Bovista pila. B. & C.

THE BALL-LIKE BOVISTA.



Pila means a round ball. The peridium is globe-like, sessile, with a stout mycelium, a cortex thin, white at first, then brown, forming a smooth continuous coat, breaking up at maturity and rapidly disappearing.

The inner peridium is tough, parchment-like, elastic, smooth, persistent, purplish-brown, fading to gray. The dispersion of spores takes place through an apical mouth. The capillitium is firm, compact, persistent, at first clay-colored, then purple-brown; threads small-branched, the ends being rigid, straight, pointed. There is something so noticeable about this little tumbler that you will know it when you see it, and if you often ramble over the fields you will soon meet it. However, I have as yet seen only the matured specimens.

Bovista plumbea. Pers.

LEAD-COLORED BOVISTA. EDIBLE.



The plant is small, never growing to more than an inch and a fourth in diameter. The peridium is depressed globose, with a fibrous mycelium. The outer peridium is rather thick and when the plant is nearing maturity it breaks up readily unless handled very carefully; at maturity it scales off, except a small portion about the base. The outer peridium is white and comparatively smooth, the inner is thin, tough, smooth, lead-colored, dehiscent at the apex by a round or oblong mouth. Mass of spores and capillitium not solid or hard; yellowish-brown, or olivaceous, then purplish-brown; the threads three to five times branched, the ends of the branches slender and tapering to a point. The spores are oval and smooth, with long transparent pedicels.

This species grows on the ground in old pastures, being quite plentiful after warm rains, from the first of May till fall. It is one of the best of the puffballs, but should be eaten before the inner peridium begins to assume the tough form.

Bovistella. Morgan.

Bovistella, a diminutive of Bovista, though the plants are usually larger than the Bovistas.

The mycelium is cord-like; peridium nearly round, cortex a dense floccose coat; inner peridium thin, strong, elastic, opening by an apical mouth; subgleba present, cup-shaped; threads free and separate, branched; spores white. The genus Bovistella has the internal character of Bovista, and the habits of Lycoperdon.

Bovistella Ohiensis. Morgan.



Peridium globe-like or broadly obovoid, sometimes much depressed, with small plications or wrinkles underneath, and a thick cord-like base or root, as will be seen in Figure 473. The outer coat is dense, floccose, or with soft warts or spines, white or grayish, drying to a buff color, and in time falling away; the inner coat is smooth, shining, with a pale brown or yellowish surface. The subgleba is large, occupying half of the peridium, extending up on the walls of the peridium, making it cup-shaped, and quite persistent. The spores and capillitium are rather loose, friable, clay-color to pale-brown. The threads, originating within the spore mass, and having no connection with the inner coat, are free, short, three to five times branching; branches tapering to the end. The spores are round to oval, with long translucent pedicels.

This can be readily distinguished from the species of Bovista because it has a sterile base; and from Lycoperdon because its threads are separate and free, while those of the Lycoperdon are attached both to the tissues of the inner peridium and to the columella or sterile base.

They are found growing on the ground in old pastures, or in open woods.

Scleroderma. Pers.

Scleroderma is from two Greek words: scleros, hard; derma, skin.

The peridium is firm, single, generally thick, usually bursting irregularly, and exposing the gleba, which is of uniform texture and consistency. There is no capillitium, but yellow flocci are found interspersed with the spores. The spores are globose, rough, usually mixed with the hyphae tissue.

Scleroderma aurantium. Pers.

THE COMMON SCLERODERMA. EDIBLE.



Aurantium means colored like an orange. This is usually called S. vulgare. The peridium is rough, warty, depressed, globose, corky and hard, yellowish, opening by irregular fissures to scatter the spores; inner mass bluish-black, spores dingy. The plant remains solid until it is quite old. It is sessile, with a rooting base which is never sterile.

I have followed Mr. Lloyd's classification in separating the species, calling the rough-surfaced one S. aurantium, and the smooth-surfaced S. cepa.

In labeling it edible I wish only to indicate that it is not poisonous, as it is generally thought to be; however, it cannot be claimed as a very good article of food.

It has a wide distribution over the states. The plants in Figure 475 were found on Cemetery Hill, Chillicothe, and photographed by Dr. Kellerman. Found from August to November.

Scleroderma tenerum. Berk.



This species is often regarded as a small form of S. verrucosum, but it always seemed strange to me that this rather smooth plant should be called "verrucosum" when its frequently near neighbor, S. aurantium, is very verrucose.

S. tenerum is a very widely distributed species in the United States, somewhat constant as to form and quite frequent in occurrence. Mr. Lloyd, in his Mycological Notes, gives a very clear photograph of a plant that is quite local in this country and which he thinks should be called S. verrucosum of Europe.

The plant differs very widely from the one we find so commonly which by many authors has been called S. verrucosum. Some have even called it Scleroderma bovista.

The plant is nearly sessile, somewhat irregular, peridium thin, soft, yellowish, densely marked with small scales, dehiscence irregular, flocci yellow and spores dingy olive.

The species may be known by the thin and comparatively smooth peridium and yellow flocci. It is quite common in the United States, while the typical plant, S. verrucosum, is confined to a few localities along the Atlantic coast.

Scleroderma Cepa. Pers.

Cepa meaning an onion; having very much the appearance of an onion.

The peridium is thick, smooth, reddish-yellow to reddish-brown, opening by an irregular mouth. The plant is sessile and quite strongly rooted with fine rootlets. Its habitat, with us, is along the banks of small brooks in the woods. It has been classed heretofore as S. vulgare, smooth variety. I sent some to Prof. Peck, who quite agrees that they should be separated from S. vulgare. Found from August to November.

Scleroderma geaster. Fr.



Geaster, so called because it has a star-like opening somewhat similar to the genus Geaster.

Peridium subglobose, thick, with a very short stem, or almost—sometimes entirely—sessile; hard, rough, splitting into irregular stellate limbs; frequently well buried in the ground. Inner mass dark-brown or blackish, sometimes with rather a purplish tinge. Some grow quite large with the peridium very thick. My attention was first attracted by some of the peridium shells upon the ground on Cemetery Hill. The plant is quite abundant there from September to December.

Catastoma. Morgan.

This is a small puffball-like plant, growing just beneath the ground and attached to its bed by very small threads which issue from every part of the cortex, which is quite thick. Breaking away at maturity in a circumscissile manner, the lower part is held fast to the ground, while the upper part remains attached to the inner peridium as a kind of cup. The inner peridium, with the top part of the outer peridium attached, becomes loose and tumbles over the ground, the mouth being in the base of the plant as it grew.

Catastoma circumscissum. B. & C.



Circumscissum means divided into halves.

The peridium is usually round, more or less depressed, commonly rough because of the soil attached; the larger part of the plant remaining in the soil as a cup; the upper part with the inner peridium, depressed-globose, thin, pallid, becoming gray, with branny scales, with a small basal mouth. A thin spongy layer will frequently be seen between the outer and inner peridium. The mass of the spores is olivaceous, changing to pale-brown. The spores are round, minutely warted, 4-5u. in diameter, often with very short pedicels.

The plants are usually found in pastures along paths. I have seen them in several parts of Ohio. They are found from Maine to the western mountains. This is called Bovista circumscissa by Berkeley.

There is a species of a western range called C. subterraneum. This differs mainly in having larger spores. It seems to be confined to the middle west. However, it does not grow under the ground, as its name would suggest.

There is also another species called C. pedicellatum. This species seems to be confined to the southern states and differs mainly in the spores having marked pedicels and closely warted.

Podaxineae.

This tribe is characterized by having a stalk continuous with the apex of the peridium, forming an axis. Some of the plants are short stalked, some long stalked. The tribe forms a natural connecting link between the Gastromycetes and the Agarics. Thus: Podaxon is a true Gastromycetes, with capillitia mixed with spores; Caulogossum, with its permanent gleba chambers, is close to the Hymenogasters; Secotium is only a step from Caulogossum, the tramal plates being more sinuate-lamellate; and Montagnites, which is usually placed with the Agarics, is only a Gyrophragmium with the plates truly lamellate.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

Gleba with irregular, persistent chambers— Peridium, elongated club-shaped Cauloglossum. Peridium, round or conical, and dehiscing by breaking away at the base Secotium. Gleba with sinuate-lamellate plates Gyrophragmium. Walls of gleba chambers not persistent Podaxon.

—Lloyd.

Secotium. Kunz.

This is a very interesting genus. When I found my first specimen I was much in doubt whether it was an Agaric or a puffball, as it seemed to be a sort of connecting link between the two classes. The genus is divided into smooth-spored and rough-spored species, both having a stalk continuing, as an axis, to the apex of the plant. The peridium is round or conical and it dehisces by breaking away at the base. Secotium is from a Greek word meaning chamber.

Secotium acuminatum. Montagne.



This is an exceedingly variable species, as found about Chillicothe, yet the variability extends only to the outward appearance of the plant; some are almost round, slightly depressed, some (and a large majority) are inclined to be irregularly cone-shaped.

The peridium is light-colored, of a soft texture, not brittle; it slowly expels its spores by breaking away at the base; the stalk is usually short, but distinct and prolonged to the apex of the peridium, forming an axis for the gleba. The surface of the peridium is smooth, dingy-white or ash-colored, with minute white spots, due to scales. It is of various shapes; acute-ovate, sometimes obtuse, nearly spherical, sometimes slightly depressed and irregular cone-shaped. The gleba is composed of semi-persistent cells, plainly seen with a glass or even with the naked eye. It has no capillitium. The spores are globose and smooth, often apiculate. This plant is quite abundant about Chillicothe, and I have found it from the first of May to the last of October.

This species is widely distributed in America, and occurs in Northern Africa and Eastern Europe.

Polysaccum. DeC.

Polysaccum is from polus, many, and saccus, a sack. Peridium irregularly globose, thick, attenuated downward into a stem-like base, opening by disintegration of its upper portion; internal mass or gleba divided into distinct sac-like cells.

Allied to Scleroderma and distinguished by the cavities of the gleba containing distinct peridioles. Massee.

Polysaccum pisocarpium. Fr.



Pisocarpium is from two Greek words meaning pea and fruited.

Peridium irregularly globose, indistinctly nodulose, passing downward into a stout stem-like base, peridioles irregularly angular, 4-5x3u, yellow. Spores globose, warted, coffee-color, 9-13u. Massee.

I have found this plant only a few times about Chillicothe. Mr. Lloyd identified it for me. It has very much the shape of a pear. The skin is quite hard, smooth, olivaceous-black with yellow mottling patches not unlike the skin of a rattlesnake. The peridioles, which are small ovate sacs bearing the spores within, are very distinct. The interior of the plant when mature is dark, and it breaks and disintegrates from the upper part very like C. cyathiformis. This is a very interesting plant whose ovate sac-like cells will easily distinguish it. Found from August to October, it delights in sandy soil, in pine or mixed woods.

Mitremyces. Nees.

Mitremyces is made up of two words: mitre, a cap; myces, a mushroom. It is a small genus, there being but three species found in this country. The spore-mass or gleba, in its young state, is surrounded by four layers. The outer layer is gelatinous and behaves itself somewhat differently in each species. This outer layer is known as the volva or volva-like peridium, which soon disappears. The next layer is called the exoperidium and is composed of two layers, the inner one quite thin and cartilaginous—in M. cinnabarinus it is a bright red; this is attached to a rather thick, gelatinous, outer layer which soon falls away, exposing the endoperidium, which is the layer seen in older specimens. Within the endoperidium are the spores, which are pale ochraceous or sulphur color, globose or elliptical in shape. They are contained in a separate membrane or sac; when they mature the sac contracts and forces the spores out into the air. The mycelium of this plant is especially peculiar, being composed of a bundle of root-like strands, translucent and jelly-like when young and fresh, but becoming tough and hard. This genus is called by some authors Calostoma, meaning a beautiful mouth, a very appropriate name, as the mouths of all American species are red and quite beautiful.

Mitremyces cinnabarinus. Desv.



The rooting strands are long, compact, dark when dry. Exporidium bright red, smooth internally; the outer layer thick, gelatinous when fresh, finally breaking into areas and curling inward. The separation is caused by the fact that the cells of the thick gelatinous portion expand by the absorption of water, while those of the inner layer do not, hence the rupture occurs. The endoperidium and rayed mouth are bright red when fresh, partially fading in old specimens.

The spores are elliptical-oblong, punctate-sculptured, varying much as to size in specimens from different localities; 6-8x10-14 in West Virginia specimens. Massachusetts specimens, 6-8x12-20. Lloyd.

I have seen these specimens growing in the mountains in West Virginia. They quickly arrest the attention because of their bright red caps. They seem not, as yet, to have crossed the Alleghenies—at least I have not found it in Ohio. It has a number of synonyms: Scleroderma calostoma, Calostoma cinnabarinum, Lycoperdon heterogeneum, L. calostoma.

The plants in Figure 481 were photographed by Dr. Kellerman. Mr. Geo. E. Morris of Waltham, Mass., sent me some specimens early in August, 1907.

Geaster. Mich.

Geaster, an earth-star; so called because at maturity the outer coat breaks its connection with the mycelium in the ground and bursts open like the petals of a flower; then, becoming reflexed, those petals lift the inner ball from the ground and it remains in the center of the expanded, star-like coat. The coat of the inner ball is thin and papery, and opens by an apical mouth. The threads, or capillitium, which bear the spores proceed from the walls of the peridium and form the central columella. The threads are simple, long, slender, thickest in the middle and tapering towards the ends, fixed at one end and free at the other.

The Geaster is a picturesque little plant which will arrest the attention of the most careless observer. It is abundant and is frequently found in the late summer and fall in woods and pastures.

Geaster minimus. Schw.



The outer coat or exoperidium recurved, segments acute at the apex, eight to twelve segments divided to about the middle. Mycelial layer usually attached, generally shaggy with fragments of leaves or grass, sometimes partly or entirely separating. Fleshy layer closely attached, very light in color, usually smooth on the limb of the exoperidium but cracked on the segments. Pedicel short but distinct. The inner peridium ovoid, one-fourth to one-half inch in diameter; white to pale-brown, sometimes almost black. Mouth lifted on a slight cone, lip bordered with a hair-like fringe; columella slender, as are also the threads. Spores brown, globe-shaped, and minutely warted. Found in the summer and early fall.

Nature seems to give it the power to lift up the spore-bearing body, the better to eject its spores to the wind. It is very frequently found in pastures all over the state. I have found it in many localities about Chillicothe. It is called "minimus" because it is the smallest Earth-star.

Geaster hygrometricus. Pers.

WATER-MEASURING EARTH-STAR.



The unexpanded plant is nearly spherical. The mycelial layer is thin, tearing away as the plant expands, the bark or skin falling with the mycelium. The outer coat is deeply parted, the segments, acute at the apex, four to twenty; strongly hygrometric, becoming reflexed when the plant is moist, strongly incurved when the plant is dry. The inner coating is nearly spherical, thin, sessile, opening by simply a torn aperture. There is no columella. The threads are transparent, much branched, and interwoven. The spores are large, globose, and rough.

The plant ripens in the fall and the thick outer peridium divides into segments, the number varying from four to twenty. When the weather is wet the lining of the points of the segments become gelatinous and recurve, and the points rest upon the ground, holding the inner ball from the ground. In dry weather the soft gelatinous lining becomes hard and the segments curve in and clasp the inner ball. Hence its name, "hygrometricus," a measurer of moisture. The plant is quite general.

Geaster Archeri. Berk.



Young plant acute. Exoperidium cut beyond the middle into seven to nine acute segments. In herbarium specimens usually saccate but sometimes revolute. Mycelial layer closely adherent, compared to previous species relatively smooth. As in the previous species the mycelium covers the young plant but is not so strongly developed, so that the adhering dirt is not so evident on the mature plant. Fleshy layer when dry, thin and closely adherent. Endoperidium globose, sessile. Mouth sulcate, indefinite. Columella globose-clavate. Capillitium thicker than the spores. Spores small, 4 mc. almost smooth. Lloyd.

I first found the plant in the young state. The acute point, which will be seen in the photograph, puzzled me. I marked the place where it grew and in a few days found the developed Geaster. The plant is reddish-brown and it differs from other species "with sulcate mouths, in its closely sessile endoperidium." I have found the plant several times in Hayne's Hollow, near Chillicothe. I found it in the tracks of decayed logs.

The plant has been called Geaster Morganii in this country but had previously been named from Australia.

Geaster asper. Michelius.



Exoperidium revolute, cut to about the middle in eight to ten segments. Both mycelial and fleshy layers are more closely adherent than in most species. Pedicel short and thick. Inner peridium subglobose, verrucose. Mouth conical, beaked, strongly sulcate, seated on a depressed zone. Columella prominent, persistent. Capillitium threads simple, long tapering. Spores globose, rough.

The characteristic of this plant is the verrucose inner peridium. Under a glass of low power it appears as though the peridium were densely covered with grains of sharp sand. This plant alone has this characteristic, to our knowledge; and although it is indicated in the figures of G. cornatus of both Schaeffer and Schmidel, we think that there it is only an exaggeration of the very minute granular appearance cornatus has. The word "asper" is the first descriptive adjective applied by Michelius. Fries included it in his complex striatus. Lloyd.

I have found the plant frequently about Chillicothe. The plants represented were photographed by Mr. Lloyd.

Geaster triplex. Jung.



The unexpanded plant acute. Exoperidium recurved (or, when not fully expanded, somewhat saccate at base), cut to the middle (or usually two-thirds) in five to eight segments. Mycelial layer adnate. Fleshy layer generally peeling off from the segments of the fibrillose layer but usually remaining partially free, as a cup at base of inner peridium. Inner peridium subglobose, closely sessile. Mouth definite, fibrillose, broadly conical. Columella prominent, elongated. Threads thicker than spores. Spores globose, roughened, 3-6 mc. Lloyd, in Mycological Notes.

The color of Geaster triplex is reddish-brown. Notice the remains of a fleshy layer forming a cup at base of inner peridium, a point which distinguishes this species and which gives name to the species—triplex, three folds or apparently three layers. The photograph was made by Dr. Kellerman.

Geaster saccatus. Fr.



The unexpanded plant is globose. Mycelium is universal. Exoperidium cut in six to ten segments about half way, the limb deeply saccate. Mycelial layer adnate to fibrillose. Fleshy layer, when dry, thin, adnate. Inner peridium sessile, globose, with a determinate fibrillose mouth.

The spores are globose, almost smooth. Lloyd.

Mr. Lloyd thinks this plant is practically the same as the G. fimbriatus of Europe, differing from it in being more deeply saccate and having a determinate mouth. This plant is very common on all the wooded hillsides about Chillicothe. I have seen the ground on the top of Mt. Logan almost completely covered with them. They are identified by Mr. Lloyd, Prof. Atkinson, and Dr. Peck. The plants in Figure 487 were photographed by Mr. Lloyd from typical specimens.

Geaster mammosus. Chev.



Exporidium thin, rigid, hygroscopic, smooth, divided almost to the base into about ten linear segments, often umbilicate at the base; inner peridium globose, smooth, sessile, furnished with a conical, even, protruding mouth, seated on a definite area.

Columella short, globose, evident (though distinct in mature plants).

Capillitium simple, tapering, hyaline, often flattened, slightly thinner than the spores. Spores globose, roughened, 3-7 mc. Lloyd.

This plant is found in the woods from July till late in the fall. It differs from G. hygrometricus by its even, conical mouth. I found specimens several times in Haynes's Hollow.

Geaster velutinus. Morg.



Unexpanded plants globose, sometimes slightly pointed at apex. Mycelium basal. Outer layer rigid, membranaceous, firm, light colored in the American plant. The surface is covered with short, dense, appressed velumen, so that to the eye the surface appears simply dull and rough, but its true nature is readily seen under a glass of low power.

The outer surface separates from the inner as the plant expands, and in mature specimens is usually partly free. The thickness and texture of the two layers are about the same. The fleshy layer is dark reddish-brown when dry, a thin adnate layer. Inner peridium sessile, dark colored, globose, with a broad base and pointed mouth. Mouth even, marked with a definite circular light-colored basal zone. Columella elongated, clavate. Spores globose, almost smooth, small, 2.6-3.5 mc. Lloyd.

Myriostoma coliformis. Dick.



Exporidium usually recurved, cut to about the middle into six to ten lobes; if collected and dried when first open, rather firm and rigid; when exposed to weather becoming like parchment paper by the peeling off of the inner and outer layers. Inner peridium, subglobose, supported on several more or less confluent pedicels. Surface minutely roughened; mouths several, appressed fibrillose, round, plain or slightly elevated; columellae several, filiform, probably the same in number as the pedicels; spores globose, roughened, 3-6 mc.; capillitium simple, unbranched, long, tapering, about half diameter of spores.

The inner peridium with its several mouths can be, not inaptly, compared to a "pepper-box." The specific name is derived from the Latin colum, a strainer, and the old English name we find in Berkeley "Cullender puffball" refers to a cullender (or colander more modern form) now almost obsolete in English, but meaning a kind of strainer. Lloyd.

Found in sandy soil. It is quite rare. Both the generic and specific names refer to its many mouths. The specimens in Figure 490 were found on Green Island, Lake Erie, one of the points where this rare species is found. It is found at Cedar Point, Ohio, also. The plant was photographed by Prof. Schaffner of the Ohio State University.



CHAPTER XVI.

FAMILY—SPHAERIACEAE.

Perithecia carbonaceous or membranaceous, sometimes confluent with the stroma, pierced at the apex, and mostly papillate; hymenium diffluent.—Berkeley Outlines.

There are four tribes in this family, viz:

Nectriaei. Xylariaei. Valsei. Sphaeriei.

Under Nectriaei we have the following genera:

Stipitate— Clavate or capitate Cordyceps. Head globose, base sclerotioid Claviceps. Parasitic on grass— Stroma myceloid Epichloe. Variable— Sporidia double, finally separating Hypocrea. Sporidia double, ejected in tendrils, parasitic on fungi Hypomyces. Stroma definite, perithecia free, clustered or scattered Nectria. Perithecia erect, in a polished and colored sac Oomyces. Under Xylariaei we have: Stipitate— Stroma corky, subelavate Xylaria. Stroma somewhat corky, discoid Poronia.

Cordyceps. Fr.

Cordyceps is from a Greek word meaning a club and a Latin word meaning a head. It is a genus of Pyrenomycetous fungi of which a few grow upon other fungi, but by far the greater number are parasitic upon insects or their larva, as will be seen in Figure 491.

The spores enter the breathing openings along the sides of the larva and the mycelium grows until it fills the interior of the larva and kills it.

In fructification a stalk rises from the body of the insect or larva and in the enlarged extremity of this the perithecia are grouped. The stroma is vertical and fleshy, head distinct, hyaline or colored; sporidia repeatedly divided and sub-moniliform.

Cordyceps Herculea. (Schw.) Sacc.



Herculea is so called from its large size. The halftone will readily identify this species. The plant is quite large, clavate in form, the head oblong, round, slightly tapering upward with a decided protuberance at the apex, as will be seen in Figure 491. The head is a light yellow in all specimens I found, not alutaceous as Schw. states, nor is the head obtuse. I found several specimens on a sidehill in Haynes's Hollow in August and September, all growing from bodies of the large white grubs which are found about rotten wood. They were found during wet weather. They were identified by both Dr. Peck and Dr. Herbst.

Cordyceps militaris. Fr.



This is much smaller and more common than C. Herculea. Conidia—Subcaespitose, white; stem distinct, simple, becoming smooth; clubs incrassated, mealy; Conidia globose. Ascophore—Fleshy, orange-red; head clavate, tuberculose; stem equal; sporidia long, breaking up into joints. This is frequently called Torrubia militaris.

It is known as the caterpillar fungus. Its spores are cylindrical and are produced upon orange-red fruiting bodies in the fall. As soon as the spore falls on the caterpillar it sends out germ-threads which penetrate the caterpillar. Here the threads form long narrow spores which break off and form other spores until the body-cavity is entirely filled. The caterpillar soon becomes sluggish and dies. The fungus continues to grow until it has completely appropriated all of the insect's soft parts, externally a perfect caterpillar but internally completely filled with mycelial threads. Under favorable conditions this mycelial caterpillar, which has become a storage organ, will send up an orange-red club-shaped body, as will be seen in Figure 492, and will produce the kind of spores described above. Under some conditions this mycelial caterpillar may be made to produce a dense growth of threads from its entire surface, looking like a small white ball, and from these threads another kind of spore is formed. These spores are pinched off in great numbers and will germinate in the larva the same as the sac spore. The specimens were found by Mrs. E. B. Blackford near Boston, and photographed by Dr. Kellerman.

Cordyceps capitata. Fr.



This plant is fleshy, capitate, head ovate, bay-brown, stem yellow, then blackish.

This plant is parasitic on Elaphomyces granulatus. It is shown at the base of the stem of the plant. It grows two or three inches under the surface and somewhat resembles a truffle in appearance.

Both are very interesting plants. The plant in Figure 493 was found near Boston, Mass. They are usually found in pine woods, often in tufts. The stems are from one to four inches long, nearly equal, smooth, lemon-colored, at length fibroso-strigose and blackish.

It is sometimes called Torrubia capitata.



CHAPTER XVII.

MYXOMYCETES.

The plants under this head belong to the slime-moulds and at first are wholly gelatinous. All the species and genera are small and easily overlooked, yet they are intensely interesting when carefully observed. In the morning you may see a mass of gelatinous matter and in the evening a beautiful net work of threads and spores, the transformation being so rapid. This gelatinous mass is known as protoplasm or plasmodium, and the motive power of the plasmodium has suggested to many that they should be placed in the animal kingdom, or called fungus animals. The same is true of Schizomycetes, to which all the bacteria, bacillus, spirillum, and vibrio, and a number of other groups belong. I have only a few Myxomycetes to present. I have watched the development of a number of plants of this group, but because of the scarcity of literature upon the subject I have been unable to identify them satisfactorily.

Lycogala epidendrum. Fr.



This is called the Stump Lycogala. It is quite common, seeming in a certain stage to be a small puffball. The peridium has a double membrane, papery, persistent, bursting irregularly at the apex; externally minutely warty, nearly round, blood-red or pinkish, then brownish; mouth irregular; spores becoming pale, or violet.

Reticularia maxima. Fr.

This is quite common on partially decayed logs. The peridium is very thin, tuberculose, effused, delicate, olivaceous-brown; spores olive, echinulate or spiny.

Didymius xanthopus. Fr.

These are very small yellow-stemmed plants, found on oak leaves in wet weather. The sporangium has an inner membranaceous peridium; the whole is round, brown, whitish. The stem is elongated, even, yellow. The columella is stipitate into the sporangia.

D. cinereum. Fr.

Sporangia sessile, round, whitish, covered with an ashy-gray scurf. Spores black. Very small. On fallen oak leaves. Easily overlooked.

Xylaria. Schrank.

Xylaria means pertaining to wood. It is usually vertical, more or less stipitate. The stroma is between fleshy and corky, covered with a black or rufous bark.

Xylaria polymorpha. Grev.



Polymorpha means many forms. It is nearly fleshy, a number usually growing together, or gregarious; thickened as if swollen, irregular; dirty-white, then black; the receptacle bearing perithecia in every part.

This plant is quite common in our woods, growing about old stumps or on decayed sticks or pieces of wood. The spore-openings can be seen with an ordinary hand-glass.

Xylaria polymorpha, var. spathularia.



Spathularia means in the form of a spathula or spatula. It is vertical and stipitate, the stem being more definite than in the X. polymorpha, the stroma being between fleshy and corky, frequently growing in numbers or gregarious, turgid, fairly regular, dirty-white, then brownish-red, finally black. An ordinary hand glass will show how it bears perithecia in all its parts. This will be clearly seen in the section on the right.

These plants are not as common as the X. polymorpha, but are found in habitats similar to those of the other plant, particularly around maple stumps or upon decayed maple branches.

Stemonitis. Gled.

Stemonitis is from a Greek word which means stamen, one of the essential organs of a flower. This is a genus of myxomycetous fungi, giving name to the family Stemonitaceae, which has a single sporangium or aethalium; without the peculiar deposits of lime carbonate which characterize the fructification of other orders, and the spores, capillitium, and columella are usually uniformly black, or brownish.

Stemonitis fusca. Roth.



Fusca means dark-brown, smoky. The sporangia are cylindrical and pointed at the apex, peridia fugacious, exposing the beautiful net-work of the capillitium. The reticulate capillitium springs from the dark, penetrating stem.

This is a very beautiful plant when studied with an ordinary hand-glass. I have frequently seen an entire log covered with this plant.

Stemonitis ferruginea. Ehrb.

Ferruginea means rust color. The sporangia is very similar to that of S. fusca, cylindrical, peridium fugacious, exposing the reticulate capillitium, but instead of being dark-brown it is a yellowish or rusty-brown color.



CHAPTER XVIII.

RECIPES FOR COOKING MUSHROOMS.

STEWED MUSHROOMS. NO. 1.

Choose them as nearly as possible of uniform size and free from insects. Drop them in salt water for five minutes to free them from any insects that may be hidden in the gills; drain them and wipe dry and clean with a rather rough cloth; cut off the stems close to the cap. Put them into a granite or porcelain saucepan, cover closely and stew gently fifteen minutes. Salt to taste. Rub a tablespoonful of butter into about a tablespoonful of flour, and stir this into the mushrooms, letting boil three or four minutes; stir in three tablespoonfuls of cream, mixed with a well-beaten egg, and stir the whole for two minutes without letting it boil, and serve either on toast or as a vegetable.

STEWED MUSHROOMS. NO. 2.

Clean mushrooms as directed above and stew in water ten minutes; then drain off part of the water and put in as much warm milk as you have poured off water; let this stew for five to ten minutes; then add some drawn butter, or veal or chicken gravy, and salt and pepper to taste. Thicken with a little corn starch wet in cold milk. Serve hot.

In cooking mushrooms they should always be kept as closely covered as possible in order the better to retain the flavor, and they should never be subjected to too great heat.

BAKED MUSHROOMS.

Be sure your mushrooms are fresh and free from insects; cut off the stems close to the caps and wipe the tops with a wet cloth. Arrange them in a pie dish with the gills uppermost, laying a little bit of butter on each; sprinkle pepper, salt, and a very little mace upon them. Put them into a hot oven and bake from fifteen minutes to half an hour, according to the tenderness of the mushrooms; if they are in danger of getting too dry baste them occasionally with butter and water. Pour over them some maitre d'hotel sauce and send to the table in the dish in which they were baked.

BROILED MUSHROOMS.

Select the finest and freshest you can get and prepare as for baking; put into a deep dish and pour over them some melted butter, turning them over and over in it. Salt and pepper and let them lie for an hour and a half in the butter. Put them, gills uppermost, on an oyster gridiron over a clear hot fire, turning them over as one side browns. Put them on a hot dish, having them well seasoned with butter, pepper, and salt and with a few drops of lemon juice squeezed upon each, if liked.

MUSHROOM AND VEAL RAGOUT.

Take equal quantities of cold veal steak or roast veal and small puffballs or other mushrooms, and mince all fine; mince a small onion and put with the mushrooms and meat into a pan with some cold veal gravy, if you have it, and water enough to cover the mixture. Add a tablespoonful of butter, pepper and salt well, and let the mixture cook until it is almost dry, stirring it frequently to keep it from scorching; it should cook fully half an hour. When almost done, add a large tablespoonful of good catsup, or Worcestershire sauce if preferred. Serve hot.

MUSHROOM PATES.

Wash mushrooms well, cut them into small pieces and drop them in salt water for five minutes. Have ready in a pan upon the stove about two ounces of butter to each pint of mushrooms, having pan and butter very hot but not scorching; dip the mushrooms from the salt water with a skimmer and drop them into the hot butter; cover them closely to retain the flavor, shaking the pan or stirring them over to keep them from scorching or sticking. Let them cook with moderate heat from fifteen to thirty minutes, according to the tenderness of the mushrooms. Remove the cover from the pan, draw the mushrooms to one side and lift the pan on one side so that the gravy will run down to the opposite side; stir into the gravy a level tablespoonful of sifted flour, and rub this smooth with the gravy; then add a half a pint of rich milk or cream; stir the mushrooms into this and allow it to boil for a minute. Have ready in the oven some pate shells, fill them with the mushrooms, seasoned to taste with salt and pepper, and set back in the oven for a few minutes to heat before serving. These are especially fine when made of Tricholoma personatum or Pleurotus ostreatus, but many other varieties will answer well.

BAKED BEEFSTEAK WITH MUSHROOM SAUCE.

Have your sirloin steak cut an inch or more thick, put into an exceedingly hot baking pan on top of the stove, in one minute turn steak over so that both sides will be seared. Put the pan into an exceedingly hot oven and allow it to remain for twenty minutes.

Have ready in a saucepan two tablespoonfuls of melted butter, heat well and add two cupfuls of fresh, clean mushrooms which have been allowed to stand in salt water for a period of five minutes; cover closely and cook briskly without burning for ten minutes; set on the back of the stove (after having seasoned them properly with salt and pepper) to keep hot until ready to use. Place the steak upon a hot dish, pour the mushrooms over it and send to the table at once. It is a dish fit for a king.

STUFFED MORELS.

Choose the freshest and best morels; cleanse them thoroughly by allowing the water from the faucet to run on them; open the stalk at the bottom; fill with veal stuffing, anchovy or any rich forcemeat you choose, securing the ends and dressing between slices of bacon; bake for a half an hour, basting with butter and water, and serve with the gravy which comes from them.

FRIED MORELS.

Wash a dozen morels carefully and cut off the ends of the stems. Split the mushrooms and put them into a pan in which two tablespoonfuls of butter have been melted. Cover closely and cook with a moderate heat for fifteen minutes. Mix two teaspoonfuls of corn starch in a half a pint of fresh milk and pour into the pan with the mushrooms, allowing it to boil for a minute or two; salt and pepper to taste and serve hot, upon toast if liked.

TO COOK BOLETI.

Cut off the stems, and remove the spore-tubes, after having wiped the caps clean with a damp cloth. They may be broiled in a hot buttered pan, turning them frequently until done, which will be about fifteen minutes. Dust with salt and pepper and put bits of butter over them as you would on broiled beefsteak.

They may be stewed in a little water in a covered saucepan, after being cut into pieces of equal size. Stew for twenty minutes and when done add pepper, salt, butter or cream.

Or they may be fried, after being sliced as you would egg plant, and dipped in batter or rolled in egg and cracker crumbs.

In preparing Boleti the spore tube should be removed unless very young, as they will make the dish slimy.

MUSHROOM CATSUP.

To two quarts of mushrooms allow a quarter of a pound of salt. The full grown mushrooms are better in making this as they afford more juice. Put a layer of mushrooms in the bottom of a stone jar, sprinkle with salt; then another layer of mushrooms till you have used all; let them lie thus for six hours, then break them into bits. Set in a cool place for three days, stirring thoroughly every morning. Strain the juice from them, and to every quart allow half an ounce of allspice, the same quantity of ginger, half a teaspoonful of powdered mace and half a teaspoonful of cayenne. Put it into a stone jar, cover it closely, set it in a saucepan of water over the fire, and boil hard for five hours. Take it off, empty it into a porcelain kettle and let it boil slowly for half an hour longer. Set it in a cool place and let it stand all night until settled and clear, then pour off carefully from the sediment, into small bottles, filling them to the mouth. Cork tightly and seal carefully. Keep in a dry, cool, dark closet.

MUSHROOMS WITH BACON.

Take some full-grown mushrooms, and, having cleaned them, procure a few rashers of nice streaky bacon and fry it in the usual manner. When nearly done add a dozen or so of mushrooms and fry them slowly until they are cooked. In the cooking they will absorb all the fat of the bacon, and with the addition of a little salt and pepper will form a most appetizing breakfast relish.

HYDNUM.

The Hydnums are sometimes slightly bitter and it is well to boil them for a few minutes and then throw away the water. Drain the mushrooms carefully; add pepper and salt, butter, and milk; cook in a covered saucepan slowly for twenty or twenty-five minutes; have ready some slices of toast, pour the mushrooms over these and serve at once.

OYSTER MUSHROOMS.

One of the best ways to cook an Oyster mushroom is to fry it as you fry an oyster. Use the tender part of the Oyster mushroom; clean thoroughly; add pepper and salt; dip in beaten egg and then bread crumbs and fry in fat or butter. Or parboil them for forty-five minutes, drain, roll in flour and fry.

The Oyster mushroom is also excellent when stewed.

LEPIOTA PROCERA.

Clean the caps with a damp cloth and cut off the stem close to the caps; broil lightly on both sides over a clear fire or in a very hot pan, turning the mushrooms carefully three or four times; have ready some freshly-made, well-buttered toast; arrange the mushrooms on the toast and put a small piece of butter on each and sprinkle with pepper and salt; set in the oven or before a brisk fire to melt the butter, then serve quickly.

Some persons think that slices of bacon toasted over the mushrooms improve the flavor.

BEEFSTEAK SMOTHERED IN MUSHROOMS.

Have ready a sufficient quantity of full-grown mushrooms, carefully cleaned; cut them in pieces and put into a baking pan with a tablespoonful of butter to two cupfuls of mushrooms, sprinkle with pepper and salt, and bake in a moderate oven forty-five minutes. Broil your steak until it is almost done; then put it into the pan with a part of the mushrooms under and the remainder over the steak; put it into the oven again and allow it to remain for ten minutes; turn out upon a hot dish and serve quickly.

Agaricus, Lepiota, Coprinus, Lactarius, Tricholoma, and Russula are especially fine for this method of preparation.



CHAPTER XIX.

CULTIVATION OF THE MUSHROOM.

BY PROF. LAMBERT,

The American Spawn Co., St. Paul, Minn.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.—Commercially, and in a restricted sense, the term "mushroom" is generally used indiscriminately to designate the species of fungi which are edible and susceptible of cultivation. The varieties which have been successfully cultivated for the market are nearly all derived from Agaricus campestris, Agaricus villaticus, and Agaricus Arvensis. They may be white, cream or creamy-white, or brown; but the color is not always a permanent characteristic, it is often influenced by surrounding conditions.

Mushrooms are grown for the market on a large scale in France and in England. It is estimated that nearly twelve million pounds of fresh mushrooms are sold every year at the Central Market of Paris. A large quantity of mushrooms are canned and exported from France to every civilized country. This industry has recently made remarkable progress in the United States, and fresh mushrooms are now regularly quoted on the markets of our large cities. They are sold at prices ranging from twenty-five cents to one dollar and fifty cents per pound, according to season, demand and supply.



ESSENTIAL CONDITIONS.—Mushrooms can be grown in any climate and in any season where the essential conditions may be found, obtained or controlled. These conditions are, first, a temperature ranging from 53 deg. to 60 deg. F., with extremes of 50 deg. to 63 deg.; second, an atmosphere saturated (but not dripping) with moisture; third, proper ventilation; fourth, a suitable medium or bed; fifth, good spawn. It may be seen that in the open air, these conditions are rarely found together for any length of time. It is therefore necessary, in order to grow mushrooms on a commercial basis, that one or more of these elements be artificially supplied or controlled. This is usually done in cellars, caves, mines, greenhouses, or specially constructed mushroom houses. A convenient disposition of the shelves in a cellar is shown in Figure 498. A large installation for commercial purposes is shown in Figure 500, and a specially constructed cellar is shown in Figure 499. Where abandoned mines, natural or artificial caves are available, the required atmospheric conditions are often found combined and may be uniformly maintained throughout the year.



TEMPERATURE.—Within the limits prescribed, the temperature should be uniform throughout the growth of the crop. When too cold, the development of the spawn will be retarded or arrested. A high temperature will favor the development of molds and bacteria which will soon destroy the spawn or the growing crop. The cultivation of the mushroom, as a summer crop, is therefore greatly restricted. As a fall, winter or spring crop it may be grown wherever means are at hand to raise the temperature to about 58 deg. F. Many florists are utilizing the waste space under the benches for that purpose; they have the advantage of being able to use the expended material of mushroom beds in growing flowers.

MOISTURE.—Moisture is an important factor in the cultivation of the mushroom, and demands intelligent application. The mushroom requires an atmosphere nearly saturated with moisture, and yet the direct application of water on the beds is more or less injurious to the growing crop. It is therefore essential that the beds, when made, contain the requisite amount of moisture, and that this moisture be not lost by excessive evaporation. They should be protected from a dry atmosphere or strong draughts. Where watering becomes necessary, it should be applied in a fine spray around the beds with a view of restoring the moisture to the atmosphere, and on the beds after the mushrooms have been gathered.

VENTILATION.—Pure air is essential to a healthy crop. Provision should therefore be made for a gradual renewal of the air in the mushroom house. However, draughts must be avoided as tending to a too rapid evaporation and cooling of the beds, an unfortunate condition which cannot thereafter be entirely remedied.

THE BEDS.—The most common type of beds is known as the "flat bed." It is made on the floor or on shelves as shown in the illustrations. It is usually about 10 inches deep. Another type, principally used in France, is known as the "ridge bed," and requires more labor than the flat bed. The mushroom house and shelves, if used, should be frequently disinfected and whitewashed in order to avoid danger from insects and bacteria. The preparation of the beds and subsequent operations will be shown in connection with the other subjects.

PREPARATION OF THE MANURE.—The best manure is obtained from horses fed with an abundance of dry and nitrogenous food. The manure of animals fed on greens is undesirable. Growers do not all follow the same method of fermenting or composting the manure. When first unloaded, the manure is left in its original state for a few days. It is then piled in heaps about three feet deep and well pressed down. In this operation the material should be carefully forked and well mixed, and wherever found too dry, it should be lightly sprinkled. It is allowed to remain in that condition for about six days when it is again well forked and turned. In the latter operation it receives an additional light sprinkling; the dry portions are turned inside in order that the whole mass may be homogenous and uniformly moist, and the heap is again raised to about three feet. About six days later the operation is repeated, and in about three days the manure should be ready for the beds. It is then of a dark brown color mixed with white, free from objectionable odor. It is unctuous, elastic and moist, though not wet, and should not leave any moisture in the hand.

Of course, the above rules are subject to modification according to the condition of the manure, its age and previous handling.

SPAWNING.—The manure, having been properly composted, is spread evenly on the floor or shelves and firmly compressed in beds about ten inches in depth. The temperature of the bed is then too high for spawning and will usually rise still higher. It should be carefully watched with the aid of a special or mushroom thermometer. When the temperature of the beds has fallen to about 75 deg. or 80 deg., they may be spawned. The beds must be spawned when the temperature falls, never when it rises. The bricks of spawn are broken into eight or ten pieces, and these pieces are inserted from one to two inches below the surface, about nine to twelve inches apart. The bed is then firmly compressed. An advantage is found in breaking and distributing the spawn over the surface of the bed a few days before spawning; this allows the mycelium to absorb some moisture and swell to some extent. If the bed is in proper condition it should not require watering for several weeks.



CASING THE BEDS.—As soon as the spawn is observed to "run," or from eight days to two weeks, the beds are "cased" or covered with a layer of about one inch of light garden loam, well screened. The loam should be slightly moist, and free from organic matter. The beds should now be watched and should not be allowed to evaporate or dry out.

PICKING.—Mushrooms should appear in from five to ten weeks after spawning, and the period of production of a good bed ranges from two to four months. In picking the mushrooms an intelligent hand will carefully twist it from the soil and fill the hole left in the bed with fresh soil. Pieces of roots or stems should never be allowed to remain in the beds, otherwise decay might set in and infect the surrounding plants. A good mushroom bed will yield a crop of from one-half to two pounds per square foot. Mushrooms should be picked every day or every other day; they should not be left after the veils begin to break.

For the market the mushrooms are sorted as to size and color, and packed in one, two or five-pound boxes or baskets. Since they are very perishable, they must reach the market in the shortest time.

OLD BEDS.—It is not practicable to raise another crop of mushrooms in the material of an old bed, although this material is still valuable for garden purposes. The old material should be entirely removed, and the mushroom house thoroughly cleaned before the new beds are made. If this precaution be omitted the next crop may suffer from the diseases or enemies of the mushrooms.



SPAWN.—The cultivated mushroom is propagated from "spawn," the commercial name applied to the mycelium; the term "spawn" includes both the mycelium and the medium in which it is carried and preserved. Spawn may be procured in the market in two forms, flake spawn and brick spawn. In both forms the mycelium growth is started on a prepared medium mainly consisting of manure and then arrested and dried. The flake spawn is short-lived by reason of its loose form, in which the mycelium is easily accessible to the air and destructive bacteria. It deteriorates rapidly in transportation and storage and can only be used to advantage when fresh. Growers, especially in the United States, have therefore discarded it in favor of brick spawn, which affords more protection to the mycelium and can be safely transported and stored for a reasonable period.

Until recently the manufacturer of spawn was compelled to rely entirely upon the caprice of nature for his supply. The only method known consisted in gathering the wild spawn wherever nature had deposited it and running the same into bricks or in loose material, without reference to variety. Neither the manufacturer nor the grower had any means of ascertaining the probable nature of the crop until the mushrooms appeared.



PURE CULTURE SPAWN.—The recent discovery of pure culture spawn in this country has made possible the selection and improvement of varieties of cultivated mushrooms with special reference to their hardiness, color, size, flavor and prolificness, and the elimination of inferior or undesirable fungi in the crop. The scope of this article precludes a description of the pure culture method of making spawn. It is now used by the large commercial growers and has in many sections entirely superseded the old English spawn and other forms of wild spawn. As now manufactured it resembles much in appearance the old English spawn (see Figure 501). Some remarkable results have been obtained by the use of pure culture spawn. We illustrate a cluster of fifty mushrooms on one root grown by Messrs. Miller & Rogers, of Mortonville, Pa., from "Lambert's Pure Culture Spawn" produced by the American Spawn Company, of St. Paul, Minn. (Figure 502). Several promising varieties have already been developed by the new method, and can now be reproduced at will. Figure 503 is a good illustration of Agaricus villaticus, a fleshy species in good demand. Figure 504 shows a bed of mushrooms grown from pure culture spawn in a sand rock cave, using the flat bed.



HOW TO COOK MUSHROOMS.—To the true epicure there are but four ways of cooking mushrooms—broiling, roasting, frying them in sweet butter and stewing them in cream.

In preparing fresh mushrooms for cooking, wash them as little as possible, as washing robs them of their delicate flavor. Always bear in mind that the more simply mushrooms are cooked the better they are. Like all delicately flavored foods, they are spoiled by the addition of strongly flavored condiments.

Broiled Mushrooms.—Select fine, large flat mushrooms, and be sure that they are fresh. If they are dusty just dip them in cold salt water. Then lay on cheese cloth and let them drain thoroughly. When they are dry cut off the stem quite close to the comb. Or, what is better, carefully break off the stem. Do not throw away the stems. Save them for stewing, for soup or for mushroom sauce. Having cut or broken off the stems, take a sharp silver knife and skin the mushrooms, commencing at the edge and finishing at the top. Put them on a gridiron that has been well rubbed with sweet butter. Lay the mushrooms on the broiling iron with the combs upward. Put a small quantity of butter, a little salt and pepper in the center of each comb from where the stem has been removed and let the mushrooms remain over the fire until the butter melts. Then serve them on thin slices of buttered and well browned toast, which should be cut round or diamond shape.

Serve the mushrooms just as quickly as possible after they are broiled, as they must be eaten when hot. So nourishing are broiled mushrooms that with a light salad they form a sufficient luncheon for anyone.

Fried Mushrooms.—Clean and prepare the mushrooms as for broiling. Put some sweet, unsalted butter in a frying pan—enough to swim the mushrooms in. Stand the frying pan on a quick fire, and when the butter is at boiling heat carefully drop the mushrooms in and let them fry three minutes, and serve them on thin slices of buttered toast.

Serve a sauce of lemon juice, a little melted butter, salt and red pepper with fried mushrooms.

Stewed Mushrooms.—Stewed mushrooms after the following recipe make one of the most delicious of breakfast dishes: It is not necessary to use large mushrooms for stewing—small button ones will do. Take the mushrooms left in the basket after having selected those for broiling, and also use the stems cut from the mushrooms prepared for boiling. After cleaning and skinning them put them in cold water with a little vinegar, and let them stand half an hour. If you have a quart of mushrooms, put a tablespoonful of nice fresh butter in a stewpan and stand it on the stove. When the butter begins to bubble drop the mushrooms in the pan, and after they have cooked a minute season them well with salt and black pepper. Now take hold of the handle of the stewpan and, while the mushrooms are gently and slowly cooking, shake the pan almost constantly to keep the butter from getting brown and the mushrooms from sticking. After they have cooked eight minutes pour in enough rich, sweet cream to cover the mushrooms to the depth of half an inch, and let them cook about eight or ten minutes longer. Serve them in a very hot vegetable dish. Do not thicken the cream with flour or with anything. Just cook them in this simple way. You will find them perfect.



GLOSSARY.

Abortive, imperfectly developed.

Aberrant, deviating from a type.

Acicular, needle-shaped.

Aculeate, slender pointed.

Acuminate, terminating in a point.

Acute, sharp pointed.

Adnate, gills squarely and firmly attached to the stem.

Adnexed, gills just reaching the stem.

Adhesion, union of different organs or tissues.

Adpressed, pressed into close contact, as applied to the gills.

Agglutinated, glued to the surface.

Alveolate, honey-combed.

Alutaceous, having the color of tanned leather.

Anastomosing, branching, joining of one vein with another.

Annual, completing growth in one year.

Annular, ring-shaped.

Annulate, having a ring.

Annulus, the ring around the stem of a mushroom.

Apex, in mushrooms the extremity of the stem next to the gills.

Apical, close to the apex.

Apiculate, terminating in a small point.

Appendiculate, hanging in small fragments.

Applanate, flattened out or horizontally expanded.

Arachnoid, cobweb-like.

Arculate, bow-shaped.

Areolate, pitted, net-like.

Ascus, spore case of certain mushrooms.

Ascomycetes, a group of fungi in which the spores are produced in sacs.

Ascospore, hymenium or sporophore bearing an ascus or asci.

Atomate, sprinkled with atoms or minute particles.

Atro (ater, black), in composition "black" or "dark."

Atropurpureous, dark purple (purpura, purple).

Aurantiaceous, orange-colored (aurantium, an orange).

Aureous, golden-yellow.

Auriculate, ear-shaped.

Azonate, without zones or circular bands.

Badious, bay, chestnut-color, or reddish-brown.

Basidium (pl. basidia), an enlarged cell on which spores are borne.

Basidiomycetes, the group of fungi that have spores borne on a basidium.

Bifid, cleft or divided into two parts.

Booted, applied to the stem of mushrooms when inclosed in a volva.

Boss, a knob or short rounded protuberance.

Bossed, furnished with a boss or knob, bulbate.

Byssus, a fine filamentous mass.

Caespitose, growing in tufts.

Calyptra, applied to the portion of volva covering the pileus.

Campanulate, bell-shaped.

Cap, the expanded, umbrella-like receptacle of a common mushroom.

Capillitium, spore-bearing threads, often much branched, found in puffballs.

Carnose, flesh-color.

Cartilaginous, hard and tough.

Castaneous, chestnut-color.

Ceraceous, wax-like.

Cerebriform, brain-shaped.

Cespitose, growing in tufts.

Cilia, marginal hair-like processes.

Ciliate, fringed with hair-like processes.

Cinereous, light bluish gray or ash gray.

Circumscissile, breaking at or near the middle on equatorial line.

Circinate, rounded.

Clavate, club-shaped, gradually thickened upward.

Columella, a sterile tissue rising column-like in the midst of the Capillitium.

Concrete, grown together.

Continuous, without a break, one part running into another.

Cordate, heart-shaped.

Coriaceous, of a leathery or a cork-like texture.

Cortex, outer or rind-like layer.

Cortina, the web-like veil of the genus Cortinarius.

Cortinate, with a cortina.

Costate, with a ridge or ridges.

Crenate, notched, indented or escalloped at the edge.

Cryptogamia, applied to the division of non-flowering plants.

Cyathiform, cup-shaped.

Cyst, a bladder-like cell or cavity.

Cystidium (pl. cystidia), sterile cells of the hymenium, bladder-like.

Deciduous, of leaves falling off.

Decurrent, as when the gills of a mushroom are prolonged down the stem.

Dehiscent, a closed organ opening of itself at maturity.

Deliquescent, melting down, becoming liquid.

Dendroid, shaped like a tree.

Dentate, toothed.

Denticulate, with small teeth.

Dichotomous, paired, regularly forked.

Dimidiate, halved, applied to gills not entire.

Disc (disk), the hymenial surface, usually cup-shaped.

Discomycetes, Ascomycetes with the hymenium exposed.

Dissepiments, dividing walls.

Distant, applied to gills which are not close.

Discrete, distinct, not divided.

Echinate, furnished with stiff bristles.

Effused, spread over without regular form.

Emarginate, when the gills are notched or scooped out at junction with stem.

Ephemeral, lasting but a short time.

Epidermis, the external or outer layer of the plant.

Epiphytal, growing upon another plant.

Eccentric, out of the center; stem not attached to center of pileus.

Exoperidium, outer layer of the peridium.

Exotic, foreign.

Explanate, flattened or expanded.

Farinaceous, mealy.

Farinose, covered with a mealy powder.

Falcate, hooked or curved like a scythe.

Fasciculate, growing in bundles.

Fastigiate, bundled together with a sheath.

Ferruginous, rust-colored.

Fibrillose, clothed with small fibers.

Fibrous, composed of fibers.

Filiform, thread-like.

Fimbriated, fringed.

Fissile, capable of being split.

Fistular, fistulose, with the stem hollow or becoming hollow.

Flabelliform, fan-shaped.

Flaccid, soft and flabby.

Flavescent, turning yellow.

Flexuose, wavy.

Flocci, threads as of mold.

Floccose, downy.

Flocculose, covered with flocci.

Free, said of gills not attached to the stem.

Friable, easily crumbling.

Fugacious, disappearing quickly.

Fuliginous, sooty-brown or dark smoke-color.

Furcate, forked.

Furfuraceous, with bran-like scales or scurf.

Fuscous, dingy, brownish or brown tinged with gray.

Fusiform, spindle-shaped.

Gasteromyces, Basidiomycetes, in which the hymenium is inclosed.

Gelatinous, jelly-like.

Genus, a group of closely related species.

Gibbous, swollen at one point.

Gills, plates radiating from the stem on which the basidia are borne.

Glabrous, smooth.

Glaucous, with a white bloom.

Gleba, the spore-bearing tissue, as in puffballs and phalloids.

Globose, nearly round.

Granular, with a roughened surface.

Gregarious, growing in numbers in the same vicinity.

Habitat, the natural place of growth of a plant.

Hirsute, hairy.

Host, the plant or animal on which a parasitic fungus grows.

Hyaline, transparent, clear like glass.

Hygrophanous, looking watery when moist and opaque when dry.

Hygrometric, readily absorbing water.

Hymenium, the fruit-bearing surface.

Hymenophore, the portion which bears the hymenium.

Hypha, one of the elongated cells or threads of the fungus.

Imbricate, overlapping like shingles.

Immarginate, without a distinct border.

Incarnate, flesh-color.

Indehiscent, not opening.

Indigenous, native of a country or a place.

Indurated, hardened.

Indusium, a veil beneath the pileus.

Inferior, the ring low down on the stem of Agarics.

Infundibuliform, funnel-shaped.

Innate, adhering by growth.

Involute, edges rolled inward.

Isabelline, color of sole leather, brownish-yellow.

Laccate, varnished or coated with wax.

Lacerate, irregularly torn.

Laciniate, divided into lobes.

Lacunose, pitted or having cavities.

Lamella (lamellae), gills of a mushroom.

Lanate, wooly.

Leucospore, white spore.

Livid, bluish-black.

Luteous, yellowish.

Maculate, spotted.

Marginate, having a distinct border.

Micaceous, covered with glistening scales, mica-like.

Micron, one-thousandth of a millimeter, nearly .00004 of an inch.

Mycelium, the delicate threads from germinating spores, called spawn.

Nigrescent, becoming black.

Obconic, inversely conical.

Obovate, inversely egg-shaped.

Obese, stout, plump.

Ochraceous, ochre-yellow, brownish-yellow.

Pallid, pale, undecided in color.

Papillate, covered with soft tubercles.

Paraphyses, sterile cells found among the reproductive cells of some plants.

Parasitic, growing on and deriving support from another plant.

Pectinate, toothed like a comb.

Peridium, the outer covering of a puffball, simple or double.

Perithecia, bottle-like receptacles containing asci.

Peronate, used when the stem has a distinct stocking-like coat.

Persistent, inclined to adhere firmly.

Pileate, having a cap or pileus.

Pileolus (pl. pileoli), a secondary pileus, arising from the primary one.

Pileus (pileus, a hat), the cap-like head of a fungus.

Pilose, covered with hairs, furry.

Pore, the opening of the tubes of a polyporus.

Pruinose, covered with a frost-like bloom.

Pubescent, downy.

Pulverulent, covered with dust.

Pulvinate, cushion-shaped.

Putrescent, soon decaying.

Punctate, dotted with points.

Reflexed, bent backwards.

Reniform, kidney-shaped.

Repand, bent or turned up or back.

Resupinate, attached to the matrix by the back.

Reticulate, marked with cross-lines, like the meshes of a net.

Revolute, rolled backward or upward.

Rimose, cracked or full of clefts.

Rimulose, covered with small cracks.

Ring, a part of the veil adhering to the stem of Agarics.

Rubescent, tending to a red-color.

Rubiginous, rust-color.

Rufescent, reddish in color.

Rugose, wrinkled.

Rufous, brownish-red.

Sapid, agreeable to the taste.

Saprophyte, a plant that lives on decaying animal or vegetable matter.

Scrobiculate, marked with little pits or depressions.

Serrate, saw-toothed.

Sinuate, wavy margin of gills or sinus where they reach the stem.

Spathulate, in the form of a spathula.

Spawn, the popular name for mycelium, used in growing mushrooms.

Spores, the reproductive bodies of mushrooms.

Sporophore, name given to the basidia.

Squamose, having scales.

Squamulose, covered with small scales.

Squarrose, rough with scales.

Stigmata, the slender supports of the spores.

Stipitate, having a stem.

Striate, streaked with lines.

Strigose, covered with lines sharp and rigid.

Strobiliform, pineapple-shaped.

Stuffed, stem filled with different material from the walls.

Sulcate, furrowed.

Tawny, nearly the color of tanned leather.

Terete, top-shaped.

Tesselated, arranged in small squares.

Tomentose, downy, with short hairs.

Trama, the substance between the plates of gills.

Truncate, cut squarely off.

Tubercle, a small wart-like excrescence.

Turbinate, top-shaped.

Umbillicate, having a central depression.

Umbo, the boss of a shield, applied to the central elevation of cap.

Umbonate, having a central boss-like elevation.

Uncinate, hooked.

Undulate, wavy.

Vaginate, sheathed.

Veil, a partial covering of stem or margin of pileus.

Veliform, a thin veil-like covering.

Venate or veined, intersected by swollen wrinkles below and on the sides.

Ventricose, swollen in the middle.

Vernicose, shining as if varnished.

Verrucose, covered with warts.

Villose, villous, covered with long, weak hairs.

Viscid, covered with a shiny liquid which adheres to the fingers; sticky.

Viscous, gluey.

Volute, rolled up in any direction.

Volva, a universal veil.

Zoned, zonate, marked with concentric bands of color.



AUTHORITIES.

It is customary to write, after the name of the plant, the name, or an abbreviation of it, of the person who gave the name. Below will be found a brief history and the name in full of each abbreviation.

Atk. Prof. Geo. F. Atkinson, at the head of the Botanical Department of Cornell University and an authority on Mycology.

Afz. Adam Afzelius, a Swedish Botanist, 1750-1836; a pupil of Linnaeus.

Ban. Miss Banning of Maryland, a student of Mycology.

Batsch Augustus Batsch, a German Botanist and Mycologist, 1761-1802.

Berk. Rev. J. M. Berkeley, a leading Mycologist of England.

Bolt. James Bolton, a prominent Botanist of Halifax.

Bosc. Louis Bosc, an early American Botanist, 1759-1828.

Barl. J. B. Barla, a French Mycologist.

Bull. Pierre Bulliard, one of the first French Mycologists, 1742-1790.

Curt. Rev. M. A. Curtise, State Botanist of North Carolina.

D. C. Augustin P. de Candolle, a Swiss Botanist, 1778-1841.

Dill. Johann Jakob Dillenius, an eminent German Botanist.

Ellis J. B. Ellis, Newfield, New Jersey, an eminent Mycologist.

Fr. Elias Magnus Fries (pron. Freece), a Swedish Botanist and Mycologist, 1794-1878.

Gill. C. C. Gillet, a French Botanist.

Herbst The late Dr. William Herbst, Trexlertown, Pa., an authority on Mycology.

Hoffn. Hoffman, a German Mycologist.

Holmsk. Theodor Holmskiold, a Danish Mycologist, 1732-1794.

Huds. William Hudson, an eminent English Botanist, 1730-1795.

Jung. Franz W. Junghuhn, a prominent German Botanist, 1812-1864.

Kauff. Dr. C. H. Kauffman, Botanical Department Michigan University.

Lasch William Lasch, a German Mycologist.

Lenz Harald Othmar Lenz, a German Botanist.

Lk. Heinrich Friedrich Link, a prominent German Mycologist.

Lloyd C. G. Lloyd, Cincinnati, Ohio, one of the finest mycologists of the present day.

Lev. Joseph Henri Leveille, a French Mycologist.

Let. Jean Baptiste Louis Letellier, a French Mycologist.

L. or Linn. Carl von Linnaeus, a Swedish Botanist who is the author of the Linnaean classification and who adopted the binomial nomenclature, viz.: the generic name which is the substantive, or a word used as such, and the specific name, an adjective, 1707-1778.

Mass. George Massee, an English Botanist, Principal Assistant, Royal Gardens, Kew; author of several works on Mycology.

Morg. Prof. A. P. Morgan, Preston, Ohio, a well-known Botanist and an authority on Mycology.

Mont. Montagne, a French Botanist and Mycologist.

Pk. Dr. Charles Horton Peck, the State Botanist of New York; an eminent authority on Mycology and Botany generally.

Pers. Christian Hendrik Persoon, a German Botanist, 1755-1837.

Rav. W. H. Ravenel, leading Mycologist of South Carolina.

Roze Ernest Roze, a French Mycologist.

Schw. Rev. Louis David de Schweinitz, Bethlehem, Pa., a pioneer American Mycologist.

Schroet. Schroeter, a German Botanist and Mycologist.

Schaeff. Jacobi C. Schaeffer, a German Botanist, 1718-1790.

Scop. Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, an Italian Botanist, 1725-1788.

Schum. Schumacher, a German Botanist and Mycologist.

Sacc. P. A. Saccardo, an Italian Botanist, the author of Sylloge Fungorum, a work of several volumes written in Latin, describing over forty thousand species.

Sow. James Sowerby, an English Botanist.

Vahl. Martin Vahl, a Norwegian Botanist, 1749-1804.

Vitt. Carlo Vittadini, an Italian Mycologist.

Wulf. Wulfen, a German Botanist.



REFERENCES CONSULTED.

Atkinson's Studies of American Fungi.

Cooke's Hand-book of British Fungi.

Massee's European Fungus Flora.

McIlvaine's One Thousand American Fungi.

Our Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms—W. H. Gibson.

Herbst's Fungal Flora of the Lehigh Valley.

Berkeley's Outlines of British Fungology.

The Mushroom Book—Nina L. Marshall.

Morgan's North American Fungi.

Lloyd's Mycological Notes.

Peck's Reports of New York.

Kellerman's Mycological Bulletins.

Kauffman's Genus Cortinarius.

Longyear's Michigan Mushrooms.

Cooke's British Fungi.

Minnesota Plant Diseases—Freeman.



CORRECTIONS.

Clitocybe metachroa, page 95.

Boletus parvus, page 361.

Polyporus Berkeleyi, page 392.

Tricholoma resplendens, page 600. This page of the manuscript was used in making the sample pages and for some reason was not replaced, which will account for its coming out of order.

Tricholoma resplendens. Fr.

THE SHINING TRICHOLOMA. EDIBLE.



Resplendens means shining brightly.

The pileus is fleshy, convex, then nearly plane, even, bare, viscid, white, sometimes hyaline-spotted or yellowish on the disk, shining when dry, margin straight. Flesh white, taste mild, odor pleasant.

The gills are nearly free when young, then emarginate, somewhat crowded, rather thick, entire, white.

The stem is solid, bare, subbulbose, even, white, dry. The spores are 8x4u.

The caps are two to four inches broad; the stem is two to four inches long.—Peck.

This is a beautiful plant, entirely white, smell and taste pleasant, and found in Poke Hollow and in the woods along Ralston's Run, near Chillicothe.

This plant is found very generally over the United States.



INDEX TO GENERA.

Agaricus, 307

Amanita, 20

Amanitopsis, 43

Anellaria, 345

Armillaria, 56

Bolbitius, 346

Boletinus, 381

Boletus, 350

Bovista, 550

Bovistella, 552

Bulgaria, 516

Calvatia, 531

Calostoma, 562

Calocera, 474

Catastoma, 558

Cantharellus, 198

Chlorosplenium, 515

Claudopus, 256

Clavaria, 461

Claviceps, 573

Clitocybe, 88

Clitopilus, 247

Collybia, 107

Coprinus, 331

Corticium, 452

Cortinarius, 290

Craterellus, 450

Crepidotus, 279

Crucibulum, 520

Cyclomyces, 430

Cyathus, 517

Daedalea, 426

Didymius, 578

Discina, 511

Dictyophora, 526

Eccilia, 252

Entoloma, 243

Epichloe, 573

Exidia, 481

Favolus, 429

Fistulina, 384

Flammula, 284

Fomes, 417

Galera, 275

Ganoderma, 404

Geaster, 563

Gloeoporus, 431

Gomphidius, 349

Grandinia, 449

Guepinia, 484

Gyromitra, 494

Hebeloma, 272

Heliomyces, 152

Helotium, 514

Helvella, 497

Hirneola, 482

Hydnum, 432

Hygrophorus, 204

Hymenochaete, 457

Hymenula, 484

Hypholoma, 323

Hypocerea, 573

Hypomyces, 498

Inocybe, 268

Irpex, 447

Lachnocladium, 475

Laccaria, 106

Lachnea, 510

Lactarius, 164

Lentinus, 226

Lenzites, 231

Leotia, 501

Lepiota, 46

Leptoglossum, 499

Leptonia, 254

Lycogala, 577

Lycoperdon, 541

Macropodia, 507

Marasmius, 136

Merulius, 423

Mitremyces, 561

Morchella, 485

Mucronella, 432

Mutinus, 526

Mycena, 118

Myriostomav, 571

Naucoria, 281

Nidularia, 521

Nolanea, 255

Nectrea, 573

Nyctalis, 204

Oomyces, 573

Omphalia, 130

Otidea, 511

Panaeolus, 339

Panus, 222

Paronia, 573

Paxillus, 287

Peziza, 503

Phallus, 522

Phlebia, 448

Pholiota, 257

Pilosace, 319

Piptoporus, 409

Pleurotus, 153

Pluteolus, 274

Pluteus, 235

Podaxon, 560

Polyporus, 388

Polysaccum, 561

Polystictus, 414

Psathyrella, 346

Psilocybe, 328

Radulum, 432

Reticularia, 578

Russula, 182

Sarcoscypha, 512

Secotium, 560

Schizophyllum, 232

Scleroderma, 555

Sclerotina, 510

Sparassis, 459

Spathularia, 500

Sphaerobolus, 517

Stemonitis, 580

Stereum, 455

Strobilomyces, 380

Stropharia, 322

Thelephora, 453

Torrubia, 576

Trametes, 422

Tremella, 477

Tremellodon, 479

Tricholoma, 60

Trogia, 235

Typhula, 474

Urnula, 514

Verpa, 492

Volvaria, 238

Xylaria, 579



INDEX TO SPECIES.

abietina (Clavaria), 465

abortivus (Clitopilus), 249

abruptus (Agaricus), 311

abscondens (Pleurotus), 162

acerbum (Tricholoma), 70

acervata (Collybia), 117

acetabulum (Peziza), 503

acuminatum (Secotium), 560

acuminatum (Lycoperdon), 549

acutesquamosa (Lepiota), 55

adiposa (Pholiota), 259

Adirondackensis (Clitocybe), 95

adusta (Russula), 183

adustus (Polyporus), 402

adustum (Hydnum), 444

aegerita (Pholiota), 266

aeruginosa (Stropharia), 322

aeruginosum (Heliotium), 515

aeruginosum (Chlorosplenium), 515

aetites (Mycena), 125

alba (Amanitopsis), 44

albellum (Tricholoma), 83

albellus (Polyporus), 407

albipes (Russula), 187

albida (Tremella), 478

alboflava (Omphalia), 135

alboater (Boletus), 373

alboviolaceus (Cortinarius), 295

album (Tricholoma), 72

alkalina (Mycena), 123

alutacea (Russula), 186

alveolatus (Boletus), 363

ambigua (Daedalea), 426

ambusta (Collybia), 114

Americana (Lepiota), 50

Americanus (Boletus), 373

amethystina (Clitocybe), 106

amethystina (Clavaria), 464

amianthinus (Lepiota), 54

ammophila (Psilocybe), 330

androsaceus (Marasmius), 138

angusticeps (Morchella), 489

anomalus (Marasmius), 145

appendiculata (Armillaria), 60

appendiculatum (Hypholoma), 325

applicatus (Pleurotus), 161

Archeri (Geaster), 565

argyraceum (Tricholoma), 77

arcularius (Polyporus), 406

armillatus (Cortinarius), 301

asterophora (Nyctalis), 204

arvensis (Agaricus), 310

asper (Geaster), 566

aspera (Amanita), 39

Atkinsonianus (Cortinarius), 302

atramentarius (Coprinus), 333

atrata (Collybia), 113

atratoides (Collybia), 116

atroviridus (Lactarius), 175

atrotomentosus (Paxillus), 288

atrosquamosum (Tricholoma), 77

aurantia (Peziza), 507

aurantius (Hypomyces), 499

aurantium (Scleroderma), 555

aurantiacus (Cantharellus), 200

aurea (Clavaria), 462

aurevella (Pholiota), 264

auricula-Judae (Hirneola), 482

auripes (Boletus), 370

autumnalis (Cortinarius), 294

Badhami (Lepiota), 50

badia (Peziza), 503

Berkeleyi (Poylporus), 392

betulina (Lenzites), 231

betulinus (Polyporus), 408

bicolor (Boletus), 352

biformis (Polystictus), 411

bispora (Morchella), 490

Blackfordae (Hydnum), 443

bolaris (Cortinarius), 296

Boltoni (Bolbitius), 346

bombycina (Volvaria), 238

borealis (Lysurus), 526

botrytes (Clavaria), 462

bovinus (Mutinus), 528

bovista (Plumbea), 552

brevis (Clitopilus), 253

brevipes (Cantharellus), 202

brumalis (Polyporus), 405

brunnea (Gyromitra), 497

bulbigera (Armillaria), 59

caelata (Calvata), 537

caerulescens (Cortinarius), 292

Caesarea (Amanita), 40

caesius (Polvporus), 410

caespitosa (Omphalia), 132

calceolum (Tricholoma), 68

calopus (Marasmius), 145

calostoma (Lycoperdon), 563

campanella (Omphalia), 130

campanulatus (Panaeolus), 342

campestris (Agaricus), 307

Canadensis (Favolus), 430

candicans (Clitocybe), 100

candidus (Marasmius), 142

caninus (Mutinus), 527

cantharellus (Craterellus), 451

cantharellus (Hygrophorus), 208

capitata (Torrubia), 576

caperata (Pholiota), 260

capitata (Cordyceps), 575

capillaris (Mycena), 122

caprinus (Hygrophorus), 213

caput-Medusae (Hydnum), 437

caput-ursi (Hydnum), 437

carbonaria (Flammula), 285

carneo-grisae (Eccilia), 252

carneus (Irpex), 447

cartilaginea (Tricholoma), 78

castaneus (Boletus), 379

castaneus (Cortinarius), 305

cavipes (Boletinus), 382

Cecilia (Agaricus), 46

cepa (Scleroderma), 558

cepaestipes (Lepiota), 54

ceraceus (Hygrophorus), 218

cervinus (Pluteus), 237

chlorocephala (Leotia), 502

chlorophanus (Hygrophorus), 208

chrysenteron (Boletus), 354

chrysites (Tricholoma), 77

chrysorrheus (Lactarius), 181

cibarius (Cantharellus), 198

cinereus (Lactarius), 173

cinerea (Clavaria), 470

cinereum (Didymius), 579

cinereum (Corticium), 453

cinereus (Hygrophorus), 206

cinereus (Cantharellus), 452

cinereus (Lactarius), 173

cinerascens (Tricholoma), 71

cincinnata (Inocybe), 271

cinnabarinum (Calostoma), 563

cinnabarinus (Cortinarius), 203

cinnabarinus (Cantharellus), 203

cinnabarinus (Polyporus), 409

cinnabarinus (Metremyces), 562

cinnamoneus (Cortinarius), 297

cinnamoneus (Polystictus), 414

circinatus (Polyporus), 402

circinatus (Pleurotus), 163

circumscissum (Catastoma), 559

circumscissa (Bovista), 559

cirrhata (Collybia), 341

citrinum (Heliotium), 514

clavata (Spathularia), 500

clavipes (Clitocybe), 94

clypeatum (Entoloma), 247

coccinea (Peziza), 504

coccineus (Hygrophorus), 209

cohaerens (Marasmius), 140

cohaerens (Mycena), 141

cochleatus (Lentinus), 229

coliformis (Myriostoma), 571

collinitus (Cortinarius), 293

colorea (Collybia), 115

columbetta (Tricholoma), 68

comatus (Coprinus), 332

commune (Schizophyllum), 233

compactum (Stereum), 457

comtulus (Agaricus), 313

conchatus (Panus), 223

conchoides (Gloeoporus), 431

Condolleanum (Hypholoma), 325

confluens (Collybia), 114

confragosa (Daedalea), 428

conica (Nolanea), 255

conicus (Hygrophorus), 209

conica (Morchella), 487

corraloides (Hydnum), 438

corium (Merulius), 426

cornea (Calocera), 474

coronata (Clavaria), 469

cornucopoides (Craterellus), 451

corrugata (Hymenochaete), 458

corrugis (Lactarius), 178

corticola (Mycena), 125

cossus (Hygrophorus), 207

cothurnata (Amanita), 37

craniiformis (Calvatia), 537

crassipes (Morchella), 491

craterium (Urnula), 514

crenulata (Amanita), 36

cretaceus (Agaricus), 316

crispa (Trogia), 234

crispa (Galera), 278

crispa (Sparassis), 460

crispula (Clavaria), 470

cristatella (Lepiota), 52

cristata (Helephora), 454

cristata (Clavaria), 468

croceocolor (Cortinarius), 304

crustuliniforme (Hebeloma), 273

cruciatum (Lycoperdon), 545

Curtisii (Polyporus), 403

Curtisii (Hymenochaete), 458

Curtisii (Ganoderma), 404

curvipes (Pholiota), 264

cuticularis (Polyporus), 402

cyanescens (Boletus), 357

cyanoxantha (Russula), 188

cyathiformis (Calvatia), 535

cyathiformis (Clitocybe), 105

cyphellaeformis (Pleurotus), 162

dealbata (Clitocybe), 104

deceptivus (Lactarius), 166

delica (Russula), 182

delectans (Marasmius), 151

deliciosa (Morchella), 487

deliciosus (Lactarius), 179

densifolia (Russula), 197

dichrous (Polyporus), 431

digitaliformis (Verpa), 492

disseminata (Psathyrella), 347

distans (Lactarius), 174

ditopoda (Clitocybe), 99

dryophila (Collybia), 110

dubius (Craterellus), 452

dulcamara (Inocybe), 271

duplicatus (Phallus), 424

dura (Pholiota), 258

ebulbosus (Coprinus), 336

eburneus (Hygrophorus), 206

edulis (Boletus), 356

edulis var. clavipes (Boletus), 359

elata (Calvatia), 540

elastica (Helvella), 497

elegans (Mutinus), 529

elegans (Polyporus), 407

emetica (Russula), 193

epichysia (Omphalia), 130

ephemerus (Coprinus), 339

epidendrum (Lycogala), 577

epileucus (Polyporus), 408

epiphyllus (Marasmius), 151

epipterygia (Mycena), 129

epimyces (Panaeolus), 341

equestre (Tricholoma), 61

erinaceum (Hydnum), 435

erythropus (Typhula), 475

erythropus (Boletus), 378

esculenta (Gyromitra), 494

esculenta (Helvella), 494

esculenta (Morchella), 486

Europeus (Favolus), 430

eutheles (Inocybe), 272

evernius (Cortinarius), 304

eximia (Pilosace), 319

eximius (Pluteus), 238

eximius (Boletus), 362

fagineus (Marasmius), 148

fasciatum (Stereum), 456

fascicularis (Hypholoma), 327

fastibile (Hebeloma), 273

felleus (Boletus), 364

fennicum (Hydnum), 444

ferrugineum (Hydnum), 441

ferruginea (Stemonites), 581

fibula (Omphalia), 134

fillius (Flammula), 286

filopes (Mycena), 124

fimbriata (Tremella), 479

fimbriatus (Geaster), 569

fimetarius (Coprinus), 339

fimicolus (Panaeolus), 342

fistulina (Hepatica), 386

flaccida (Clitocybe), 101

flaccida (Lenzites), 232

flava (Clavaria), 461

flavida (Flammula), 284

flavida (Spathularia), 500

flaviceps (Hygrophorus), 209

flavipes (Hygrophorus), 209

flavus (Hygrophorus), 208

flavobrunneum (Tricholoma), 81

flavodiscus (Hygrophorus), 210

flavovireus (Polyporus), 399

floccosus (Cantharellus), 200

floccosa (Peziza), 511

floccosa (Sarcoscypha), 512

foenisecii (Psilocybe), 328

foetens (Russula), 186

foetidus (Marasmius), 139

foetens (Heliomyces), 134

fomentarius (Fomes), 417

formosa (Clavaria), 467

fragilis (Bolbitius), 346

fragilis (Russula), 192

fraxineus (Fomes), 421

frondosus (Polyporus), 390

Frostiana (Amanita), 27

Frostii (Boletus), 376

fuligineus (Hygrophorus), 212

fulva (Amanitopsis), 44

fumescens (Tricholoma), 75

fumidellum (Tricholoma), 74

furcata (Russula), 194

fusca (Stemonites), 580

fusus (Flammula), 286

fusiformis (Clavaria), 472

galericulata (Mycena), 120

gambosum (Tricholoma), 86

geaster (Scleroderma), 558

gelatinosum (Tremellodon), 481

gemmatum (Lycoperdon), 543

geophylla, var. violacea (Inocybe), 270

gigantea (Calvatia), 531

giganteum (Lycoperdon), 533

giganteus (Polyporus), 395

gilva (Clitocybe), 101

gilvus (Polyporus), 414

glabellum (Lycoperdon), 542

glutinosum (Hebeloma), 273

gracilis (Boletus), 366

graminum (Marasmius), 146

grande (Tricholoma), 81

garnosa (Lepiota), 52

granularis (Pluteus), 238

granulatus (Boletus), 352

granulosa (Lepiota), 52

granulosa (Grandinia), 449

granulosa (Exidia), 481

grammopodium (Tricholoma), 63

graveolens (Polyporus), 405

graveolens (Tricholoma), 80

graveolens (Hydnum), 447

grayanum (Entoloma), 244

Greenii (Cyclomyces), 430

grisea (Entoloma), 245

griseus (Boletus), 372

griseus (Lactarius), 174

griseus (Polyporus), 391

griseo pallida (Cyphella), 162

haematosperma (Lepiota), 50

haematopa (Mycena), 122

halophilus (Agaricus), 317

hamadryas (Naucoria), 281

Hardii (Stropharia), 321

hariolarum (Collybia), 108

hemispherica (Peziza), 510

hemispherica (Lachnea), 510

Herbstii (Sparassis), 459

herpeticus (Cortinarius), 292

heteroclitus (Polyporus), 400

heteroclita (Pholiota), 263

heterogeneum (Lycoperdon), 563

hepatica (Fistulina), 386

Herculea (Cordyceps), 574

hiemalis (Mycena), 126

hirta (Psathyrella), 348

hirsutus (Polystictus), 413

hirsutum (Stereum), 456

hispidus (Polyporus), 401

hygrometricus (Geaster), 564

hypnorum (Galera), 275

ianthina (Mycena), 129

ignarius (Fomes), 420

illudens (Clitocybe), 91

imbricatum (Hydnum), 435

imbricatum (Tricholoma), 73

immaculata (Collybia), 113

inaequalis (Clavaria), 472

incana (Leptonia), 254

incarnatum (Corticium), 453

incarnata (Typhula), 475

incertum (Hypholoma), 323

indecisus (Boletus), 358

indigo (Lactarius), 167

ingrata (Collybia), 108

infundibuliformis (Cantharellus), 203

infundibuliformis (Clitocybe), 90

inquinans (Bulgaria), 516

insulsus (Lactarius), 171

integra (Russula), 191

involutus (Paxillus), 287

Iris (Mycena), 128

Kunzei (Clavaria), 470

Kellermani (Galera), 277

laccata (Clitocybe), 105

laccata (Laccaria), 106

lacera (Inocybe), 269

laciniata (Thelephora), 454

lachnophylla (Collybia), 141

lachrymabundum (Hypholoma), 325

lacrymans (Merulius), 426

lacteum (Corticium), 452

lacteus (Irpex), 447

lacteus (Polyporus), 410

lactifluorum (Hypomyces), 499

lacunosa (Helvella), 498

lascivum (Tricholoma), 70

laevis (Panus), 226

laterarium (Tricholoma), 67

lateritia (Galera), 276

Laurae (Hygrophorus), 213

Leaiana (Mycena), 127

Lecomtei (Lentinus), 224

lepida (Russula), 187

lepideus (Lentinus), 228

leporina (Peziza), 511

leporina (Otidea), 511

leporinus (Hygrophorus), 206

leucophaeus (Fomes), 417

leucocephalum (Tricholoma), 74

leucomelas (Polyporus), 391

levis (Panus), 226

lilacina (Calvatia), 535

lignyotus (Lactarius), 173

livida (Amanitopsis), 44

lignatilis (Pleurotus), 164

lilacinus (Cortinarius), 296

lixivium (Tricholoma), 65

longipes (Marasmius), 146

Loveiana (Volvaria), 341

lubrica (Leotia), 501

lucidus (Polyporus), 403

luridus (Boletus), 378

lutescens (Tremella), 477

lutescens (Helotium), 515

luteum (Leptoglossum), 499

maculata (Collybia), 112

maculatescens (Tricholoma), 79

magnivelaris (Amanita), 28

mammosus (Geaster), 569

mappa (Amanita), 35

marginatus (Hygrophorus), 218

marginata (Pholiota), 265

maxima (Reticularia), 578

media (Clitocybe), 88

medulla-panis (Polyporus), 407

mellea (Armillaria), 57 var. flava, 58 var. obscura, 58 var. exanulata, 58 var. radicata, 58 var. glabra, 58 var. bulbosa, 58

melaleucum (Tricholoma), 69

mesenterica (Tremella), 477

metachroa (Clitocybe), 95

micaceus (Coprinus), 335

micropus (Hygrophorus), 213

Micheneri (Lachnocladium), 476

militaris (Cordyceps), 574

militaris (Torrubia), 574

miniatus (Hygrophorus), 215

miniatus sphagnophilus (Hygrophorus), 217

minimus (Geaster), 565

mollis (Crepidotus), 280

monadelpha (Clitocybe), 102

Morgani (Lepiota), 50

Morgani (Geaster), 565

Morgani (Boletus), 374

Morrisii (Cortinarius), 300

mucida (Clavaria), 473

multiceps (Clitocybe), 93

muscaria (Amanita), 23

muscoides (Clavaria), 463

mutabilis (Pholiota), 263

mycetophila (Tremella), 478

myriadophylla (Collybia), 115

nardosmia (Armillaria), 59

naucina (Lepiota), 48

naucinoides (Lepiota), 48

nebularis (Clitocybe), 88

nebulosa (Peziza), 512

nidulans (Claudopus), 256

nigrellus (Boletus), 372

nigripes (Marasmius), 152

nigripes (Heliomyces), 152

nigricans (Russula), 184

niveus (Hygrophorus), 220

Noveboracensis (Clitopilus), 252 var. brevis (Clitopilus), 252

nudum (Tricholoma), 86

oakesii (Corticium), 453

obbata (Clitocybe), 101

obliquus (Polyporus), 404

Ohiensis (Trametes), 423

Ohiensis (Bovistella), 553

occidentalis (Peziza), 512

ochroleucus (Cortinarius), 299

ochropurpurea (Clitocybe), 97

ochrophylla (Russula), 187

ochraceum (Hydnum), 445

odorata (Peziza), 505

odora (Clitocybe), 90

olivaceo-stramineus (Cortinarius), 291

oniscus (Omphalia), 132

orcellus (Clitopilus), 249

oreades (Marasmius), 136

orirubens (Tricholoma), 77

ornatipes (Boletus), 371

ostreatus (Pleurotus), 153

ovalis (Galera), 279

ovatus (Coprinus), 337

paedidum (Tricholoma), 64

pallida (Fistulina), 387

pallida (Thelephora), 454

pallidus (Boletus), 362

pallidus (Hygrophorus), 206

pallidifolia (Clitocybe), 106

palmata (Thelephora), 454

paludosella (Naucoria), 282

papilionaceus (Panaeolus), 345

panaeolum (Tricholoma), 67

parasiticus (Boletus), 368

parvus (Boletus), 361

parvula (Volvaria), 242

pascua (Nolanea), 255

pascuense (Hebeloma), 274

pediades (Naucoria), 281

pelianthina (Mycena), 128

pedicellatum (Catastoma), 559

pellucidula (Amanita), 28

pelliculosa (Mycena), 129

penarius (Hygrophorus), 221

perennius (Polystictus), 415

pergamenus (Polystictus), 417

pergamenus (Lactarius), 166

peronatus (Marasmius), 148

perplexum (Hypholoma), 327

perplexus (Polyporus), 400

personatum (Tricholoma), 84

petaloides (Pleurotus), 157

Petersii (Peziza), 505

phalloides (Amanita), 20

phyllophila (Clitocybe), 104

picipes (Polyporus), 388

pictus (Boletinus), 381

pila (Bovista), 550

pinicola (Fomes), 419

piperatus (Lactarius), 165

pisiformis (Nidularia), 421

pisocarpium (Polysaccum), 561

pistillaris (Clavaria), 471

pithyophila (Clitocybe), 99

placomyces (Agaricus), 315

placorrhiza (Typhula), 475

platyphylla (Collybia), 109

plumbea (Bovista), 552

polita (Eccelia), 253

polymorpha (Xilaria), 579

popinalis (Clitopilus), 252

porosus (Boletinus), 383

porphria (Amanita), 23

porreus (Marasmius), 145

portentosum (Tricholoma), 86

praecox (Pholiota), 257

pratensis (Hygrophorus), 206

prasiosmus (Marasmius), 145

procera (Lepiota), 46

prolifera (Mycena), 120

prunulus (Clitopilus), 248

prunuloides (Entoloma), 245

pseudo-pura (Mycena), 129

pseudo-boletus (Ganoderma), 404

pubescens (Polyporus), 410

pulcherrimum (Lycoperdon), 541

pulcherrimum (Hydnum), 446

punctiformis (Hymenula), 484

puniceus (Hygrophorus), 215

pura (Mycena), 128

purpurascens (Cortinarius), 291

purpurium (Stereum), 457

purpurina (Russula), 196

pusilla (Volvaria), 242

pusillum (Lycoperdon), 549

pyriforme (Lycoperdon), 547

pyriodora (Inocybe), 272

pyxidata (Omphalia), 133

pyxidata (Clavaria), 464

quletii (Hygrophorus), 222

quinquepartitum (Tricholoma), 67

quercina (Daedalea), 427

racemosa (Collybia), 341

radiata (Phlebia), 448

radicans (Boletus), 367

radicata (Amanita), 33

radicata (Collybia), 108

radicatus (Polyporus), 400

ramealis (Marasmius), 149

Ravenelii (Dictyophora), 526

Ravenelii (Phallus), 524

regalis (Lactarius), 169

resinosus (Polyporus), 403

recutita (Amanita), 23

repanda (Peziza), 508

repandum (Hydnum), 433

resplendens (Tricholoma), 600

reticulatus (Pluteolus), 275

retipes (Boletus), 371

retirugis (Panaeolus), 339

rhodopolium (Entoloma), 244

rhodoxanthus (Paxillus), 289

rimosa (Inocybe), 272

rimosus (Fomes), 418

Rodmani (Agaricus), 308

rosea (Hygrophorus), 209

roseipes (Russula), 191

rotula (Marasmius), 143

rubeolarius (Boletus), 378

rubellus (Merulius), 424

rubescens (Amanita), 38

rubescens (Trametes), 422

rubiginosa (Hymenochaete), 458

rubra (Russula), 195

rudis (Panus), 224

rufescens (Polyporus), 406

rugosa (Mycena), 120

rugosum (Stereum), 457

Russelli (Boletus), 375

Russula (Tricholoma), 70

saccata (Calvatia), 541

saccatus (Geaster), 569

saccharinus (Marasmius), 150

saepiaria (Lenzites), 232

salignus (Pleurotus), 156

salmonea (Entoloma), 245

sambucum (Corticium), 453

sanguinolentum (Stereum), 457

sapidus (Pleurotus), 159

saponaceum (Tricholoma), 77

Satanus, (Boletus), 380

scaber (Boletus), 351

scaber (Inocybe), 269

Schumacheri (Tricholoma), 81

Schweintzii (Thelephora), 454

scorodonius (Marasmius), 144

scrobiculatus (Lactarius), 170

scrobiculatum (Hydnum), 443

scutellata (Peziza), 509

scutellata (Trametes), 423

sebacea (Thelephora), 455

sejunctum (Tricholoma), 82

semilibera (Morchella), 490

semiglobata (Stropharia), 320

semihirtipes (Marasmius), 145

semi-sanguineus (Cortinarius), 298

semivestitum (Lachnocladium), 476

semiorbicularis (Naucoria), 281

semitosta (Peziza), 507

semitosta (Macropodia), 507

separans (Boletus), 369

separans (Lycoperdon), 546

separata (Anellaria), 345

septentrionale (Hydnum), 440

serotinoides (Pleurotus), 161