, Primitive Culture, Vol. I. p. 246.

[20] Brinton, D.G., Letter of Sept. 23, 1893.

[21] Ibid. The reference for the Mbocobi, infra, is the same. See also Brinton's American Race, p. 361.

[22] Tylor, Primitive Culture, Vol. I. p. 243.

[23] Op. cit., loc. cit.

[24] Hyades, Bulletin de la Societe d'Anthr. de Paris, 1887, p. 340.

[25] Wiener, C., Perou et Bolivie, p. 360.

[26] Marcoy, P., Travels in South America, Vol. II p. 47. According to the same authority, most of the tribes of the Upper Amazon cannot count above 2 or 3 except by reduplication.

[27] Op. cit., Vol. II. p. 281.

[28] Glossaria Linguarum Brasiliensium. Bororos, p. 15; Guachi, p. 133; Carajas, p. 265.

[29] Curr, E.M., The Australian Race, Vol. I. p. 282. The next eight lists are, in order, from I. p. 294, III. p. 424, III. p. 114, III. p. 124, II. p. 344, II. p. 308, I. p. 314, III. p. 314, respectively.

[30] Bonwick, J., The Daily Life and Origin of the Tasmanians, p. 144.

[31] Latham, Comparative Philology, p. 336.

[32] The Australian Race, Vol. I. p. 205.

[33] Mackenzie, A., "Native Australian Langs.," Journ. Anthr. Inst., 1874, p. 263.

[34] Curr, The Australian Race, Vol. II. p. 134. The next four lists are from II. p. 4, I. p. 322, I. p. 346, and I. p. 398, respectively.

[35] Curr, op. cit., Vol. III. p. 50.

[36] Op. cit., Vol. III. p. 236.

[37] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft. II. i. p. 23.

[38] Op. cit., II. i. p. 31.

[39] Bonwick, op. cit., p. 143.

[40] Curr, op. cit., Vol. I. p. 31.

[41] Deschamps, L'Anthropologie, 1891, p. 318.

[42] Man, E.H. Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands, p. 32.

[43] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, I. ii. p. 29.

[44] Oldfield, A., Tr. Eth. Soc. Vol. III. p. 291.

[45] Bancroft, H.H., Native Races, Vol. I. p. 564.

[46] "Notes on Counting, etc., among the Eskimos of Point Barrow." Am. Anthrop., 1890, p. 38.

[47] Second Voyage, p. 556.

[48] Personal Narrative, Vol. I. p. 311.

[49] Burton, B.F., Mem. Anthr. Soc. of London, Vol. I. p. 314.

[50] Confessions. In collected works, Edinburgh, 1890, Vol. III. p. 337.

[51] Ellis, Robert, On Numerals as Signs of Primeval Unity. See also Peruvia Scythia, by the same author.

[52] Stanley, H.M., In Darkest Africa, Vol. II. p. 493.

[53] Stanley, H.M., Through the Dark Continent, Vol. II. p. 486.

[54] Haumonte, Parisot, Adam, Grammaire et Vocabulaire de la Langue Taensa, p. 20.

[55] Chamberlain, A.F., Lang. of the Mississaga Indians of Skugog. Vocab.

[56] Boas, Fr., Sixth Report on the Indians of the Northwest, p. 105.

[57] Beauregard, O., Bulletin de la Soc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1886, p. 526.

[58] Ray, S.H., Journ. Anthr. Inst., 1891, p. 8.

[59] Op. cit., p. 12.

[60] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, IV. i. p. 136.

[61] Brinton, The Maya Chronicles, p. 50.

[62] Trumbull, On Numerals in Am. Ind. Lang., p. 35.

[63] Boas, Fr. This information was received directly from Dr. Boas. It has never before been published.

[64] Bancroft, H.H., Native Races, Vol. II. p. 753. See also p. 199, infra.

[65] Mann, A., "Notes on the Numeral Syst. of the Yoruba Nation," Journ. Anth. Inst., 1886, p. 59, et seq.

[66] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, IV. i. p. 202.

[67] Trumbull, J.H., On Numerals in Am. Ind. Langs., p. 11.

[68] Cushing, F.H., "Manual Concepts," Am. Anthr., 1892, p. 289.

[69] Grimm, Geschichte der deutschen Sprache, Vol. I. p. 239.

[70] Murdoch, J., American Anthropologist, 1890, p. 39.

[71] Kleinschmidt, S., Grammatik der Groenlandischen Sprache, p. 37.

[72] Brinton, The Arawak Lang. of Guiana, p. 4.

[73] Petitot, E., Dictionnaire de la langue Dene-Dindjie, p. lv.

[74] Gilij, F.S., Saggio di Storia Am., Vol. II. p. 333.

[75] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, II. i. p. 389.

[76] Op. cit., p. 395.

[77] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, II. i. p. 438.

[78] Peacock, "Arithmetic," in Encyc. Metropolitana, 1, p. 480.

[79] Brinton, D.G., "The Betoya Dialects," Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., 1892, p. 273.

[80] Ridley, W., "Report on Australian Languages and Traditions." Journ. Anth. Inst., 1873, p. 262.

[81] Gatschet, "Gram. Klamath Lang." U.S. Geog. and Geol. Survey, Vol. II. part 1, pp. 524 and 536.

[82] Letter of Nov. 17, 1893.

[83] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, II. i. p. 439.

[84] Hale, "Indians of No. West. Am.," Tr. Am. Eth. Soc., Vol. II. p. 82.

[85] Brinton, D.G., Studies in So. Am. Native Languages, p. 25.

[86] Tr. Am. Philological Association, 1874, p. 41.

[87] Tylor, Primitive Culture, Vol. I. p. 251.

[88] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, IV. i. p. 27.

[89] See infra, Chapter VII.

[90] Ellis, A.B., Ewe Speaking Peoples, etc., p. 253.

[91] Tylor, Primitive Culture, Vol. I. p. 256.

[92] Stanley, In Darkest Africa, Vol. II. p. 493.

[93] Chamberlain, A.F., Proc. Brit. Ass. Adv. of Sci., 1892, p. 599.

[94] Boas, Fr., "Sixth Report on Northwestern Tribes of Canada," Proc. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1890, p. 657.

[95] Hale, H., "Indians of Northwestern Am.," Tr. Am. Eth. Soc., Vol. II. p. 88.

[96] Op. cit., p. 95.

[97] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, II. ii. p. 147.

[98] Schoolcraft, Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge, Vol. IV. p. 429.

[99] Du Chaillu, P.B., Tr. Eth. Soc., London, Vol. I. p. 315.

[100] Latham, R.G., Essays, chiefly Philological and Ethnographical, p. 247. The above are so unlike anything else in the world, that they are not to be accepted without careful verification.

[101] Pott, Zaehlmethode, p. 45.

[102] Gatschet, A.S., The Karankawa Indians, the Coast People of Texas. The meanings of 6, 7, 8, and 9 are conjectural with me.

[103] Stanley, H.M., In Darkest Africa, Vol. II. p. 492.

[104] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, II. i. p. 317.

[105] Toy, C.H., Trans. Am. Phil. Assn., 1878, p. 29.

[106] Burton, R.F., Mem. Anthrop. Soc. of London. 1, p. 314. In the illustration which follows, Burton gives 6820, instead of 4820; which is obviously a misprint.

[107] Dobrizhoffer, History of the Abipones, Vol. II. p. 169.

[108] Sayce, A.H., Comparative Philology, p. 254.

[109] Tr. Eth. Society of London , Vol. III. p. 291.

[110] Ray, S.H., Journ. Anthr. Inst., 1889, p. 501.

[111] Stanley, In Darkest Africa, Vol. II. p. 492.

[112] Op. cit., loc. cit.

[113] Tylor, Primitive Culture, Vol. I. p. 249.

[114] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, IV. i. p. 36.

[115] Martius, Glos. Ling. Brasil., p. 271.

[116] Tylor, Primitive Culture, Vol. I. p. 248.

[117] Roth, H. Ling, Aborigines of Tasmania, p. 146.

[118] Lull, E.P., Tr. Am. Phil, Soc., 1873, p. 108.

[119] Ray, S.H. "Sketch of Api Gram.," Journ. Anthr. Inst., 1888, p. 300.

[120] Kleinschmidt, S., Grammatik der Groenlandischen Spr., p. 39.

[121] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, I. ii. p. 184.

[122] Op. cit., I. ii. p. 18, and II. i. p. 222.

[123] Squier, G.E., Nicaragua, Vol. II. p. 326.

[124] Schoolcraft, H.R., Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge, Vol. II. p. 208.

[125] Tylor, Primitive Culture, Vol. I. p. 264.

[126] Goedel, "Ethnol. des Soussous," Bull. de la Soc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1892, p. 185.

[127] Ellis, W., History of Madagascar, Vol. I. p. 507.

[128] Beauregard, O., Bull. de la Soc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1886, p. 236.

[129] Schoolcraft, H.R., Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge, Vol. II. p. 207.

[130] Tylor, Primitive Culture, Vol. I. p. 249.

[131] Op. cit. Vol. I. p. 250.

[132] Peacock, Encyc. Metropolitana, 1, p. 478.

[133] Op. cit., loc. cit.

[134] Schoolcraft, H.R., Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge, Vol. II. p. 213.

[135] Op. cit., p. 216.

[136] Op. cit., p. 206.

[137] Mariner, Gram. Tonga Lang., last part of book. [Not paged.]

[138] Morice, A.G., "The Dene Langs," Trans. Can. Inst., March 1890, p. 186.

[139] Boas, Fr., "Fifth Report on the Northwestern Tribes of Canada," Proc. Brit. Ass. Adv. of Science, 1889, p. 881.

[140] Do. Sixth Rep., 1890, pp. 684, 686, 687.

[141] Op. cit., p. 658.

[142] Bancroft, H.H., Native Races, Vol. II. p. 499.

[143] Tr. Ethnological Soc. of London, Vol. IV. p. 92.

[144] Any Hebrew lexicon.

[145] Schroeder, P., Die Phoenizische Sprache, p. 184 et seq.

[146] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, II. ii. p. 147.

[147] On Numerals in Am. Indian Languages.

[148] Ellis, A.B., Ewe Speaking Peoples, etc., p. 253. The meanings here given are partly conjectural.

[149] Pott, Zaehlmethode, p. 29.

[150] Schoolcraft, op. cit., Vol. IV. p. 429.

[151] Trumbull, op. cit.

[152] Chamberlain, A.F., Lang, of the Mississaga Indians, Vocab.

[153] Crawfurd, Hist. Ind. Archipelago, 1, p. 258.

[154] Hale, H., Eth. and Philol., Vol. VII.; Wilkes, Expl. Expedition, Phil. 1846, p. 172.

[155] Crawfurd, op. cit., 1, p. 258.

[156] Op. cit., loc. cit.

[157] Bancroft, H.H., Native Races, Vol. II. p. 498.

[158] Vignoli, T., Myth and Science, p. 203.

[159] Codrington, R.H., The Melanesian Languages, p. 249.

[160] Op. cit., loc. cit.

[161] Codrington, R.H., The Melanesian Languages, p. 249.

[162] Wickersham, J., "Japanese Art on Puget Sound," Am. Antiq., 1894, p. 79.

[163] Codrington, R.H., op. cit., p. 250.

[164] Tylor, Primitive Culture, Vol. I. p. 252.

[165] Compare a similar table by Chase, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1865, p. 23.

[166] Leibnitzii Opera, III. p. 346.

[167] Pruner-Bey, Bulletin de la Soc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1860, p. 486.

[168] Curr, E.M., The Australian Race, Vol. I. p. 32.

[169] Haddon, A.C., "Western Tribes of the Torres Straits," Journ. Anthr. Inst., 1889, p. 303.

[170] Taplin, Rev. G., "Notes on a Table of Australian Languages," Journ. Anthr. Inst., 1872, p. 88. The first nine scales are taken from this source.

[171] Latham, R.G., Comparative Philology, p. 352.

[172] It will be observed that this list differs slightly from that given in Chapter II.

[173] Curr, E.M., The Australian Race, Vol. III. p. 684.

[174] Bonwick, Tasmania, p. 143.

[175] Lang, J.D., Queensland, p. 435.

[176] Bonwick, Tasmania, p. 143.

[177] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, II. i. p. 58.

[178] Op. cit., II. i. p. 70.

[179] Op. cit., II. i. p. 23.

[180] Barlow, H., "Aboriginal Dialects of Queensland," Journ. Anth. Inst., 1873, p. 171.

[181] Curr, E.M., The Australian Race, Vol. II. p. 26.

[182] Op. cit., Vol. II. p. 208.

[183] Op. cit., Vol. II. p. 278.

[184] Op. cit., Vol. II. p. 288.

[185] Op. cit., Vol. I. p. 258.

[186] Op. cit., Vol. I. p. 316.

[187] Op. cit., Vol. III. p. 32. The next ten lists are taken from the same volume, pp. 282, 288, 340, 376, 432, 506, 530, 558, 560, 588, respectively.

[188] Brinton, The American Race, p. 351.

[189] Martius, Glossaria Ling. Brazil., p. 307.

[190] Op. cit., p. 148.

[191] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, II. i. p. 438.

[192] Peacock, "Arithmetic," Encyc. Metropolitana, 1, p. 480.

[193] Brinton, Studies in So. Am. Native Langs., p. 67.

[194] Op. cit., loc. cit.

[195] Brinton, Studies in So. Am. Native Langs., p. 67. The meanings of the numerals are from Peacock, Encyc. Metropolitana, 1, p. 480.

[196] Mason, Journ. As. Soc. of Bengal, Vol. XXVI. p. 146.

[197] Curr, E.M., The Australian Race, Vol. III. p. 108.

[198] Bancroft, H.H., Native Races, Vol. I. p. 274.

[199] Clarke, Hyde, Journ. Anthr. Inst., 1872, p. clvii. In the article from which this is quoted, no evidence is given to substantiate the assertion made. It is to be received with great caution.

[200] Hale, H., Wilkes Exploring Expedition, Vol. VII. p. 172.

[201] Op. cit., p. 248.

[202] Hale, Ethnography and Philology, p. 247.

[203] Loc. cit.

[204] Ellis, Polynesian Researches, Vol. IV. p. 341.

[205] Gill, W.W., Myths and Songs of the South Pacific, p. 325.

[206] Peacock, "Arithmetic," Encyc. Metropolitana, 1, p. 479.

[207] Peacock, Encyc. Metropolitana, 1, p. 480.

[208] Sprachverschiedenheit, p. 30.

[209] Crawfurd, History of the Indian Archipelago, Vol. I. p. 256.

[210] Pott, Zaehlmethode, p. 39.

[211] Op. cit., p. 41.

[212] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, II. i. p. 317. See also Chap. III., supra.

[213] Long, S.H., Expedition, Vol. II. p. lxxviii.

[214] Martius, Glossaria Ling. Brasil., p. 246.

[215] Hale, Ethnography and Philology, p. 434.

[216] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, II. ii. p. 82.

[217] The information upon which the above statements are based was obtained from Mr. W.L. Williams, of Gisborne, N.Z.

[218] Primitive Culture, Vol. I. p. 268.

[219] Ralph, Julian, Harper's Monthly, Vol. 86, p. 184.

[220] Lappenberg, J.M., History of Eng. under the Anglo-Saxon Kings, Vol. I. p. 82.

[221] The compilation of this table was suggested by a comparison found in the Bulletin Soc. Anth. de Paris, 1886, p. 90.

[222] Hale, Ethnography and Philology, p. 126.

[223] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, II. ii. p. 183.

[224] Bachofen, J.J., Antiquarische Briefe, Vol. I. pp. 101-115, and Vol. II. pp. 1-90.

[225] An extended table of this kind may be found in the last part of Nystrom's Mechanics.

[226] Schubert, H., quoting Robert Flegel, in Neumayer's Anleitung zu Wissenschaftlichen Beobachtung auf Reisen, Vol. II. p. 290.

[227] These numerals, and those in all the sets immediately following, except those for which the authority is given, are to be found in Chapter III.

[228] Codrington, The Melanesian Languages, p. 222.

[229] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, II. ii. p. 83.

[230] Op. cit., I. ii. p. 55. The next two are the same, p. 83 and p. 210. The meaning given for the Bari puoek is wholly conjectural.

[231] Gallatin, "Semi-civilized Nations," Tr. Am. Eth. Soc., Vol. I. p. 114.

[232] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, II. ii. p. 80. Erromango, the same.

[233] Boas, Fr., Proc. Brit. Ass'n. Adv. Science, 1889, p. 857.

[234] Hankel, H., Geschichte der Mathematik, p. 20.

[235] Murdoch, J., "Eskimos of Point Barrow," Am. Anthr., 1890, p. 40.

[236] Martius, Glos. Ling. Brasil., p. 360.

[237] Du Graty, A.M., La Republique du Paraguay, p. 217.

[238] Codrington, The Melanesian Languages, p. 221.

[239] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, II. i. p. 363.

[240] Spurrell, W., Welsh Grammar, p. 59.

[241] Olmos, Andre de, Grammaire Nahuatl ou Mexicaine, p. 191.

[242] Moncelon, Bull. Soc. d'Anthr. de Paris, 1885, p. 354. This is a purely digital scale, but unfortunately M. Moncelon does not give the meanings of any of the numerals except the last.

[243] Ellis, Peruvia Scythia, p. 37. Part of these numerals are from Martius, Glos. Brasil., p. 210.

[244] Codrington, The Melanesian Languages, p. 236.

[245] Schweinfurth, G., Linguistische Ergebnisse einer Reise nach Centralafrika, p. 25.

[246] Park, M., Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa, p. 8.

[247] Pott, Zaehlmethode, p. 37.

[248] Op. cit., p. 39.

[249] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, IV. i. p. 101. The Kru scale, kindred with the Basa, is from the same page.

[250] Park, in Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, Vol. XVI. p. 902.

[251] Park, Travels, Vol. I. p. 16.

[252] Schweinfurth, G., Linguistische Ergebnisse einer Reise nach Centralafrika, p. 78.

[253] Park, Travels, Vol. I. p. 58.

[254] Goedel, "Ethnol. des Soussous," Bull. Soc. Anth. Paris, 1892, p. 185.

[255] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, I. ii. p. 114. The Temne scale is from the same page. These two languages are closely related.

[256] Op. cit., I. ii. p. 155.

[257] Op. cit., I. ii. p. 55.

[258] Long, C.C., Central Africa, p. 330.

[259] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, IV. i. p. 105.

[260] Pott, Zaehlmethode, p. 41.

[261] Mueller, op. cit., I. ii. p. 140.

[262] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, IV. i. p. 81.

[263] Pott, Zaehlmethode, p. 41.

[264] Mueller, op. cit., I. ii., p. 210.

[265] Pott, Zaehlmethode, p. 42.

[266] Schweinfurth, Linguistische Ergebnisse, p. 59.

[267] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, I. ii. p. 261. The "ten" is not given.

[268] Stanley, Through the Dark Continent, Vol. II. p. 490. Ki-Nyassa, the same page.

[269] Mueller, op. cit., I. ii. p. 261.

[270] Du Chaillu, Adventures in Equatorial Africa, p. 534.

[271] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, III. i. p. 65.

[272] Du Chaillu, Adventures in Equatorial Africa, p. 533.

[273] Mueller, op. cit., III. ii. p. 77.

[274] Balbi, A., L'Atlas Eth., Vol. I. p. 226. In Balbi's text 7 and 8 are ansposed. Taru for 5 is probably a misprint for tana.

[275] Du Chaillu, op. cit., p. 533. The next scale is op. cit., p. 534.

[276] Beauregard, O., Bull. Soc. Anth. de Paris, 1886, p. 526.

[277] Pott, Zaehlmethode, p. 46.

[278] Op. cit., p. 48.

[279] Turner, Nineteen Years in Polynesia, p. 536.

[280] Erskine, J.E., Islands of the Western Pacific, p. 341.

[281] Op. cit., p. 400.

[282] Codrington, Melanesian Languages, pp. 235, 236.

[283] Peacock, Encyc. Met., Vol. 1. p. 385. Peacock does not specify the dialect.

[284] Erskine, Islands of the Western Pacific, p. 360.

[285] Turner, G., Samoa a Hundred Years Ago, p. 373. The next three scales are from the same page of this work.

[286] Codrington, Melanesian Languages, p. 235. The next four scales are from the same page. Perhaps the meanings of the words for 6 to 9 are more properly "more 1," "more 2," etc. Codrington merely indicates their significations in a general way.

[287] Hale, Ethnography and Philology, p. 429. The meanings of 6 to 9 in this and the preceding are my conjectures.

[288] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, IV. i. p. 124.

[289] Aymonier, E., Dictionnaire Francaise-Cambodgien.

[290] Mueller, Op. cit., II. i. p. 139.

[291] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, II. i. p. 123.

[292] Wells, E.R., Jr., and John W. Kelly, Bureau of Ed., Circ. of Inf., No. 2, 1890.

[293] Pott, Zaehlmethode, p. 57.

[294] Mueller, Op. cit., II. i. p. 161.

[295] Petitot, Vocabulaire Francaise Esquimau, p. lv.

[296] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, II. i. p. 253.

[297] Mueller, Op. cit., II. I. p. 179, and Kleinschmidt, Groenlandisches Grammatik.

[298] Adam, L., Congres Int. des Am., 1877, p. 244 (see p. 162 infra).

[299] Gallatin, "Synopsis of Indian Tribes," Trans. Am. Antq. Soc., 1836, p. 358. The next fourteen lists are, with the exception of the Micmac, from the same collection. The meanings are largely from Trumbull, op. cit.

[300] Schoolcraft, Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge, Vol. II. p. 211.

[301] Schoolcraft, Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge, Vol. V. p. 587.

[302] In the Dakota dialects 10 is expressed, as here, by a word signifying that the fingers, which have been bent down in counting, are now straightened out.

[303] Boas, Fifth Report B.A.A.S., 1889. Reprint, p. 61.

[304] Boas, Sixth Report B.A.A.S., 1890. Reprint, p. 117. Dr. Boas does not give the meanings assigned to 7 and 8, but merely states that they are derived from 2 and 3.

[305] Op. cit., p. 117. The derivations for 6 and 7 are obvious, but the meanings are conjectural.

[306] Boas, Sixth Report B.A.A.S., 1889. Reprint, pp. 158, 160. The meanings assigned to the Tsimshian 8 and to Bilqula 6 to 8 are conjectural.

[307] Hale, Ethnography and Philology, p. 619.

[308] Op. cit., loc. cit.

[309] Hale, Ethnography and Philology, p. 619.

[310] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, II. i. p. 436.

[311] Op. cit., IV. i. p. 167.

[312] Op. cit., II. i. p. 282.

[313] Op. cit., II. i. p. 287. The meanings given for the words for 7, 8, 9 are conjectures of my own.

[314] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, II. i. p. 297.

[315] Pott, Zaehlmethode, p. 90.

[316] Mueller, op. cit., II. i. p. 379.

[317] Gallatin, "Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico and Central America," Tr. Am. Ethn. Soc., Vol. I. p. 114.

[318] Adam, Lucien, Congres Internationale des Americanistes, 1877, Vol. II. p. 244.

[319] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, II. i. p. 395. I can only guess at the meanings of 6 to 9. They are obviously circumlocutions for 5-1, 5-2, etc.

[320] Op. cit., p. 438. Mueller has transposed these two scales. See Brinton's Am. Race, p. 358.

[321] Marcoy, P., Tour du Monde, 1866, 2eme sem. p. 148.

[322] Op. cit., p. 132. The meanings are my own conjectures.

[323] An elaborate argument in support of this theory is to be found in Hervas' celebrated work, Arithmetica di quasi tutte le nazioni conosciute.

[324] See especially the lists of Hale, Gallatin, Trumbull, and Boas, to which references have been given above.

[325] Thiel, B.A., "Vocab. der Indianier in Costa Rica," Archiv fuer Anth., xvi. p. 620.

[326] These three examples are from A.R. Wallace's Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, vocab. Similar illustrations may be found in Martius' Glos. Brasil.

[327] Martius, Glos. Brasil., p. 176.

[328] Adam, L., Congres International des Americanistes, 1877, Vol. II. p. 244. Given also supra, p. 53.

[329] O'Donovan, Irish Grammar, p. 123.

[330] Armstrong, R.A., Gaelic Dict., p. xxi.

[331] Spurrell, Welsh Dictionary.

[332] Kelly, Triglot Dict., pub. by the Manx Society.

[333] Guillome, J., Grammaire Francaise-Bretonne, p. 27.

[334] Groeber, G., Grundriss der Romanischen Philologie, Bd. I. p. 309.

[335] Pott, Zaehlmethode, p. 88.

[336] Van Eys, Basque Grammar, p. 27.

[337] Pott, Zaehlmethode, p. 101.

[338] Op. cit., p. 78.

[339] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, I. ii. p. 124.

[340] Op. cit., p. 155.

[341] Op. cit., p. 140.

[342] Op. cit., loc. cit.

[343] Schweinfurth, Reise nach Centralafrika, p. 25.

[344] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, IV. i. p. 83.

[345] Op. cit., IV. i. p. 81.

[346] Op. cit., I. ii. p. 166.

[347] Long, C.C., Central Africa, p. 330.

[348] Peacock, Encyc. Met., Vol. I. p. 388.

[349] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, III. ii. p. 64. The next seven scales are from op. cit., pp. 80, 137, 155, 182, 213.

[350] Pott, Zaehlmethode, p. 83.

[351] Op. cit., p. 83,—Akari, p. 84; Circassia, p. 85.

[352] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, II. i. p. 140.

[353] Pott, Zaehlmethode, p. 87.

[354] Mueller, Sprachwissenschaft, II. ii. p. 346.

[355] Op. cit., III. i. p. 130.

[356] Man, E.H., "Brief Account of the Nicobar Islands," Journ. Anthr. Inst., 1885, p. 435.

[357] Wells, E.R., Jr., and Kelly, J.W., "Eng. Esk. and Esk. Eng. Vocab.," Bureau of Education Circular of Information, No. 2, 1890, p. 65.

[358] Petitot, E., Vocabulaire Francaise Esquimau, p. lv.

[359] Boas, Fr., Proc. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci., 1889, p. 857.

[360] Boas, Sixth Report on the Northwestern Tribes of Canada, p. 117.

[361] Boas, Fr., Fifth Report on the Northwestern Tribes of Canada, p. 85.

[362] Gallatin, Semi-Civilized Nations, p. 114. References for the next two are the same.

[363] Bancroft, H.H., Native Races of the Pacific States, Vol. II. p. 763. The meanings are from Brinton's Maya Chronicles, p. 38 et seq.

[364] Brinton, Maya Chronicles, p. 44.

[365] Simeon Remi, Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl, p. xxxii.

[366] An error occurs on p. xxxiv of the work from which these numerals are taken, which makes the number in question appear as 279,999,999 instead of 1,279,999,999.

[367] Gallatin, "Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico and Central America," Tr. Am. Ethn. Soc. Vol. I. p. 114.

[368] Pott, Zaehlmethode, p. 89. The Totonacos were the first race Cortez encountered after landing in Mexico.

[369] Op. cit., p. 90. The Coras are of the Mexican state of Sonora.

[370] Gallatin, Semi-Civilized Nations, p. 114.

[371] Humboldt, Recherches, Vol. II. p. 112.

[372] Squier, Nicaragua, Vol. II. p. 326.

[373] Gallatin, Semi-Civilized Nations, p. 57.

THE END