[10] Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics, Book X.

[11] Cf. the Republic, Book X.

[12] Arthur Benson: Beside Still Waters, pp. 138-139. Cf. also pp. 143-144.

[13] Pater: Op. cit., pp. 249, 250; cf. the Conclusion, passim.

[14] James: Op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 125-126.

[15] Republic; Book X, p. 606, translated by Jowett.

[16] Ibid., Book III, p. 399.

[17] Aristotle: Politics, Book VIII, Chapter V, translated by Jowett, p. 252.

[18] Taine: The Ideal in Art, translated by J. Durand, pp. 42 sq.

[19] Tolstoy: What is Art? X, translated by Leo Wiener, p. 227.

[20] Arnold: Culture and Anarchy, pp. 37, 38. Cf. Chapter I, passim.

[21] Republic, Book III, p. 401, translation by Jowett.

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CHAPTER VI

[1] This chapter is reprinted from the Harvard Theological Review for April, 1909.

[2] I have treated this matter more fully in my Approach to Philosophy, Chapters III and IV. At the close of that book the reader will find a selected bibliography of the subject.

[3] John Henry Newman: Apologia pro Vita Sua, p. 239. The whole book is of interest in this connection.

[4] Munro and Sellery: Mediaeval Civilization, p. 69.

[5] Fragments of Xenophanes, in Burnet's Early Greek Philosophy, p. 115.

[6] Lucretius: De Rerum Natura, Book I, lines 1021-1028, translated by Munro.

[7] Isaiah 1:15-17.

[8] For a brief account of primitive religion, cf. J. B. Pratt's Psychology of Religious Belief. For a fuller account, cf. F. B. Jevons's Introduction to the History of Religion.

[9] Munro and Sellery: Op. cit., pp. 80, 75.

[10] A. H. Sayce: Babylonians and Assyrians, p. 253.

[11] A. Wiedemann: Religion of the Ancient Egyptians, p. 250.

[12] Cf. H. C. Warren's Buddhism in Translation.

[13] The reader will find a good exposition of mysticism in Royce's World and the Individual, First Series, Lectures II, IV, V.

[14] Cf., e. g., Epictetus: Discourses, Book II, Chapter VIII.

[15] Cf. Spinoza's Ethics, passim, translated by Elwes.

[16] Cf. Royce's account of Romanticism and Hegel, in his Spirit of Modern Philosophy, Lectures VI, VII. This motive, together with the motive of mysticism, appears in such writings as J. McT. E. McTaggart's Studies in Hegelian Cosmology, Chapter IX; and A. E. Taylor's Problem of Conduct, Chapter VIII.

[17] Thomas Hardy: The Dynasts, Part I, p. 5.

[18] John Davidson: A Rosary, p. 88.

[19] James: Pragmatism, p. 144. The whole chapter is a brilliant representation of the stand-point of moral idealism.

[20] G. K. Chesterton: The Man Who Was Thursday, pp. 278-279.



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INDEX

Achievement, 79, 81, 97. Adaptation, 22. Aesthetic Interest, definition of, 179; varieties of, 181 ff., 189; moral limitation of, 190; sell-sufficiency of, 192; exaggeration of, 192, 195, 198 ff.; its pervasiveness, 194 ff.; vicariousness of, 197; stimulating character of, 201, 203 ff.; liberality of, 209 ff.; in religion, 246 ff. Aimlessness, 94. Anarchism, 107. Aristotle, quoted, 100, 106, 192, 204. Arnold, M., quoted, 108, 109, 112, 164, 211. Art, moral criticism of, Ch. V; its liability to moral criticism, 173 ff; definition of, 177; distinction between industrial and fine, 177 ff.; emotion in, 182 ff.; representative function of, 185 ff., 203 ff.; Greek, 185 ff.; of Renaissance, 187; censorship of, 190; stimulating character of, 201 ff.; truth in, 205 ff.; universality and particularity of, 207 ff.; and liberality, 209 ff.; moral function of, 212. Asceticism, 79, 81, 92 ff.

Bagehot, quoted, 106, 127, 132. Beauty, and goodness, 172 ff. Belief, and religion, 216, 220, 228. Benson, A., quoted, 194. Bigotry, 79, 81, 101 ff. Browne, Sir Thomas, quoted, 115, 117, 118. Buddhism, 243. Burke, quoted, 6, 92, 158, 214. Butler, J., quoted, 1.

Castiglione, quoted, 89, 90, 119. Character, 97. Chesterton, G. K., 32; quoted, 28, 55, 250. Christianity, 94, 111, 114 ff., 140, 158, 187, 228, 239, 243. Civilization, 3, 6, 10, 23, 32, 124, 137, 167, 170, 215. See Progress. Competition, 14, 129, 130; relation to morality, 24 ff. Conscience, 34, 36. See Duty. Conservatism, 144 ff. Convention, 36, 38 ff. Cosmological, test of religion, 224, 225, 234, 237, 240, 241, 252. Courage, 95. Culture, 211, 253. Chap. V, passim. Cynics, the Greek, 92 ff., 137.

Davidson, J., quoted, 70, 248. Democracy, 29, 39; modern idea of, 158 ff., 163 ff. Descartes, quoted, 35. Desire, 11. See Interest. Discussion, 106, 132. Dogmatism, 4. Duty, Ch. II, 40, 72; formalism and, 76.

Egoism, theoretical, 59 ff.; practical, 79, 81, 101. Emotion, and art, 182 ff., 201 ff. Epictetus, quoted, 93, 96, 100. Equality, 65, 66, 158 ff., 163 ff. Ethics, and history, 124; and religion, 224 ff., 233, 240, 241, 252; independence of, 228. See Morality. Euripides, quoted, 114. Evil, 11, 15, 84, 86; religious conception of, 243 ff., 249 ff. See Good, Vice, Formalism, Materialism.

Faith, 33, 71. Fine Art. See Art. Formalism, 74 ff., 92; and duty, 76, 77; varieties of, 79, 81, 92, 98, 107, 116, 209, 242. Freedom, 36, 107, 164.

God, 216, 224 ff., 229, 232, 237, 240, 245, 249. Good, basal definition of, 11 ff., 44; definition of moral, 15 ff.; relativity of, 45 ff.; relation to beautiful, 172 ff., 212. Good-will, logic of, 67 ff.; virtue of, 79, 81, 113 ff., 158. Government, 14; progress in, 148 ff.; Platonic theory of, 148; definition of, 150; ancient forms of, 152 ff.; summary of modern, 160 ff. Greece, morality of, 110, 114; government in, 154 ff.; art of, 185 ff., 204; religion of, 226.

Happiness, 18, 115, 116 ff. Hardy, T., quoted, 247. Health, 79, 81, 88 ff. Hebrews, government of, 152; religion of, 227, 239. Hedonism, 16. History, meaning of, 123 ff. Hobbes, 89. Honesty, 88. Huxley, theory of morality and nature, 21 ff.

Idealism, metaphysical, 242 ff.; aesthetic, 246; moral, 248 ff. Idleness, 94. Imagination, 28, 69, 111. Imprudence, 79, 81, 85 ff. Incapacity, 79, 81, 83. Individualism, 34 ff. Injustice, 79, 81, 103. See Justice. Institutions, their necessity, 3, 147. See Government. Intelligence, 79, 81, 82 ff. Interest, definition of, 11, 43; organization of, 13, 14, 19, variety of, 16, 17; the higher, 52; conflict of, 53; objective validity of, 54; private, 57 ff.; the potential, 67, 68, 167; present and ulterior, 74 ff.; economies of, 78; simple, 78, 81, 82 ff.; reciprocity of, 78, 81, 87 ff., incorporation of, 78, 81, 95 ff.; fraternity of, 78, 81, 105 ff.; universal system of, 79, 81, 112 ff.; and progress, 132; and reform, 137; and revolution, 139; and government, 148 ff.; the aesthetic, 179; the theoretical, 180, 193; varieties of the aesthetic, 181 ff. See Aesthetic Interest.

James, W., quoted, 116, 199, 249. Justice, meanings of, 63, 79, 81, 105, 158, 163; logic of, 63 ff.

Kant, quoted, 64.

Laissez-faire, 108. Liberality, 156; and art, 209. Life, morality as the organization of, Ch. I; versus mechanism, 10, 22; morality one with, 19, 27; method of, 23. Locke, quoted, 34, 35, 62. Logic, of the moral appeal, Ch. II; and the imagination, 69. Lord, H. G., quoted, 69. Lucretius, quoted, 226.

Maeterlinck, quoted, 71. Manners, 121. Materialism, 74 ff., 84; varieties of, 79, 81, 94, 101, 110, 243. Mechanical Nature, 12; lack of value in, 9, 84; and progress, 130. Menander, quoted, 88. Metaphysics and religion, 242 ff. Moderation, 87. Moore, G. E., critique of egoism, 59 ff. Morality, as the organization of life, Ch. I; the dulness of, 1; as verified truth, 7; its universal pertinence, 7 ff.; essential to life, 9, 32; natural genesis of, 9 ff.; basal definition of, 13; and nature, 20 ff.; and competition, 24 ff.; the logic of, Ch. II; rational ground of, 38, 40 ff.; material and formal aspects of, 74 ff., 121; and progress, Ch. IV; and art, Ch. V; and aesthetic standards, 172 ff.; and religion, Ch. VI; and idealism, 248 ff. Mysticism, 116, 244; and art, 208.

Nationalism, 99. Nature, genesis of morality in, 9 ff.; and morality, 20 ff.; theories of, in religion, 224, 225, 234, 237, 240. Newman, J. H., quoted, 220. Nietsche, his conception of morality, 1, 5, 6, 20, 29 ff., 165.

Optimism, 230, 242, 247. Other-worldliness, 115, 243. Overindulgence, 79, 81, 84 ff.

Panlogism, 244. Pater, quoted, 185, 188; on the aesthetic interest, 196. Patience, 95. Pessimism, 114, 243. Philosophy, of history, 123 ff.; and religion, 241 ff. Piety, 67, 68, 120, 223, 253, 254. Pity, 111, 163. Plato, quoted, 32; individualism in, 37; nationalism in, 100; account of disinterested activity in, 135 ff.; theory of government in, 148; on art, 190, 193, 202, 212; on religion, 244. Pleasure, its relation to morality, 16 ff. Preference, 50; the quantitative principle of, 55 ff., 127. Progress, moral test of, Ch. IV, 127; definition of, 125 ff.; principles of, 130 ff.; by constructive reform, 134 ff.; by revolution, 139 ff. Prudence, 79, 81, logical ground of, 43 ff.; limits of, 49, 88, 90, 91, 94; meaning of, 87 ff.; basal character of, 91; in religion, 232. Purpose, logic of, 50 ff.; virtue of, 95 ff.

Radicalism, 145 ff. Rationality, 37, 42, 65; and progress, 134, 142; in government, 152. Reform, 134 ff. Religion, 79, 81; and good-will, 113; mysticism in, 117; as an institution, 148; and progress, 170; moral justification of, Ch. VI; moral necessity of, 214 ff.; definition of, 215 ff.; quantitative tests of, 218 ff.; psychological study of, 220; belief in, 216, 220; therapeutic test of, 222 ff.; superstitious, 232 ff.; primitive, 233 ff.; and ethics, 224 ff., 233, 240, 241, 252; cosmological test of, 224, 225, 234, 237, 240, 241, 252; tutelary, 237 ff.; Assyrian, 238; Egyptian, 238; Hebrew, 227, 239; philosophical, 241 ff.; generic proof of, 252 ff. See Piety, Good-will, Worship and Christianity. Revolution, definition of, 139; the Christian, 140; the French, 141. Rightness, 18. See Virtue.

Satisfaction, 11, 79, 81, 83. Scepticism, 4 ff., 36, 108. Sentimentalism, 98 ff., and art, 209. Society, Chap. I, passim, 38; prudential basis of, 89; character of modern, 39, 166; progress in, 126, 132; continuity of, 143; and the aesthetic interest, 195, 211. Sophocles, quoted, 102, 151. Sordidness, 79, 81, 94. Spinoza, quoted, 35. Stoics, religion of, 245. See Epictetus. Struggle for existence, 30; its relation to morality, 21 ff.; its relation to progress, 130. Superstition, 232 ff. Survival, 24, 131.

Tact, 88. Taine, quoted, 185. Taylor, J., quoted, 86, 94. Temperance, 90. Thrift, 68, 87. Thucydides, quoted, 156. Tolerance, 38, 105, 164. Tolstoy, on art, 207. Truth, of art, 205 ff.; of religion, 220 ff. Truthfulness, 96. See Veracity. Tyranny, 36, 39, 151 ff.

Value, the simpler terms of, 11, 82; definition of moral, 15; varieties of moral, 79, 81. Veracity, 88, 96, 105. Vice, varieties of, 79, 81. See Virtue, Formalism, and Materialism. Virtue, the order of, Ch. III; verification of, 73; varieties of, 73, 79; classification of, 73 ff.; table of, 81. See under particular virtues, Prudence, etc.

War, and morality, 24 ff., 30; the passing of, 28, 162; and progress, 131. Wells, H. G., quoted, 89, 167. Worldliness, 79, 81, 110 ff. Worship, 122, 232, 235, 237, 240.

Xenophanes, quoted, 326.

THE END