[Footnote 387: Lady Burghersh's "Journal," p. 182.]

[Footnote 388: Fain, "Manuscrit de 1814," pp. 48-63. Ernouf, "Vie de Maret," p. 606, states that Napoleon touched up Maret's note; the sentence quoted above is doubtless the Emperor's. The same author proves that Maret's advice had always been more pacific than was supposed, and that now, in his old position of Secretary of State, he gave Caulaincourt valuable help during the negotiations at Chatillon.]

[Footnote 389: "Castlereagh Papers," 3rd series, vol. i., p. 74. This was written, of course, before he heard of the Frankfurt proposals; but it anticipates them in a remarkable way. Thiers states that Castlereagh, after hearing of them, sent Aberdeen new instructions. I cannot find any in our archives. This letter warned Aberdeen against any compromise on the subject of Antwerp; but it is clear that Castlereagh, when he came to the allied headquarters, was a partisan of peace, as compared with the Czar and the Prussian patriots. Schwarzenberg wrote (January 26th) at Langres: "We ought to make peace here: our Kaiser, also Stadion, Metternich, even Castlereagh, are fully of this opinion—but Kaiser Alexander!"]

[Footnote 390: Fournier, "Der Congress von Chatillon," p. 242.]

[Footnote 391: "Castlereagh Papers," loc. cit., p. 112.]

[Footnote 392: Metternich. "Memoirs," vol. i., p. 214.]

[Footnote 393: "F.O.," Austria, No. 102.]

[Footnote 394: "Lettres inedites" (November 6th, 1813).]

[Footnote 395: The memorandum is endorsed, "Extract of Instructions delivered to me by Gen. Pozzo di Borgo, 18 Dec, 1813" ("Russia," No. 92).]

[Footnote 396: Metternich's letter to Hudelist, in Fournier, p. 242.]

[Footnote 397: Houssaye's "1814," p. 14; Metternich, "Memoirs," vol. i., p. 308.]

[Footnote 398: "Our success and everything depend upon our moderation and justice," he wrote to Lord Bathurst (Napier, bk. xxiii., ch. ii.).]

[Footnote 399: "Lettres inedites" (November 12th). The date is important: it refutes Napier's statement (bk. xxiii., ch. iv.) that the Emperor had planned that Ferdinand should enter Spain early in November when the disputes between Wellington and the Cortes at Madrid were at their height. Bignon (vol. xiii., p. 88 et seq.) says that Talleyrand's indiscretion revealed the negotiations to the Spanish Cortes and Wellington; but our general's despatches show that he did not hear of them before January 9th or 10th. He then wrote: "I have long suspected that Bonaparte would adopt this expedient; and if he had had less pride and more common sense, it would have succeeded."]

[Footnote 400: On January 14th the Emperor ordered Soult, as soon as the ratification of the treaty*treatry was known, to set out northwards from Bayonne "with all his army, only leaving what is necessary to form a screen." Suchet was likewise to hurry with 10,000 foot, en poste, and two-thirds of his horse, to Lyons. On the 22nd the Emperor blames both Marshals for not sending off the infantry, though the Spanish treaty had not been ratified. After long delays Ferdinand set out for Spain on March 13th, when the war was almost over.]

[Footnote 401: Houssaye's "1814," ch. ii.; Mueffling's "Campaign of 1814."]

[Footnote 402: Letter of January 31st to Joseph.]

[Footnote 403: "Mems. de Langeron" in Houssaye, p. 62; but see Mueffling.]

[Footnote 404: Letter of February 2nd to Clarke.]

[Footnote 405: Metternich said of Castlereagh, "I can't praise him enough: his views are most peaceful, in our sense" (Fournier, p. 252).]

[Footnote 406: Castlereagh to Lord Liverpool, January 22nd and 30th, 1814.]

[Footnote 407: Letter to Hudelist (February 3rd), in Fournier, p. 255.]

[Footnote 408: Stewart's Mem. of January 27th, 1814, in "Castlereagh Papers," vol. ix., p. 535. On that day Hardenberg noted in his diary: "Discussion on the plan of operations, and misunderstandings. Intrigue of Stein to get the army straight to Paris, as the Czar wants. The Austrians oppose this: others don't know what they want" (Fournier, p. 361).]

[Footnote 409: Stewart's notes in "Castlereagh Papers," pp. 541-548. On February 17th Castlereagh promised to give back all our conquests in the West Indies, except Tobago, and to try to regain for France Guadaloupe and Cayenne from Sweden and Portugal; also to restore all the French possessions east of the Cape of Good Hope except the Iles de France (Mauritius) and de Bourbon (Fournier, p. 381).]

[Footnote 410: Letters of January 31st and February 2nd to Joseph.]

[Footnote 411: Printed in Napoleon's "Corresp." of February 17th. I cannot agree with Ernouf, "Vie de Maret," and Fournier, that Caulaincourt could have signed peace merely on Maret's "carte blanche" despatch. The man who had been cruelly duped by Napoleon in the D'Enghien affair naturally wanted an explicit order now.]

[Footnote 412: Given by Ducasse, "Les Rois Freres de Napoleon," p. 64.]

[Footnote 413: Hausser, p. 503. According to Napoleon, 6,000 men and forty cannon were captured!]

[Footnote 414: Letter of February 18th, 1814.]

[Footnote 415: At Elba Napoleon told Colonel Campbell that he would have made peace at Chatillon had not England insisted on his giving up Antwerp, and that England was therefore the cause of the war continuing. This letter, however, proves that he was as set on retaining Mainz as Antwerp. Caulaincourt then wished him to make peace while he could do so with credit ("Castlereagh Papers," vol. ix., p. 287).]

[Footnote 416: Fournier, pp. 132-137, 284-294, 299.]

[Footnote 417: See Metternich's letter to Stadion of February 15th in Fournier, pp. 319, 327.]

[Footnote 418: Houssaye, p. 102.]

[Footnote 419: Instructions of February 24th to Flahaut, "Corresp.," No. 21359; Hardenberg's "Diary," in Fournier, pp. 363-364.]

[Footnote 420: Fournier, pp. 170, 385.]

[Footnote 421: Ibid., pp. 178-181, 304; Martens, vol. ix., p. 683. Castlereagh, vol. ix., p. 336, calls it "my treaty," and adds that England was practically supplying 300,000 men to the Coalition. One secret article invited Spain and Sweden to accede to the treaty; another stated that Germany was to consist of a federation of sovereign princes, that Holland must receive a "suitable" military frontier, and that Italy, Spain, and Switzerland must be independent, that is, of France; a third bound the allies to keep their armies on a war footing for a suitable time after the peace.]

[Footnote 422: See his instructions of March 2nd to Caulaincourt: "Nothing will bring France to do anything that degrades her national character and deposes her from the rank she has held in the world for centuries." But it was precisely that rank which the allies were resolved to assign to her, neither more nor less. The joint allied note of February 29th to the negotiators at Chatillon bade them "announce to the French negotiator that you are ready to discuss, in a spirit of conciliation, every modification that he might be authorized to propose"; but that any essential departure from the terms already proposed by them must lead to a rupture of the negotiations.]

[Footnote 423: Letters of March 2nd, 3rd, 4th, to Clarke.]

[Footnote 424: Houssaye, p. 156, note. So too Mueffling, "Aus meinem Leben," shows that Bluecher could have crossed the Aisne there or at Pontavaire or Berry-au-Bac.]

[Footnote 425: See Napoleon's letters to Clarke of March 4th-6th.]

[Footnote 426: Houssaye, pp. 176-188.]

[Footnote 427: Mueffling says that Bluecher and Gneisenau feared an attack by Bernadotte on their rear. Napoleon on February 25th advised Joseph to try and gain over that prince, who had some very suspicious relations with the French General Maison in Belgium. Probably Gneisenau wished to spare his men for political reasons.]

[Footnote 428: Bernhardi's "Toll," vol. iv., p. 697. Lord Burghersh wrote from Troyes (March 12th): "I am convinced this army will not be risked in a general action.... S. would almost wish to be back upon the Rhine." So again on the 19th he wrote to Colonel Hudson Lowe from Pougy: "I cannot say much for our activity; I am unable to explain the causes of our apathy—the facts are too evident to be disputed. We have been ten days at Troyes, one at Pont-sur-Seine, two at Arcis, and are now at this place. We go tomorrow to Brienne" ("Unpublished Mems. of Sir H. Lowe"). Stewart wittily said that Napoleon came to Arcis to feel Schwarzenberg's pulse.]

[Footnote 428: Letters of March 20th to Clarke.]

[Footnote 430: "Castlereagh Papers," vol. ix., pp. 325, 332.]

[Footnote 431: These letters were written in pairs—the one being official, the other confidential. Caulaincourt's replies show that he appreciated them highly (see Fain, Appendix).]

[Footnote 432: From Caulaincourt's letter of March 3rd to Napoleon; Bignon, vol. xiii., p. 379.]

[Footnote 433: "Castlereagh Papers," vol. ix., p. 555.]

[Footnote 434: "Castlereagh Papers," vol. ix., pp. 335, 559. Caulaincourt's project of March 15th much resembled that dictated by Napoleon three days later; Austria was to have Venetia as far as the Adige, the kingdom of Italy to go to Eugene, and the duchy of Warsaw to the King of Saxony, etc. The allies rejected it (Fain, p. 388).]

[Footnote 435: Fournier, p. 232, rebuts, and I think successfully, Houssaye's objections (p. 287) to its genuineness. Besides, the letter is on the same moral level with the instructions of January 4th to Caulaincourt, and resembles them in many respects. No forger could have known of those instructions. At Elba, Napoleon admitted that he was wrong in not making peace at this time. "Mais je me croyais assez fort pour ne pas la faire, et je me suis trompe" (Lord Holland's "Foreign Rem.," p. 319). The same writer states (p. 296) that he saw the official correspondence about Chatillon: it gave him the highest opinion of Caulaincourt, but N.'s conduct was "full of subterfuge and artifice."]

[Footnote 436: Castlereagh to Clancarty, March 18th.]

[Footnote 437: Napier, bk. xxiv., ch. iii. Wellington seems to have thought that the allies would probably make peace with Napoleon.]

[Footnote 438: Broglie, "Mems.," bk. iii., ch. i.]

[Footnote 439: Letter of February 25th to Joseph. Thiebault gives us an odd story that Bernadotte sent an agent, Rainville, to persuade Davoust to join him in attacking the rear of the allies; but that Rainville's nerve so forsook him in Davoust's presence that he turned and bolted for his life!]

[Footnote 440: Caulaincourt to Metternich on March 25th: "Arrived only this [last] night near the Emperor, His Majesty has ... given me all the powers necessary to sign peace with the Ministers of the allied Courts" (Fain, p. 345; Ernouf, "Vie de Maret," p. 634).

Thiers does not mention these overtures of Napoleon, which are surely most characteristic. His whole eastward move was motived by them. Efforts have been made (e.g., by M. de Bacourt in Talleyrand's "Mems.," pt. vii., app. 4) to prove that on the 25th Napoleon was ready to agree to all the allied terms, and thus concede more than was done by Louis XVIII. But there is no proof that he meant to do anything of the sort. The terms of Caulaincourt's note were perfectly vague. Moreover, even on the 28th, when Napoleon was getting alarmed, he had an interview with a captured Austrian diplomatist, Wessenberg, whom he set free in order that he might confer with the Emperor Francis. He told the envoy that France would yet give him support: he wanted the natural frontiers, but would probably make peace on less favourable terms, as he wished to end the war: "I am ready to renounce all the French colonies if I can thereby keep the mouth of the Scheldt for France. England will not insist on my sacrificing Antwerp if Austria does not support her" (Arneth's "Wessenberg," vol. i., p. 188). This extract shows no great desire to meet the allied terms, but rather to separate Austria from her allies. According to Lady Burghersh ("Journals," p. 216), Napoleon admitted to Wessenberg that his position was desperate. I think this was a pleasing fiction of that envoy. There is no proof that Napoleon was wholly cast down till the 29th, when he heard of La Fere Champenoise (Macdonald's "Souvenirs").]

[Footnote 441: Bignon, vol. xiii., pp. 436, 437.]

[Footnote 442: On hearing of their withdrawal Stein was radiant with joy: "Now, he said, the Czar will go on to Paris, and all will soon be at an end" (Tourgueneff quoted by Haeusser, vol. iv., p. 553).]

[Footnote 443: Bernhardi's "Toll," vol. iv., pp. 737 et seq.; Houssaye, pp. 354-362; also Nesselrode's communication published in Talleyrand's "Mems." Thielen and Radetzky have claimed that the initiative in this matter was Schwarzenberg's; and Lord Burghersh, in his despatch of March 25th ("Austria," No. 110), agrees with them. Stein supports Toll's claim. I cannot agree with Houssaye (p. 407) that "Napoleon had resigned himself to the sacrifice of Paris." His intercepted letter, and also the official letters, Nos. 21508, 21513, 21516, 21526, 21538, show that he believed the allies would retreat and that his communications with Paris would be safe.]

[Footnote 444: I take this account largely from Sir Hudson Lowe's unpublished memoirs. Napoleon blamed Marmont for not marching to Rheims as he was ordered to do. At Elba, Napoleon told Colonel Campbell that Marmont's disobedience spoilt the eastern movement, and ruined the campaign. But had Marmont and Mortier joined Napoleon at Vitry, Paris would have been absolutely open to the allies.]

[Footnote 445: Houssaye, pp. 485 et seq.; Napoleon's letters of February 8th and March 16th; Mollien, vol. iv., p. 128. In Napoleon's letter of April 2nd to Joseph ("New Letters") there is not a word of reproach to Joseph for leaving Paris.]

[Footnote 446: "Castlereagh Papers," vol. ix., p. 420; Pasquier, vol. iii., ch. xiii.]

[Footnote 447: We do not know definitely why Alexander dropped Bernadotte so suddenly. On March 17th he had assured the royalist agent, Baron de Vitrolles, that he would not hear of the Bourbons, and that he had first thought of establishing Bernadotte in France, and then Eugene. We do know, however, that Bernadotte had made suspicious overtures to the French General Maison in Belgium ("Castlereagh Papers," vol. ix., pp. 383, 445, 512).]

[Footnote 448: De Pradt, "Restauration de la Royaute, le 31 Mars, 1814"; Pasquier, vol. iii., ch. xiii. Vitrolles ("Mems.," vol. i., pp. 95-101) says that Metternich assured him on March 15th that Austria would not insist on the Regency of Marie Louise, but would listen to the wishes of France.]

[Footnote 449: For the first draft of this Declaration, see "Corresp.," No. 21555 (note).]

[Footnote 450: Pasquier, vol. iii., ch. xv.; Macdonald, "Souvenirs."]

[Footnote 451: Houssaye, pp. 593-623; Marmont, vol. vi., pp. 254-272; Macdonald, chs. xxvii.-xxviii. At Elba, Napoleon told Lord Ebrington that Marmont's troops were among the best, and his treachery ruined everything ("Macmillan's Mag.," Dec, 1894).]

[Footnote 452: Pasquier, vol. iii., ch. xvi.; "Castlereagh Papers," vol. ix., p. 442. Alison wrongly says that Napoleon chose Elba.]

[Footnote 453: Martens, vol. ix., p. 696.]

[Footnote 454: Thiers and Constant assign this event to the night of 11th-12th. I follow Fain and Macdonald in referring it to the next night.]

[Footnote 455: Bausset, "Cour de Napoleon."]

[Footnote 456: Sir Neil Campbell's "Journal," p. 192.]

[Footnote 457: Ussher, "Napoleon's Last Voyages," p. 29.]

[Footnote 458: A quondam Jacobin, Pons (de l'Herault), Commissioner of Mines at Elba, has left "Souvenirs de l'Ile d'Elbe," which are of colossal credulity. In chap. xi. he gives tales of plots to murder Napoleon—some of them very silly. In part ii., chap, i., he styles him "essentiellement religieux," and a most tender-hearted man, who was compelled by prudence to hide his sensibility! Yet Campbell's official reports show that Pons, at that time, was far from admiring Napoleon.]

[Footnote 459: "F.O.," Austria, No. 117. Talleyrand, in his letters to Louis XVIII., claims to have broken up the compact of the Powers. But it is clear that fear of Russia was more potent than Talleyrand's finesse. Before the Congress began Castlereagh and Wellington advised friendship with France so as to check "undue pretensions" elsewhere.]

[Footnote 460: Stanhope's "Conversations," p. 26. In our archives ("Russia," No. 95) is a suspicious letter of Pozzo di Borgo, dated Paris, July 10/22, 1814, to Castlereagh (it is not in his Letters) containing this sentence: "L'existence de Napoleon, comme il etait aise a prevoir, est un inconvenient qui se rencontre partout." For Fouche's letter to Napoleon, begging him voluntarily to retire to the New World, see Talleyrand's "Mems.," pt. vii., app. iv. Lafayette ("Mems.," vol. v., p. 345) asserts that French royalists were plotting his assassination. Brulart, Governor of Corsica, was suspected by Napoleon, but, it seems, wrongly (Houssaye's "1815," p. 172).]

[Footnote 461: Pallain, "Correspondance de Louis XVIII avec Talleyrand," pp. 307, 316.]

[Footnote 462: "Recollections," p. 16; "F.O.," France, No. 114. The facts given above seem to me to refute the statements often made that the allies violated the Elba arrangement and so justified his escape. The facts prove that the allies sought to compel Louis XVIII. to pay Napoleon the stipulated sum, and that the Emperor welcomed the non-payment. His words to Lord Ebrington on December 6th breathe the conviction that France would soon rise.]

[Footnote 463: Fleury de Chaboulon's "Mems.," vol. i., pp. 105-140; Lafayette, vol. v., p. 355.]

[Footnote 464: Campbell's "Journal"; Peyrusse, "Memorial," p. 275.]

[Footnote 465: Houssaye's "1815," p. 277.]

[Footnote 466: Guizot, "Mems.," ch. iii.; De Broglie, "Mems.," bk. ii., ch. ii.; Fleury, vol. i., p. 259.]

[Footnote 467: Peyrusse, "Memorial," p. 277.]

[Footnote 468: As Wellington pointed out ("Despatches," May 5th, 1815), the phrase "il s'est livre a la vindicte publique" denotes public justice, not public vengeance. At St. Helena, Napoleon told Gourgaud that he came back too soon from Elba, believing that the Congress had dissolved! (Gourgaud's "Journals," vol. ii., p. 323.)]

[Footnote 469: "Diary," April 15th and 18th, 1815.]

[Footnote 470: "Parl. Debates"; Romilly's "Diary," vol. ii., p. 360.]

[Footnote 471: Napoleon told Cockburn during his last voyage that he bestowed this constitution, not because it was a wise measure, but as a needful concession to popular feeling. The continental peoples were not fit for representative government as England was ("Last Voyages of Nap.," pp. 115, 137). So, too, he said to Gourgaud he was wrong in summoning the Chambers at all "especially as I meant to dismiss them as soon as I was a conqueror" (Gourgaud, "Journal," vol. i., p. 93).]

[Footnote 472: Mercer's "Waterloo Campaign," vol. i., p. 352. For Fleury de Chaboulon's mission to sound Austria, see his "Mems.," vol. ii., and Madelin's "Fouche," ch. xxv.]

[Footnote 473: In the "English Hist. Review" for July, 1901, I have published the correspondence between Sir Hudson Lowe (Quartermaster-General of our forces in Belgium up to May, 1815) and Gneisenau, Mueffling, and Kleist. These two last were most reluctant to send forward Prussian troops into Belgium to guard the weak frontier fortresses from a coup de main: but Lowe's arguments prevailed, thus deciding the main features of the war.]

[Footnote 474: "F.O.," France, No. 116. On June 9th the Duke charged Stuart, our envoy at Ghent, to defend this course, on the ground that Bluecher and he had many raw troops, and could not advance into France with safety and invest fortresses until the Russians and Austrians co-operated.]

[Footnote 475: Sir H. Vivian states ("Waterloo Letters," No. 70) that the Duke intended to give a ball on June 21st, the anniversary of Vittoria. See too Sir E. Wood's "Cavalry in the Waterloo Campaign," ch. ii.]

[Footnote 476: "F.O.," France, No. 115. A French royalist sent a report, dated June 1st, recommending "point d'engagement avec Bonaparte.... Il faut user l'armee de Bonaparte: elle ne peut plus se recruter."]

[Footnote 477: Ropes's "Campaign of Waterloo," ch. v.; Chesney, "Waterloo Lectures," p. 100; Sir H. Maxwell's "Wellington" (vol. ii., p. 14); and O'Connor Morris, "Campaign of 1815," p. 97.]

[Footnote 478: Janin, "Campagne de Waterloo," p. 7.]

[Footnote 479: Petiet, "Souvenirs militaires," p. 195.]

[Footnote 480: Credit is primarily due to Constant de Rebecque, a Belgian, chief of staff to the Prince of Orange, for altering the point of concentration from Nivelles, as ordered by Wellington, to Quatre Bras; also to General Perponcher for supporting the new movement. The Belgian side of the campaign has been well set forth by Boulger in "The Belgians at Waterloo" (1901).]

[Footnote 481: Gourgaud, "Campagne de 1815," ch. iv.]

[Footnote 482: Houssaye, "1815," pp. 133-138, 186, notes.]

[Footnote 483: Hamley, "Operations of War," p. 187.]

[Footnote 484: For Gerard's delays see Houssaye, p. 158, and Horsburgh, "Waterloo," p. 36. Napoleon's tardiness is scarcely noticed by Houssaye or by Gourgaud; but it has been censured by Jomini, Charras, Clausewitz, and Lord Wolseley.]

[Footnote 485: Ollech (p. 125) sees in it a conditional offer of help to Bluecher. But on what ground? It states that the Prince of Orange has one division at Quatre Bras and other troops at Nivelles: that the British reserve would reach Genappe at noon, and their cavalry Nivelles at the same hour. How could Bluecher hope for help from forces so weak and scattered? See too Ropes (note to ch. x.). Horsburgh (ch. v.) shows that Wellington believed his forces to be more to the front than they were: he traces the error to De Lancey, chief of the staff. But it is fair to add that Wellington thought very highly of De Lancey, and after his death at Waterloo severely blamed subordinates.]

[Footnote 486: Stanhope, "Conversations," p. 109.]

[Footnote 487: Reiche, "Memoiren," vol. ii., p. 183.]

[Footnote 488: The term corps is significant. Not till 3.15 did Soult use the term armee in speaking of Bluecher's forces. The last important sentence of the 2 p.m. despatch is not given by Houssaye (p. 159), but is printed by Ropes (p. 383), Siborne (vol. i., p. 453), Charras (vol. i., p. 136), and Ollech (p. 131). It proves that as late as 2 p.m. Napoleon expected an easy victory over the Prussians.]

[Footnote 489: The best authorities give the Prussians 87,000 men, and the French 78,000; but the latter estimate includes the corps of Lobau, 10,000 strong, which did not reach Fleurus till dark.]

[Footnote 490: I follow Houssaye's solution of this puzzle as the least unsatisfacty, but it does not show why Napoleon should have been so perplexed. D'Erlon debouched from the wood of Villers Perwin exactly where he might have been expected. Was Napoleon puzzled because the corps was heading south-east instead of east?]

[Footnote 491: Delbrueck ("Gneisenau," vol. ii., p. 190) shows how the storm favoured the attack.]

[Footnote 492: I here follow Delbrueck's "Gneisenau" (vol. ii., p. 194) and Charras (vol. i., p. 163). Reiche ("Mems.," vol ii., p. 193) says that his corps of 30,800 men lost 12,480 on the 15th and 16th: he notes that Bluecher and Nostitz probably owed their escape to the plainness of their uniforms and headgear.]

[Footnote 493: "Waterloo Letters," Nos. 163 and 169, prove that the time was 3 p.m. and not 3.30; see also Kincaid's account in Fitchett's "Wellington's Men" (p. 120).]

[Footnote 494: "Waterloo Letters," No. 169.]

[Footnote 495: See Houssaye, p. 205, for the sequence of these events.]

[Footnote 496: Ollech, pp. 167-171. Colonel Basil Jackson, in his "Waterloo and St. Helena" (printed for private circulation), p. 64, states that he had been employed in examining and reporting on the Belgian roads, and did so on the road leading south from Wavre. This report had been sent to Gneisenau, and must have given him greater confidence on the night of the 16th.]

[Footnote 497: O'Connor Morris, p. 176, approves Napoleon's criticism, and censures Gneisenau's move on Wavre: but surely Wavre combined more advantages than any other position. It was accessible for the whole Prussian army (including Buelow); it was easily defensible (as the event proved); and it promised a reunion with Wellington for the defence of Brussels. Houssaye says (p. 233) that Gneisenau did not at once foresee the immense consequences of his action. Of course he did not, because he was not sure of Wellington; but he took all the steps that might lead to immense consequences, if all went well.]

[Footnote 498: Mueffling, "Passages," p. 238: Charras, vol. i., p. 226, discredits it.]

[Footnote 499: Basil Jackson, op. cit., p. 24; Cotton, "A Voice from Waterloo," p. 20.]

[Footnote 500: Grouchy suppressed this despatch, but it was published in 1842.]

[Footnote 501: Mercer, vol. i., p. 270.]

[Footnote 502: Petiet, "Souvenirs militaires," p. 204.]

[Footnote 503: Ropes, pp. 212, 246, 359. I follow the "received" version of this despatch. For a comparison of it with the "Grouchy" version see Horsburgh, p. 155, note.]

[Footnote 504: Ropes, pp. 266, 288; Houssaye, p. 316, with a good note.]

[Footnote 505: Ollech, pp. 187-192; Delbrueck's "Gneisenau," vol. ii., p. 205. I cannot credit the story told by Hardinge in 1837 to Earl Stanhope ("Conversations," p. 110), that, on the night of the 16th June, Gneisenau sought to dissuade Bluecher from joining Wellington. Hardinge only had the story at second hand, and wrongly assigns it to Wavre. On the afternoon of the 17th Gneisenau ordered Ziethen to keep open communications with Wellington (Ollech, p. 170). The story that Wellington rode over to Wavre on the night of the 18th on his horse "Copenhagen" is of course a myth.]

[Footnote 506: "Blackwood's Magazine," October, 1896; "Cornhill," January, 1901.]

[Footnote 507: Beamish's "King's German Legion," vol. ii., p. 352. Sir Hussey Vivian asserts that the allied position was by no means strong; but General Kennedy, in his "Notes on Waterloo" (p. 68), pronounces it "good and well occupied." A year previously Wellington noted it as a good position. Sir Hudson Lowe then suggested that it should be fortified: "Query, in respect to the construction of a work at Mt. Jean, being the commanding point at the junction of two principal chaussees" ("Unpublished Memoirs").]

[Footnote 508: Wellington has been censured by Clausewitz, Kennedy and Chesney for leaving so large a force at Hal. Perhaps he desired to protect the King of France at Ghent, though he was surely relieved of responsibility by his despatch of June 18th, 3 a.m., begging the Duc de Berri to retire with the King to Antwerp. It seems to me more likely that he was so confident of an early advance of the Prussians (see his other despatch of the same hour and Sir A. Frazer's statement—"Letters," p. 553—"We expected the Prussian co-operation early in the day") as to assume that Napoleon would stake all on an effort against his right; and in that case the Hal force would have crushed the French rear, though it was very far off.]

[Footnote 509: Wellington to Earl Bathurst, June 25th, 1815. The Earl of Ellesmere, who wrote under the Duke's influence, stated that not more than 7,000 of the British troops had seen a shot fired. This is incorrect. Picton's division, still 5,000 strong, was almost wholly composed of tried troops; and Lambert's brigade counted 2,200 veterans; many of the Guards had seen fire, and the 52nd was a seasoned regiment. Tomkinson (p. 296) reckons all the 5,220 British and 1,730 King's German troopers as "efficient," and Wellington himself, so Mercer affirms, told Bluecher he had 6,000 of the finest cavalry in the world.]

[Footnote 510: "A British Rifleman," p. 367.]

[Footnote 511: I distrust the story told by Zenowicz, and given by Thiers, that Napoleon at 10 a.m. was awaiting Grouchy with impatience; also Marbot's letter referred to in his "Memoirs," ad fin., in which he says the Emperor bade him push on boldly towards Wavre, as the troops near St. Lambert "could be nothing else than the corps of Grouchy." Grouchy's despatch and the official reply show that Napoleon knew Grouchy to be somewhere between Gembloux and Wavre. Besides, Buelow's report (Ollech, p. 192) states that, while at St. Lambert, he sent out two strong patrols to the S.W., and was not observed by the French, "who appeared to have no idea of our existence." This completely disposes of Marbot's story.]

[Footnote 512: Houssaye, ch. vii. In the "Eng. Hist. Rev." for October, 1900, p. 815, Mr. H. George gives a proof of this, citing the time it took him to pace the roads by which Grouchy might have advanced.]

[Footnote 513 "Waterloo Letters," pp. 60-63, 70-77, 81-84, 383. The whole brigade was hardly 1,000 sabres strong. Sir E. Wood, pp. 126-146; Siborne, vol. ii., pp. 20-45.]

[Footnote 514: Houssaye, pp. 354, 499, admits the repulse.]

[Footnote 515 B. Jackson, p. 34. Mueffling says the defaulters numbered 10,000! While sympathizing with the efforts of Dutch-Belgian writers on behalf of their kin, I must accept Jackson's evidence as conclusive here. See also Mr. Oman's article in "Nineteenth Century," Oct., 1900.]

[Footnote 516: B. Jackson, p. 35; "Waterloo Letters," pp. 129-144, 296; Cotton, p. 79.]

[Footnote 517: Houssaye, pp. 365, 371-376; Kennedy, pp. 117-120; Mercer, vol. i., pp. 311-324.]

[Footnote 518: Gourgaud (ch. vi.) states that the time of Lobau's move was 4.30, though he had reconnoitred on his right earlier. Napoleon's statements on this head at St. Helena are conflicting. One says that Lobau moved at 1.30, another at 4.30. Perhaps Janin's statement explains why Lobau did nothing definite till the later hour.]

[Footnote 519: Baring's account ("King's German Legion," App. xxi.) shows that the farm was taken about the time of the last great cavalry charge. Kennedy (p. 122) and Ompteda (ad fin.) are equally explicit; and the evidence of the French archives adduced by Houssaye (p. 378) places the matter beyond doubt.]

[Footnote 520: Ollech, pp. 243-246. Reiche's exorbitant claims (vol. ii., pp. 209-215) are refuted by "Waterloo Letters," p. 22.]

[Footnote 521: Lacoste (Decoster), Napoleon's Flemish guide, told this to Sir W. Scott, "Life of Napoleon," vol. viii., p. 496.]

[Footnote 522: See Boulger's "The Belgians at Waterloo" (1901), p. 33.]

[Footnote 523: The formation and force of the French Guards in this attack have been much discussed. Thiers omits all notice of the second column; Houssaye limits its force to a single battalion, but his account is not convincing. On p. 385 he says nine battalions of the Guard advanced into the valley, but, on p. 389, he accounts only for six. Other authorities agree that eight joined in the attack. As to their formation, Houssaye advances many proofs that it was in hollow squares. Here is one more. On the 19th Basil Jackson rode along the slope and ridge near the back of Hougoumont and talked with some of the wounded of the Imperial Guard. "As they lay they formed large squares, of which the centres were hollow" (p. 57). Maitland ("Waterloo Letters," p. 244.) says: "There was one great column at first, which separated into two parts." Gawler (p. 292) adds that: "The second column was subdivided in two parts, close together, and that its whole flank was much longer than the front of our 52nd regiment." It is difficult to reconcile all this with the attack in hollow squares; but probably the squares (or oblongs?) followed each other so closely as to seem like a serried column. None of our men could see whether the masses were solid or hollow, but naturally assumed them to be solid, and hence greatly over-estimated their strength. A column made up of hollow squares is certainly an odd formation, but perhaps is not unsuitable to withstand cavalry and overthrow infantry.

I cannot accept Houssaye's statement (p. 393) that the French squares attacked our front at four different places, from the 52nd regiment on our right to the Brunswickers in our centre, a quarter of a mile to the east. The only evidence that favours this is Macready's ("Waterloo Letters," p. 330); he says that the men who attacked his square (30th and 73rd regiments) were of the Middle Guard; for their wounded said so; but Kelly, of the same square, thought they were Donzelot's men, who certainly attacked there. Siborne, seemingly on the strength of Macready's statement, says that part of the Guards' column diverged thither: but this is unlikely. Is it credible that the Guards, less than 4,000 strong, should have spread their attacks over a quarter of a mile of front? Was not the column the usual method of attack? I submit, then, that my explanation of the Guard attacking in hollow oblongs, formed in two chief columns, harmonizes the known facts. See Petit's "Relation" in "Eng. Hist. Rev.," April, 1903.]

[Footnote 524: Janin, p. 45.]

[Footnote 525: Bertrand at St. Helena said he heard Michel utter these words (Montholon, vol. iii., ch. iv.).]

[Footnote 526: Maitland's "Narrative," p. 222. Basil Jackson, who knew Gourgaud well at St. Helena, learnt from him that he could not finish his account of Waterloo, "as Napoleon could never decide on the best way of ending the great battle: that he (Gourgaud) had suggested no less than six different ways, but none were satisfactory" ("Waterloo and St. Helena," p, 102). Gourgaud's "Journal" shows that Napoleon blamed in turn the rain, Ney, Grouchy, Vandamme, Guyot, and Soult; but he ends—"it was a fatality; for in spite of all, I should have won that battle."]

[Footnote 527: "Lettres inedites de Napoleon."]

[Footnote 528: Gourgaud, "Journal inedit de Ste. Helene," vol. ii., p. 321, small edit.]

[Footnote 529: Lucien, "Mems.," vol. iii., p. 327.]

[Footnote 530: Stuart's despatch of June 28th, "F.O.," France, No. 117; Gneisenau to Mueffling, June 27th, "Passages," App.]

[Footnote 531: Croker ("Papers," vol. iii., p. 67) had this account from Jaucourt, who had it from Becker.]

[Footnote 532: Ollech, pp. 350-360. The French cavalry success near Versailles was due to exceptional circumstances.]

[Footnote 533: Maitland's "Narrative," pp. 23-39, disproves Thiers' assertion that Napoleon was not expected there. Maitland's letter of July 10th to Hotham ("F.O.," France, No. 126, not in the "Narrative") ends: "It appears to me from the anxiety the bearers express to get away, that they are very hard pressed by the Government at Paris." Hotham's instructions of July 8th to Maitland were most stringent. See my Essay in "Napoleonic Studies" (1904).]

[Footnote 534: The date of the letter disproves Las Cases' statement that it was written after his second interview with Maitland, and in consequence of the offers Maitland had made!

Napoleon's reference to Themistocles has been much admired. But why? The Athenian statesman was found to have intrigued with Persia against Athens in time of peace; he fled to the Persian monarch and was richly rewarded as a renegade. No simile could have been less felicitous.]

[Footnote 535: "Narrative," p. 244. [This work has been republished by Messrs. Blackwood, 1904.]]

[Footnote 536: "F.O.," France, No. 126; Allardyce, "Mems. of Lord Keith."]

[Footnote 537: Maitland, pp. 206, 239-242; Montholon, vol. i., ch. iii.]

[Footnote 538: "Castlereagh Papers," 3rd series, vol. ii., pp. 434,438. Beatson's Mem. is in "F.O.," France, No. 123. This and other facts refute Lord Holland's statement ("Foreign Reminiscences," p. 196) that the Government was treating for the transfer of St. Helena from the East India Company early in 1815.—Why does Lord Rosebery, "Napoleon: last Phase," p. 58, write that Lord Liverpool thought that Napoleon should either (1) be handed over to Louis XVIII. to be treated as a rebel; or (2) treated as vermin; or (3) that we would (regretfully) detain him? In his letters to Castlereagh at Paris, Liverpool expressly says it would be better for us, rather than any other Power, to detain him, and writes not a word about treating him as vermin. Lord Rosebery is surely aware that our Government and Wellington did their best to preclude the possibility of the Prussians treating him as vermin.]

[Footnote 539: Keith's letter of August 1st, in "F.O.," France, No. 123: "The General and many of his suite have an idea that if they could but put foot on shore, no power could remove them, and they are determined to make the attempt if at all possible: they are becoming most refractory."]

[Footnote 540: In our Colonial Office archives, St. Helena, No. 1, is a letter of August 2nd, 1815, from an Italian subject of Napoleon (addressed] to Mme. Bertrand, but really for him), stating that L16,000 had been placed in good hands for his service, one-fourth of which would be at once intrusted to firms at New York, Boston, "Philadelfi," and Charlestown, to provide means for effecting his escape, and claiming again "le plus beau trone de l'univers." It begs him to get his departure from Plymouth put off, for a plot had been formed by discontented British officers to get rid of the Premier and one other Minister. Napoleon must not build any hopes on the Prince Regent: "Le Silene de cette isle.... Je fonds donc mon espoir avant tout sur les navires marchands, Anglais comme autres, par l'apas du gain." The writer's name is illegible: so is the original postmark: the letter probably came from London: it missed Mme. Bertrand at Plymouth, followed her to St. Helena, and was opened by Sir G. Cockburn, who sent it back to our Government. I have published it in extenso in my volume, "Napoleonic Studies " (1904), as also an accompanying letter from Miss McKinnon of Binfield, Berks, to Napoleon, stating that her mother, still living, had known him and given him hospitality when a lieutenant at Valence.]

[Footnote 541: Las Cases, "Memorial," vol, i., pp. 55, 65.]

[Footnote 542: I wish I had space to give a whole chapter to the relations between Napoleon and the Whigs, and to show how their championship of him worked mischief on both sides in 1803-21, enticing him on to many risky ventures, and ruining the cause of Reform in England for a generation.]

[Footnote 543: "F.O.," France, No. 123. Keith adds: "I accompanied him to look at the accommodation on board the 'Northumberland,' with which he appeared to be well satisfied, saying, 'the apartments are convenient, and you see I carry my little tent-bed with me.'" The volume also contains the letter of Maingaud, etc. Bertrand requested permission from our Government to return in a year; Gourgaud, when his duty to his aged mother recalled him; O'Meara stipulated that he should still be a British surgeon on full pay and active service.]

[Footnote 544: "Extract from a Diary of Sir G. Cockburn," pp. 21, 51, 94.]

[Footnote 545: "Napoleon's last Voyages," p. 163.]

[Footnote 546: I found this return in "Admiralty Secret Letters," 1804-16.

Lord Rosebery, in his desire to apologize for our treatment of Napoleon at every point, says ("Nap.: last Phase," p. 64): "They [the exiles] were packed like herrings in a barrel. The 'Northumberland,' it was said, had been arrested on her way back from India in order to convey Napoleon: all the water on board, it was alleged, had also been to India, was discoloured and tainted, as well as short in quantity."—On the contrary, the diary of Glover, in "Last Voyages of Nap.," p. 91, shows that the ship was in the Medway in July, and was fitted out at Portsmouth (where it was usual to keep supplies of water): also (p. 99) that Captain Ross gave up his cabin to the Bertrands, and Glover his to the Montholons: Gourgaud and Las Cases slept in the after cabin until cabins could be built for them. We have already seen (p. 529) that Napoleon was well satisfied with his own room. Water, wine, cattle, and fruit were taken in at Funchal in spite of the storm.]

[Footnote 547: Gourgaud, "Journal," vol. i., pp. 47, 59 (small edition); "Last Voyages of Nap.," p. 198.]

[Footnote 548: Sir G. Bingham's Diary in "Blackwood's Mag.," October, 1896, and "Cornhill," January, 1901.]

[Footnote 549: Gourgaud, "Journal," vol. i., p. 64.]

[Footnote 550: "Last Voyages," p. 130.]

[Footnote 551: "Castlereagh Papers," 3rd series, vol. ii., pp. 423, 433, 505; Seeley's "Stein," vol. iii., pp. 333-344.]

[Footnote 552: See Gourgaud's "Journal," vol. ii., p. 315, for Napoleon's view as to our stupidity then: "In their place I would have stipulated that I alone could sail and trade in the eastern seas. It is ridiculous for them to leave Batavia (Java) to the Dutch and L'Ile de Bourbon to the French."]

[Footnote 553: Forsyth, "Captivity of Napoleon," vol. i., p. 218. Plantation House was also the centre of the semaphores of the island.]

[Footnote 554: Mrs. Abell ("Betsy" Balcombe), "Recollections," ch. vii. These were compiled twenty-five years later, and are not, as a rule, trustworthy, but the "blindman's buff" is named by Glover. Balcombe later on infringed the British regulations, along with O'Meara.]

[Footnote 555: Gourgaud, "Journal," vol. i., pp. 77, 94, 136, 491.]

[Footnote 556: Gourgaud, "Journal," vol. i., pp. 135, 298. See too "Cornhill" for January, 1901.]

[Footnote 557: Surgeon Henry of the 66th, in "Events of a Military Life," ch. xxviii., writes that he found side by side at Plantation House the tea shrub and the English golden-pippin, the bread-fruit tree and the peach and plum, the nutmeg overshadowing the gooseberry. In ch. xxxi. he notes the humidity of the uplands as a drawback, "but the inconvenience is as nothing compared with the comfort, fertility, and salubrity which the clouds bestow." He found that the soldiers enjoyed far better health at Deadwood Camp, behind Longwood, than down in Jamestown.]

[Footnote 558: Despatch of Jan. 12th, 1816, in Colonial Office, St. Helena, No. 1.]

[Footnote 559: Lord Rosebery ("Napoleon: last Phase," p. 67), following French sources, assigns the superiority of force to Lowe; but the official papers published by Forsyth, vol. i., pp. 397-416, show that the reverse was the case. Lowe had 1,362 men; the French, about 3,000.]

[Footnote 560: From a letter in the possession of Miss Lowe.]

[Footnote 561: Forsyth, vol. i., pp. 139-147.]

[Footnote 562: See the interview in "Monthly Rev.," Jan., 1901.]

[Footnote 563: Bingham's Diary in "Cornhill" for Jan., 1901; Gourgaud, vol. i., pp. 152, 168.]

[Footnote 564: Forsyth, vol. i., pp. 171-177.]

[Footnote 565: Lowe's version (Forsyth, vol. i., pp. 247-251) is fully borne out by Admiral Malcolm's in Lady Malcolm's "Diary of St. Helena," pp. 55-65; Gourgaud was not present.]

[Footnote 566: B. Jackson's "Waterloo and St. Helena," pp. 90-91. The assertion in the article on B. Jackson, in the "Dict. of Nat. Biography," that he was related to Lowe, and therefore partial to him, is incorrect. Miss Lowe assures me that he did not see her father before the year 1815.]

[Footnote 567: "Mems. of a Highland Lady," p. 459.]

[Footnote 568: In "Blackwood's," Oct., 1896, and "Cornhill," Jan., 1901. I cannot accept Stuermer's hostile verdict on Lowe as that of an impartial witness. The St. Helena Records show that Stuermer persisted in evading the Governor's regulations by secretly meeting the French Generals. He was afterwards recalled for his irregularities. Balmain, the Russian, and Montchenu, the French Commissioner, are fair to him. The latter constantly pressed Lowe to be stricter with Napoleon! See M. Firmin-Didot's edition of Montchenu's reports in "La Captivite de Ste. Helene," especially App. iii. and viii.]

[Footnote 569: "Waterloo and St. Helena," p. 104.]

[Footnote 570: Lowe had the "Journal" copied out when it came into his hands in Dec., 1816. This passage is given by Forsyth, vol. i., p. 5, and by Seaton, "Sir H. Lowe and Napoleon," p. 52.]

[Footnote 571: An incident narrated to the present writer by Sir Hudson Lowe's daughter will serve to show how anxious was his supervision of all details and all individuals on the island. A British soldier was missed from the garrison; and as this occurred at the time when Napoleon remained in strict seclusion, fear was felt that treachery had enabled him to make off in the soldier's uniform. The mystery was solved a few days after, when a large shark was caught near the shore, and on its being cut open the remains of the soldier were found!

It should be remembered that Lowe prevailed on the slave-owners of the island to set free the children of slaves born there on and after Christmas Day, 1818.]

[Footnote 572: Quoted by Forsyth, vol. i., p. 289. This letter of course finds no place in O'Meara's later malicious production, "A Voice from St. Helena"; the starvation story is there repeated as if it were true!—That Napoleon was fastidious to the last is proved by the archives of our India Office, which contain the entry (Dec. 11th, 1820): "The storekeeper paid in the sum of L105 on account of 48 dozen of champagne rejected by General Bonaparte" (Sir G. Birdwood's "Report on the Old Records of the India Office," p. 97).]

[Footnote 573: Forsyth, vol. i., pp. 330-343, 466-475.]

[Footnote 574: I have quoted this in extenso in "The Owens College Historical Essays." May not the words "domiciled" and "employed" have aroused Lowe's suspicions of Balcombe and O'Meara? Napoleon always said that he did not wish to escape, and hoped only for a change of Ministry in England. But what responsible person could trust his words after Elba, where he repeatedly told Campbell that he had done with the world and was a dead man?]

[Footnote 575: Forsyth, vol. i., p. 310, vol. ii., p. 142, vol. iii., pp. 151, 250; Montholon, "Captivity of Napoleon," vol. iii., ch. v.; Firmin-Didot, App. vi. The schemes named by Forsyth are ridiculed by Lord Rosebery ("Last Phase," p. 103). But would he have ignored them, had he been in Bathurst's place?]

[Footnote 576: Gourgaud, "Journal," vol. i., p. 105.]

[Footnote 577: He said to Gourgaud that, if he had the whole island for exercise he would not go out (Gourgaud's "Journal," vol. ii., p. 299).]

[Footnote 578: Gourgaud's "Journal," vol. i., pp. 262-270, 316. Yet Montholon ("Captivity of Napoleon," vol. i., ch. xiii.), afterwards wrote of Las Cases' departure: "We all loved the well-informed and good man, whom we had pleasure in venerating as a Mentor.... He was an immense loss to us!"]

[Footnote 579: Gourgaud, vol. i., p. 278; Forsyth, vol. i., pp. 381-384, vol. ii., p. 74. Bonaparte wanted this "Journal" to be given back to him: but Las Cases would not hear of this, as it contained "ses pensees." It was kept under seal until Napoleon's death, and then restored to the compiler.]

[Footnote 580: Henry, vol. ii., p. 48; B. Jackson, pp. 99-101; quoted by Seaton, pp. 159-162.]

[Footnote 581: Forsyth, vol. iii., p. 40; Gourgaud's "Journal," vol. ii., pp. 531-537.]

[Footnote 582: "Apostille" of April 27th, 1818. As to the new house, see Forsyth, vol. i., pp. 212, 270; vol. iii., pp. 51,257; it was ready when Napoleon's illness became severe (Jan., 1821).

If the plague of rats was really very bad, why is it that Gourgaud made so little of it?]

[Footnote 583: "Journal" of Oct. 4th, 1817. On the return voyage to England Mme. Bertrand told Surgeon Henry that secret letters had constantly passed between Longwood and England, through two military officers; but the passage above quoted shows who was the culprit.]

[Footnote 584: Forsyth, vol. iii., pp. 153, 178-181.]

[Footnote 585: Stuermer's "Report" of March 14th, 1818; Gourgaud's "Journal" of Sept. 11th and 14th, 1817.]

[Footnote 586: Described by Bertrand to Lowe on May 12th, 1821 ("St. Helena Records," No. 32).]

[Footnote 587: Lord Holland, "Foreign Reminiscences," p. 305.]

[Footnote 588: Gourgaud, vol. i., pp. 297, 540, 546; vol. ii., pp. 78, 130, 409, 425. See Las Cases, "Memorial," vol. iv., p. 124, for Napoleon's defence of polygamy. See an Essay on Napoleon's religion in my "Napoleonic Studies" (1904).]

[Footnote 589: Lord Holland's "Foreign Reminiscences," p. 316; Colonel Gorrequer's report in "Cornhill" of Feb., 1901.]

[Footnote 590: "Colonial Office Records," St. Helena, No. 32; Henry, "Events of a Military Life," vol. ii., pp. 80-84: h also states that Antommarchi, when about to sign the report agreed on by the English doctors, was called aside by Bertrand and Montholon, and thereafter declined to sign it: Antommarchi afterwards issued one of his own, laying stress on cancer and enlarged liver, thus keeping up O'Meara's theory that the illness was due to the climate of St. Helena and want of exercise. In our records is a letter of Montholon to his wife of May 6th, 1821, which admits the contrary: "C'est dans notre malheur une grande consolation pour nous d'avoir acquis la preuve que sa mort n'est, et n'a pu etre, en aucune maniere le resultat de sa captivite." Yet, on his return to Europe, Montholon stoutly maintained that the liver complaint endemic to St. Helena had been the death of his master. It is, however, noteworthy that on his death-bed Napoleon urged Bertrand to be reconciled to Lowe. He and Montholon accordingly went to Plantation House, where, according to all appearance, the dead past was buried.]

* * * * *



INDEX

Abdication, the Second, ii. 515.

Abell, Mrs., ii. 541.

Aberdeen, Lord, ii. 361, 369, 371, 372, 374-375. 390, 410.

Aboukir, i. 192-193, 201.

Aboukir, battle of, i. 213.

Abrantes, Duchesse d', i. 426.

Acre, i. 201, 204-210, 413.

Acton, Gen., i. 435.

Adams, Gen., ii. 502, 508.

Adda River, i. 93.

Addington, i. 310, 321, 402, 420-427, 452.

Additional Act, the, ii. 450-451.

Adige, i. 101, 107, 122, 123, 124, 132; River, i. 263.

Adye, Capt., ii. 441-442.

Ajaccio, i. 4-6, 12, 30-32, 34, 36, 38-41, 215.

Alessandria, i. 88, 250-258, 259.

Alexander I., i. 339.

Alexander, Czar, i. 263, 333, 338-340, 387-388, 395, 406-408, 419-425, 430-432; ii. 1-3, 5-11, 20, 29-31, 33-36, 42, 58, 63, 81, 82, 86-87, 90, 108, 110, 114-116, 125-132, 134-137, 144-145, 175, 179-183, 185-186, 202, 205-207, 209, 229, 231-236, 241-243, 258-259, 273-276, 285, 290, 296-297, 316-318, 321-322, 335, 344-345, 347, 372, 374, 381, 386-388, 400, 408, 415-420, 423-424, 426-430, 433, 437, 447, 448, 538, 546.

Alexander the Great, i. 33, 202, 213.

Alexandria, i. 187-189, 192, 214.

Algesiras, i. 313.

Alix, Gen., ii. 496, 497.

Alkmaar, i. 217.

Alps, the, i. 92.

Alten, Gen., ii. 474, 499, 504.

Alvintzy, i. 121, 131-136.

Amiens, Treaty of, i. 331, 336-354, 405.

Ancien regime, L', i. 25, 27, 31.

Andreossi, i. 215.

Angouleme, Duc d', ii. 414-415.

Ansbach, ii. 20, 30, 44.

Antibes, i. 60; ii. 442.

Antigua, i. 498.

Antommarchi, ii. 568, 570.

Antwerp, i. 439; ii. 399.

Apennines, i. 90, 91, 92.

Arcis, battle of, ii. 409.

Arcola, i. 123-128.

Arena, i. 303-304, 307.

Argaum, i. 377.

Arisch, El, i. 203-204.

Armed Neutrality League, i. 263, 331.

Armenia, i. 201.

Arndt, ii. 274, 278, 373.

Arnott, Dr., ii. 571.

Arrighi, ii. 404.

Arrondissements, i. 268, 269, 323-324.

Artois, Comte d', i. 54-55, 451, 456, 462; ii. 414, 416, 437, 443.

Aspern-Essling, battle of, ii. 192.

Assaye, i. 377.

Assignats, i. 62.

Astrakan, i. 262.

Auerstaedt, battle of, ii. 97, 98.

Augereau, i. 82, 85, 101, 108-115, 124, 138, 161, 162, 168, 449, 469-470, 491, 511 (App.); ii. 18, 91, 96, 97, 101, 112, 295, 355-356, 408, 415, 422, 454.

Aulic Council, i. 106, 121, 131.

Austerlitz, battle of, 37-42.

Australia, i. 379-385, 428; ii. 107, 174.

Austria,i. 35, 37, 52, 56, 57, 77, 79, 87, 89, 96, 100, 101, 105, 120, 128, 129, 137, 163, 164, 166-170, 183, 216, 219, 240, 263, 265, 352, 395, 414, 500; ii. 1-3, 5-6, 9-11, 12, 13-14, 18-26, 30-31, 42, 45-50, 58, 90-91, 110-111, 114-115, 126-128, 155, 177-182, 187, 189-202, 206-207, 271-272, 281-284, 289-290, 294-296, 315-317, 324-328, 331, 354-355, 365, 380, 385-389, 399-400, 402-403, 438, 453.

Austrian Netherlands, i. 141.

Auxonne, i. 22, 32-33.

Avignon, i. 137.

Babeuf, i. 157, 305.

Bacciocchi, i. 153.

Badajoz, Treaty of, i. 311.

Baden, ii. 46, 60.

Bagration, ii. 244, 248-249, 251-252.

Balcombe, Mr., ii. 541, 555.

Balearic Isles, ii. 74

Balmain, ii. 552.

Barbe-Marbois, ii. 60.

Barclay, Gen., ii. 244, 248-254, 291-292, 294, 335, 419.

Barras, i. 49, 50, 69, 70, 71, 74, 158, 159, 160, 167, 173, 180-181, 220-221, 223, 451.

Barrere, i. 59.

Bartenstein, Treaty of, ii. 141.

Barthelemy, i. 158, 162.

Bassano, i. 117.

Bastia, i. 30, 41.

Batavian Republic. See Holland.

Bathurst, Earl, ii. 493, 556, 557, 558, 562.

Baudin, Commodore, ii. 380-382.

Baudus, Col., ii. 485.

Bausset, i. 483; ii. 204, 255, 257, 433.

Bautzen, battle of, ii. 291-293.

Bavaria, ii. 46, 59, 65, 69, 189-191, 201, 354-355.

Baylen, ii. 177.

Baylen, battle of, ii. 170.

Bayonne, Conventions of, ii. 166, 379 (battles of).

Beatson, Gen., ii. 525.

Beauharnais,Eugene, i. 215, 468, 501; ii. 10, 12, 85, 154, 195, 216, 254-255, 260, 279-281, 284-285, 287, 294, 369, 375, 380, 397, 411.

Beauharnais, Hortense, i. 215, 442; ii. 515.

Beaulieu, i. 82, 83, 85, 86, 92, 93, 101, 102.

Becker, Gen., ii. 516-518.

Beethoven, i. 481.

Beet-root, ii. 223.

Belgium, i. 141, 308; ii. 35, 54, 373, 387, 392, 399, 402, 412, 436, 438, 441, 456-457.

Belliard, Gen., ii. 423.

Bennigsen, Gen., ii. 111, 114, 118-120, 123-124, 126, 140, 250, 359, 362.

Beresford, ii. 414-415.

Beresina, crossing of, ii. 264.

Berg, Grand Duchy of, ii. 64.

Berlier, i. 302.

Berlin, decree of, ii. 103-105; University of, ii. 226, 275.

Bernadotte,i. 220, 222, 246, 449, 451, 469-470; ii. 18-21, 36, 38, 40, 63, 91, 94, 99-100, 111, 142, 229, 238, 296-298, 321-323, 332-333, 335, 337-338, 350, 352, 353-354, 357-360, 362, 369, 380, 387, 401, 416, 424.

Bernard, Prince, ii. 462.

Berne, i. 180, 391-395, 398-399.

Bernier, i. 236, 274.

Berthier, i. 76, 95, 109, 134, 135, 158, 179, 194, 214, 234, 246, 249, 276, 468-470; ii. 64, 113, 200, 207, 260, 335, 348, 363, 364, 392, 416, 427, 431, 432, 454, 455.

Berthollet, i. 182, 195, 215, 285, 487; ii. 569.

Bertrand, ii. 18, 32, 113, 280, 292, 332-333, 337-338, 354, 358, 359, 433, 434, 441, 481, 487, 516, 520-524, 529-530, 535-537, 539, 542, 544, 547, 567, 572.

Bertrand, Mme., ii. 522, 523, 527, 528, 529-530, 535-537, 542, 548.

Bessarabia, ii. 238.

Bessieres, i. 194, 215, 258, 469-470; ii. 18, 41, 169, 211, 255, 260, 288.

Beyme, ii. 90.

Bialystock, ii. 134.

Bingham, Sir George, ii. 536, 548, 551.

Black Forest, ii. 14-16.

Bluecher, ii. 83, 92, 98, 100, 285-286, 288, 292, 332-333, 335-336, 338-34O, 350-352, 353-354, 356, 358, 360, 361, 362, 364, 366, 381-384, 389, 392-396, 401, 404-407, 414, 416-419, 423, 456-457, 460, 467-473, 476-477, 479, 480, 481, 489, 502, 510, 516-518, 537, 545, 546.

Bologna, i. 78, 103, 119, 128, 131.

Bon, i. 182, 209.

Bonaparte, Caroline, ii. 571.

Bonaparte, Charles, i. 5-10.

Bonaparte, Elise, i. 37, 153; ii. 10.

Bonaparte family, the, i. 2-12, 17.

Bonaparte, Jerome, i. 444-445, 473-474; ii. 135, 154, 194, 216, 248-249, 352. 423, 485, 494-495.

Bonaparte, Joseph, i. 7, 10, 13, 23, 30, 32, 73, 153, 341, 351-354, 369-371, 424-426, 443-444, 465, 468, 473-475; ii. 9-10, 62, 63, 85, 135, 168, 169-171, 181, 185, 198, 201, 210, 269, 300-304, 305-313, 382, 393, 396, 412, 416, 421-422, 423, 454, 512, 520.

Bonaparte, Josephine, i. 73-74, 153-156, 215, 221, 304, 327, 329, 459, 462, 472-474, 477-480; ii. 129, 133, 182, 204-207, 515, 571.

Bonaparte, Letizia (Madame Mere), i. 5-7, 23, 41, 468; ii. 440.

Bonaparte, Louis, i. 32, 61, 125, 153, 442, 468, 473-475; ii. 10, 168, 212-214, 393, 423.

Bonaparte, Lucien, i. 21, 31, 39, 40, 179, 214, 223-226, 228, 234, 295, 311, 369-371, 442-444, 473-475; ii. 162, 452, 454, 513, 514, 560.

Bonaparte, Pauline, i. 153, 360, 363, 442; ii. 436, 440, 571.

Borghese, Prince, i. 442.

Borodino, battle of, ii. 254-256.

Boulay de la Meurthe, i. 229, 234, 302, 305.

Boulogne, i. 313, 485-503.

Bourbon, Ile de, i. 358, 372; ii. 390, 538.

Bourgogne, Serg., ii. 257, 261.

Bourmont, Gen., i. 237; ii. 461.

Bourrienne, i. 12, 13, 72, 175, 180-181, 215, 245, 303; ii. 157, 222.

Boyen, Gen. von, ii. 330.

Breisgau, i. 170, 263.

Brescia, i. 101, 107, 108, 109, 113, 143, 144, 259.

Breslau, Convention of, ii. 277.

Brest, i. 160, 375.

Brienne, battle of, ii. 383.

Brienne, Napoleon at, i. 10-14.

Broglie, Duc de, i. 162; ii. 246, 327, 450.

Brueys, Admiral, i. 182-183, 192, 229.

Bruix, i. 214, 487.

Brulart, ii. 439.

Brumaire, coup d'etat of, i. 222-228.

Brune, Marshal, i. 70, 180, 237, 469; ii. 144, 454.

Brunswick, Duke of, ii. 31, 91-94, 97-98, 100.

Brunswick-Oels, Duke of, ii. 194, 474.

Bubna, Count, ii. 289-290, 314, 321, 328.

Budberg, Baron, ii. 74.

Buelow, Gen. von, ii. 338, 350, 352, 381, 392, 401, 405, 414, 460, 489, 495, 496, 502, 503, 504.

Buonavita, ii. 568.

Burghersh, Lady, ii. 370, 417.

Burghersh, Lord, ii. 360, 419.

Busaco, battle of, ii. 209.

Buttafuoco, Comte de, i. 31.

Bylandt, Gen., ii. 496.

Cadiz, i. 499-502, 507.

Cadoudal, Georges, i. 236-238, 446, 453-456, 458, 471-472.

Caesar, i. 187.

Caffarelli, i. 183-184, 190, 195, 209.

Cairo, i. 189-191, 197-199.

Calder, i. 499, 502-504.

Caldiero, i. 122, 123.

Cambaceres, i. 222, 234, 289, 302, 321-322, 458, 467-468; ii. 312, 370, 395. 513.

Cambronne, Gen., ii. 509.

Camel corps, i. 197.

Campbell, Col., i. 489; ii. 420, 434, 435, 440-442.

Campbell, Sir Neil, ii. 484, 485.

Camperdown, i. 175.

Campo Formio, Treaty of, i. 170-172, 263.

Canning, ii. 116, 126, 141-143, 145, 148, 152, 169, 185-186, 190, 199, 208.

Cape of Good Hope, i. 166, 311-312, 314, 333, 375, 396, 405-406, 420, 428; ii. 54, 73, 81, 82, 221, 229, 436.

Caprara, i. 274.

Capri, i. 4; ii. 80, 545.

Carmel, Mount, i. 206.

Carnot, i. 74, 75, 162, 234, 322, 451, 467, 471; ii. 446, 513, 515.

Carteaux, i. 47, 49, 52, 70.

Castiglione, i. 110.

Castlereagh, i. 336; ii. 56, 116, 145, 208, 283, 296, 322, 361, 369, 372, 386-389, 390, 400, 403, 410-411, 426, 436, 437, 439-440, 525, 558.

Catalonia, annexation of, ii. 210.

Cathcart, Lord, ii. 116, 144-145, 277, 287-288, 316-317, 321, 326, 332, 334, 364. 390.

Catherine II., i. 138; ii. 273.

Cattaro, i. 170.

Caulaincourt, i. 458, 462, 468; ii. 34, 182-183, 205, 290, 295, 323-324, 327, 354, 370-371, 374-375, 389-392, 401, 410-413, 416-418, 422, 423, 426-428, 431-432, 444, 515.

Certificates of origin, ii. 104, 156, 233.

Cervoni, i. 95.

Ceva, i. 85, 86, 87.

Ceylon, i. 311-312, 314-315, 333, 343.

Chaboulon, Fleury de, ii. 441.

Chamber of Peers, ii. 451.

Chamber of Representatives, ii. 451.

Champ de Mai. ii. 444, 450, 452.

Champagny, ii. 149, 181, 185, 213.

Champaubert, battle of, ii. 393.

Channel Islands, the, i. 166, 175.

Chaptal, i. 234, 285, 304-306, 316; ii. 216, 219, 224, 484.

Charlemagne, i. 478-479; ii. 191, 227-228.

Charles, Archduke, i. 121, 137, 196; ii. 11, 13-14, 22, 26, 31-33, 35, 189-192, 194-195, 201.

Charles IV., ii. 159, 161-166.

Charles XIII., ii. 202, 238.

Charlotte, Queen, i. 435.

Chasse, Gen., ii. 491, 504, 506.

Chastel, ii. 255.

Chateaubriand, i. 282, 298, 463.

Chatham, Earl, ii. 199.

Chatillon, Congress of, ii. 389-392, 400, 409-412.

Chaumont, Treaty of, ii. 402-403, 448.

Chenier, i. 451.

Cherasco, i. 88, 89.

Chouans, i. 305-307.

Cintra, Convention of, ii. 172.

Cisalpine Republic, i. 142, 151-152, 166, 168-170, 251-252, 264, 319, 345-349.

Cispadane Republic, i. 119-120, 131, 142, 149, 152.

Ciudad Rodrigo, ii. 302.

Clarke, Gen., i. 128, 129, 130, 140, 158, 164; ii. 74, 295, 302-303, 325, 363, 404, 421.

Clausel, ii. 303-304, 306-307, 309, 313, 454.

Clausewitz, ii. 244, 250, 255 n., 459, 466, 492.

Clichy Club, i. 158, 161.

Cleves, ii. 44.

Coalition, Second, 209, 213, 216, 240-243.

Coalition, Third, i. 500; ii. 1, 5-12, 42, 58.

Cobenzl, Count, i. 162, 263; ii. 1, 3, 45.

Cockburn, Admiral, ii. 451, 510, 527, 528, 531-532, 534-535, 539-549, 545, 547.

Code Napoleon, i. 287-294, 466; ii. 77.

Coffee, price of, ii. 218, 223.

Collingwood, i. 488. Colloredo, ii. 359.

Commercial prohibition, i. 401-402; ii. 104-106, 156-157, 217-220, 224.

Committee of Public Safety, i. 44, 65, 67, 162.

Concordat, the (of 1802), i. 21, 271-284, 476; ii. 570.

Condorcet, i. 295.

Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 75-78, 83-84, 91, 103, 135, 195, 229, 240, 277, 316, 324, 329-330.

Coni, i. 88.

Consalvi, Cardinal, i. 274-279.

Constant, Benjamin, i. 163, 238, 320; ii. 450.

Constant (the Valet), ii. 432.

Constantine, Grand Duke, ii. 250.

Constantinople, i. 182, 201-203, 210; ii. 128, 136, 175.

Constitution of 1795, i. 66, 159, 218, 221.

Constitution of 1799 (Year VIII.), i. 229-233, 238.

Constitutional priests, i. 28, 164, 272, 273-277, 282.

Consul, First, powers of, i. 231-233.

Consulate for life, i. 321-324, 326.

Continental System, i. 176, 436; ii. 28, 48, 49, 77, 103-107, 144, 153-158, 174, 189-190, 193, 211-223, 233-235, 236-237.

"Contrat Social, Le," i. 17, 20, 26, 43, 466.

Convention, the, i. 37, 40, 54, 57, 58, 66, 67, 68, 69, 72, 289.

Copenhagen, bombardment of, ii. 142.

Corbineau, Gen., ii. 263.

Corfu, i. 168, 192-193, 413, 420-422, 434, 488; ii. 17, 62, 82, 154, 430.

Cornwallis, Lord, i. 337, 341, 343, 350-354, 372.

Cornwallis, Admiral, i. 440, 491-492, 499, 502-504.

Coronation, i. 476-477, 479-480.

Corps Legislatif, i. 230, 270, 305, 320, 321-324; ii. 377.

Corsica, i. 1, 3-11, 14, 16, 17, 22, 23, 28-32, 34-35, 37, 38-43, 56, 60, 61, 217, 241; ii. 430.

Cortes, ii. 301, 379, 380.

Corvisart, ii. 205.

Cotton, ii. 483, 491.

Cotton, price of, ii. 218.

Council of Ancients, i. 66, 223-224.

Council of Five Hundred, i. 67, 158, 162, 217, 223-226.

Council of State, i. 230, 234, 238, 266, 269, 287, 304-306, 320, 467, 475; ii. 451.

Court, Mr. a, i. 435.

Craonne, battle of, ii. 406-407, 411.

Croatia, ii. 201.

Croker, ii. 516.

Cromwell, i. 33.

Cuesta, ii. 198.

Curacoa, i. 311-312, 333; ii. 436.

Cyprus, i. 215.

Czartoryski, i. 262, 409-410, 423; ii. 5-9, 29, 54, 71, 74, 110, 232.

Dalberg, ii. 424-425.

Dallemagne, i. 95.

Dalmatia, i. 142, 168-170; ii. 45-48, 201.

Dandolo, i. 170-172.

Danton, i. 63.

Dantzig, siege of, ii. 284.

Danubian provinces, ii. 47, 135, 138, 185.

Daru, i. 503.

David, i. 248.

Davidovich, i. 107, 121, 122, 127.

Davoust, i. 182, 438, 469-470; ii. 18, 38, 91, 94, 98-101, 112, 113, 119, 122, 193, 195, 248-249, 251-252, 280, 296, 298-299, 325, 332, 337-338, 350, 352, 360, 369, 408, 416, 432, 446, 454, 514, 5I7.

Decaen, Gen., i. 373-375, 378, 381, 419, 433; ii. 454.

Decoster, ii. 486.

Decres, i. 358, 363, 487, 497; ii. 176, 446.

Dedem de Gelder, ii. 360.

Defermon, i. 234.

Dego, i. 85, 86.

Delhi, i. 201.

Demerara, i. 311-312, 333, 439; ii. 436.

D'Enghien, Duc, i. 446, 457-463; ii. 532.

Denmark, i. 64, 263; ii. 114, 136, 140-144, 152-153, 221, 296-297, 380.

Dennewitz, battle of, ii. 350.

Denon, i. 215; ii. 517.

Departments, French, i. 27.

D'Erlon, Count, ii. 454, 460, 462, 470, 472-473, 474-476, 490, 495, 498, 502, 505, 508.

Desaix, i. 181, 182, 191, 199, 214-215, 254, 259.

Desgenettes, i. 212.

Desprez, Col., ii. 305.

Diebitsch, ii. 419.

Dijon, i. 246.

Directors, the, i. 97, 104, 146, 218-224, 226.

Directory, the, i. 67, 68, 75, 87, 97, 98, 99, 119, 129, 130, 140, 143, 148, 157-160, 167-172, 177-181, 214, 228, 300, 326.

Divorce, i. 292.

Divorce, the Imperial, ii. 204-205, 327.

Dolder, i. 393.

Dommartin, i. 47, 87, 183.

Domont, Gen., ii. 496, 503.

Donzelot, ii. 497, 503, 506, 507, 508.

Doppet, i. 49, 52.

Doernberg, ii. 459.

Douglas, Col., i. 208.

Drake, Francis, i. 55, 453-454; ii. 2, 62.

Dresden, battle of, ii. 342-347.

Drissa, camp of, ii. 243, 249-250.

Drouot, ii. 395, 422, 434.

Ducos, Roger, i. 220, 223, 228, 233, 239.

Dugommier, i. 52, 53.

Duhesme, ii. 503.

Dumas, Gen., i. 115, 182, 194, 285.

Dumouriez, Gen., i. 90, 457-459, 486.

Dundas, i. 441.

Dunkirk, i. 175.

Duphot, i. 179.

Dupont, Gen., i. 70; ii. 22-23, 123, 169-170, 173.

Duroc, i. 76, 172, 215, 327, 409, 443, 468; ii. 12, 20, 40, 59, 101, 134, 150, 293.

Eastern Question, i. 340, 406, 408-410, 428; ii. 47-48, 108.

East Indies, i. 497-499.

Ebrington, Lord, ii. 568.

Eckmuehl, battle of, ii. 191.

Economists, i. 174.

Education, national, i. 295-298.

Egypt, i. 168, 175-200, 201-203, 261, 312-313, 314, 355, 369, 411-416, 420-422, 434, 488; ii. 139, 174, 176, 229, 529.

Elba, i. 264, 314, 389; ii. 430, 435-442.

Elchingen, ii. 24.

Ellesmere, Earl of, ii. 493.

Emmett, i. 510 (App.).

England, i. 22, 25, 39, 41, 42, 46, 48, 54-56, 166-167, 174, 178, 200, 216, 240, 261, 265, 307-315, 321, 331-338, 350-354, 358, 361-363, 364, 372-378, 387-388, 401-408, 413-438, 436-441, 450-454, 460-461, 509-510 (App.); ii. 2, 4-9, 48, 55-58, 65-67, 69-74, 81-83, 87-89, 90, 104-107, 114-115, 125-128, 136, 138-148, 155-158, 185-186, 190, 199-200, 208, 211-212, 216-223, 229, 233, 283, 317, 322, 327-328, 334, 361, 372, 386-387, 389, 399, 402-403, 417, 432, 436-438, 447, 453, 532, 538-539.

England, invasion of, i. 175-178, 438-441, 482, 485-499.

Ense, Varnhagen von, ii. 101, 177, 225.

Erfurt, meeting at, ii. 179-185, 189, 231, 235.

Escoiquiz, ii. 165.

Esterhazy, Prince, ii. 410.

Etruria, kingdom of, i. 264, 334, 389, 420; ii. 150, 153-158.

Eugene, Prince, of Wurtemberg, ii. 347-348.

Eylau, battle of, ii. 111-114.

Excelmans, Gen., ii. 481-482.

Fain, ii. 360, 364, 371.

Faypoult, i. 148.

Ferdinand, Archduke, ii. 14-16, 19, 21, 24, 35.

Ferdinand, Prince Louis, ii. 93.

Ferdinand IV., i. 77.

Ferdinand VII. (Spain), ii. 161-166, 379-380.

Ferrara, i. 78, 119.

Fesch, Cardinal, i. 468, 477; ii. 206.

Feudalism, i. 120, 288; ii. 77-78, 178, 187.

Fichte, ii. 177, 184, 226, 237, 286.

Finland, ii. 175, 176, 185, 235-236.

Fiorella, i. 114.

Flahaut, Count, ii. 422, 479.

Flinders, Capt., i. 380-381.

Florence, i. 77, 104.

Florence, Buonapartes at, i. 2, 6.

Florence, Treaty of, i. 264.

Florida, i. 364, 368.

Flotilla, the Boulogne, i. 483-499.

Fombio, i. 92, 93.

Fontainebleau, Convention of, ii. 150, 160.

Fontainebleau, decree of, ii. 217.

Fontanes, i. 481.

Forfait, i. 234.

Forsyth, ii. 540, 550, 555, 557.

Fouche, i. 227, 234, 302, 304, 427, 449, 451, 463, 466-467, 472, 504; ii. 6, 182, 187-188, 213, 334, 439, 446, 448, 514, 515, 517.

Fox, i. 294, 414, 441; ii. 59, 70-72, 81, 83, 105, 330.

Foy, Gen., ii. 307.

France, i. 314.

France, Ile de, i. 358, 372, 380; ii. 390, 412.

France, Protestantism in, i. 283-284.

France, University of, i. 296-297.

Francis II., Emperor, i. 105, 117, 120, 121, 140-142, 170, 263, 264, 406, 482; ii. 3, 9-10, 14-16, 34, 42, 76, 197, 200-203, 239, 272-273, 283, 289, 314-315, 321, 326, 335, 386-388, 399, 410, 417, 422, 426, 433, 436.

Frazer, Sir A., ii. 492.

Frederick William III., ii. 4, 30-32, 33, 42-45, 51-55, 65, 83-87, 89-94, 98-100, 108, 127, 129-131, 177-178, 237, 270-271, 273-277, 285, 316-317, 335, 344-345, 347, 373, 386-388, 433.

French Colonies, i. 357-383.

French Republic, the, i. 38, 42, 45, 48.

Frejus, i. 215-217.

Freron, i. 54.

Friant, ii. 36, 38, 350, 506.

Friedland, battle of, ii. 119-124.

Frotte, i. 235, 237.

Fructidor, coup d'etat, i. 157, 161-164, 217, 272.

Fulton, i. 483-484.

Gallican Church, i. 274.

Gallois, M., ii. 558.

Gantheaume, Admiral, i. 215, 234, 372, 485, 487, 489, 491-492, 495-498.

Garda, Lake, i. 100, 101, 106, 108, 112.

Gardane, Gen., i. 254; ii. 117-118.

Gaudin, i. 234, 270; ii. 446.

Geneva, i. 180, 246, 390.

Genoa, i. 5, 7, 55, 59, 60, 75, 82, 83, 121, 147, 182, 216, 241, 243, 250, 334, 504; ii. 11-12.

Gentz, ii. 91, 314, 323.

Gerard, ii. 454, 460-461, 463, 466, 469-471, 480-482.

Gezzar, i. 204-209.

Gibraltar, i. 167, 175; ii. 150.

Girard, Gen., ii. 338.

Girondins, i. 44-46, 63, 218, 301.

Glover, ii. 533, 534, 540, 541.

Gneisenau, ii. 92, 125, 237, 286, 351, 366, 456, 460, 468, 476-479, 481, 509, 516, 546.

Godoy, i. 365-368, 437; ii. 146, 149-150, 159-161, 163-166.

Goethe, ii. 3, 183-184, 278.

Gohier, i. 220, 221, 223-224.

Gourgaud, Gen., ii. 451, 461, 463, 486, 503, 509, 513, 518, 520-524, 528, 529, 533, 535-537, 541, 542, 544, 548, 549, 560, 561-564, 569, 572.

Government, local, i. 267-271.

Gower, Lord Leveson, ii. 45, 126, 128, 130, 145, 160.

Graham, i. 83, 111, 114; ii. 310, 381.

Great Britain. See England.

Great St. Bernard, i. 245-248.

Gregoire, i. 467.

Grenoble, Napoleon at, ii. 443.

Grenville, Lord, i. 55, 166, 242, 414; ii. 59.

Gross Goerschen, ii. 287-289.

Grossbeeren, battle of, ii. 338.

Grouchy, ii. 120, 124, 255-256, 395, 407, 455, 463, 464, 466, 469, 470, 480, 481, 482, 485, 487-489, 495, 496, 505, 508, 510, 514.

Guadeloupe, i. 358; ii. 296-297.

Guards, National, i. 62, 69, 71.

Gudin, ii. 487.

Guiana, French, i. 358.

Guizot, ii. 484.

Gustavus IV., ii. 2, 4, 5, 144, 202, 238.

Guyot, ii. 501, 502.

Hagelberg, battle of, ii. 338.

Hainau, ambush at, ii. 294.

Hal, Wellington's force at, ii. 492.

Halkett, ii. 508.

Hamburg. See Hanse Towns.

Hameln, ii. 34.

Hammond, Lord, i. 450.

Hanau, battle of, ii. 365.

Hanover, i. 64, 176, 436; ii. 9, 17, 30, 34, 44, 45-48, 53-57, 65-69, 82-85, 88, 91, 135, 199, 277, 317, 361, 386.

Hanse Towns, i. 176; ii. 73-74, 213, 214 (annexation of); 226, 280-281, 297-299, 316, 361, 369.

Hardenberg, ii. 11, 55, 65, 68, 89, 129, 270, 274, 276, 373, 400.

Hardinge, ii. 459, 468, 489.

Harel, i. 459.

Harrowby, Earl of, ii. 5, 42, 53, 56, 57.

Hasslach, ii. 22.

Hatzfeld, Prince, ii. 271.

Haugwitz, i. 432; ii. 20, 30-31, 34, 43-46, 53-55, 65-69, 83-84, 86, 89-90.

Hauterive, i. 278-279; ii. 149.

Hawkesbury, Lord, i. 310, 312-314, 333-334, 338-340, 350-354, 396, 405, 422, 431, 450, 452; ii. 56.

Hayti. See Domingo.

Hazlitt, ii. 447.

Heilsberg, battle of, ii. 118-119.

Heligoland, ii. 380.

Helvetic Republic. See Switzerland.

Henry, Surgeon, ii. 539, 543, 553, 571.

Hesse-Cassel, i. 64; ii. 84.

Hill, Gen., ii. 309.

Hobart, Lord, i. 377, 382.

Hoche, i. 63, 65, 160, 168.

Hofer, ii. 193, 201-202.

Hohenlinden, i. 260.

Hohenlohe, ii. 93-97, 97-100.

Holkar, i. 374, 377.

Holland, i. 39, 166, 178, 242, 265, 293, 308, 314-315, 327, 334-338, 344, 345, 376-377, 403, 405, 416, 420, 425, 428, 433, 438, 485-486, 493, 503, ii. 1, 6, 8, 18, 30, 35, 54, 55, 69, 103, 134, 135-137, 212-214, 361, 369, 373, 375-376, 381, 403, 412, 436-438.

Holland, Lord, ii. 126, 413, 567, 570.

Holy Alliance, ii. 566.

Holy Roman Empire, i. 141, 170, 264, 387, 478; ii. 75-76.

Hood, Admiral, i. 50, 54-55.

Hostages, law of, i. 220, 229.

Hotham, Admiral, ii. 519-521.

Hougoumont, ii. 490-491, 499, 500-505.

Howick, Earl, ii. 116.

Hulin, Gen., i. 460-461.

Humbert, Gen., i. 511 (App.).

Humboldt, ii. 226, 323.

Hutchinson, Lord, ii. 124.

Hyde de Neuville, i. 220, 236-237.

Ibrahim, i. 188-191.

Illyria, ii. 315-316, 320, 324, 326, 328.

Imam of Muscat, i. 200.

India, i. 176, 189, 194, 200, 210, 262, 342, 372-379, 396, 419-420, 428-429, 431, 434; ii. 117-118, 139, 174-176, 230.

Ionian Isles, the, i. 168-170, 177, 314, 428, 432; ii. 9, 74, 135.

Ireland, i. 160, 202-203, 309, 331-332, 417, 488-489, 491, 505-506, 510-512 (App.); ii. 229.

Iron Cross, Order of the, ii. 277.

Istria, i. 142, 168-170; ii. 46-47.

Italian Republic, i. 388, 420. Italy, i. 77, 79, 96, 100, 213, 263, 265, 345-349, 388, 433-435, 438, 493, 497; ii. 1, 6, 10-11, 17, 46-48, 69, 88, 103, 150, 154, 202, 324, 361, 373, 375, 380, 397, 411, 438-439, 440.

Italy, army of, i. 57, 61, 64, 74, 75, 76, 80, 82, 122.

Izquierdo, Don, ii. 150, 163.

Jackson, Col. Basil, ii. 477, 479, 499, 500, 507, 529, 550, 552, 563.

Jackson, Sir G., ii. 43, 314, 360, 447.

Jacobins, the, i. 31, 35, 37, 42, 45, 47, 49, 53, 59, 63, 64, 69, 149, 161, 218, 223, 226-228, 260, 267, 281, 301, 302-306, 401, 427, 465-466; ii. 449.

Jaffa, i. 201, 203-204, 211-213.

Jamaica, i. 361.

Janin, Count, ii. 502.

Jaubert, i. 412.

Java, ii. 538.

Jefferson, i. 367, 369.

Jena, battle of, ii. 94-97.

Jews, the, i. 284.

John, Archduke, ii. 195-196.

Jomini, ii. 335, 340, 342, 466.

Jonan, Golfe de, ii. 442.

Joubert, i. 131, 135, 138, 219.

Jouberthon, Madame, i. 443.

Jourdan, i. 222, 469-470; ii. 198, 305, 307, 308-310.

Juges de paix, i. 270, 323; ii. 451.

Junot, i. 60, 61, 76, 112, 136, 138, 207, 426; ii. 151, 160, 162, 172, 454.

Junot, Madame, i. 64, 181, 426.

Kalckreuth, ii. 91, 137.

Kalisch, Treaty of, ii. 276-277.

Katzbach, battle of the, ii. 339.

Keith, Lord, i. 250-251, 440; ii. 526, 528, 529-530.

Kellermann, i. 89, 90, 256, 258-259, 469; ii. 40, 474, 501, 502.

Kennedy, Gen., ii. 457, 492, 493, 504.

Kilmaine, i. 143.

King's German Legion, ii. 493, 502.

Kleber, i. 63, 182, 189, 204, 207-208, 213, 215.

Kleist, ii. 292, 347-348, 456.

Knesebeck, Gen., ii. 242, 275, 276, 335.

Koran, i. 185.

Koerner, ii. 278.

Krasnoe, battle of, ii. 262.

Kray, Gen., i. 244.

Krudener, Madame de, ii. 450.

Kulm, battle of, ii. 347-349.

Kurakin, Prince, ii. 239.

Kutusoff, ii. 33, 36, 38, 39, 254-255, 258-262, 274, 285.

Labaume, ii. 245, 253, 260.

Labedoyere, ii. 505, 541.

Laborde, ii. 206.

Labouchere, ii. 213.

Labrador, ii. 165.

Lafayette, i. 476; ii. 439, 513, 514.

La Fere Champenoise, battle of, ii. 419-420, 422.

La Fere regiment, the, i. 15-17.

Laffray, defile of, ii. 443.

Laforest, ii. 65, 66, 84, 87.

Lagrange, i. 285; ii. 569.

Laharpe, i. 395, 408, 512 (App.); ii. 231, 400.

La Haye Sainte, ii. 490-491, 495, 496, 499, 500-505, 507, 508.

Laine, ii. 377.

Lajolais, Gen., i. 455.

Lake, Gen., i. 377.

Lallemand, Count, ii. 519, 529.

Lambert, Gen., ii. 493, 498.

Lampedusa, i. 422, 425.

Lancey, De, ii. 467, 493.

Landrieux, i. 110, 111, 115, 143, 144.

Langeron, Gen. ii. 339.

Lanjuinais, i. 321, 467; ii. 452.

Lannes, i. 92, 95, 102, 138, 183, 194, 209, 213, 215, 249, 252, 256, 451, 469; ii. 18, 21, 24, 26,32, 40, 91, 94-97, 100, 118-124, 192-193.

Laplace, i. 285, 484; ii. 569.

Larochejacquelein, ii. 449.

La Rothiere, battle of, ii. 383.

Larrey, i. 212; ii. 485.

Las Cases, Count, i. 212; ii. 519, 520-524, 527, 528, 529, 533, 535-537, 541, 542, 548, 553, 559-561, 564, 566, 568.

Latouche-Treville, i. 489-490.

Latour-Maubourg, ii. 123, 337, 342, 345, 358.

Lauderdale, Earl of, ii. 81-82.

Lauriston, ii. 235, 258, 281, 291, 332, 340, 364.

Lavalette, i. 148, 159, 161, 163, 168, 215; ii. 415, 445, 450, 451, 486, 513, 516, 526.

Lebanon, i. 201, 211.

Lebrun, i. 234, 302, 458, 468.

Leclerc, i. 135, 182, 225, 360-363.

Lefebvre, i. 469; ii. 422.

Lefebvre-Desnoettes, ii. 353, 422, 427, 431.

Legations, i. 78, 142, 145, 169, 275, 346; ii. 54.

Leghorn, i. 103.

Legion of Honour, i. 284-287, 327, 449; ii. 184.

Legislatif Corps, i. 467, 481.

Legnago, i. 107, 114, 126, 131.

Leipzig, battle of, ii. 356-363.

Lejeune, ii. 37, 192, 257, 351.

Leoben, i. 138, 140, 145.

Lepeaux-Reveilliere, La, i. 74, 158, 178, 220, 274.

Lestocq, Gen., ii. 113.

Letourneur, i. 74.

Liberty of the press, i. 239; ii. 211, 451.

Licences, commercial, ii. 220, 222-223.

Lichtenstein, ii. 424.

Ligny, battle of, ii. 468-473.

Ligurian Republic, i. 148, 264, 345, 420, 504; ii. 6, 10.

Lille, i. 164, 166-167.

Lindet, i. 220.

Linois, Admiral, i. 313, 376; ii. 81.

Liptay, i. 92, 93.

Lithuania, ii. 244-246, 248.

Liverpool, Earl of, ii. 447, 525, 537, 538.

Lobau, ii. 469, 480-482, 502, 503, 504.

Lobau, Isle of, ii. 192-193, 195.

Lodi, battle of, i. 93-95, 97.

Loison, i. 70.

Lombardy, i. 90, 91, 96, 142, 436; ii. 21, 55.

Lonato, i. 110, 112, 113.

London, Preliminaries of, i. 314, 331-336.

Louis, Baron, ii. 424.

Louis XIV., i. 24, 283.

Louis XV., i. 283, 364.

Louis XVI., i. 26, 29, 35-36, 42, 71, 283.

Louis XVII, i. 54-55, 65.

Louis XVIII., ii. 415, 424-425, 439-440, 457-458, 537, 541, 542.

Louisa, Queen, ii. 85-86, 125, 132-134, 226.

Louisiana, i. 264, 334, 364-372, 414, 421, 509-510; ii. 153.

Lowe, Sir Hudson, i. 4; ii. 291, 359, 395, 409, 419-420, 456, 492, 545, 561-566, 570, 572.

Lucca, i. 77.

Lucchesini, ii. 83-85, 87, 138.

Lucerne, i. 180.

Luddite riot, ii. 220.

Luneville, Treaty of, i. 263.

Luetzen, battle of, ii. 285, 287-289.

Luetzow, ii. 278, 318.

Luxemburg, i. 141.

Lycees, i. 295-297.

Lyons, i. 16, 46, 48, 319.

Lyons, Consulta of, i. 346-348.

Macdonald, i. 260, 449, 469, 471; ii. 192, 195, 197, 270, 288, 332, 335-336, 338-340, 357, 362, 381, 392, 393-394, 408, 409, 418, 427, 428, 443, 454.

Mack, ii. 14-16, 18-26, 365.

Mackenzie, Mr., ii. 140.

Madalena Isles, the, i. 38-39.

Madras, i. 376.

Mahrattas, the, i. 374, 377-378, 416; ii. 117.

Maida, battle of, ii. 79-80.

Maingaud, ii. 529.

Maitland, Capt., ii. 486, 519, 520-524, 525, 526, 529-530.

Maitland, Gen., ii. 506, 507.

Malcolm, Sir Pulteney, ii. 550.

Malet Conspiracy, the, ii. 265, 267.

Mallet du Pan, i. 180.

Malmaison, Napoleon at, ii. 515-518.

Malmesbury, Lord, i. 166-167.

Malo-Jaroslavitz, battle of, ii. 260.

Malta, i. 168, 181, 217, 260-263, 307, 311-12, 314, 333, 338-341, 351-353, 404, 406-408, 415-416, 419-425, 430-431, 434; ii. 7-9, 17, 54, 62, 73, 225.

Mamelukes, i. 188-191, 199, 412.

Manin, i. 169.

Mantua, i. 77, 79, 89, 90, 95, 100, 101, 102, 105-118, 124, 130, 131, 136, 216, 259.

Marbot, i. 254, 504; ii. 41, 192, 335, 364, 495, 496.

Marchand (the valet), ii. 485, 572.

Marchand, Gen., ii. 443, 528.

Marengo, battle of, i. 254-260.

Maret, i. 166-167, 278-279; ii. 235, 259, 265, 271, 295, 370, 371, 391-392, 401, 411, 412, 446, 513.

Marie Louise, ii. 206-207, 227, 370, 382, 388, 418, 426, 431, 432-433, 436, 562-563.

Marmont, i. 60, 61, 64, 76, 99, 114, 124, 126, 138, 153, 215, 247, 257, 483, 484; ii. 18, 115, 192, 256, 259, 292, 300, 332-333, 348-349, 351, 356, 357, 358-359, 362, 364, 381, 383, 393-394, 404, 406, 407-408, 418, 420-421, 423, 427, 429-430, 454.

Marseilles, i. 35, 45, 49, 57, 182.

Martinique, i. 311-312, 314, 333, 496-497.

Massena, i. 57, 82, 84, 85, 95, 102, 107, 110, 112, 114, 117, 118, 122, 124, 134, 135, 138, 217, 243-244, 250, 451, 469, 471; ii. 17, 26, 31, 61, 80, 192-193, 195, 209, 304, 432, 454.

Mauritius, ii. 436.

Mediatization, ii. 77.

Mehee de la Touche, i. 449-450, 453-455, 457.

Melas, i. 244-245, 249-259.

Melito, Miot de, i. 103, 130, 150, 187, 468; ii. 62, 451.

Melzi, i. 150, 456; ii. 378.

Memel, decrees of, ii. 178.

Memmingen, ii. 14, 18, 23-24.

Memphis, i. 195.

Mercer, Capt., ii. 453, 457, 483, 501, 502.

Merlin, i. 302.

Merry, Mr., i. 337, 393, 406, 411-412.

Menou, Gen., i. 70, 182, 189, 313.

Merveldt, Gen., ii. 360-361, 375.

Metternich, ii. 177, 200, 202-203, 206, 241, 253, 271-272, 273, 281-283, 289-290, 314-316, 318-320, 323, 325-327, 368, 370-371, 374-376, 386-389, 391, 400, 410, 413, 417-418, 422, 426, 438-439, 446, 448, 537.

Milan, i. 77, 79, 93, 96, 105, 107, 108, 143, 146, 151, 172.

Milan decrees, ii. 157.

Milhaud, Count, ii. 471, 481-482, 496, 500.

Miller, Capt., i. 206.

Millesimo, i. 85.

Miloradovitch, ii. 287.

Mina, ii. 301, 303.

Mincio, i. 100, 101, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110.

Minto, Earl, i. 423.

Miquelon, i. 342.

Mirabeau, i. 29.

Missiessy, i. 490, 492; ii. 7.

Moeckern, battle of, ii. 359.

Modena, i. 77, 118, 119, 145, 170, 264, 346.

Modena, Duke of, i. 100.

Mollien, i. 267; ii. 60, 88, 217, 269, 421, 445, 449, 484.

Moltke, Von, i. 106.

Moncey, i. 250, 469; ii. 421-422, 454.

Mondovi, i. 87.

Monge, i. 150, 182, 195, 215, 285, 484; ii. 569.

Monroe, i. 369.

Montagu, Admiral, i. 485.

Montchenu, ii. 552, 553, 571.

Montebello, Castle of, i. 148, 158, 252.

Montechiaro, i. 107, 110.

Montenotte, i. 79, 83, 84, 85.

Montereau, battle of, ii. 397.

Montesquieu, i. 25, 27, 42, 185.

Montholon, ii. 513, 519-529, 535-537, 542, 544, 545, 552, 553, 557, 560, 561, 564, 567, 570, 572.

Montholon, Mme., ii. 530, 536, 542, 548.

Montmirail, battle of, ii. 394.

Morea, the, i. 410, 422, 488-489.

Moreau, i. 63, 102, 105, 141, 219, 244-245, 449-452, 470-472; ii. 298, 335, 341, 345.

Morfontaine, i. 264.

Morillo, Gen., ii. 309.

Mortier, i. 469; ii. 115, 117, 120, 345, 349, 394, 404, 406, 408, 420-421, 422-423, 454.

Moscow, burning of, ii. 256-257.

Moulin, i. 220, 223-224.

Mouton, i. 482; ii. 192. See Lobau.

Mueffling, Gen. von, ii. 92, 241, 243, 294, 339, 456, 479, 489, 496, 499.

Muiron, i. 53, 124, 125; ii. 558.

Murad, i. 188-191.

Murat, i. 71, 76, 138, 182, 194, 213, 215, 225, 252, 276, 422, 458, 460, 468-469; ii. 19, 21, 22, 24, 26, 32, 40, 64, 83, 85, 97, 100, 112, 119, 122, 135, 162-164, 166-168, 176, 187, 216, 252-256, 259, 260, 265, 328, 331, 345-346, 348, 353, 355, 358, 362, 369-370, 380, 438, 448, 449, 542, 545.

Muscat, i. 378-379.

Nablus, i. 204.

Nansouty, ii. 345.

Naples, i. 128, 196, 216, 264, 308, 314, 433; ii. 30, 59, 60, 61, 63, 115, 134.

Napoleon, first abdication of, ii. 430.

Narbonne, ii. 323-324.

National Assembly, i. 27, 28, 29, 36.

National Guard, i. 28-29, 34-35, 39, 62, 71.

Nazareth, i. 207.

Necker, i. 159.

Neipperg, Count de, ii. 382, 433, 436.

Nelson, i. 84, 187, 192-194, 196, 202, 206, 263, 310, 313, 333, 434, 440, 453, 484, 488; ii. 573.

Nepean, i. 451.

Nesselrode, Count, ii. 371, 372, 424.

Neufchatel, ii. 44.

Newfoundland, i. 175, 314, 342; ii. 538.

Ney, i. 396, 438, 469-470, 487; ii. 18, 21, 24, 91, 96, 97, 113, 120-122, 194, 211, 245, 252-256, 262-263, 287, 289, 291-292, 322, 335, 350, 353, 354, 356, 359, 362, 381, 404, 407, 408, 427, 428, 431, 444, 461-463, 466, 467, 469, 472, 473-479, 482-483, 490, 498, 500-505, 541, 542.

Nisas, ii. 318.

Nice, i. 48, 57, 60, 76, 78, 80, 87, 232, 243, 244-245, 312.

Nile, battle of the, i. 192-194.

Nivelle, battle of the, ii. 369.

Nivose, affair of, i. 303-306.

Non-intercourse Act, ii. 156.

Non-jurors, i. 28, 272.

Norway, ii. 2, 238, 296-297, 380.

Noverraz, ii. 567.

Novi, i. 216, 219.

Novossiltzoff, ii. 5, 7, 11.

O'Connor, i. 510-512 (App.). Odeleben, Col. von, ii. 288, 353, 360.

Oglio, i. 142. O'Hara, i. 52, 54.

Oldenburg, ii. 134-135.

Oldenburg, annexation of, ii. 214, 234-236.

Oldenburg, Duchy of, ii. 183, 206.

Old Guard, ii. 471, 504-507.

Olivenza, i. 311, 314.

O'Meara, ii. 529-530, 534, 541, 544, 546, 551, 555, 562, 565, 571, 572.

Ompteda, ii. 55.

Oporto, ii. 194.

Orange, Prince of, ii. 467, 473.

Ordener, Gen., i. 458.

Orders in Council, ii. 105-107, 155-157, 222.

"Organic" articles, i. 281.

Orleans, New, i. 364, 368-369, 510 (App.).

Orthez, battle of, ii. 414.

Ossian, i. 185.

Ostermann, ii. 347.

Otto, i. 256, 310, 313, 314, 333, 341.

Oubril, ii. 71-75, 81.

Oudinot, i. 243; ii. 32, 38-39, 120, 124, 195, 231, 250, 253, 263-264, 266, 292, 332-333, 337-338, 350, 408, 409, 427, 431, 454.

Ouvrard, ii. 60, 213.

Pacthod, Gen., ii. 420.

Pahlen, ii. 358.

Pajol, ii. 358, 397, 480, 481.

Palais Royal, the, i. 16.

Palm, ii. 89, 184.

Paoli, i. 5, 18, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 38-42, 59.

Papal States, i. 78; ii. 154, 228.

Paris, i. 13-16, 35-36, 44-47, 62, 64, 66, 172, 260.

Paris, Treaties of (1814), ii. 436.

Paris, Treaty of (1815), ii. 538.

Parlements, i. 27, 268, 269.

Parma, i. 78, 366-369, 389.

Parma, Duke of, i. 100, 129, 264.

Parthenopaean Republic, i. 216.

Pasquier, i. 267; ii. 149, 279, 484, 514.

Passeriano, i. 156, 169-170.

Paterson, Miss, i. 414-415; ii. 154.

Paul, Czar, i. 183, 217, 260-263, 310.

Pavia, i. 92, 96, 98.

Pelet, ii. 364.

Peltier, i. 402.

Peninsular War, ii. 171-173, 186-188, 194, 197-199, 209-211, 300-313, 368-369.

Perim, i. 262.

Permoa, Madame, i. 64, 73.

Perponcher, Gen., ii. 462.

Perron, i. 364, 377.

Persia, i. 262; ii. 9, 110.

Persia, Shah of, ii. 117-118.

Perthes, ii. 299.

Peschiera, i. 101, 112, 113.

Petiet, ii. 485.

Petit, Gen., ii. 433.

Phelippeaux, i. 207-208.

Phillip, Port, i. 380, 382.

Phull, Gen. von, ii. 242-243, 248-250.

Piacenza, i. 92, 93.

Pichegru, i. 63, 158, 162, 451, 456-457, 463-464, 471.

Picton, Gen., ii. 311, 473, 479, 490, 493, 497.

Piedmont, i. 47, 64, 241, 245.

Piombino, i. 264.

Pirch I., ii. 460, 464, 467, 468, 489, 504, 505.

Pirch II., ii. 459.

Pitt, i. 54-56, 166-167, 243, 310, 414, 441, 452; ii. 5, 7, 13, 14, 53, 55-58, 573.

Pope Pius VI., i. 78, 102, 103, 120, 121, 137, 179, 261.

Pope Pius VII., i. 274-277, 280-281, 476-467, 480; ii. 72, 88, 153-154, 191, 211, 227-228, 380.

Pizzighetone, i. 93.

Plague, the, i. 204, 209-212.

Po, River, i. 79, 88, 92, 100.

Poischwitz, Armistice of, ii. 296, 320.

Poland, ii. 109-111, 131-132, 193, 201, 232-233, 236, 244-246, 272, 273-274, 294, 330, 387-388, 437.

Polignacs, i. 456, 458, 472.

Pondicherry, i. 372.

Poniatowski, ii. 252, 254, 284, 332, 362, 364.

Pons (de l'Herault), ii. 436.

Ponsonby, ii. 490, 493, 497, 498.

Portalis, i. 289.

Portland, Duke of, ii. 116, 208.

Porto Ferrajo, ii. 435, 441-442.

Portugal, i. 216, 308, 311-312, 437-438; ii. 106, 145-153, 160, 170-171, 209-210, 306.

Potsdam, Treaty of, ii. 30, 44.

Poussielgue, i. 178.

Power-looms, ii. 220.

Pozzo di Borgo, ii. 376, 424, 428, 439.

Praams, i. 485-486.

Pradt, Abbe de, ii. 246, 253, 258, 267, 424.

Prague, Congress of, ii. 323-324, 326, 329, 435.

Prefect, office of, i. 268, 269.

Press, the, i. 319.

Press, liberty of the, i. 239; ii. 211, 451.

Pressburg, Treaty of, ii. 46-48.

Priests, orthodox, i. 272, 273-277, 282.

Provence, i. 32, 44, 244.

Provence, Comte de, i. 54-55, 66, 143.

Provera, i. 85, 131, 136.

Prussia, i. 37, 64, 219, 263, 352, 422, 436; ii. 1, 4-5, 9, 11, 20, 29-30, 34, 42-45, 48, 49, 51-55, 64-69, 83-101, 110, 114-115, 126-127, 131-132, 134-137, 177-178, 182, 193, 221, 226, 237-240, 241, 269-271, 273-278, 280, 282, 316-317, 385-389, 402-403, 423-424, 437, 448.

Public works, i. 316-317.

Puisaye Papers, i. 450, 452.

Pyrenees, battle of the, ii. 368.

Pyramids, battle of the, i. 190-191.



Quatre Bras, battle of, ii. 473-475, 509.

Quosdanovich, i. 107, 109, 110, 114, 115, 116.



Rapp, ii. 41, 454.

Rastadt, Congress of, i. 170, 176.

Ratisbon, battle of, ii. 191.

Raynal, M., i. 34.

Real, i. 222, 302, 449, 458, 460, 462-463.

Rebecque, Constant de, ii. 462.

Reding, i. 392-394.

Red Sea, i. 181, 200.

Reggio, i. 118.

Regnier, i. 449, 454.

Reiche, Gen., ii. 460, 468, 476, 505.

Reichenbach, Treaty of, ii. 317.

Reille, Gen., ii. 309-311, 454, 462, 473, 490, 494, 495, 505.

Religion, Napoleon's, i. 19-21.

Remusat, Madame de, i. 329-330, 459.

Revolution, French, i. 465-466.

Rewbell, i. 74, 158, 181, 219, 451.

Reynier, i. 182, 191; ii. 79-80, 332-333, 337-338, 354, 356, 360, 362, 364.

Richter, Jean Paul, ii. 177.

Riviere, Marquis de, i. 456, 458.

Rivoli, battle of, i. 131-136.

Robespierre, i. 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 70, 82, 174.

Robespierre, the younger, i. 57, 58, 59, 60.

Roederer, i. 222, 233-234, 304-305, 308, 399, 473; ii. 375.

Rohan, Charlotte de, i. 457.

Roland, Mme., i. 46.

Roll, Baron de, i. 450.

Roman Catholic Church, i. 271.

Romantzoff, ii. 144, 180, 269, 274.

Rome, i. 100, 129, 179, 275-277.

Rome, King of, ii. 227, 382, 421.

Romilly, i. 294, 318.

Rose, George, ii. 56.

Rosetta, i. 189.

Rossbach, battle of, ii. 282.

Rousseau, i. 17-21, 25, 26-27, 42-43.

Ruechel, Gen., ii. 91-92, 94, 97.

Rue St. Honore, i. 72.

Rumbold, Sir George, ii. 4.

Russell, Lord John, ii. 440.

Russia, i. 183, 216, 243, 260-263, 315, 333, 339-340, 352, 387, 422, 425, 430-432, 458, 500, 511 (App.); ii. 1, 4-13, 29-30, 47-48, 54, 86, 87, 90, 110, 114-115, 130-132, 134-137, 185, 221, 223, 233, 269, 270-272, 273, 275-276, 282, 317, 385-389, 402-403, 448.



Saalfeld, battle of, ii. 93.

Sacken, Gen., ii. 339, 364, 393-394.

St. Aignan, Baron, ii. 370, 374.

St. Cloud, i. 223-227, 225.

St. Cyr, i. 469; ii. 17, 61-62, 253, 332-334, 337, 340-349, 353, 360, 408, 454.

St. Domingo, i. 312, 358-364, 368, 440, 490, 509 (App.); ii. 81.

St. Gotthard, i. 245-250.

St. Helena, ii. 439, 539-574.

St, Ildefonso, Convention of, i. 366.

St. John, Knights of. See Malta.

St. Just, i. 59, 174.

St. Lucia, i. 439; ii. 436.

St. Marsan, ii. 241, 270, 276.

St. Pierre, i. 342.

Salamanca, battle of, ii. 256, 300.

Salicetti, i. 39-40, 47, 49, 57, 60, 104, 121, 147, 148; ii. 10.

Salo, i. 110.

Salvatori, i. 144.

Salzburg, i. 129, 170; ii. 46, 54, 201.

Saragossa, ii. 170, 177.

Sardinia, i. 38-39, 54-57, 78, 83, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 167-168, 216, 241, 245, 261, 312, 388, 430; ii. 6, 8, 30, 115.

Sarzana, i. 2, 3.

Savary, i. 200, 258, 456, 458, 460-463; ii. 35, 41, 96, 144, 165, 170-171, 298, 313, 334, 380, 415, 426, 446, 516, 519, 528, 529.

Savona, i. 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 243, 259.

Savoy, i. 37, 78, 89, 244-245.

Savoy, House of, i. 87, 90, 338, 344, 388.

Saxony, i. 64; ii. 84, 88, 91, 93, 108, 134-135, 194, 207, 275, 284-285, 289, 295, 355, 366, 385, 387-388, 411, 437.

Scharnhorst, ii. 92, 178, 237, 242, 250, 280, 286.

Scherer, i. 61, 75.

Schill, ii. 193.

Schiller, ii. 184.

Schleiermacher, ii. 286.

Schoenbrunn, Treaty of, ii. 43-45, 201.

Schwarzenberg, Prince, ii. 24, 281-282, 321, 335-336, 341-346, 351, 354, 356, 366, 368, 373, 381, 383, 384, 386-389, 396, 402, 404-405, 408-409, 413-414, 417, 418, 423-424, 429, 456.

Scindiah, i. 374, 377-378.

Sebastiani, Gen., i. 411-413; ii. 339.

Sebottendorf, i. 94.

Secularizations, i. 387-388; ii. 52.

Segur, Count, ii. 37, 245, 252, 485.

Segur, Mme. de, i. 479.

Senarmont, ii. 123.

Senate, i. 230-232, 287, 305-306, 320, 321-325, 466-468, 475; ii. 377, 425, 444.

Senatus Consultum, i. 306, 322, 324-325, 468.

Senegal, i. 358.

Serurier, i. 87, 108, 114, 469.

Servan, i. 36.

Sicily, i. 77; ii. 72-74, 79-83, 85, 88, 135, 176, 213.

Sieyes, i. 219-226, 228-233, 451, 467; ii. 526.

Silesia, ii. 282, 284, 291, 294.

Silesia, army of, ii. 332, 338-340, 381, 395.

Silk industry, ii. 224.

Simmons, Major, ii. 307, 494.

Simplon, i. 245, 246, 316.

Sinai, Mount, i. 200.

Slavery, in French colonies, i. 360-363.

Smith, Sir Sidney, i. 202, 204-215; ii. 80.

Smolensk, ii. 251-252.

Smorgoni, ii. 265.

Socotra, i. 262.

Soissons, surrender of, ii. 405-406.

Sommepuis, council at, ii. 419.

Somosierra, battle of, ii. 186.

Souham, Gen., ii. 287, 339.

Soult, i. 243, 469-470; ii. 18, 21, 38-41, 91, 96, 97, 100, 122, 126, 180, 194, 198, 209, 256, 300-301, 304-306, 312-313, 325, 368, 379, 384, 408, 414, 432, 455, 469, 472, 479, 490, 501, 509.

"Souper de Beaucaire, Le," i. 45-46.

Spain, i. 46-47, 54-56, 64, 129, 166, 178, 214, 264, 265, 294, 308, 311-312, 314-315, 334, 352, 364-370, 422, 437-438, 493-496; ii. 69, 74, 106, 146, 149-151, 153, 176, 177, 181-182, 186-187, 209-211, 215, 300, 361, 368, 379, 403.

Spina, Monseigneur, i. 274-276.

Stadion, Count, ii. 197, 202, 289, 315, 326, 410.

Stael, Madame de, i. 73, 163-164, 180, 217, 298.

Stapfer, i. 391-395, 400.

Staps, ii. 200.

Steffens, ii. 274-275, 276.

Stein, ii. 130, 177, 190, 237, 273-274, 276-277, 373, 387.

Stewart, Sir Charles, ii. 358, 366, 390, 410, 423, 437.

Stockholm, Treaty of, ii. 297.

Stokoe, Dr., ii. 565.

Stradella, i. 252.

Stralsund, battle at, ii. 193.