Seventh Day: This day is practically consumed with the making of another large dry-painting. The masked men go out on another begging tour, also, and the medicine ceremonies and the destroying of the dry-painting are practically the same as those of the day before, while during the evening the medicine-men sing to the accompaniment of the drum.

Eighth Day: The dry-painting is finished about three o'clock in the afternoon. After its completion there is a large open-air initiation. To become a full member of the Yebichai order one must first be initiated in the hogan; the second initiation is a public one; the third, another inside the hogan; the fourth, another in the open. These different initiation ceremonies, the same in point of ritualism, may be carried over several years.

Ninth and Final Day: To the average person and to the Indians as a whole the last day is the Yebichai dance. From a distance the Indians have been gathering during the two previous days, and the hospitality of the patient's family, as well as that of all the people living in the neighboring hogans, is taxed to the utmost. And from early morning until dark the whole plain is dotted with horsemen coming singly and in groups. Great crowds gather at the contests given half a mile from the hogan, where horse-races, foot-races, groups of gamblers, and throngs of Indians riding wildly from race-track to hogan fill the day with hilarity and incidents memorable to all. Toward the end of the day preparation is made for the closing part of the nine-day rite. Great quantities of fuel have been brought from the distant plateau, and placed in many small piles at each side of the smooth dance ground to the east of the hogan. As soon as it is dark the fuel is ignited, making two long lines of camp-fires, furnishing both light to see the dancers and warmth to the spectators, for the Yebichai cannot be held until the autumn frosts begin, when the nights have the sharp, keen air of the high altitudes.



Zahadolzha - Navaho

From Copyright Photograph 1907 by E.S. Curtis

This is the last of the dry-paintings used in the Night Chant, being destroyed on the night of the eighth day's ceremonies. It takes its name from the fact that the principal characters represented in it, the dark figures, are all Zahadolzha, Fringe-mouth Gods. According to the myth underlying the rite these gods made the first paintings of this sort used among the spirit people, and were the ones who furnished succor to the patients on the eighth day of the nine days' healing ceremony. The light figures are female deities—haschebaad. In the centre is the cornstalk, a life-giving symbol, and partially encircling the whole is the personified light-giving rainbow, a female personage.

During the ceremony a man masked as a Zahadolzha places his hands first upon a part of his likeness pictured in colored earths and then on the corresponding part of the patient, as head, body, and limbs. Later the colored earths or sands are carried away in a blanket and placed under brush or trees toward the north.

With the gathering darkness the human tide flows toward the medicine hogan, illuminated in the dusk by the long lines of camp-fires. All gather about and close around the dance square, having to be kept back by those in charge. Men, women, and children sit on the ground near the fires. Many on horseback have ridden up, and form a veritable phalanx back of the sitting spectators. The dance does not begin at once, and those assembled spend the time telling stories, jesting, and gossiping. Belated arrivals make coffee, or do hurried cooking around the fires.

Some distance to the east of the dance ground is a brush enclosure where the dancers prepare for their part in the rite. There, too, is a fire for light and warmth. The men in preparation remove all clothing, save short kilts, and paint their bodies with a mixture of water and white clay. Anyone who may have experienced the enjoyment of a sponge bath out in the open on a cold, windy night can appreciate the pleasure of the dance preparation. The dancers are impersonators of Navaho myth characters, twelve usually taking part. No qualifications are necessary other than that the participant be conversant with the intricate ritual of the dance. The dance continues throughout the entire night, one group of men being followed by another. The first twelve men dance through four songs, retiring to the dressing enclosure for a very brief rest after each. Then they withdraw, and twelve others dance for a like period, and so on. The first group sometimes returns again later, and the different groups vie with one another in their efforts to give the most beautiful dance in harmony of movement and song, but there is no change in the step. The several sets have doubtless trained for weeks, and the most graceful take great pride in being pronounced the best dancers. The first group of grotesquely masked men is ready by nine or ten o'clock; they file into the dance enclosure led by Haschĕlti, their naked, clay-painted bodies glinting in the firelight. While wearing masks the performers never speak in words; they only sing or chant. To address one in conversation would incur the displeasure of the gods and invite disaster. Time is kept by the basket drum and the rhythm of the singing.

The white visitor will get his best impression of the dance from a short distance, and, if possible, a slight elevation. There he is in touch with the stillness of the night under the starry sky, and sees before him, in this little spot lighted out of the limitless desert, this strange ceremonial of supplication and thanksgiving, showing slight, if any, change from the same performance, held on perhaps the same spot by the ancestors of these people ages ago. As the night wears on the best group of dancers come out. They are, perhaps, from the Redrock country, or from some other far-away district, and have been practising for weeks, that they might excel in this dance. The most revered song of the Yebichai is the Bluebird song, which is sung at the approach of day, and is the closing act of the drama. With the last words, "Dola anyi, dola anyi," the assembled multitude start for their homes, near and far, melting into the gray of the desert morn, and by the time the sun breaks above the horizon the spot which was alive with people a few hours before is wrapped in death-like stillness, not a soul being within range of the eye.



Yebichai Hogan - Navaho

From Copyright Photograph 1904 by E.S. Curtis



MATURITY CEREMONY

The ceremony celebrating maturity of girls among the Navaho is held generally on the fourth night after the first evidence of the maiden's entrance into womanhood. On the first morning following the moment of this change in life the girl bathes and dresses in her finest clothes. Later she stretches herself face downward on a blanket just outside the hogan, with her head toward the door. A sister, aunt, or other female relation, if any happen to be close at hand, or if not, a male relative other than her father, then proceeds symbolically to remould her. Her arms and legs are straightened, her joints smoothed, and muscles pressed to make her truly shapely. After that the most industrious and energetic of the comely women in the immediate neighborhood is called in to dress the girl's hair in a particular form of knot and wrap it with deerskin strings, called tsiklolh. Should there be any babies or little tots about the home, the girl goes to them, and, placing a hand under each ear, successively lifts them by the neck, to make them grow faster. Then she darts off toward the east, running out for about a quarter of a mile and back. This she does each morning until after the public ceremony. By so doing she is assured of continuing strong, lithe, and active throughout womanhood.

The four days preceding the night of the ceremony are days of abstinence; only such foods as mush and bread made from corn-meal may be eaten, nor may they contain any salt. To indulge in viands of a richer nature would be to invite laziness and an ugly form at a comparatively early age. The girl must also refrain from scratching her head or body, for marks made by her nails during this period would surely become ill-looking scars. All the women folk in the hogan begin grinding corn on the first day and continue at irregular intervals until the night of the third, when the meal is mixed into batter for a large corn-cake, which the mother bakes in a sort of bean-hole outside the hogan.

The ceremony proper consists of little more than songs. A medicine-man is called upon to take charge, being compensated for his services with blankets, robes, grain, or other articles of value. Friends and neighbors having been notified, they assemble at the girl's hogan fairly early in the evening. When dusk has settled, the medicine-man begins his songs, singing first the twelve "hogan songs" of the Bahozhonchi. After he has finished, anyone present who so desires may sing songs taken from the ritual of the same order. This motley singing and hilarity continue until well toward sunrise, when the mother brings in a bowl of yucca suds and washes the girl's hair. Her head and hair are dried with corn-meal, after which the girl takes her last run toward the east, this time followed by many young children, symbolically attesting that she will be a kind mother, whom her children will always follow. The hatali, or medicine singer, during her absence sings eight songs, generally termed the Racing songs. On her return the great corn-cake is brought in, cut, and divided among the assemblage, when all disperse, and the girl may once more loosen her hair and partake of any food she pleases.



MARRIAGE



Yebichai Dancers - Navaho

From Copyright Photograph 1906 by E.S. Curtis

The Navaho marriage ceremony is always held at the home of the girl. When a young man wishes to marry the maid of his choice, he makes his desire known to his parents, when the father goes to the girl's parents and explains that his son would like to marry their daughter. The girl is then consulted, and if she be willing to marry the young man, the parents of the two open negotiations. A popular, pretty girl commands a considerably higher price than a plain one, though few are married for a smaller bonus than fourteen ponies and a silver belt. Horses, saddles, cattle, sheep and goats, and turquoise-studded silver ornaments are the usual media of exchange in matrimonial bargains. The arrangement of compensatory details, particularly the date of delivery of the articles for payment, often requires a considerable period of time and no little controversy. When finally completed, the date is set for the wedding, which takes place always at night.

The girl's mother fills a wedding basket with corn-meal mush, which figures prominently in the ceremony. About nine o'clock in the evening the wedding party assembles. Anyone may attend, and usually a goodly number is present. The young man and his bride take seats on the western side of the hogan, facing the doorway. On their right the male spectators sit in rows; on their left, the women. The girl's mother, however, does not enter, for a mother-in-law, even in the making, must not look upon her newly acquired son, nor he upon her, then or thereafter. To do so would occasion blindness, and general ill luck to either one or both parties.

The basket of mush and two wicker bottles of water are brought in and placed before the couple, the bearer being careful to see that the side of the basket on which the top coil terminates is toward the east. The girl's father then steps forward, and from his pouch of taditin, or sacred pollen, sifts several pinches on the basket of mush. Beginning at the end of the coil on the eastern rim, he sifts straight across and back, then follows the rim with the pollen around to the south side, sifts across and back, and then drops a little in the centre. That done, the bride pours a small quantity of water from the wicker bottle upon the young man's hands. He washes and pours a little upon hers. Then from the side of the basket toward the east he dips out a little mush with two fingers and eats. The girl follows, dipping from the same place. This act is repeated at the three remaining sides—the south, west, and north,—and then the basket is passed to the assemblage, who finish eating its contents. The empty basket becomes the property of the young man's mother, who retains it as a sort of certificate of marriage. The washing of hands and the dipping of mush from the same spot is a pledge that the girl will follow in her husband's footsteps—doing as he does.

When the ceremony is concluded, a supper is provided for all. General conversation and levity while away the hours, the talk consisting principally, however, of sage advice from relatives to both husband and wife as to how they should conduct themselves in future. At dawn the party disperses, the young man taking his bride with him.



Mescal Harvest - Apache

From Copyright Photograph 1906 by E.S. Curtis



APPENDIX



White River Valley - Apache

From Copyright Photograph 1903 by E.S. Curtis



TRIBAL SUMMARY - THE APACHE

LANGUAGE—Athapascan.

POPULATION—Fort Apache Agency, Arizona (White Mountain Apache), 2,072. San Carlos Agency: San Carlos Apache, 1,066; Tonto Apache, 554; Coyoteros, 525. Tonto Apache on Beaver Creek, 103. Total Apache of Arizona (not including the so-called Mohave Apache and Yuma Apache), 4,320. Mescaleros in New Mexico, 460. Jicarillas in New Mexico, 784. Chiricahua Apache at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, 298. Kiowa Apache in Oklahoma, 155. Grand total of Apache tribes, 6,017.

DRESS—The primitive dress of the men was deerskin shirt (epuntltesis), leggings (isklĕtlikai), and moccasins (epŭnke). They were never without the loin-cloth, the one absolutely necessary feature of Indian dress. A deerskin cap (cha), with attractive symbolic ornamentation, was worn; but for the greater part the headgear consisted of a band braided from the long leaves of the yucca, which they placed rather low on the head to keep the hair from the eyes. The dress of the Apache women consisted of a short deerskin skirt, high boot-legged moccasins, and a loose waist which extended to the hips and was worn outside the skirt. Both skirt and waist were ornamented with deerskin fringe and latterly with metal pendants. The men's hair always hangs loose; it is never braided. At time of mourning the hair is cut horizontally just above the shoulder line. Apache matrons, like the men, do not braid the hair, but let it hang loosely over the shoulders. The maidens tie their hair in a low long knot at the back of the head, to which is fastened a decorated deerskin ornament, denoting maidenhood. So arranged it is called pitsivĕsti, and the wrapping, tsigĕ.

DWELLINGS—The Apache dwelling consists of a dome-shaped frame of cottonwood or other poles, thatched with grass. Average diameter at the base, twelve feet. The house itself they term _kowa_; the grass thatch, _pi_n_. Bear-grass, or what the Spanish term _palmillo_, is used exclusively in thatching. Since the institution of the Messiah religion the houses are built rather elongate in form, with a doorway in each end, and all the houses of the village are arranged in long rows. Doorways are termed _daitin_, or _chogunti_, interchangeably. Summer houses are generally built at a distance from the winter houses, in fact wherever the Apache would have occasion to stop, and are little more than brush shelters to afford temporary shade.

PRIMITIVE FOODS—No tribe is more capable of living on the natural products of their pristine haunts than the Apache. Whether allowed to live peacefully in the river valleys or driven in war to seek protection of impenetrable mountains, nature provided amply for their support; for practically all the flora and fauna indigenous to the Southwest are considered food by the Apache. (See the list in the vocabulary.)

ARTS AND INDUSTRIES—The art expression of the Apache is manifested chiefly in their basketry, which shows much taste in form and decoration. The tus, an urn-shaped water bottle, is loosely woven of the stems of aromatic sumac, then coated inside and out with pinon gum. The flat tray basket, called tsa-naskŭdi, is much used in their domestic life. The most pretentious basket is the immense tus-naskŭdi, urn-shaped, like the tus—whence its name—and used principally for the storage of grain. No Apache home is without the burden basket, tŭtza, round and deep, often somewhat conical in form, and invariably decorated with deerskin fringe.

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION—The Apache never had a very stable form of government. Chiefs were elected, or chosen, and ruled so long as it pleased their followers. If the son of a chief proved himself capable, he would be accorded opportunity to rule, otherwise he received no special recognition. Medicine-men were always more influential than the chiefs. Social customs and habits and much of the government of the tribe are guided by the medicine-men; but often they lose all influence by meeting with failure in the treatment of disease. Like the chiefs, the medicine-men depend on popular approval for their success.

CLANS—The Coyoteros are divided into five bands, each consisting of a number of clans. In one band there are survivors of one clan only; in other bands as many as seven or eight clans are yet to be found. Descent is reckoned through the mother; that is, the children belong to the mother's clan, except among the Chiricahua, where, it is said, descent is traced through the father.



Nalin Lage - Apache

From Copyright Photograph 1906 by E.S. Curtis

Coyotero Clans

BAND I

1. Tse Chin (Red Rocks). 2. Glesh Chin (Red Clay). 3. Des Kain (Cottonwood People). 4. Nŭgwu Dilhkizn (Between Two Mountains). 5. Des Lantin (Where the Cottonwoods Meet). 6. Kai Hin Chin (Through the Willows). 7. Kestechi Nadakin (Ford between Sycamores).

BAND II

1. Kluqa Di Kain (Many-reeds People). 2. Il Chen Tian (Long Row of Pines). 3. Chenche Chichil Kain (Clump-of-oaks People). 4. Tzilh Adin (By the Mountain). 5. Yakui Kain (White-hill People).

BAND III

1. Ia On Ye (In Black Brush). 2. Ta Kain (Sand People). 3. Tentolzŭga (Juts into the Water). 4. Dosh To An (Many Flies). 5. Tse Des Kain (White-rock People). 6. Tse Teŭn (Rocks in the River). 7. Tu Dilhkĭh Shan (By the Black Water). 8. Ke Shin Tian (Long Row of Sycamores).

BAND IV

1. Nde Ndĕzn (Tall People).

BAND V

1. Nadotz Ozn (By Sharp Mountains). 2. Pis A Hon (Bank Caved In).

Arivaipa Clans

1. Glesh Chin (Red Clay). 2. Des Zepŭn (Big Gray Cottonwoods). 3. Tsez Zhunĕ (By the Little Black Rocks). 4. Tse Des Kain (White-rock People).

Chiricahua Clans

1. Aiahan (People of the East). 2. Nde Ndai (Apache Half Mexican). 3. Cho Kunĕ (Ridge on the Mountain-side). 4. Chan Han (Red People).

MARRIAGE—Strictly speaking, barter for women at an agreed price was never the custom among the Apache,—so the older of the present generation contend,—personal choice on the part of the girl having always to be considered. Nevertheless, payment for the bride is always made to her parents in the form of grain, money, horses, saddles, blankets, or cattle. The bride's consent is necessary, custom requiring the young man to prove his moral strength, and ability to support a wife and himself, by erecting a neat house and permitting the girl of his choice to occupy it with him for four nights without being molested or having her presence observed. By preparing his breakfast the morning following the fourth night the girl acknowledges her willingness to marry, and the agreement as to the definite payment her parents shall receive may be made any time later. She then becomes the man's wife, though a month may sometimes elapse before the agreement is sealed and the consequent payment made.

GENESIS—In the unbroken darkness of the beginning of time appeared a small spot, which grew as embryonic life and became a human figure, known in the myth as Kuterastan, The One Who Lives Above. This creator then made light, and next Stenatlihan, Woman Without Parents. Next he created Chuganaai, The Sun, and following him Hadintin Skhin, Pollen Boy. The creator next made the earth, and then the other gods of the Apache pantheon. Following their creation he instructed the various gods in their respective duties, and then disappeared into the sky through the smoke from a miraculous fire.

PERSON OF MIRACULOUS BIRTH—Stenatlihan, a goddess, is the mother of two boys, who perform miracles and act as saviours of the people. The elder brother, Nayĕnezgani, conceived by the Sun, is the more active and is revered as the God of War. To Tubadzischĭni, conceived by Water, is ascribed the making of the ocean as it now is, and he is supposed to have much to do with water in the form of rain and snow.

CEREMONIES—The ceremonies are invariably called "dances." Among these are: a rain dance, a puberty rite, a harvest or good-crop dance, and a spirit dance. The medicine dance is the creation of a medicine-man and varies with his individual views. The ceremonial paraphernalia of the other four dances may vary in accordance with the dictates of the medicine-man, but for the greater part follows prescribed formula. The Apache are devoutly religious and pray on many occasions and in various ways: sometimes with the aid of little images representing gods, sometimes with painted deerskins and caps, and sometimes by merely facing the cardinal points and scattering pollen to the four winds for the gods from whom they seek favor. Usually the plants employed by them as medicine are dug in a ceremonial way, one notable exception being the gathering of pollen, no prayers being offered at that time. In secluded spots in the hills and mountains are found round cairns, with cedar and other twigs deposited upon them. These are shrines at which the Apache make offerings to their favorite gods. The medicine ceremonies are very numerous and vary with the dreams and personal views of the medicine-man who conducts them.

BURIAL—Everywhere throughout the hills and mountains of the reservation one finds small heaps of stones. In most instances these mark Apache graves. A favorite place of burial is a cleft in the rocks, in which the body is placed by the deceased's relatives and covered with stones. These small stones are always deposited one at a time, the Apache believing that to put them on the body all at once would shorten the life of the one so doing. Infants are usually placed on the upper branches of large cedar or pinon trees. The child is wrapped in its carrier, or cradle-board, which is left face up and covered with any sort of cloth, the belief being that the souls of infants are not strong enough to come out through the stones, should they be placed in the ground and covered therewith.

AFTER-WORLD—Re-created in the human form, Apache spirits are supposed to dwell in a land of peace and plenty, where there is neither disease nor death. The Milky Way is the path of all souls to the after-world. Yolkai Nalĭn is the guardian goddess of this spirit land, and the spirits of the dead are supposed to journey four days before reaching it. Formerly horses were killed beside the grave of the dead, that they might use them in the after-world. For the same reason wearing apparel was also placed at the grave, together with available articles of adornment and accoutrement.

NAMES FOR INDIAN TRIBES—

Apache - Nde (The People)

Arivaipa Apache - Chulinnĕ

Chiricahua Apache - Aiahan (People of the East)

Coyotero Apache - Klinapaha (Many Travel Together)

Havasupai - Dezhĭpiklakulh (Women Dress in Bark)

Hopi - Tsekulkinnĕ (Houses on the Rocks)

Navaho - Yutahan (Live Far Up)

Northern Indians - Nda Yutahan (White-man Navaho)

Pima - Saikinnĕ (Sand Houses)

Rio Grande Pueblos - Tu Tlŭni (Much Water)

San Carlos Apache - Tseenlin (Between Rocks)

Tonto Apache - Dilzhăn (Spatter-talkers), or Koun (Rough)

Zuni - Nashtizhĕ (Blackened Eyebrows)



Infant Burial - Apache

From Copyright Photograph 1906 by E.S. Curtis



THE JICARILLAS

LANGUAGE—Athapascan.

POPULATION—784.

DRESS—The Jicarillas in dress show the effect of their contact with the Plains tribes, especially the Ute. The primitive dress of the men was a deerskin shirt with sleeves, hip-leggings and moccasins, and the universal loin-cloth. In winter a large loose deerskin coat was worn in addition. The women wore a waist open at the sides under the arms, a deerskin skirt falling below the knees, and legging-moccasins with very high tops. About the waist the women now also wear a very broad leather belt, ten to sixteen inches in width, extending well up under the arms. The men wear their hair in braids hanging over the shoulders and wound with strips of deerskin. Formerly they wore bangs in front on a line with the cheek-bones and tied their hair in a knot at the back of the head, as the Navaho and the Pueblo Indians do. The women part their hair down the middle, bring it to the sides of the head, and tie it with strips of deerskin, cloth, or yarn.

DWELLINGS—The Jicarilla dwelling is the same as the tipi of the Plains Indians, once made of five buffalo skins on the usual framework of poles, with smoke-hole at the apex. Since the disappearance of the buffalo, canvas has replaced the skins, and many log houses are also to be found on the reservation. The native house is called kozhan.

PRIMITIVE FOODS—The Jicarillas obtain corn from Rio Grande Pueblos in exchange for baskets; but formerly they subsisted mainly by the chase, killing buffalo, deer, antelope, and mountain sheep, besides many kinds of small game and birds. Pinon nuts and acorns, with various wild fruits and berries, were used. Bear and fish were never eaten.

ARTS AND INDUSTRIES—The Jicarillas make a great many baskets of fair quality, from which industry the tribe gained its popular Spanish name. The most typical of their baskets is tray-shaped; this not only enters largely into their domestic life, but was formerly the principal article of barter with their Pueblo neighbors and Navaho kindred. Some pottery is made, practically all of which is in the form of small cooking utensils. The large clay water jar was not used, their wandering life necessitating a water carrier of greater stability.

ORGANIZATION—While the government of the Jicarillas is very loose, the head-chief, selected from the family of his predecessor, exercises considerable influence. The two bands into which the tribe is divided had their origin when a part of the tribe remained for a period on the plains after an annual buffalo hunt, and henceforth were called Kohlkahin, Plains People; while those who returned to the mountains received the name Sait Nde, Sand People, from the pottery they made. Each of the two bands has a sub-chief. There are no clans.

MARRIAGE—Marriage is consummated only by consent of the girl's parents. The young man proves his worth by bringing to her family a quantity of game, and by building a kozhan, which is consecrated on the night of the wedding, by a medicine-man, with prayers to Nayĕnayezgani.

ORIGIN—People, existent with the beginning of time, are guided by Chunnaai, the Sun God, and Klenaai, the Moon God, out of an under-world into this, where the various tribes wander about and find their several homes.

PERSONS OF MIRACULOUS BIRTH—Nayĕnayezgani, son of the virgin Yolkai Estsan and the Sun, and Kobadjischini, son of Estsan Natleshin and Water, perform many wonders in ridding the earth of its monsters. The former was the more powerful and much mythology centres about him.

CEREMONIES—The Girls' Maturity observance, an annual feast whose main features are borrowed from the Pueblos, and a four-days medicine rite are the principal ceremonies of the Jicarillas. Numerous less important medicine chants are held.

BURIAL—The dead, accompanied with their personal possessions, are taken to elevated places and covered with brush and stones. Their situation is known to only the few who bear the body away. Formerly the favorite horse of the deceased was killed and the kozhan burned, and relatives frequently cut their hair and refrained for a time from personal adornment.

AFTER-WORLD—When the good die their spirits are believed to go to a home of plenty in the sky, where they hunt among great herds of buffalo. Those who have practised "bad medicine," or sorcery, go to another part of the sky and spend eternity in vain effort to dig through the rock into the land of the good.

NAMES FOR INDIAN TRIBES—

Apache Mohave Yuma Pima

Chishin (Red Paint)

Comanche Arapaho Kiowa and all Plains tribes

Nda (Enemies)

Jicarillas - Haisndayin (People Who Came from Below)

Mescaleros - Natahĭn (Mescal)

Navaho - Inltanĕ (Corn Planters)

Pueblos - Chiain (Have Burros)

Ute - Yota



THE NAVAHO



Tobadzischĭni - Navaho

From Copyright Photograph 1904 by E.S. Curtis

LANGUAGE—Athapascan.

POPULATION—About 17,000 (officially estimated at 20,600).

DRESS—Primitively the men dressed in deerskin shirts, hip-leggings, moccasins, and native blankets. These were superseded by what has been the more universal costume during the present generation: close-fitting cotton or velvet shirt, without collar, cut rather low about the neck and left open under the arms; breeches fashioned from any pleasing, but usually very thin, material, and extending below the knees, being left open at the outer sides from the bottom to a little above the knees; deerskin moccasins with rawhide soles, which come to a little above the ankles, and brown deerskin leggings from moccasin-top to knee, held in place at the knee by a woven garter wound several times around the leg and the end tucked in. The hair is held back from the eyes by a head-band tied in a knot at the back. In early times the women wore deerskin waist, skirt, moccasins, and blanket, but these gradually gave place to the so-called "squaw-dress," woven on the blanket loom, and consisting of two small blankets laced together at the sides, leaving arm-holes, and without being closed at top or bottom. The top then was laced together, leaving an opening for the head, like a poncho. This blanket-dress was of plain dark colors. To-day it has practically disappeared as an article of Navaho costume, the typical "best" dress of the women now consisting of a velvet or other cloth skirt reaching to the ankles, a velvet shirt-like waist cut in practically the same manner as that of the men, and also left open under the arms. Many silver and shell ornaments are worn by both sexes. The women part their hair down the middle and tie it in a knot at the back.

DWELLINGS—Whatever its form or stability, the Navaho house is called hogan. In its most substantial form it is constructed by first planting four heavy crotch posts in the ground; cross logs are placed in the crotches, and smaller ones are leaned from the ground to these, the corner logs being longer, forming a circular framework, which is covered with brush and a heavy coating of earth. The entrance is invariably at the east. The building of a hogan and its first occupancy are attended with ceremony and prayer. For the great nine-day rites hogans like those used as dwellings, but larger, are built. Generally they are used for the one occasion only, but in localities where there are very few trees the same ceremonial hogan may be used for a generation or more. For summer use a brush shelter, usually supported by four corner posts and sometimes protected by a windbreak, is invariably used, supplanting a once common single slant shelter.

PRIMITIVE FOODS—See the list in the vocabulary.

ARTS AND INDUSTRIES—The Navaho are known the world over for their skill in weaving. Practically every Navaho woman is a weaver, and the blanketry produced is one of the most important handicrafts of any tribe of North American Indians. A few baskets, of a single form, are made, and for ceremonial use only, most so-called Navaho ceremonial baskets being manufactured by neighboring tribes. The Navaho are also skilful silversmiths, having learned the art of metal-working from the Spaniards. Their first work of this character, however, was in iron, but this was superseded by the more easily worked silver. Some pottery is made, but it is rather crude in form, black in color, and without decoration.

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION—The government of the Navaho is rather loose; indeed, inasmuch as they have no head-chief strictly such, it may be said that they have no tribal government. Their code of ethics and morals is governed almost entirely by their religious beliefs. There is always a man who is denominated the head-chief, but his influence is seldom much greater than that of any one of the many subordinate chiefs who are the recognized heads of small groups only.

CLANS—Descent is reckoned through the mother, and a man and a woman belonging to the same clan may not marry. There are also related clans, forming phratries, within which marriage is also prohibited by tribal custom. In the Navaho creation myth it is related that four pairs of men and women were made by Yolkai Estsan at her home beyond the western ocean, whence they migrated eastward, far inland, joining others of their kind created but a short time previously. Each parent pair was given a sacred jewel wand with which to bring water from the earth if no springs were found during the journey. The first man brought water with ease, remarking, "The water is close," owing to which circumstance he came to be termed To Ahani, Water Is Close. In a similar way the other three pairs received the names of To Dichini, Bitter Water; Hashklĭshni, Mud; and Kinya Ani, Houses in the Cliffs. It required four days to make the journey from the ocean to what was to be their homeland. On the first day children were born to the several pairs; they matured by nightfall and camped apart from the parents as though they were not of kin, and received in turn a family name derived from their camp surroundings, from peculiarity of dress or form, or from remarks they made. These in turn bore children on the following day, who gave birth to others on the third. Thus were produced three new generations from each parent pair. All these then became clanship groups bearing names now applied to various Navaho clans. The four generations, including the original pairs, formed phratries, which have no names. The clans in each phratry in the order of generations are as follows:

To Ahani - Water Is Close Tzilh Klaani - Mountain Corner Tane Zani - Scattered Mounds Hone Gani - Goes Around

To Dichini - Bitter Water Tsins Akani - Under the Trees Bin Betoni - Deer Spring To Dakoshe - Salty Water

Hashklĭshni - Mud To Tsŭhni - Big Water Bitani - Folds her Arms Hluha Dinĕ - Reed People

Kĭnya Ani - Houses in the Cliffs Be Aani - Fallen Leaves Tzilh Tad - In Front of the Mountains Kĭnya Ani - (An inferior clan of the same name as the first of this group)

Cliff people already occupying the country formed three clans: Tsenijikinnĕ, In the Rock Houses; To Het Klĭni, Where the Waters Come Together; and Tzilhnuhodinli, Beside the Mountain. An old woman joined the Navaho from the salt lakes to the south, heading the Ashihin clan. People from Jemez formed the Mai Deshkis, or Coyote Pass, clan; Apache from the Cibicu canon, the Deschini clan, or Red-light People, and families from Zuni the Nashtezhĕ, Blackened Eyebrows, clan, and Tuh'chini, Red Heads, clan, so called from their painted faces and bodies. There are numerous other clanship groups derived from adopted peoples now recognized as being distinctly Navaho; the first sixteen clans here named are accepted in the tribe as being strictly Navaho in origin.

MARRIAGE—The girl's consent is necessary to marriage, but tribal custom demands that the intended husband compensate her parents, the usual price being fourteen horses and a silver belt. Indeed, the bringing of the horses is a part of the ceremony. When a young man desires to marry, but does not have the necessary number of horses, his friends aid him by presenting horses until he has the required number. The marriage ceremony takes place at night under the direction of a medicine-man.



Ganaskidi - Navaho

From Copyright Photograph 1904 by E.S. Curtis

ORIGIN—Mythical First People produced from corn, rain, pollen, and precious stones in a miraculous manner by four gods and the Winds.

PERSONS OF MIRACULOUS BIRTH—Nayĕnezgani and Tobadzischĭni are the sons of the Sun and Water respectively, and the virgin Yolkai Estsan, White-Shell Woman. Man-destroying monsters, symbolic of earthly evils, infested the earth until destroyed by these two miraculous personages.

CEREMONIES—The Navaho life is particularly rich in ceremony and ritual, second only to some of the Pueblo groups. Note is made of nine of their great nine-day ceremonies for the treatment of ills, mental and physical. There are also many less important ceremonies occupying four days, two days, and one day in their performance. In these ceremonies many dry-paintings, or "sand altars," are made, depicting the characters and incidents of myths. Almost every act of their life—the building of the hogan, the planting of crops, etc.—is ceremonial in nature, each being attended with songs and prayers.

BURIAL—The Navaho dead are buried by others than immediate relatives in unmarked graves. No ceremonies are held, for the dead are considered evil and are feared. The hogan in which death occurs is forever abandoned, often burned. Sometimes a hogan is demolished over the dead and then left to decay.

AFTER-WORLD—An under-world whence came the spirit people who created man and to which spirits return.

NAMES FOR INDIAN TRIBES—

Acoma - Haqoni (An Acoma word) Apache - Tzlih A Gon (On the Mountains) Chiricahua - Klĭshni (Red War-paint) Cochiti - To Gad (Cedar Water) Comanche - Ana Tlŭni (Many Enemies) Havasupai - Gohnĭni (A term borrowed from the Hopi) Hopi - Aya Kinnĕ (Hole Houses) Isleta - Ana To Ho (Tribe by the Water) Jemez - Mai Deshkis (Coyote Pass) Laguna - To Tlŭni (Have much Water) Mohave, Pima, Maricopa, Yuma, Papago - Be Esa Ntsai (With large Jars) Navaho - Dinĕ Sandia - Kin Nodozi (Striped Houses) San Felipe - To Hachele (Pull up Water) San Ildefonso - Tse Tu Kinnĕ (Houses between Rocks) San Juan - Kin Klechini (Red-house People) Santa Clara - Ana Sŭshi (Tribe like Bears—from skunkskin moccasins, first thought to be of bearskin) Santo Domingo - Kin Klekai Ni (White Houses) Sia - Tlogi (Hairy) Taos - To Wolh (Water Gurgles) Zuni - Nashtezhĕ (Blackened Eyebrows)



SOUTHERN ATHAPASCAN COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY

ANATOMICAL TERMS English Apache Jicarilla Navaho ankle-joint ko-kă kĕt-sin a-kĕts-in ilh-ru-nu-ni-wu arm ko-gun gon a-gan blood dilh tĭl-the dilh bone its-ĭn ĭts-in ts'in chest i-tĭl ko-yĕ-te a-je-ĭts-in chin ko-yĕ-da is-ĕ-ta ă-yats-in ear id-ja id-ja a-ja elbow ko-gun id-an-hla osh-le ilh-ru-nu-ni-wu eye in-dă it-a an-an face ko-ni in-ni an-in finger ko-lu-zhuzh in-la shi-la finger-nail ko-lu-gun in-la-gŏn shi-lăsh-gan foot ko-kĕ i-ka ke hair tsi-ra it-sĕ tsi-ghă hand ko-gun u-la shi-la head kots-its-ĭn ĭts-its-in sĭts-its-in heart kod-ji ko-cha a-je-id-ĭsh-jalh did-ju-la knee ko-qut i-ko a-whod leg kod-jak i-jad a-jad lip su-su-ba-nĕ i-ta a-da lungs kod-ji i-ta-lĕ a-je mouth ko-za i-zĕ si-ze neck ko-gus i-kŏs ak-as nose ko-chi i-chin a-chĭn nostril ko-nĭ in-nĕ a-nĭn shoulder ko-hwas ih-hwas a-hwas toe ko-ke-zhuzh ih-kĕsh a-kĕ toe-nail ko-ke-gun ih-kĕsh-gon a-kĕsh-gan tongue ko-za ih-za-te a-tso tooth ko-wu ih-gwo a-hwo

ANIMALS (See also FOODS) English Apache Jicarilla Navaho antelope ja-ge ta-ga-te jŭ-di badger bu-nta-lĕ na-as-chid na-gans-chi-tn bat cha-ba-nĕ cha-na-mi-in ja-a-ba-ni bear sush shash sush beaver cha cha cha blue-bird rush-ta do-lo do-li du-tlĭsh buffalo bi-shish-jik a-yan-de a-ya-ni buzzard chi-sho-gi ta-cha-ze je-sho chipmunk gu-sus-si in-se-zu-so tsid-ĭt-ĭ-ni coyote ban tsil-i-tĕn mai crow ga-ge ka-ge ga-ge deer bin bin bin eagle tsa-cho i-tsa a-tsa elk bin-nal-dĕ tzes tze gopher na-ilh-tli-gi ma-i-ne-lin na-a-zi-si hawk it-sa it-sĕ-so-ye g'ĭ-ni mountain lion ndu-chu en-to-ye nash-tu-i-tso mountain sheep de-bĕ-chu tse-tŭ-de-be zi-de-bĕ owl bu yi-ye nas-cha rat (wood) klosh-chu klĕ-tso kle-ĕ-tso skunk gu-lizh-i kel-din-shĕn wo-lĭ-zhi spider na-alht-lo-lĕ mans-chĕ nash-je'i squirrel tse-skus-si na-jil-kai-i t'la-zi turkey ta-zhi ka-zhi ta-zhi wolf ban-chu bai-ĕ-tso mai-ĭ-tso



Zahadolzha - Navaho

From Copyright Photograph 1904 by E.S. Curtis

CARDINAL POINTS English Apache Jicarilla Navaho north na-ak-ku-sĕ na-ko-su nȏ-ho-kos bi-ya-yo bi-ya-yĕ south nu-dit-ŭ sha-ti ai-yĕ shu-tu-ŭ bi-ya-yo east hu-na-it-ŭkh sha-ha ai-yĕ ha-i bi-ya-yo west on-ud-ŭkh sha-i ai-yĕ i-yu-ŭ bi-ya-yo zenith nokh-gĕh-yo ya-alh-ni-gi nadir nokh-tluh-yo a-ya-i des-a-i-gi

COLORS English Apache Jicarilla Navaho black dĭlh-kih dĭlh-i-li dĭlh-kih blue du-tlĭsh-i da-tlish do-tlĭsh-i brown hish-tlĭzh kli-pa dĭ-nil-zhin gray qul-ba tne-na-tlish kle-pa green tloh-du-tlĭzh-a ye-da-tlish do-tlish red tli-chu kli-chi kle-chi white tli-kai kli-kai kle-kai yellow tli-tso kli-tso klĕ-tso

FOODS (PRIMITIVE) English Apache Jicarilla Navaho acorns chid-jĭl na-to-ka-tse chĕ-chil bi-na antelope ja-ge ta-ga-te jŭ-di beans (native) bĕs-tsoz na-o-hle-tsos-tet nŭ-o-hli cedar berries dil-tu-hla kal-tu-ste-ih dit-zĕ du-tlĭsh-i corn na-tan na-tan na-tan deer bin bi^{n) bin elk bin nal-dĕ tzes tze grapes (wild) duh-tsa tut-zĕ tut-zĕ juniper berries dil-tu-hla chil-ha-zhe mescal (agave) na-ta na-ta na-ta mountain sheep de-bĕ-chu tse-tŭ-de-be zi-de-bĕ pinon nuts o-bĕ nes-chi nes-chi potatoes (wild) ilh-tsu pi-ji-nĕ na-ma-si si-tsĭn-ni prairie-dogs an klun klun pumpkins belh-kun na-yi-ze na-yi-zi-chi rabbits (jack) gah-chu gah-tso gah-tso rabbits gah-chi-lĕ gah-chi-shĕ gah (cottontail) rats (wood) klosh-chu klĕ-tso kle-ĕ-tso squash go-chi belh-kun na-yi-ze na-yĭ-zi yucca fruit gu-skŭn kash-kan kush-kan

HANDICRAFT English Apache Jicarilla Navaho arrow-point besh-go-lĭn bĕsh-te bes-est-a-gi arrow-shaft tsi-ga ki-ish-tlu-zĕ ts'ak-ă basket (tray) tsa-nas-kŭ-di ts'a i-tsa basket (burden) tŭt-za i-tsa-nas-ka tsi-zĭs bow ilh-tĭ it-kin-chai alht-hin cap cha cha cha deerskin e-pŭn e-pŭn e-pŭn fire-sticks koh-til-di t'te wolk-an head-band tsi-noz-de tsi-naz-de cha house ko-wa ko-zhan ho-gan leggings is-klĕ tli-kai is-klĕ e-pŭn is-klĕ loin-cloth chosh-ta tsa-a-te t'lests-os moccasins e-pŭn ke kĕ'it-ze ke pottery nulh-ki-de bi i-tsă i-dĕ kush-tĭsh shirt e-pun-tle-sis ĕ'it-ze e-pun'ĕ sweat-lodge ka-chĕ kĕlh-cha ta-chĕ water bottle kun-che-e to-zus tus

MONTHS (MOONS)(8) English Apache Jicarilla Navaho January It-sa Bi-zhăzh Ku-wan-dĕ Yas Nlht'es February Buh Is-chĭt Is-sai-za A-tsă Bi-yash March T'a Nu-chĭl It-a-na Chi-tai Wozhch'td April T'a Nu-chu It-a-na Tso At-an Chil May Shosh-kĕ Ku-ski It-chi At-an Tso June Bin-ni-tsĭ Ta-ge It-chi Nesh-ja Chil-i Dilh-tsĭk July Bin-ni-tsĭ Bi It-chi Nesh-ja Tso Chi-ĕ August Bi-ni-tun Tsos-sĕ Ke-tle-pĕ Lak-tai-ke Bint-an Ts'an-si September Bi-ni-tụn It-ha-sti-kĭh Bint-an Tso Chu October Ran-zhi Iz-tĕ-o-e Ghan-ji November Ka-ruh-nul-gus Bin-za-ki-a Nlhch-i Ts'an-si December Sos-nalh-tus Bin-nai-a-shĕ Nlhch-i Tsa



Haschĕlti, Haschebaad, Zahadolzha—Navaho

From Copyright Photograph 1906 by E.S. Curtis

NATURAL PHENOMENA English Apache Jicarilla Navaho ashes ilh-chi kus-chi-ish hlesh-ch'ai charcoal tli-tĕsh kus-chi t'esh cloud ya-kŏs kos kos darkness chalh-kĕlh klin cha-halh-kelh day dji djin jin earth ni-go-stŭn ni-to-gus-an ni-ho-es-tsan fire koh ku kun ice ti i-la tqin lake tu-si-ka ko-zilh-ka to light go-ti go-tih a-dĭn-din lightning ha-dilh-kih i-dilh-chil a-tsin-il-klish Milky-way I-kŭtl ba-ha Tsos-pai Kle-kai sta-i mist at ku-be-zha-zi i-dzi moon kle-ga-na-ai kle-na-ai kle-ho-na-ai mountain tzilh tzilh tzilh night kle kli kle-je Pleiades Nus-ka-o-u-hu Sons-chi-stĕ Dĭl-ge-het rain na-il-ti na-golh-kin nit-sŭn rainbow hi-tsa-tlul it-sun-to-lĕ nads-i-lid river tu-ndli ko-dlĕ to rock tse tsi tse shooting-star titl-son-sĕ sush-na-tsĕ son-ă-dal-dsid (meteor) nul-tŭ sky ya-dilh-kih ya ya-dilh-kih smoke tlik kli hlid snow sos zos yas star titl-sŏn-se sons son sun chu-ga-na-ai chun-na-ai che-ho-na-ai thunder i-da-ndi i-dilh-ni i-ni water tu ko to wind nĭl-chi nl-chi nĭl-chi

NUMERALS English Apache Jicarilla Navaho one hla-i hla-i hla-i two na-ki na-ki na-ki three ta-gi ka-i ta four din-i din-i din five ash-tla-i ăsh-tle ăsh-dla six gus-tan kus-kŭn has-tan seven gus-tsĭ-gi kus-tsĭt-i tsosts-ed eight tsa-bi tsa-bi tse-bi nine ngus-ta-i nkus-ta-i naas-dai ten gu-nez-na ku-nez-ni nĕz-na eleven hla-za-ta hla-i-za hla-ză-ta twelve na-ki-za-ta na-ki-za na-ki-za-ta thirteen ta-za-ta ka-za ta-za-ta English Apache Jicarilla Navaho fourteen din-za-ta din-za din-za-ta fifteen ash-tla-a-ta ash-tle-za ash-dla-a-ta sixteen gus-ta-a-ta kus-kun-za has-tan-a-ta seventeen gus-tsi-za-ta kus-tsit-za tsosts-ed-za-ta eighteen tsa-bi-za-ta tsa-bi-za tse-bi-dza-ta nineteen ngus-ta-dza-ta nkus-ta-za naas-dai-dza-ta twenty na-dĭn na-tin na-din twenty-one na-dĭn-hla na-tin-hla na-din-hla thirty ta-dĭn ka-tin ta-din forty dis-dĭn dis-tin dĭs-din fifty ash-tla-din ash-tlĕ-tin ăsh-dla-din one hundred nĕz-na-din gu-nez-na-din ku-nez-ni-tin

PERSONAL TERMS English Apache Jicarilla Navaho aunt ko-bă-zhe ku-ba-zhe shi-bĭ-zhi baby me o-ja-zĭ a-wĕ boy skhin ish-ki-in skhi brother ku-i-zha sĭ-tsi-li (younger) ko-kĭzn ko-ka-gĕ na-ra-hĭ brother (elder) ku-na-a shĭ-nai ko-kĭzn un na-ra-hĭ child cha-ra-she ilh-chĭn shi-yăzh clan nde-az-di-i i-chu-ge-dĕ di-nĕ-e enemy e-na ko-nda a-na father ko-tă ku-ka-i shi-zhĕ-e girl na-lĭn ish-tĕtn at-ĕd man nde tin-dĕ di-nĕ medicine-man di-gĭn tin-da-ko-ka-tlĕ ha-ta-li mother ko-ma ku-si sha-mŭ people ko-ki she-tin-dĕ di-nĕ (tribesmen) people tluh-go ndĕ-hi ta-a-tso a-na (strangers) person tsilh-kĭdn ti-ni di-nĕ sister ko-di-zhĕ she-la shi-de-zhi (younger) sister (elder) ko-lu she-nda-tĕ shŭd-di uncle ko-da-ŭ she-ka-na-tlĕn shi-bĭ-zhi woman ist-sŏn es-tsan es-tsan

TREES English Apache Jicarilla Navaho cedar ga-il-li kalh-te gad cottonwood t'is tu-as t'is juniper dil-tut-hle-chi gad naz-si oak chi-chĭl shun-chi-lĕ chĕ-chil pine ndil-chi nus-chi ndish-chi pinon o-be-tsĭn i-zen-chi chă-olh spruce dju-utlh kon-ske-lĕ dishl-bai willow gai kĭ-i k'a-i



Navaho Women

From Copyright Photograph 1906 by E.S. Curtis

MISCELLANEOUS English Apache Jicarilla Navaho arm ko-gun gon a-gan food chi-zŭn ai-ta-i chi-an forest gud-nlh-chil ku-don-chil tsin god ya-a-diz-tan bi-tsa-she-nda-i ye jewels tse-ru-dĕn-lig-ge n'kliz large n'chai n'tsai n'tsa pollen ha-din-tin tlash ta-di-tin small al-chĭ-se uns-tsĕs-te ya-zhe spirits chidn kuts-ain tsi*n-di spirit-land chidn-tuh-yo bits-ain be-ke-ya tobacco tzilh-na-to na-to-te n'at'o turquoise du-tlĭsh-i da-tlĭsh-e do-tlish



INDEX

Abalone, cross of, on medicine cap, 40 in Navaho myth, 91, 92, 97, 103, 104, 115

Acoma, Navaho name for, 138

Acorns eaten by Apache, 19

Acosta, an Apache, conference with, 7

Adilhkih (Black Fog) of Navaho myth, 91, 96, 97

After-world in Apache belief, 134 in Jicarilla belief, 135 in Navaho belief, 137

Agave. See MESCAL

Agocho. See PIGEON

Agriculture of the Navaho, 73

Ahani clan of the Navaho, 137

Aiahan clan of the Apache, 22

Aklolh. See RAINBOW

Alabama, Apache sent to, 10

All-color Corn Girl of Navaho myth, 96

Alphabet used for Indian terms, vi

Anatomical terms, Athapascan, 139

Animal chiefs in Navaho under-world, 80

Animals, Athapascan terms for, 139 deified by Apache, 29 in Apache myth, 27, 35 represented in Jicarilla dry-painting, 57 spirits of, prayers to, 39

Anltsistn, a Jicarilla god, 60, 61 See WHIRLWIND

Antelope monster in Navaho myth, 99, 106

Antelope skin used in maternity belt, 39

Apache, account of the, 1-49 and Navaho compared, 81 application of term, 53 character of the, xix Jicarilla name for, 135 Navaho name for, 138 people among Navaho, 137 tribal summary of, 131-134 vocabulary of, 139-144

Apache-Mohave assigned to reservation, 8 character of, 5-6 subdued by Crook, 8 See MOHAVE

Apaches del Perrillo mentioned, 53

Apaches de Nabaju mentioned, 53

Apaches Faraones mentioned, 53

Apaches Gilenos mentioned, 53

Apaches Lipanes mentioned, 53

Apaches Llaneros mentioned, 53

Apaches Tejua mentioned, 53

Apaches Vaqueros mentioned, 53

Apatieh, application of term, 5

Arapaho, Jicarilla name for, 135

Arivaipa, Apache name for, 134 clans of the, 133

Armor in Navaho myth, 104, 105

Arrow-point as knife in ceremony, 118

Arrows in Jicarilla myth, 63, 65, 68 in Navaho myth, 89, 99, 105, 107-108, 114

Art, graphic, of the Apache, 20 See PAINTING

Arts of the Apache, 132 of the Jicarillas, 135 of the Navaho, 74, 136 See BASKETRY; HANDICRAFTS; INDUSTRIES; POTTERY; SILVER-WORK

Astse Estsan, First Woman of the Navaho, 84, 90-95

Astse Hastin, First Man of the Navaho, 84, 90-96

Atsosi Hatal. See FEATHER CHANT

Aya Kinnĕ, a traditional people, 106-107

Badger in Jicarilla mythology, 61 in Navaho mythology, 90

Badger People of the Navaho, 84, 95

Bahozhonchi, a Navaho priesthood, 83 songs of the, 125

Balil, sacred wand of the Navaho, 93, 114, 116, 118

Basket in Jicarilla mythology, 68 medicine, in Navaho Night Chant, 118 wedding, of the Navaho, 126, 127

Basket drum of the Jicarillas, 57 in Navaho Night Chant, 119, 121

Basketry of the Apache, 20-21, 42, 132 of the Jicarillas, 54, 135 of the Navaho, 77, 136 sacred symbol prescribed for, 20, 21, 42, 44 See WATER BOTTLE

Baskets, burden, used by Apache, 17, 19, 132 Jicarilla, traded for corn, 134, 135

Bat in Jicarilla mythology, 67-68

Bathing by the Apache, 16 following puberty rite, 47 See HAIR-WASHING; WASHING

Bead Chant of the Navaho, 78

Beads, cross and crescent worked in, 42 of precious stones in Navaho myth, 104 shell, in Navaho mythology, 106-107 shell, mixed with pollen, 38 silver, of the Navaho, 76, 77 symbolic of prayer, 34 used in puberty rite, 46, 47 white, on medicine caps, 40

Beans depicted in dry-painting, 121

Bear People of Navaho mythology, 111

Bears in Apache mythology, 35 in Jicarilla mythology, 56, 58, 64 in Navaho dry-painting, 79 in Navaho mythology, 97, 102, 106 tabooed as food by Apache, 20 tabooed as food by Jicarillas, 135

Bear Springs valley, 11

Bear, Tracking, a Navaho monster, 99, 106

Beasts of burden in Apache myth, 35

Beaver in Jicarilla mythology, 61

Beds of the Apache, 16

Begging ceremony of the Navaho, 120, 121

Belts, maternity, used by Apache, 38-39 silver, of the Navaho, 76, 126, 137

Big Dipper in Apache myth, 25, 27, 29 in Navaho myth, 92

Big God in Navaho myth, 98, 105

Bilh Ahatĭni, a Navaho mythic character, 112-116

Binayeagani, a Navaho monster, 106

Bird People of Navaho mythology, 95

Birds, creation of, in Apache myth, 27

Birth. See CHILDBIRTH

Black Cloud of Navaho myth, 91, 96, 97 See CLOUDS

Black Fog. See ADILHKIH

Black God, the Navaho Fire God, 103-104

Black Man. See HASCHĬN DĬLHILI

Black river, Arizona, 17

Blankets in Navaho mythology, 94, 95 medicine-men compensated with, 125 of the Navaho, 74-75, 136 used in marriage settlement, 133

Blindness, fear of, by initiates, 120 from looking upon mother-in-law, 126

Blowing to expel spirits, 48

Bluebird song of Yebichai ceremony, 124

Blue Corn Boy of Navaho myth, 96

Bosque Redondo, Navaho removed to, 83 plan to remove Apache to, 7 See MESCALERO RESERVATION

Bounty offered for scalps, 6

Bourke, John G., cited, 48

Bowl of pearl in Navaho mythology, 92 of shell used for medicine, 117, 120 of turquoise in Apache myth, 33

Bows. See ARROWS

Bracelets, silver, of the Navaho, 76

Breech-cloth. See CLOTHING; LOIN-CLOTH

Buckskin. See DEERSKIN

Buffalo hunted by Jicarillas, 54 in Jicarilla after-world, 135 horns, myth concerning, 61, 62

Buffalo skin, tipis of, of the Jicarillas, 134 used in Jicarilla ceremony, 57

Bumping Rocks of Navaho myth, 101 See ROLLING STONE

Burial. See Mortuary Customs

Butterfly in Jicarilla mythology, 56, 58

Buttons, silver, of the Navaho, 77

Buzzard People of the Navaho, 84

Cabezon mountain, mythic creation of, 90

Cactus, fastened to Apache clothing, 38 See FOOD

Cairns, Apache, 133

Camp life of the Apache, 16

Canon de Chelly, Navaho defeated in, 83 Navaho farms in, 73 See TSĔGYII

Caps of the Apache, 131, 133 sacred, prescribed in Messiah religion, 44 See CLOTHING; HEADDRESS; MEDICINE CAP

Cardinal points and Apache prayer, 133 color symbolism of, 60, 61, 64, 66, 84, 87, 90-92, 103, 115, 118 considered in dance circle, 48 in Apache ceremony, 41 in wedding ceremony, 126, 127 prescribed order of, in Night Chant, 118 represented by gods, 48 terms for, 140 See ORIENTATION

Carleton, Gen. J. H., in Apache campaign, 7 Navaho subdued by, 83

Carrizo, stream in Apache-land, 11

Carson, Col. Kit, Navaho defeated by, 83

Cassari, conference with, 7

Catamenia, mythic significance of, 30

Cedar, use of, in dance, 48, 49 used in effacing footprints, 80-81

Ceremonies, Apache, summary of, 133 of the Jicarillas, 135 of the Navaho, 4, 77-79, 116-127, 136, 138 puberty, of Apache, 46, 133 See DANCE; MARRIAGE; PUBERTY CEREMONY

Chalhkĕlh Nalĭn. See NIGHT GIRL

Chanzhnĭ, Jicarilla clowns, 59

Chato, raids by Apache under, 9

Chehonaai, the Sun of Navaho myth, 92, 95, 97 See CHUGANAAI; CHUNNAAI; SUN

Chiefs among the Jicarillas, 55 among the Navaho, 81, 136 of the Apache, 132 of the Jicarillas, 135

Chihuahua, Apache raids into, 14 scalp bounty offered by, 6

Childbirth, gods invoked at, 34 medicine-men participate at, 38

Children, Apache affection toward, 14 Apache, disposal of bodies of, 134 Apache, early training of, 17 participate in puberty rite, 46-47, 124-125

Chiricahua Apache at Fort Sill, 131 clans of the, 133 descent among the, 22, 132 flee to New Mexico in 1876, 9 Navaho name for, 138 raids by, 9, 10 tribal name of, 134

Choili, sacred mountain of the Navaho, 91, 94, 96, 98

Chuganaai, Apache Sun God, 24-27, 29-31, 38, 43, 133 See CHEHONAAI; CHUNNAAI; SUN

Chunnaai, Jicarilla Sun God, 60-68, 135

Cibicu fight in 1882, 10-12

Civilization, effect of, on Indians, 22

Clan system of Indians, 21

Clans absent among Jicarillas, 54, 135 of the Apache, 22-23, 132 of the Navaho, 97-98, 136-137

Cliff-dwellers in Navaho clans, 137 in Navaho mythology, 95, 97, 106-107, 137 mummies of, 74-75

Clothing decorated with cross and crescent, 42 deposited with the dead, 134 of flint in Jicarilla myth, 63 of godly personators, 48 of the Apache, 131 of the Jicarillas, 54, 134 of the Navaho, 136 of turquoise in Jicarilla myth, 63 See CAPS; COSTUME; HAIR-DRESSING

Clouds, Apache god of, 35 in Apache mythology, 24, 26-30, 33 in Navaho mythology, 94, 103, 104 symbolized on maternity belt, 40 symbolized on medicine cap, 40 See BLACK CLOUD

Clown, Gauneskĭde functions as, 84 in Navaho ceremony, 120-121 of the Jicarillas, 59

Cochiti, Navaho name for, 138

Colorado river, mythic creation of, 90

Colors, Athapascan terms for, 140 directional, of the Apache, 25-27, 60, 84 directional, of the Jicarillas, 60, 61, 64, 66 directional, of the Navaho, 84, 87, 90-92, 103, 115, 118

Comanche, Jicarilla name for, 135 Navaho name for, 138

Contests of skill in Navaho myth, 107-108

Cooking of mescal by Apache, 17-18 See FOOD

Copper Mines, conference with Apache at, 7

Copper-working by the Navaho, 77

Corn deities of Navaho myth, 96 depicted in dry-painting, 121, 123 man born of, in Navaho myth, 84 prayers for, 38 tulapai made from, 19 used in puberty rite, 46-47, 125 See SEED

Corn-meal, mush of, in Navaho marriage ceremony, 126 sacred use of, 38 used in drying hair, 125 See also MEAL

Cosmology. See GENESIS

Costume of girls during puberty rite, 47 of Yebichai dancers, 122 See CLOTHING

Cotton, blankets of, in Navaho mythology, 94

Coyote in Jicarilla mythology, 69 in Navaho mythology, 87, 93

Coyote Chant of the Navaho, 78

Coyoteros, Apache name for, 134 assigned to reservation, 8 clans of the, 132 organization of the, 22 population of the, 131 subdued by Crook, 8

Cradle-board deposited with infant's remains, 134

Creation. See GENESIS

Crescent. See Cross and Crescent

Cricket Girl of Navaho myth, 96

Crook, Gen. George, Apache campaign by, 8-10

Crops, fructification of, by Yolkai Estsan, 96 Goddess of, of Apache, 34 See HARVESTS

Cross in Apache myth, 30, 32 made by Apache, 10 on Apache medicine cap, 40

Cross and crescent in Apache religion, 42 on Apache basketry, 21 origin of, among Apache, 43, 44

Crow in Apache mythology, 28 in Jicarilla mythology, 61 in Navaho mythology, 112

Crow People of the Navaho, 84

Crystal. See QUARTZ CRYSTAL

Cuticle, people created from, 97

Dance by Apache to revive dead, 10-11 during puberty rites, 46 for rain among Apache, 33 Harvest, of the Apache, 133 in Navaho myth, 108 of the Jicarillas, 58, 59 See CEREMONIES; YEBICHAI

Dance of the Gods of Apache, 47-49

Das Lan, Apache medicine-man, 21, 37, 38, 42-46

Datilye. See HUMMING-BIRD

Davis, Inspector-General, confers with Apache, 7

Dawn in Navaho mythology, 87

Dead, Apache attempt to revive, 10 how regarded by Navaho, 80 See BURIAL; MORTUARY CUSTOMS

Death, Apache conception of, 32 controlled by Yolkai Nalĭn, 34 origin of, in Navaho myth, 93

Death Goddess of the Apache, 34

Deer in Apache myth, 35

Deerskin, Apache paintings on, 20 in Navaho myth, 91, 92, 94, 96, 97 masks of god personators, 48 used in maternity belt, 39

Deilget, an Antelope monster, 99, 106

Depĕnsa, a Navaho sacred mountain, 91

Descent among the Apache, 22, 132 among the Navaho, 136 See INHERITANCE

Designs, pottery, of Navaho gods, 95 See ORNAMENT

Digĭn. See HOLY PEOPLE

Dinĕ, Navaho tribal name, 97, 138

Directions. See CARDINAL POINTS

Disease, how expelled by Jicarillas, 60 how regarded by Apache, 29, 35 origin of, in Navaho mythology, 93 God of, of Apache, 33 See Medicine; Medicine-men; Tubadzischĭni

Divorce among the Jicarillas, 55 See MARRIAGE

Doh. See FLY

Doklĭni. See NABAKELTI

Dokooslit, a Navaho sacred mountain, 91

Doni Tlĭshi Noiltansh. See DAS LAN

Dreamer. See BILH AHATĬNI

Dreams, ceremonies affected by, 133 God of, in Apache cosmology, 31 See VISIONS

Dress. See CLOTHING

Drowning, rescue from, attributed to gods, 109

Drum, basket, of the Jicarillas, 57 basket, used in Navaho Night Chant, 119, 121 medicine, of Apache, 11 used in Apache dance, 48

Dry-paintings of the Apache, 41, 47 of the Jicarillas, 56, 57 of the Navaho, 78, 79, 115, 119-123, 138

Dutlĭshi Nalĭn, Turquoise Girl, 31, 34 See also TURQUOISE WOMAN

Dutlĭshi Skhin, Turquoise Boy, 31, 33

Dwellings of the Apache, 131 of the Jicarillas, 54, 134 of the Navaho, 74-76, 80-81, 136, 138 See HOGAN; HOUSES; TIPIS

Eagle, feathers of, in Jicarilla myth, 63-64, 68 feathers of, in Navaho myth, 100 feathers of, in puberty rite, 46 giant, in Jicarilla myth, 66-68 giant, in Navaho myth, 106

Eagle People, how supplicated, 40

Earth, creation of, in Apache myth, 26

Earth Daughter of Apache mythology, 27, 28

Earth God of Navaho mythology, 98

Earth Messengers of Apache mythology, 31, 32

Elk in Jicarilla mythology, 65

Enasho Dilhklĭshen, an Apache deity, 31, 34

Estsan Natleshin, a Jicarilla deity, 62, 135

Evil-spirit Chant of the Navaho, 78

Evil spirits banished in Night Chant, 119-120

Face-painting of Jicarilla dancers, 59

Fasting by Apache medicine-men, 32

Fear of Apache by other tribes, 6 unknown to Apache, 14

Feather Chant of the Navaho, 78

Feathers, eagle, in Jicarilla myth, 63-64, 68 eagle, in Navaho myth, 100 eagle, in puberty rite, 46 employed in dry-painting, 120 Jicarilla headdress of, 54 turkey, prayer-sticks of, 117

Feather wands in Night Chant, 118, 119

Fermentation by Apache, 19-20

Fire, how made by Apache, 14, 18 in Jicarilla mythology, 63, 64 mythic origin of, 69 used in God Dance, 49 used in Jicarilla ceremony, 58 used in Night-Chant ceremony, 116 used at Yebichai Dance, 122

Fireflies in Jicarilla mythology, 69

Fire God of the Navaho, 103-104

Fire-sticks in Jicarilla mythology, 64, 65

First Man. See ASTSE HASTIN

First Woman. See ASTSE ESTSAN

Fish tabooed by Apache, 20 tabooed by Jicarillas, 135

Flint clothing in Jicarilla myth, 63

Flood in Apache myth, 27-28 in Jicarilla mythology, 61 in Navaho mythology, 88, 90

Florida, Apache prisoners sent to, 10

Flutes mentioned in Navaho myth, 84

Fly (Doh) in Apache myth, 26, 27

Fog. See CLOUDS; RAIN

Food of the Apache, 14-16, 19, 20, 131, 140 of the Jicarillas, 134, 140 of the Navaho, 76, 140 terms for, 139-140 used during maturity rite, 125 See TABOO

Foot-racing at time of Night Chant, 122 in Navaho myth, 107

Fort Apache, Apache scouts at, 10 Coyoteros placed near, 8

Fort Apache agency, number of Apache at, 131

Fort Sill, Apache sent to, 10 Chiricahua at, 131

Fort Sumner, New Mexico, 83 See BOSQUE REDONDO

Fort Wingate, Apache surrender at, 9 Navaho arrive at, 83

Four, an Apache sacred number, 36, 41-43

Fox People of the Navaho, 84, 95

Frightening the patient in Night Chant ceremony, 119

Fringe Mouths, Navaho deities, 109, 113, 114, 123

Frogs, creation of, in Navaho myth, 90

Fungi eaten by Apache, 19

Fun-maker. See CLOWN

Furniture of the Navaho, 76

Gagĕ. See CROW

Gambler in Navaho mythology, 111

Gamblers present at Night Chant, 122

Ganaskiai, a Navaho god, 114 represented in dry-painting, 121

Garces, Francisco, on the Apache, 4

Gaun, Apache gods, 31, 35

Genesis of Navaho clans, 137 of the Apache, 23-35, 133 of the Jicarillas, 60-62, 135 of the Navaho, 83-98, 138

Geronimo, capture of, 10 raids by Apache under, 9, 10

Ghost Dance identified with Dance of Gods, 48

Giants in Navaho mythology, 98, 105-106 See MONSTERS

Girl Dance among Apache, 46

Goddesses, how personated in Navaho ceremony, 111

Gods, Indian belief in power of, 45 of the Apache, 31, 35 personated in Apache ceremony, 41 See DANCE; HOLY PEOPLE; MYTHOLOGY; RELIGION

Gopher in Jicarilla mythology, 65, 66

Goshonne, Apache medicine-man, 37, 38

Gourd drinking cups of Apache, 21

Government of the Apache, 132 of the Jicarillas, 135 of the Navaho, 136 See CHIEFS; POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

Grasshopper People of Navaho myth, 100, 103

Graves of the Apache, 133 See MORTUARY CUSTOMS

Gray God. See HASCHĔLAPAI

Great Dipper. See BIG DIPPER

Green things created by Turquoise Girl, 34

Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty of, 7

Habitat of the Apache, 14

Habitations. See DWELLINGS; HOGAN; HOUSES; TIPIS

Hadilhkih. See LIGHTNING

Hadintin Nalĭn, Pollen Girl, in Apache myth, 27-29, 31 functions of, 34-35 invoked by Apache, 43

Hadintin Skhin, Pollen Boy, in Apache myth, 3, 24-31, 96, 133 function of, 33 invoked by Apache, 43 See also POLLEN; TADITIN

Hair-cutting as a sign of mourning, 55, 135

Hair-dressing of girls during maturity rite, 124 of the Apache, 131 of the Jicarillas, 59, 134 of the Navaho, 136

Hair-washing ceremony of the Navaho, 125

Haisndayin, Jicarilla tribal name, 62, 65, 135

Handicrafts, terms for, 141 See ARTS; BASKETRY; INDUSTRIES; POTTERY; SILVER-WORK

Happiness Chant of the Navaho, 78, 106-111

Harvest Dance of the Apache, 133

Harvest God of the Apache, 28 of the Navaho, 105, 113, 121 See GANASKIDI

Harvests prayed for by Apache, 34 See CROPS

Haschebaad, a Navaho goddess, 114 personated in Night Chant, 116-120 represented in dry-painting, 119, 121, 123 significance of, 111

_Haschebakŭ_n_ personated in Night Chant, 120 represented in dry-painting, 119, 121

Haschĕlapai personated in Night Chant, 116

Haschĕlti in Navaho mythology, 92-94, 96, 97, 113, 115 personated in Night Chant, 116-120 represented in dry-painting, 119, 121

Haschĕzhini, Navaho Fire God, 103-104

Haschĭn Dĭlhili, a god of creation, 69

Haschogan, Navaho House Gods, 92-93, 95-97, 103-104, 121

Hashke Nĭlnte, Apache medicine-man, 29

Hashklĭshni clan, origin of, 97, 137

Havasupai, Apache name for, 134 baskets of, among Navaho, 77 Navaho name for, 138

Hawk People of the Navaho, 84, 88

Head-dress of the Apache, 131 See CAPS; HAIR-DRESSING; MEDICINE CAP

Healing rites. See MEDICINE

Health, God and Goddess of, of Apache, 27, 28, 33 See HADINTIN SKHIN

Hermaphrodites in Navaho myth, 85

Hills, creation of, in Apache myth, 27, 28 See MOUNTAINS

History of the Apache, 3-23 of the Navaho, 81-83

Hochonchi Hatal. See Evil-spirit Chant

Hogan, the Navaho house, 74, 136 See DWELLINGS; HOUSES; TSĬNDI HOGAN

Holy People of Navaho mythology, 83-84, 91, 94-96, 111-113, 115

Home life of the Navaho, 76

Honesty, how regarded by the Navaho, 82

Hopi, Apache name for, 134 Apache raids in country of, 14 Navaho name for, 138 visited by Garces, 4

Horse-racing at time of Night Chant, 122

Horses, accoutrement of, ornamented by Navaho, 77 branded with sacred symbol, 42, 44 sacrificed at graves, 55, 81, 134, 135 used as doctors' fees, 41 used in marriage settlement, 126, 133, 137-138

Horse-thieving by the Navaho, 82

Hostilities of the Apache, 6-23 of the Navaho, 81-83

House Gods. See HASCHOGAN

Houses, medicine, of the Jicarillas, 57 of the Apache, 13-14, 44, 45 of the dead burned by Jicarillas, 55 owned by Navaho women, 76 See Dwellings; Hogan; Tipis

Hozhoni Hatal. See HAPPINESS CHANT

Humming-bird in Apache myth, 26, 30

Hunchback gods of the Navaho, 105, 121

Hunting by the Jicarillas, 54, 55, 134-135

Images used by Apache, 40-41, 133

Implements, Jicarilla, origin of, 69 of the Apache, 17

Incantation used in treating disease, 36

Indian Office, policy of, regarding Apache, 8

Industries of the Apache, 132 of the Jicarillas, 135 of the Navaho, 136 See ARTS; HANDICRAFTS

Inheritance among Apache, 22 among Jicarillas, 55 See DESCENT

Initiation into Yebichai order, 120, 121

Intellect, Goddess of, of Apache, 34

Intoxicants used by Apache, 19

Iron-working by the Navaho, 77

Irrigation practised by Navaho, 74

Isleta, Navaho name for, 138

Itsa. See EAGLE

Itsad Ndĕyu. See EAGLE PEOPLE

Jemez, Navaho name for, 138 people among Navaho, 137

Jet in Navaho mythology, 91, 97, 103, 104, 115 See LIGNITE

Jewelry of the Navaho, 76-77

Jewels in Navaho mythology, 94, 115 See ABALONE; JET; MOSS AGATE; PEARL; QUARTZ CRYSTAL; SHELL; TURQUOISE

Jicarillas, account of the, 51-69 population of the, 131 tribal summary of the, 134 vocabulary of the, 139-144

Juan Jose, an Apache chief, 6

Juh, raids by Apache under, 9

Juniper berries used by Apache, 19

Kage. See CROW

Kearny, Col. S. W., cited, 82

Kedan, Navaho ceremonial paraphernalia, 116-118

Keldinshĕn. See SKUNK

Kinnĭnikai, a Navaho locality, 114

Kĭnya Ani clan, origin of, 97, 137

Kiowa, Jicarilla name for, 135

Kiowa Apache, population of, 131

Kleganaai, the Moon, in Apache myth, 31

Klehonaai, the Moon, in Navaho myth, 92 See KLENAAI; MOON

Kleje Hatal. See NIGHT CHANT

Klenaai, the Moon, in Jicarilla myth, 60, 62, 135 See KLEGANAAI; KLEHONAAI; MOON

Klĭshcho Nalĭn, Snake Girl, symbolized on maternity belt, 39

Knives in Navaho ceremony, 118 in Navaho myth, 105

Kobadjischini, a Jicarilla god, 56, 62-68, 135 See TOBADZISCHĬNI; TUBADZISCHĬNI

_Kolhkahi_n_, a Jicarilla division, 54, 135

Kosdilhkih. See BLACK CLOUD

Kowa, the Apache house, 13-14, 44-45 See DWELLINGS

Kuterastan, Apache creator, 20, 24-30, 32, 34, 38, 43, 45, 133

Laguna, Navaho name for, 138

Language. See VOCABULARY

La Plata mountain, mythic creation of, 91

Leggings, deerskin, of the Navaho, 77 See CLOTHING

Lightning in Apache myth, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30-33 in Jicarilla myth, 67 in Navaho myth, 97, 102, 107, 115 represented in dry-paintings, 47 symbolized on maternity belt, 39, 40

Lightning arrows in Navaho myth, 105

Lightning-stroke, how treated by Apache, 40

Lignite in Navaho myth, 103 See JET

Little Colorado river, creation of, in Navaho myth, 90

Lizards, creation of, in Navaho myth, 90

Llaneros, a band of Jicarillas, 54

Locust in Navaho mythology, 89, 90

Locust People of the Navaho, 84

Loin-cloth of the Apache, 131

Magpie in Navaho myth, 113

Maguey. See MESCAL

Mai Hatal. See COYOTE CHANT

Mainelin. See GOPHER

Man-eating Bird, a Navaho monster, 99

Mangas Coloradas, an Apache warrior, 7

Manschĕ. See SPIDER

Manuelito, chief of the Navaho, 81

Manzanita used by Apache, 19

Maricopa in Apache war, 7 Navaho name for, 138

Marriage among the Apache, 133 among the Jicarillas, 54, 135 among the Navaho, 125-127, 136-137 and property among Apache, 22-23 restrictions among Apache, 22 See WOMEN

Masks of Apache dancers, 47, 48 of Navaho gods, 111, 114, 115 used in Night Chant, 116, 119-123

Maternity belt of Apache, 38-39

Maturity. See PUBERTY

Meal, sacred, carried by Haschĕlti, 121 used in dry-painting, 119, 120 used in Jicarilla ceremony, 59 used in Night Chant, 117 See also CORN-MEAL

Medicine, dry-paintings used in, 47

Medicine cap used by Apache, 40

Medicine ceremonies, God Dance a part of, 48 of the Jicarillas, 56, 57, 135 of the Navaho, 77-79 See NIGHT CHANT

Medicine craze. See MESSIAH CRAZE

Medicine Dance of the Apache, 133

Medicine hogan of the Navaho, 116

Medicine-making in Jicarilla myth, 57

Medicine-men and ceremonies, 133 communicate with gods, 32 employment of, in puberty rites, 46, 125 marriage ceremony conducted by, 138 Navaho, functions of, 79-80 of the Apache, 35-42, 132 participate in Night Chant, 116-124

Medicine performance of the Jicarillas, 57

Medicine plants, how gathered, 133

Medicine practices of the Apache, 35-42

Medicine skin of the Apache, 29-36

Meriwether, Gov. David, treats with Navaho, 81

Mescal harvest of the Apache, 15-19 intoxicant made from, 20

Mescalero reservation, Chiricahua sent to, 9 See BOSQUE REDONDO

Mescaleros confined at Bosque Redondo, 83 depredations by, 83 flee from reservation, 9 Jicarilla name for, 135 plan to place Arizona Apache with, 7 population of the, 131

Mesquite pods eaten by Apache, 19

Messiah craze among Apache, 10, 38, 42-46 Apache houses affected by, 131 basketry designs affected by, 20-21

Metal-work of the Navaho, 76-77

Mexican captives enslaved by Navaho, 82 coins used in Navaho silver-work, 77

Migration, traditional, of the Jicarillas, 62

Miles, Gen. N. A., subdues Apache, 10

Milky Way in Apache myth, 34, 134 in Navaho myth, 93

Miracle performers of Apache myth, 32 of Jicarilla myth, 62-68 of Navaho myth, 98

Miraculous personages of Apache myth, 133 of Jicarilla myth, 135 of Navaho myth, 138 See GODS

Moccasins, cross and crescent on, 42 See CLOTHING

Modesty of Apache women, 16

Mohave, Jicarilla name for, 135 Navaho name for, 138 See APACHE-MOHAVE

Monsters in Apache mythology, 32 in Jicarilla mythology, 63-68, 135 in Navaho mythology, 89, 90, 138 See GIANTS; WATER MONSTERS

Months, names of, 141

Moon, creation of, in Apache myth, 30, 31 creation of, in Navaho myth, 92

Moon God. See KLEGANAAI; KLEHONAAI; KLENAAI

Moons, names of, 141

Mortars in Navaho myth, 103

Mortuary customs of the Apache, 133 of the Jicarillas, 55, 135 of the Navaho, 80, 138

Moss agate in Navaho mythology, 92

Mother-in-law, taboo of, among Navaho, 126

Mountain Chant of the Navaho, 78, 79

Mountain lion, in Jicarilla myth, 64 in Navaho myth, 97 skin of, used in maternity belt, 39

Mountain Lion People of the Navaho, 84, 87, 90

Mountain sheep in Navaho myth, 113-114

Mountains, mythic creation of, 28, 90-91 sacred, in Navaho myth, 84, 88, 90-91, 93, 94, 98

Mourning by the Jicarillas, 55-56, 135 See MORTUARY CUSTOMS

Muhr, A. F., acknowledgments to, xx

Mummies in cliff-ruins, 74-75

Murder among the Apache, 45

Musical instruments of the Jicarillas, 56-57 See DRUMS; FLUTES; RATTLES

Myers, W. E., acknowledgments to, xx

Mythology, Apache, basket designs and, 21 of the Apache, 23-35 of the Jicarillas, 56-57, 60-69 of the Navaho, 83-106 See CEREMONIES; GENESIS; RELIGION

Nabakelti, Apache medicine-man, 10-12

Nacholecho. See TARANTULA

Names adopted by Apache, 42 native, of Indian tribes, 134, 135, 138 of dead tabooed, 34 of the moons or months, 141

Nane, conference with, 7 raids by Apache under, 9

Nastĕlh in Apache myth, 31

Natoi Hatal. See SHOOTING CHANT

Natural phenomena, terms for, 142

Navaho, account of the, 71-127 and Apache paintings compared, 41 and Apache relationship, 3 and Jicarilla ceremony compared, 53, 54, 56 Apache name for, 134 character of ceremonies of, 4 character of the, xx hair-dress of the, 134 Jicarilla name for, 135 origin of the, 3 trade of Jicarillas with, 135 tribal summary of the, 136 vocabulary of the, 139-144

Nayĕnayezgani, a Jicarilla god, 55-57, 62-68, 135

Nayĕnezgani, Apache and Navaho deity, 3, 31, 133, 138 birth and adventures of, 32, 98-106 personated in Night Chant, 118 represented in Apache painting, 20 symbolized on maternity belt, 39

Nde, Apache tribal name, 134

Ndidilhkizn, Lightning Maker, in Apache myth, 25, 27, 28 symbolized on medicine cap, 40

_Ndisagocha_n_, Lightning Rumbler, in Apache myth, 25, 28

Nervousness treated by Apache, 40

New Mexico, Chiricahua flee to, 9 plan to remove Apache to, 7

New Mexico, raids by Victorio in, 9

Night Chant of the Navaho, 78, 79, 111-124

Night Girl of Apache myth, 30, 31

Nigostŭn, the Earth, in Apache myth, 26

Nigostŭn Bika Binalze. See EARTH MESSENGERS

Nigostŭn Nalĭn. See EARTH DAUGHTER

Nĭlchi. See WINDS

Nilchidilhkizn, the Apache Wind God, 25, 27, 31, 35

Nichitso, a Jicarilla Whirlwind god, 61

Nokuse. See BIG DIPPER

Number, sacred, of Apache, 36, 41-43

Numerals, Southern Athapascan, 142

Obscenity of Jicarilla clowns, 59

Ocean, creation of, in Apache myth, 33, 133 creation of, in Navaho myth, 90

Ojo Caliente, Apache of, 9 Victorio surrenders at, 9

Oklahoma, Apache sent to, 10 population of Apache in, 131

Olleros band of Jicarillas, 54

Onions, wild, eaten by Apache, 19

Opuntia. See PRICKLY PEAR

Orientation in sweating ceremony, 118 of baskets in ceremony, 77 of buffalo skin in ceremony, 57 of Jicarilla ceremonial enclosure, 57 of Navaho hogans, 80, 136 of sacred skins in Navaho myth, 92 of wedding basket, 126

Origin. See GENESIS

Ornamentation of Apache caps, 131, 133

Ornaments of the Navaho, 136

Ovens, mescal, used by Apache, 17

Owl in Jicarilla myth, 62 in Navaho myth, 115

Owl People of the Navaho, 84

Painting, Apache, on deerskin, 20 of bodies by Yebichai dancers, 122 of skins in Navaho myth, 115 See DRY-PAINTINGS; FACE-PAINTING

Paiute, baskets of, among Navaho, 77

Papago, Garces among the, 4 in Apache war, 7 Navaho name for, 138

Paralysis treated by Apache, 47

Pasquin, conference with, 7

Peaches, an Apache man, 22

Pearl in Navaho creation myth, 92

Personal terms, Southern Athapascan, 143

Pesqueira, Don Ignacio, cooeperates against Apache, 7

Pestles in Navaho myth, 103

Phillips, W. W., acknowledgments to, xx

Phratries among the Navaho, 136

Picuris mentioned in Jicarilla myth, 68

Pigeon in Apache myth, 27, 28

Pima, Apache name for, 134 Garces among the, 4 in Apache war, 7 Jicarilla name for, 135 Navaho name for, 138

Pinalenos established at San Carlos, 8

Pine Squirrel People of the Navaho, 84

Pine-squirrel pouch of Haschĕlti, 121

Pinon, creation of, in Apache myth, 27 nuts of, eaten by Apache, 19 pollen of, used by Apache, 38 tea made from bark of, 19 used in ceremonial enclosure, 57 used for mythic water bottle, 21, 27, 30 water bottles coated with gum of, 132

Pipes in Navaho myth, 103, 108-110, 115

Plains Indians, Jicarilla name for, 135

Plains People, a Jicarilla band, 54

Plants used in medicine, 36

Poisoned tobacco in Navaho myth, 103

Political organization of the Apache, 132 of the Jicarillas, 135 of the Navaho, 136 See CHIEFS; GOVERNMENT

Pollen, deification of, 3 gathering of, by Apache, 133 god personators sprinkled with, 49 in Navaho mythology, 84, 91, 94 use of, by Apache, 34, 38-41, 43, 133 used in childbirth, 39, 40 used in marriage ceremony, 126 used in Night Chant, 119 used in puberty rite, 46 See HADINTIN NALĬN; HADINTIN SKHIN; TADITIN

Polygamy among the Apache, 13-14 among the Jicarillas, 55 among the Navaho, 76

Population of the Apache, 13, 131 of the Jicarillas, 134 of the Navaho, 136

Porcupine in Navaho myth, 97

Potatoes, wild, eaten by Apache, 19

Pottery made by Navaho gods, 95 of the Apache, 20 of the Jicarillas, 135 of the Navaho, 76, 77, 136

Pouch for image used by Apache, 41 for meal used by Haschĕlti, 121 for medicine used by Navaho, 77, 120 for pollen among Apache, 38

Prayers, how symbolized by Apache, 3 in Navaho ceremonies, 138 Navaho, character of, 77-78 of the Apache, 34-37, 133 on erection of hogan, 136 to animal spirits, 39

Prayer-sticks of turkey feathers, 117 See KEDAN

Precious Stone deities of the Navaho, 96 See JEWELS

Presidios established to check Apache, 5

Prickly pears eaten by Apache, 19

Property of women among Navaho, 76

Property marks of Apache, 18

Property right among Apache, 22 among Jicarillas, 55

Prophecies of Apache medicine-man, 45 of death among Apache, 38, 45

Puberty ceremony, God Dance a part of, 48 in Navaho mythology, 94-95 of the Apache, 46, 133 of the Jicarillas, 56, 135 of the Navaho, 124-125

Pueblos, Apache name for, 134 Apache raids against, 14 baskets exchanged with, 54 ceremonies of the, 4 hair-dress of, 134 incorporated by Navaho, 75, 137 Jicarilla ceremony borrowed from, 54, 135 Jicarilla name for, 135 Jicarillas trade with, 134, 135

Purity symbolized by Apache, 34

Quartz crystal in Navaho creation myth, 92

Races. See FOOT-RACING

Racing songs of the Navaho, 125

Rafts mentioned in Navaho myth, 85

Rain furnished by Yolkai Estsan, 96 in Jicarilla mythology, 67 man born of, in Navaho myth, 84

Rainbow in Jicarilla mythology, 63 in Navaho mythology, 96, 102 represented in dry-painting, 119, 121, 123

Rain Boy and Girl of Navaho myth, 96

Rain Dance of the Apache, 33, 133

Rain God of the Apache, 35 of the Navaho, 107, 115, 120 See TONENILI

Rattles mentioned in Navaho myth, 112

Red river of Navaho mythology, 89

Reeds, use of, in Navaho myth, 88, 100

Religion of the Apache, 29, 42, 133 See AFTER-WORLD; CEREMONIES; MESSIAH CRAZE; MYTHOLOGY

Religious character of the Navaho, 79

Reptiles, creation of, in Navaho myth, 90

Rio Grande, creation of, in Navaho myth, 90

Ritual. See CEREMONIES; MYTHOLOGY; RELIGION

Rivers, creation of, in Apache myth, 28 creation of, in Navaho myth, 90

Rolling Stone, a mythical monster, 68, 99, 106 See BUMPING ROCKS

Ruins, pueblo, in Navaho mythology, 96

Running, symbolic in puberty rite, 47

Sacrifice of property at death, 55, 81, 134, 135

Saddle bags, sacred symbol prescribed for, 44

Sait Nde, a Jicarilla division, 54, 135

Salt tabooed during puberty rite, 47, 125

Salvador, an Apache, conference with, 7

San Carlos, Apache established at, 8, 9 Apache flee from, 9