[241] The loss of Sta. Lucia does not militate against this statement, being due to happy audacity and skill on the part of the English admiral, and the professional incapacity of the commander of the greatly superior French fleet.

[242] The plan of campaign traced by the Directory for Bruix became impossible of execution; the delay in the junction of the French and Spanish squadrons having permitted England to concentrate sixty ships in the Mediterranean.—Troude, vol. iii. p. 158.

[243] The combined squadrons of France and Spain, under Bruix, reached Brest on their return only twenty-four hours before Lord Keith, who had followed them from the Mediterranean. (James: Naval History of Great Britain.)

[244] The high professional attainments of many of the French officers is not overlooked in this statement. The quality of the personnel was diluted by an inferior element, owing to the insufficient number of good men. "The personnel of our crews had been seriously affected by the events of the campaign of 1779. At the beginning of 1780 it was necessary either to disarm some ships, or to increase the proportion of soldiers entering into the composition of the crews. The minister adopted the latter alternative. New regiments, drawn from the land army, were put at the disposal of the navy. The corps of officers, far from numerous at the beginning of hostilities, had become completely inadequate. Rear-Admiral de Guichen met the greatest difficulty in forming the complements, both officers and crews, for his squadron. He took the sea, February 3, with ships 'badly manned,' as he wrote to the minister." (Chevalier: Hist. de la Marine Francaise, p. 184.) "During the last war [of 1778] we had met the greatest difficulty in supplying officers to our ships. If it had been easy to name admirals, commodores, and captains, it had been impossible to fill the vacancies caused by death, sickness, or promotion among officers of the rank of lieutenant and ensign." (Chevalier: Marine Francaise sous la Republique, p. 20.)

[245] The vital centre of English commerce is in the waters surrounding the British Islands; and as the United Kingdom now depends largely upon external sources of food-supply, it follows that France is the nation most favourably situated to harass it by commerce-destroying, on account of her nearness and her possession of ports both on the Atlantic and the North Sea. From these issued the privateers which in the past preyed upon English shipping. The position is stronger now than formerly, Cherbourg presenting a good Channel port which France lacked in the old wars. On the other hand steam and railroads have made the ports on the northern coasts of the United Kingdom more available, and British shipping need not, as formerly, focus about the Channel.

Much importance has been attached to the captures made during the late summer manoeuvres (1888) by cruisers in and near the English Channel. The United States must remember that such cruisers were near their home ports. Their line of coal-supply may have been two hundred miles; it would be a very different thing to maintain them in activity three thousand miles from home. The furnishing of coal, or of such facilities as cleaning the bottom or necessary repairs, in such a case, would be so unfriendly to Great Britain, that it may well be doubted if any neighboring neutral nation would allow them.

Commerce-destroying by independent cruisers depends upon wide dissemination of force. Commerce-destroying through control of a strategic centre by a great fleet depends upon concentration of force. Regarded as a primary, not as a secondary, operation, the former is condemned, the latter justified, by the experience of centuries.



INDEX.

Alberoni, Cardinal, minister to Philip V. of Spain, 233; naval and general policy of, 234-236; failure of his schemes, 238; dismissed, 239.

Anson, British Admiral, expedition to the Pacific, 261; captures a French squadron, 271.

Arbuthnot, British Admiral, engagement with French fleet off the Chesapeake, 385-387.

Armed Neutrality, the, of the Baltic powers, 405.

Arnold, Benedict, treason of, 382; expedition to James River, 385.

Barbadoes, strategic value of, 348, 393, 518; ineffectual attempt of the French against, 469.

Barrington, British Admiral, energy of, 365; takes Sta. Lucia and resists an attack by superior French fleet, 366; second in command at battle of Grenada, 368; refuses the command of the Channel fleet, 404; a whig in politics, 500.

Battles, Land, Austerlitz, 24, 47; Blenheim, 213; Boyne, 41, 185-187; Camden, 382, 384; Ciudad Rodrigo, storming of, 475 (note); Jena, 47; Metaurus, 19, 20; Plassey, 306; Savannah, assault on, 376; Yorktown, capitulation of, 390.

Battles, Naval (the list of the principal naval battles, with plans, will be found on pp. xxiii, xxiv), Actium, 13; Agosta, 165; Boscawen and De la Clue, 299; Byng off Minorca, 286, plan 265; Cape Passaro, 63, 237; Chesapeake. 372-374, 389, 391; Copenhagen, 361; La Hougue, 189-191, plan 183; Lepanto, 13, 50; Lowestoft, 108; Malaga, 110, 211, 229; Mobile, 287, 354, 355, 361; Navarino, 13 (note); New Orleans, 354-356; Nile, 10, 11, 80, 81, 358, 361, 366, 533; Pocock and D'Ache, 307-310, plan 162; Port Hudson, 355, 361; Rio de Janeiro, expedition against, 230; Rodney and Langara, 404, 500 (and note); Schoneveldt 152; Sta. Lucia, 366, 425, 478; St Vincent, 11, 356, 358, 476 (note), plan 146; Suffren and Hughes, fifth action, 463; Trafalgar, 9, 11, 12, 23 (note), 24, 47, 85, 353, 354, 357, 438; Vigo galleons, 207.

Benbow, British Admiral, sent to West Indies, 207; treason of his captains, 207; killed in battle. 207.

Bickerton, British Admiral, conducts a powerful convoy to the East Indies, 452; arrived in India, 458; activity of, 458, 520; effects of arrival of, 459, 461.

Blane, Sir Gilbert, physician to British fleet, letters of, 497, 499, 500(note), 501.

Blockade, of French ports by English fleets, 23 (note), 30, 210, 296, 297, 383, 387, 402 (and note), 413, 525-527, 532, 533; of Southern coast of United States, 43, 44, 87 (note); Napoleon forces England to, 81; with consequent effect on American privateering, 137; definition of efficient, 85; dangers to United States from, 86, 87; offensive and defensive use of, 87 (note); declaration of the Armed Neutrality concerning, 405; position taken off an enemy's port not necessarily a blockade in strict sense of the word, 532.

Boscawen, British Admiral, expedition to India, failure of, 277; intercepts French ships off the St. Lawrence, 284; takes Louisburg, 294; disperses or destroys French fleet from Toulon, 298.

Burgoyne, British General, expedition from Canada, 343; effect of his surrender, 346.

Bussy, French General, second to Dupleix in India, 305; intrigues with nabob of Bengal, 306; invades Orissa, 307; again sent to India during American Revolution, 459; delayed en route, 460; reaches India, 461; besieged in Cuddalore by the English, 462; relieved by Suffren, 463.

Byng, Sir George, British Admiral, sent to Mediterranean, 236; destroys Spanish fleet at Cape Passaro, 237; policy at Messina, 238.

Byng, John, British Admiral, sails to relieve Port Mahon, 286; action with the French fleet, 286-288; returns to Gibraltar, is relieved, tried, 290, and shot, 291.

Byron, British Admiral, commander-in-chief at Battle of Grenada, 367-371.

Cape of Good Hope, a half-way naval station, 28, 514; discovery of passage round, 37, 38, 141; acquired by Holland, 97; acquired by England during the Napoleonic wars, 327; English expedition against, 421; saved by Suffren, 422-425, 427; utility to France, 460, 520; Suffren's reception at, 464, 465.

Carlos III., King of the Two Sicilies, 248, 249; enters into Bourbon Family Compact, 249; forced to withdraw his troops by a British commodore, 252, 264, 304; succeeds to the Spanish throne, 304; enters into secret alliance with France, 312, 313; losses in Seven Years' War, 315, 317; again enters alliance with France against England, 401, 402.

Charles, Archduke, claimant to Spanish throne as Carlos III., 206; lands at Lisbon, 208; lands in Catalonia and takes Barcelona, 213; takes and loses Madrid, 214; antipathy of Spaniards to, 214, 216; inherits empire of Austria and elected Emperor Charles VI. of Germany, 217; makes, as king of Spain, secret commercial treaty with England, 221; discontented with Treaty of Utrecht, 222, 234; renounces claim to Spanish throne, 235; joins Quadruple Alliance, 236; obtains Naples and Sicily, 239; loses Naples and Sicily, 248; dies, leaving no son, 262; succeeded by Maria Theresa, 262.

Charles II., naval policy of, 60, 61; restoration of, 90; political motives, 100; cedes Dunkirk, 105; policy of commerce-destroying, 131; bargains with Louis XIV., 143; declares war against Holland, 144; makes peace with Holland, 158; forms alliance with Holland, 166; dies, 175.

Choiseul, minister to Louis XV., 297; plans for invading England and Scotland, 297, 300; makes close alliance with Spain, 311-313; policy after Seven Years' War, 330-336; naval reforms, 331-333; supports Spain in dispute with England over the Falkland Islands, 336; dismissed, 336.

Clerk, John, work on Naval Tactics, 77 (and note), 163-165, 289.

Clinton, Sir Henry, British General, expedition up the Hudson, 343; commander-in-chief in America, 360, 365, 401; opinions as to influence of sea power, 385, 401; sends detachments to the Chesapeake, 385, 387; directs Cornwallis to occupy Yorktown, 387; outwitted by Washington and Rochambeau, 387.

Clive, Robert, afterward Lord, letter of. 275 (note); Indian career begins, 282; retakes Calcutta, 305; defeats nabob of Bengal, takes Chandernagore, and wins battle of Plassey, 306; reduces Bengal, 306.

Colbert becomes minister under Louis XIV., 70; commercial and naval policy, 70-74, 105, 106, 169, 174; thwarted by the king, 170; his trust in the resources of France, 198.

Collingwood, British Admiral, leads a column at Trafalgar, 353; his conduct at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 355, 356; reverses Nelson's orders after his death, 358; loss in his ship at Trafalgar, 438 (note); blockading duty off French coast (letters), 526.

Colonies: origin of, 27; character of, 28; effect on England of, 29, 82, 83, 255, 326-328, 392-394, 396, 414; weakness of Spain through, 30, 41, 42, 202, 261, 312, 327, 345, 346; effect of national character on, 55-58, 255, 256; growth of English colonial system, 60, 62, 64, 217, 220, 228, 251, 291, 305-307, 310, 321, 327; Colbert's policy, 70, 71, 106; navy essential to security of, 41, 42, 74, 75, 82, 329, 367, 373, 401, 416, 424, 434, 511, 529, 541; support to sea power by, 83, 212, 329, 415, 510, 511, 514, 520, 521; Dutch, 96, 97, 258; New York and New Jersey seized by English, 107, 132; loss of French colonies, 219, 291, 294, 295, 304, 314, 321, 322; loss of Spanish colonies, 219, 315-317, 321; French colonial policy, 242, 254, 255, 257, 258, 273-278, 282, 283, 306; Spanish colonial policy, 245-247, 250; colonial expansion the characteristic motive of the wars from 1739 to 1783, 254, 281-284, 291, 508-510; value of smaller West India islands, 256, 374, 512, 513; the English in India, 257, 282, 305, 307, 348, 349, 419, 420, 459; Vernon's and Anson's expedition against Spanish, 261; Florida and the Bahamas recovered by Spain, 517 (note). British North American, character of, 255, 283; extension over all the continent east of the Mississippi, 65, 321; quarrel with mother-country, 334, 341; military situation of, 341-344; alliance with France, 350; effect of sea power upon their struggle, 397, 524; object of, 507, 508; policy of France in their struggle, 359, 511, 512; distribution of colonial possessions at peace of 1783, 540.

Commander-in-chief, position of a naval, in battle, 353-358; question raised by action of the Due de Chartres, 352; illustrated by practice of Howe, Nelson, Farragut, 353-358; orders of French government, 353.

Commerce, attempts to control by force, 1, 62, 63, 100, 101, 107, 245, 247; trade routes, 25, 32, 33, 37, 38, 141, 142; water carriage easier and cheaper than land, 25; advantages of rivers and inlets to, 25, 35, 36; secure seaports and a navy necessary to security of, 26-28, 74-76, 82, 83, 134, 135; the basis of a healthy navy, 28, 45, 46, 82; war upon (see commerce-destroying); influence of Baltic trade upon sea power, 32, 62, 239, 240, 405; effect of Central American Canal on, 33, 325; effect of physical conditions on, 36-39; decay of Spanish, 41, 50-52; effect of national character on, 50-55; solicitude of English government concerning, 60, 62, 63, 65, 66, 143, 206, 218, 220, 240, 241, 247, 269, 270; the Navigation Act, 60; influence of the wealth of England on history, 64, 187, 197, 216, 218, 227, 279, 295; commercial spirit of the Dutch, 49, 52, 55, 57, 68, 69, 98; Colbert's policy for developing, 70, 71, 101, 102, 105, 106, 169; decay of French, under Louis XIV., 73, 107, 167, 169, 170, 198, 199, 219, 226-228; improvement of French, under Louis XV., 74, 242, 243; government influence on, 70, 71, 82, 101, 105, 106; dangers to United States, by blockades, 84-87; commercial policy of United States, 84, 88; French, in 1660, 93; Dutch, in 1660, 95-97, 131; rivalry of English and Dutch, 100, 107; Leibnitz's proposition to Louis XIV. to seize Egypt, 141, 142; influence of Dutch wealth, 167, 176, 187, 197, 270, 279; sufferings of Dutch, 38, 160, 167, 168; gains to English, by policy of Louis XIV. 167, 170; effect of injury to, in hastening war, 176, 177; bearing of, upon War of Spanish Succession, 201-204, 207, 209; Methuen Treaty of, with Portugal, 206, 228; concession to England of the Asiento, or slave trade, 217, 220, 245; growth of English, during eighteenth century, 220, 223-226, 228, 229, 233, 241, 245, 319, 323, 328; secret treaty of, made with England by claimant to Spanish throne, 221; decay of Dutch, in early part of eighteenth century, 69, 220-222, 224; English, contraband with Spanish America, 240, 241, 245-247; sufferings of, 1740-1748, 279, 280; sufferings of, 1756-1763, 311, 312, 317-319; prosperity of English commerce, 1756-1763, 297, 318, 319, 323; effect of commercial interests on the results at Yorktown, 392; great centre of English, 539 (note); policy of Great Britain as to neutral, 540.

Commerce-Destroying (Cruising Warfare), a strategic question, 8; dependence on geographical position, 31; diffusion of effort, 31; disadvantageous position of United States, 31, 540 (note); Spanish treasure-ships, 41, 51, 207, 262, 313, 316; English and Dutch commerce defy, 51, 133, 134, 135, 206, 229, 297, 317, 318, 319, 539, 540; Charles II. resorts to it as a substitute for great fleets, 131; disastrous results, 132; discussion of, as a principal mode of warfare, 132-136; dependent upon a near base or upon powerful fleets, 132, 196, 230, 314; illustrations, 1652-1783, 133-136; injurious reaction on the nation relying upon it, 136; illustrations, 136-138; mistaken conclusions drawn from American privateering in 1812, and from the Confederate cruisers, 137, 138; effect of great navies, 138; illustrations, after battle of Solebay, 148; after battle of Texel, 154; decline of Dutch navy, 160, and consequent increase of commerce-destroying by French privateers, 167; in the war of 1689-1697, discussion, 193-196; in the war of 1702-1713, 228-230; in war of 1739-1748, 280; in Seven Years' War, 295, 297, 311, 314, 316, 317-319 (discussion), 329 (note); in American Revolution, 344, 382, 392, 400, 404, 408 (and note), 409, 443, 445, 452, 460, 530, 539, 540 (and note); French privateering, 133, 135, 167, 195, 196, 229, 280, 314, 317-319; peculiar character of French privateering, 1689-1713, 194-196, 229, 230.

Conflans, French Admiral, commands fleet intended for invasion of England, 300; sails from Brest, 301; encounters Hawke and is defeated by him, 302-304.

Cornwallis, British General, wins battle of Camden, 382; overruns Southern States, 384; marches into Virginia, 385; takes position at Yorktown, 387; surrounded by enemies, 389, capitulates, 390.

Cornwallis, Captain British navy, gallant conduct in Hood's action at St. Christopher, 472.

Corsica, island of, naturally Italian, 32; a dependency of Genoa, 201; Genoa cedes fortified harbors to France, 292; whole island ceded to France, 334; strategic value, 335.

Cromwell, Oliver, naval policy of, 60; issues Navigation Act, 60; condition of navy under, 60, 61, 101, 127; takes Jamaica, 60; takes Dunkirk, 105.

D'Ache, French Commodore, reaches India, 307; first and second battles with Pocock, 308; ill-will to the French governor, Lally, 307, 309; goes to the Isle of France, 309; return to the peninsula, and third battle with Pocock, 310; abandons the peninsula, 310.

De Barras, French Commodore, commands French squadron at Newport, and takes part in operations against Cornwallis, 389-392.

De la Clue, French Commodore, sails from Toulon to join Brest fleet, 298; encounters and beaten by Boscawen, 299.

D'Estaing, French Admiral, transferred from the army to the navy, 371; long passage from Toulon to the Delaware, 359; fails to attack the British fleet in New York, 361; runs British batteries at Newport, 361; sails in pursuit of Howe's fleet, and receives injuries in a gale, 362; goes to Boston, 363; foiled by Howe on all points, 363, 364; goes to West Indies, 365; failure at Sta. Lucia, 366; capture of St. Vincent and Grenada, 367; action with Byron's fleet, 367-371; professional character, 371, 375; ineffectual assault on Savannah, 376; return to France, 376.

D'Estrees, French Admiral, commands French contingent to the allied fleet at Solebay, 147; at Schoneveldt, 151; at the Texel, 152; equivocal action at the battle of the Texel, 153, 155; notice of, 170.

De Grasse, French Admiral, sails from Brest for West Indies, 383; partial action with Hood off Martinique, 383, 384; takes Tobago, and goes thence to San Domingo, 384; determines to go to Chesapeake Bay, 388; thoroughness of his action, 388, 392; anchors in Lynnhaven Bay, 388; skilful management when opposed by Graves, 389; share in results at Yorktown, 399; declines to remain longer in the United States, 400, 418, 469; return to West Indies, and expedition against St. Kitt's Island, 469; outgeneralled by Hood, 470-476; criticisms upon his actions, 392, 476-478, 483, 489, 494; return to Martinique, 479; in command of combined fleet in expedition against Jamaica, 479; sails from Martinique, 480; partial action of April 9, 1782, 481-483; battle of the Saints, 486-490; surrenders with his flag-ship, 489; later career and death, 501-503; findings of the court-martial on, 503.

De Guichen, French Admiral, wary tactics of, 7, 413, 433; takes command in West Indies, 376; actions with Rodney, 378-381; returns to France, 381, 405; chief command of allied fleets in Europe, 407, 408; abortive action at Torbay, 408 (and note); injuries to convoy under his care, 408; Rodney's opinion of, 499; difficulty in manning his fleet, 536 (note).

D'Orvilliers, French Admiral, instructions to, 339, 340; appointed to command Brest fleet, 339; commander-in-chief at battle of Ushant, 350-352; commands allied fleets in English Channel, 1779, 402 (and note); retires from the navy, 403.

De Rions, d'Albert, Captain in French navy, leads in the attack on Hood's position at St. Kitt's, 474; Suffren's opinion of, 474; gallantry at time of De Grasse's defeat, 502 (note).

De Ternay, French Commodore, commands fleet which convoys Rochambeau to America, 382; position occupied in Newport, 394-396; Washington's memorandum to, 397.

De Vaudreuil, French Commodore, second in command to De Grasse, 494; conducts partial attack of April 9, 1782, 482, 494; assumes command after De Grasse's capture, 497.

Derby, British Admiral, relieves Gibraltar, 407, 414 (note); retreats before superior allied fleet, 408.

Destouches, French Commodore, engagement with English fleet off the Chesapeake, 385-387.

Douglas, Sir Charles, Captain British navy, chief of staff to Rodney, 485 (note); letters of, 486 (and note), 490, 493; credit of breaking French line claimed for, 490; opinion as to Rodney's failure to pursue his success, 496.

Dubois, Cardinal, minister of Philippe d'Orleans, 233; his policy, 233, 235, 237, 239, 241; death, 241.

Duguay-Trouin, French privateer, expedition against Rio de Janeiro, 230.

Dupleix, advances the power of France in India, 243; his ambition and policy, 258, 274, 282; problem before him in India, 275; foiled by lack of sea power, 276, 278; quarrel with La Bourdonnais, 276; seizes Madras, 276; successful defence of Pondicherry, 277; extends his power in the peninsula, 282; is recalled to France, 282.

Duquesne, French Admiral, compares French and Dutch officers, 129; commands at battle of Stromboli, 160-162; tactics of, 163-165; commands at battle of Agosta, 165.

Egypt, Napoleon's expedition to, 10, 11; Leibnitz proposes to Louis XIV. to seize, 141; commanding commercial and strategic position of, 141, 142; occupation of, by England, 22, 328; importance of, to India, 328.

Elliott, British General, commands at Gibraltar during the great siege, 411.

England, See under Colonies, Commerce, Commerce-Destroying, Geographical Position, Government, Inhabitants, character and number of, Naval Policy, Naval Tactics, Sea Power, Strategy.

Extent of Territory, its effect upon the sea power of a country, 42-44.

Falkland Islands, dispute concerning, 335.

Farragut, American Admiral, at Mobile, 164, 287, 361; at Port Hudson, 361; at New Orleans, 354, 356; practice of, as to his position in order of battle, 354-356.

Fleuri, Cardinal, minister of Louis XV., 241; peace policy, 241, 243, 253; commercial expansion of France under, 242, 248; accord with Walpole, 241, 244, 252; policy, continental rather than maritime, 243, 244, 251, 253; supports claimant to Polish throne, 247; arranges Bourbon Family Compact with Spain, 244, 248; acquires Bar and Lorraine for France, 249; allows the navy to decay, 244, 249, 252, 253; death, 253.

France. See under Colonies, Commerce, Commerce-Destroying, Geographical Position, Government, Inhabitants, character and number of Naval Policy, Naval Tactics, Sea-Power, Strategy.

Frederick, King of Prussia, seizes Silesia, 262; Silesia ceded to, 278; opens Seven Years' War, 292; desperate struggle of, 295, 305; losses in the war, 324; results of the war to, 324; partition of Poland, 336.

Gardiner's Bay, Long Island, useful as a base of operations to an enemy of the United States, 212, station of English fleet, 386.

Geographical Position, its effect upon the sea power of countries, 29-35.

Gibraltar, strategic question, 12; taken by Rooke, 210; strategic value, 212; value to England, 29, 32, 220, 298, 328, 414; offers to restore to Spain, 236, 298; attacks on, 212, 245, 411; siege of, 403-412.

Government, character and policy of, effect upon the sea power of countries, 58-88; English, 59-67; Dutch, 67-69; French, 69-82; United States, 83-88.

Graves, British Admiral, commanding in New York, sails to relieve Cornwallis, 389; out-manoeuvred by De Grasse, 391; criticisms on, 390, 391.

Graves, British Captain, afterward admiral, urges Rodney to attack French squadron anchored in Newport, 396; second to Nelson at Copenhagen, 396 (note); blockading on French coast, 526.

Great Britain. See England.

Hannibal. See Second Punic War, 13-21.

Havana, strategic value of, 315, 517, 519; taken by the English, 315; restored at Peace of Paris, 321, 322.

Hawke, Sir Edward, afterward Lord, British Admiral, distinguishes himself at the battle of Toulon, 266; captures a French squadron, 271-273; seizes French shipping in the Atlantic, 285; relieves Byng in the Mediterranean, 290; blockade of Brest, 300, 527; brilliant action in Quiberon Bay, 300-304; maxim as to strength of English fleet, 523.

Henry IV., of France, policy of, 59, 69, 92, 93.

Herbert, British Admiral, commands allied English and Dutch fleets at battle of Beachy Head, 182.

Holland. See under Colonies, Commerce, Commerce-Destroying, Geographical Position, Government, Inhabitants, character and number of, Naval Policy, Naval Tactics (Ruyter's), Sea Power, Strategy.

Hood, Sir Samuel, afterward Lord, British Admiral, trait of subordination in, 356 (note); action with De Grasse off Martinique, 383; sent by Rodney to America with fourteen ships, 389, 390; second in command in action off Chesapeake, 391; temporary chief command in West Indies, 469; brilliant action at St. Christopher's Island, 470-476; junction with Rodney, 479; partial action of April 9, 1782, 481-483; at battle of the Saints, 486-490, 491-493; De Grasse's flag-ship strikes to his, 489; opinion as to Rodney's failure to pursue his advantage, 496; captures four French ships, 498; later career and death, 504.

Hoste, Paul, work on naval tactics, 77, 147, 182, 184.

Howe, Lord, British Admiral, naval policy of, 9; at Philadelphia, 360; at New York, 360; at Newport, 361; energy and skill of, 363, 364; commands Channel fleet, 408; relieves Gibraltar, 412; a whig in politics, 500; opinion as to blockades, 526.

Howe, Sir William, British General, commander-in-chief in America, 343; expedition to the Chesapeake, 343, 468, 529, 530; indolence of, 364.

Hughes, Sir Edward, British Admiral, arrives in India, 349; takes Negapatam and Trincomalee, 349; first meeting with Suffren, 427; task in India, 428; first battle with Suffren's squadron, 430-434; second battle with Suffren, 437-441; contemporary criticisms on, 442; third battle with Suffren, 446-448; tactics of, 431, 449, 453, 456, 462: slowness of, loses Trincomalee, 450, 451; fourth battle with Suffren, 453-455; praise bestowed by, upon his captains, 456; goes to Bombay from Coromandel coast, 458; returns to Madras, 461; supports English siege of Cuddalore, 462; fifth battle with Suffren, 463; abandons the field, 463; death, 467.

Hyder Ali, Sultan of Mysore, 419; war upon the English, 420; denied the aid of the French squadron, 421; Suffren communicates with, 443; visited by Suffren, 450; negotiations of Suffren with, 459, 460; death of, 461.

Inhabitants, character of, effect upon the sea power of a country, 50-58.

Inhabitants, number of, effect upon the sea power of a country, reserve strength, 44-49.

Italy, geographical position of, 32; physical conformation of, 39, 40; necessity for a navy, 40; Sicilian revolt against Spain, 1674, 159; Spanish possessions in, 1700, 201; Sardinia taken by allied fleets, 215; disposition of Spanish provinces in, at peace of 1713, 219; Sicily transferred to Austria, and Sardinia to House of Savoy, 1719, 239; Spanish expedition into, 248; foundation of Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 248; Spanish operations against Austria, 1741, 263, 264; King of Naples forced to withdraw troops from Spanish army by English fleet, 263; disposition of provinces of, at peace of 1748, 278; transfer of Corsica to France by Genoa, 292, 334; acquisition of Malta by England, 327.

Jamaica, taken by English, under Cromwell, 60; wish of Spain to recover, 345, 510, 512; strategic value of, 394, 517, 518; combined expedition against, 479; frustrated by Rodney's victory over De Grasse, 496; Rodney repairs to, after his victory, 501, 517.

James II., a seaman by profession, 61, 115; commands at battle of Lowestoft, as Duke of York, 109; commands at the battle of Solebay, 147; deprived of the command, 151; succeeds to the throne, 175; interest in the navy, 175, 177, 178; flight from England, 178; lands in Ireland, 179; defeated at the Boyne, 186; at Cape La Hougue, 188; death, 205.

Jenkins, captain of a merchant brig, the story of his ears, 250.

Jervis, Sir John, afterward Earl St. Vincent, British Admiral, naval policy of, 9; tactics at Cape St. Vincent, 11, 147, 167, 476 (note); testimony at Keppel's court-martial, 352.

Johnstone, British Commodore, sails for Cape of Good Hope, 421; commissioner to American Congress, 421 (note); attacked by Suffren at the Cape Verde Islands, 421-425; anticipated by Suffren at the Cape, 427; returns unsuccessful to England, 427.

Kempenfeldt, British Admiral, cuts off part of De Guichen's convoy, 408, 414, 417, 475.

Keppel, Lord, British Admiral, appointed to command Channel fleet, 341; battle of Ushant, 350-352; head of admiralty and disapproves treaty of peace, 499; a whig in politics, 500.

King, British Commodore, stubborn defence of the "Exeter," 449; visits Suffren at the Cape of Good Hope, 465.

La Bourdonnais, governor of the Isle of France, 243, 273; his active administration, 273; prepares to attack English commerce in the East Indies, 273; takes and ransoms Madras, quarrels with Dupleix, squadron wrecked, returns to France, and dies, 276.

L'Etenduere, French commodore, brilliant defence of, 272.

Lafayette, Marquis de, arrival in America, 345; operations in Virginia, 385; expressions of Washington to, as to necessity of naval help, 397, 400; associations of his name to Americans, 501.

La Galissoniere, French Admiral, commands the fleet in the expedition to Minorca, 285; defeats Byng's attempt to relieve Port Mahon, 286-288.

Lally, French governor of India, reaches India, 307; quarrels with Commodore D'Ache, 307; takes Fort St. David, 308; besieges Madras, but fails, 310; fall of French power under, 310.

Langara, Spanish Admiral, defeated and captured by Rodney, 403, 404, 499; action at Toulon in 1793, 156.

Leibnitz, proposes to Louis XIV. the occupation of Egypt, 106, 107, 141, 142.

Louis XIV., growth of French navy under, 72; enmity to Holland, 73; policy of, 73, 103-105, 140, 143, 205; naval policy of, 72, 74, 107, 133, 141-143, 155, 159, 166, 174, 178-181, 194-196; assumes personal government, 90; initiates general wars, 91; condition of France at accession of, 93; commercial policy of, 54, 105, 167, 169, 170, 176; aggressions of, 139, 173; declares war against Holland, 144; campaign in Holland, 149-151; evacuates Holland, 158; Sicilian episode, 159-166; peace with Holland, 168; declares war against Germany, 177; against Holland, 178; supports invasion of Ireland, 179-186; plans invasion of England, 188-191; concessions by, at peace of Ryswick, 197; effect of policy of, on sea-power, 198-200; accepts bequest of Spanish throne to his grandson, 203; reduced to extremities in War of Spanish Succession, 215, 216; humiliating concessions at peace of Utrecht, 219-221; exhaustion of France under, 227; privateering under, 133, 134, 195, 230; death of, 232.

Louis XV., ascends throne, 232; condition of French commerce under, 74, 242-244, 279, 280, 311, 318; condition of French navy, 74-77, 244, 252-254, 259, 276, 279, 280, 288, 291, 311; restoration of the navy, 76, 331-333; defensive alliance with Spain, 248, 263-268; offensive alliance with Spain, 313, 333; death, 336.

Louis XVI., begins to reign, 336; naval policy of, 78-80, 337-340, 402, 403, 452; general policy of, 336, 337, 345, 359, 382, 419, 509-512, 535-540; treaty with the United States, 346; breach with England, 350.

Louisburg, Cape Breton Island, strategic importance of, 28, 294, 328; retained by France at Peace of Utrecht, 219; taken by New England colonists, 269; restored to France at peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 277; taken by Boscawen, 294.

Madras, capital of a British presidency in India, 257; taken by French, 276; exchanged for Louisburg at peace of 1748, 277; besieged by French in 1759, 310; danger from Hyder Ali in 1780, 420; principal British naval station during the struggle, 1781-1783, 429, 437, 444, 450, 451; danger of roadstead, in northeast monsoon. 458, 518, 519.

Mahrattas, the, position in India of, and war with English, 419, 420; peace with the English, 459, 461.

Maria Theresa, ascends Austrian throne, 262; war with Prussia, France, and Spain, 262, 263; war with Prussia, in alliance with France and Russia, 292.

Martinique, French West India Island, base for commerce-destroying, 31, 135, 314; taken by the English, 135, 314; effects of this conquest, 318; restored to France at peace of Paris, 321; principal base of French navy in West Indies. 348, 366, 469, 479; actions near, 378, 383; strategic position of, 480, 517, 518, 523.

Matthews, British Admiral, commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean and minister to Sardinia, 263; action with combined French and Spanish fleets, 265-267; court-martialled and cashiered, 268.

Mazarin, Cardinal, policy of, 70, 93; death, 90.

Mediterranean Sea, control of, influence on Second Punic war, 14-21; strategic points in, 13, 20, 22, 23, 32, 62, 63, 82, 141, 142, 202, 203, 215, 220, 285, 298, 327, 328, 335, 393, 515; advantage of strategic study of, 33; analogy to Caribbean Sea, 33; increase of English power in, 206, 210, 212, 215, 219, 220, 229, 235, 239, 263, 322, 327, 328; Austria established in, 239; Sardinia given to House of Savoy, 239; foundation of Bourbon Kingdom of Two Sicilies, 248, strengthens France in, 249; English navy in, 193, 206, 208, 210-216, 263-268, 286-291, 296, 298, 412, 515, 532, 533; France acquires Corsica, 334, 335; England loses Minorca in American Revolution, 409, 540.

Monk, British General and Admiral, saying about Dutch trade, 107; commands English fleet in the Four Days' Battle, 117-126; tactics of, 121, 124; merits of, 126; opposition to laying up the heavy ships, 131; death, 127.

Morogues, Bigot de, work on Naval Tactics, 10, 77, 288.

Napoleon I., recommends study of military history, 2; Egyptian expedition, 10, 107; Trafalgar campaign, 11, 12, 23, 24 (note), 119, 532, 533; favorite objective, 47; naval policy, 81, 506; influence of French navy on American privateering in 1812, 137.

Naval Policy, value of reserve force, 48; colonial, 56, in peace, 82; in war, 82; soldiers commanding ships, 127; commerce-destroying and privateering (see Commerce-destroying) Bourbon Family compact, 248, 313; significance of the wars from 1739 to 1783, 254; Dutch, 67-69, 95-99, 108, 109, 126, 174, 201-204, 217, 218, 222, 406; English, 59-67, 78, 100, 101, 105, 107, 131, 140, 143, 174, 175, 192-196, 201-204, 206, 224, 225, 229, 238-241, 244, 245, 264, 293, 326-328, 406, 417, 442, 451, 452, 505, 540; French, 29, 54, 69-81, 93, 104, 105-107, 166, 167-170, 177, 187, 197, 199, 212, 226, 238, 242-244, 252, 282, 287-290, 291, 309, 311, 322, 331-334, 337, 340, 359, 382, 408 (and note), 451, 452, 459, 460, 506, 510, 511; maritime inscription, 45; Leibnitz's proposition to Louis XIV., 141, 142; Italian, 39, 40; Spanish, 41, 51, 94, 156, 246, 312, 333, 348, 401, 407, 510, 517 (note), 535, 536; United States, 26, 33, 34, 38, 39, 42, 49, 83-88, 325, 326, 539, 540 (note).

Naval Tactics, unsettled condition of modern, 2; qualities of galleys, steamers, and sailing-ships, 3-5; windward and leeward positions, 6, change of, from age to age, 9, 10, 22, 130, 506; fireships, 109, 110, 113, 114; torpedo-cruisers, 111; group formation, 112; close-hauled line-of-battle, 115; breaking the line, 124, 147, 265, 268, 286, 380, 381, 488, 491; refusing the van, 148, 152, 157, 183, 190, 266, 432, 434; concentration by defiling, 308, 387, 470, 492; concentration by doubling, 125, 147, 183, 272, 378, 379, 432, 433, 438-441; general chase with melee, 3, 4, 184, 237, 271, 299, 302, 303, 367-369, 404, 481, 482, 486; French, in eighteenth century, 79, 80, 114, 163, 164, 287-290, 338, 340, 351, 372, 383, 425, 426, 431, 474 (and note), 476, 478, 482, 483, 486-488, 494, 538; English, in eighteenth century, 127-129, 163, 211, 237, 265, 268, 271, 286, 287, 299, 303, 307, 350, 352, 369, 377-381, 386, 389, 391, 404, 412, 442, 447, 449, 453-455, 462, 463, 470-473, 476 (and note), 486-490; Monk's, 121; Ruyter's, 145, 147, 148, 152, 154, 157, 161; Duquesne's, 161-163, 165; Herbert's, 182; Tourville's, 182, 184, 185, 187, 189; Rooke's, 211; Byng's, 286; Hawke's, 271, 272, 303; Keppel's and D'Orvilliers, 351; Barrington's, 366; Byron's, 367-369; D'Estaing's, 369, 370; Rodney's, 377-379, 404, 488, 491; De Grasse's, 383, 389, 471-474, 481-483, 485-489; Arbuthnot and Destouches's, 386; Graves's, 389, 391; Suffren's, 425, 426, 432, 433, 439, 455, 465; Hood's, 472, 473; Clerk's work on, 77, 163, 211; Hoste's work on, 77; Morogues' work on, 77; position of commander-in-chief in battle, 353-358; effect on, of changes in naval material, 2-5, 9, 10, 22, 109, 116, 384 (note), 386 (note), 493-495.

Navies, condition of: British, under Cromwell, 62; under Charles II., 61, 101; character of vessels, 1660, 101; qualities of officers, 1660, 126-129; decline of, under Charles II., 174; improvement of, by James II., 175; numbers in 1691, 187; deterioration under William III., 192; improvement under Anne, 209, 220, 224, 225, 229; numbers and condition of, in 1727, 1734, and 1744, 259, 260; inefficiency of officers, 1744, 265-269; numbers of, 1756-1763, 291; numbers of, in 1778, 337, 341; professional skill of officers in American Revolution, 379 (and note), 401, 412, 449, 456, 497; administration of, 417, 452, 523, 527.

Dutch, prior to 1660, 68, 98, 99; character of ships, 102; professional qualities of officers, 109, 126, 127, 129, 157; Duquesne's estimate of Dutch officers, 129; decline of, after 1675, 160, 174; decline of, during War of Spanish Succession, 221, 222; practical disappearance of, after 1713, 222.

French, 53; numbers in 1661, 70; numbers in 1666, 72; numbers, 1683-1690, 72, 178, 179, 180; administration of, 1660-1695, 72; condition of, at end of Louis XIV.'s reign, 74, 191; character of vessels in 1660, 101, professional qualities of officers in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 129, 161, 170-172, 185; decay in number and condition, 1713-1760, 74-76, 209, 216, 244, 252, 259, 260, 279, 280, 288, 291, 311, 312; revival of, 1760, 76-78, 331; numbers of, in 1761 and 1770, 331; discipline during war of 1778, 332, 333; numbers in 1778, 45, 337; superior to British in size and batteries of ships, 338, 493, 494; professional skill of officers, 365, 412, 435, 436, 447, 457, 484, 497, 527, 536 (note); administration of, 402 (and note), 403, 452, 536, 537; numbers of, in 1791, 338; numbers of, in 1814, 81.

Spanish, condition of, anterior to 1660, 41, 50, 94, 95; in 1675, 160, 165; restoration by Alberoni, 234; destruction of ships at Cape Passaro and of dock-yards, 237, 238; numbers of, 1747, 259; numbers of, 1756, 291; numbers of, in 1761, 331; numbers of, in 1779, 337; superior to British in size and batteries of ships, 338; administration of, 402 (and note), 403, 536; character of the personnel, 527.

Nelson, Horatio, afterward Lord, British Admiral, tactics at the battle of the Nile, 10; Trafalgar campaign, 11, 23 (note), 527, 532, 533; tactics at Trafalgar, 12, 354, 459; enforces Navigation Act, 60, 251; orders at Trafalgar, 112, 434; at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 157, 355, 368; celebrated sayings of, 185, 362, 435, 525, 527, 532; attachment of subordinates to, 267; position assumed by him in battle, 353-358.

Nile, Battle of the, tactical principles, 10; strategic effect, 11; French rear at, 80; Nelson at, 358.

Opdam, Dutch Admiral, commands at battle of Lowestoft and is killed, 108, 109.

Orleans, Philippe d', Regent of France during minority of Louis XV., 74, 232; insecurity of position, 232; concessions to England, 233; policy of, 235; alliance with England against Spain, 235-238; death, 241.

Peace: Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, 277. Breda, 1667, 132. Nimeguen, 1678, 168. Nystadt, 1721, 240. Paris, 1763, 321. Ryswick, 1697, 197. Utrecht, 1713, 219. Versailles, 1783, 541.

Philip, Duke of Anjou, afterward Philip V. of Spain, Spanish throne bequeathed to, 202; war declared against, by England, Holland, and Germany, 205; loses Gibraltar, 210; besieges Gibraltar, 212; loses Barcelona and Catalonia, 213; driven from Madrid, 214; recovers all Spain, except Catalonia, 214; acknowledged King of Spain by Treaty of Utrecht, 219; deprived of Netherlands and Italian dependencies, 219; enmity to the regent Orleans, 232; seizes Sardinia, 235; attacks Sicily, 236; brought to terms by France and the Sea Powers, 239; makes alliance with the Emperor Charles VI., 244; attacks Gibraltar, 245.

Physical Conformation, its effect upon the sea power of countries, 35-42.

Pitt, William, dislike of George II. to, 270; becomes prime minister, 293; policy of, 295, 296; prosperity of commerce under, 297; offers to restore Gibraltar to Spain, 298; respect for Portuguese neutrality, 299, 300; declines mediation of Spain, 304; waning of his influence, 305; purposes war against Spain, 313; resigns his office, 313; his plans adopted by successors, 314, 317; opposes the peace of Paris, 322; effect of his policy on the history of England, 326.

Pocock, British Admiral, commands British fleet in India and fights three battles with French fleet, 307-310; commands fleet in combined expedition against Havana, 314, 315.

Port Mahon and Minorca, lost to Spain frequently through maritime weakness, 42, 215, 541; ceded to England in 1713, 62, 219; strategic importance of, 62, 220, 393, 515; French expedition against, 285; Byng defeated in his attempt to relieve, 286-288; surrender of, to France, 291; Pitt's offer to exchange Gibraltar for, 298; restored to England at peace of 1763, 322; taken from England in 1782, 407, 409; ceded to Spain in 1783, 540; again taken by England, 541.

Portugal, decay in sea power and wealth, 52; cedes Bombay and Tangiers to England, 104; dependence on England, 105, 208, 315, 320, 321; Methuen treaty, 206; alliance with England and Holland, 1704, 208; advantage of, to England, 208, 213-215, 220, 228; French and Spaniards invade, 315, 316, 321; England repels the invasion, 316; benevolent neutrality of colonial ports to England, 520, 521.

Ramatuelle, work on Naval Tactics, 287, 290, 371-374.

Rhode Island, occupied by the English in the American Revolution, 346; attack upon by French and Americans, 361-364; English evacuate, 376, 530; French occupy, 382, 394; French position in, 394; strategic value of, 519, 529, 530 (note).

Richelieu, Cardinal, policy of, 59, 70, 92, 93; alliance with Spain, 94.

Rochambeau, French General, arrival in America, 382; despatches to De Grasse, 384, 388; consultation with Washington, 387, 399; marches against Cornwallis, 389.

Rodney, Sir George B., afterward Lord, British Admiral, commands squadron in reduction of Martinique, 314; commander-in-chief in West Indies, 377; takes or disperses a Spanish squadron, 377, 404, 500 (and note); personal and military character, 377, 378, 380, 397, 498-500; actions with De Guichen, 378-381; divides his fleet and goes to New York, 382; seizes Dutch West India islands, 382; sends Hood with fourteen ships to New York, and returns to England, 389; returns to West Indies, 479; sails in chase of De Grasse, 480; action of April 9, 1782, 481-483; battle of April 12, 1782, 485-490; criticism upon his tactics, 490-493; criticism upon his failure to pursue the beaten enemy, 496, 497; his successes, 500; rewards and death, 503; opinion as to evacuation of Rhode Island, 530 (note).

Rooke, Sir George, British Admiral, relieves Londonderry, 180; burns French ships at Cape La Hougue, 190; unsuccessful expedition against Cadiz, 207; destroys the galleons at Vigo Bay, 207; takes Gibraltar, 210; commands at the battle of Malaga, 211.

Rupert, Prince, at Four Days' Battle, 124, 125; commands English fleet at battles of Schoneveldt and of the Texel, 151, 152.

Russell, British Admiral, commands allied English and Dutch fleets in 1691, 187; at battle of La Hougue, 189.

Ruyter, Dutch Admiral, greatest naval officer of seventeenth century, 117; commands at battle of the Four Days, 117-126; badly supported by his officers, 122, 126, 127; tactics of, 130, 144-148, 152, 157, 161, 164; destroys English shipping in the Thames, 132; strategy of, 144, 151, 152; commands at the battles of Solebay, 146, Schoneveldt, 152, Texel, 152-154; military character, 157; sent to Mediterranean with inadequate force, 160; commands at battle of Stromboli, 160-162; killed at battle of Agosta, 166.

Sea Power, a history of conflicts, 1; elements of, 25. Affected by geographical position of countries, 29-35; by physical conformation, 35-42; by extent of territory, 42-44; by number of population, 44-50; by national character, 50-58; by policy of government, 58. Policy of England as to, 58-67; policy of Holland, 67-69; of France, 69-81. Influence of colonies on, 82 (see also Colonies); weakness of the United States in, 83; dependent upon commerce, 87, 225 (see also Commerce); strategic bearing, 88 (see also Strategy); policy of Richelieu, 93; Spanish, in 1660, 94; Dutch, in 1660, 95; English, in 1860, 101; mistakes of Louis XIV., 104; Colbert's measures, 70, 105; effects of commerce-destroying on, 132, 179, 193, 229, 317, 344, 400, 408 (note), 539. (See also Commerce-destroying.) Influence of, upon Napoleon's expedition to Egypt, 10; upon Second Punic War, 14; upon Third Anglo-Dutch War, 148, 154; upon English Revolution, 177, 178, 180, 181, 191, 197; upon France, 198, 199; upon War of Spanish Succession, 203, 206, 209, 213, 214, 223-229; upon Alberoni's ambitions, 237, 239; upon Peter the Great, 239; in India, 243, 258, 273-278, 306, 309, 310, 316, 328, 349, 424, 428, 445, 452, 459-464, 466, 513, 520, 521; upon War of Austrian Succession, 263, 264, 279, 280; upon Seven Years' War, 291, 293-295, 304, 311, 314-317; upon Portugal, 320, 321; at Peace of Paris, 321; in remote and disordered countries, 324-326; upon British policy since 1763, 326-328. Washington's opinions as to, 397-400; American Revolution, 347, 468; influence of, upon conditions of peace, 1783, 498.

Spain, geographical position, 32; results of maritime weakness of, 41, 42, 193, 313-317, 327, 345, 346, 541; dependence of finances upon treasure-ships, 41, 244, 313, 346, 539; effect of national character upon sea power, 50-52, 54; unity of aim with Austria, 91, 92; policy of Richelieu toward, 93; condition of, in 1660, 94, 95; condition of navy, in 1660, 94; aggressions of Louis XIV. on, 104, 139; failure of the Austrian line of kings, 140, 201, 202; alliance with Holland and Germany against France, 158; revolt of Sicily against, 159; territory lost at Peace of Nimeguen, 168; joins League of Augsburg, 176; dependence upon Dutch and English fleets, 193; possessions in year 1700, 201; throne of, bequeathed to Philip, Duke of Anjou, 202; war of the succession, 201-231; Bourbon line of kings established, 219; losses of territory at peace of 1713, 219; Alberoni's ministry in, 233-239; grievances against England, 1720-1739, 240, 241, 244-251; conquers the Two Sicilies in War of Polish Succession, 248; Family Compact with France, 248, 311, 313; war with England, 250; possessions in 1739, 256; Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 278; lack of results from war with England, 278; enters Seven Years' War as the ally of France against England, 313; loss of colonies and treasures, 314-317; loss of possessions by Peace of Paris, 1763, 321, 322; political relations with France, 333; dispute with England over Falkland Islands, 335; objects in the war of 1779-1782, 347, 348, 509, 510, 513; rupture with England and alliance with France, 401; inefficiency of navy, 402 (and note), 407-409, 411, 412, 506, 527; policy in war of 1779, 517 (note), 535-538; territorial gains by peace of 1783. (See also Colonies, Commerce, Naval Policy.)

Sta. Lucia, West India Island, taken by English, 314; ceded to France at Peace of Paris, 321; strong harbor and strategic position, 348, 366, 377, 393, 415, 513, 516, 518, 523; taken by Admiral Barrington, 348, 365, 366, 512, 531 (note); Rodney watches De Grasse from, 479, 480; an advanced strategic position, 518, 528; restored to France at peace of 1783, 540.

Strategy, permanence of its principles, 7-9, 88, 89; illustrations, 10-22; definition of naval, 22; Trafalgar campaign, 23 (note); bearing of geographical position on, 29-33; Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas, 33-35; bearing of physical conformation of coast on, 35-42; blockade of coast of Confederate States, 43, 44; value of commerce-destroying (see Commerce-destroying); word "defence" two distinct ideas, 87 (note); naval, of the British, 6, 9, 22, 24, 30, 118, 125, 136, 143, 182, 206, 208, 210, 212, 224, 229, 239, 260, 269, 284, 285, 296, 314-317, 320, 326-328, 339, 342, 343, 363, 375, 376, 385, 390-397, 412-417, 428-430, 468, 523-535; naval, of the Dutch, 144, 145, 151, 154; naval, of the French, 6, 12, 23 (note), 179-181, 191, 347, 371-374, 383, 388, 392, 401, 433, 459, 460, 476, 483, 535-539; features of War of Spanish Succession, 201-206; silent action of sea power, 209; general military situation, in 1740, 255; England in Seven Years' War, 296; mutual dependence of seaports and fleets, 31, 83, 132, 212, 329, 430, 453, 529; value of colonies, 27, 28, 65, 83, 135, 136, 510, 511; importance of coal, 31, 329 (note), 540 (note); military situation in America in 1777, 341-343; general strategic situation in 1778, 347-349; British difficulties in American Revolution, 392-397, 412-419, 522-533; Suffren's naval, 424, 425, 433, 450, 465; situation in India, 349, 428-430; Hood's naval, 476; Rodney's naval, 381, 392, 496-498, 523; influence of trade-winds and monsoons, 315, 458, 517, 518; elements essential to all naval wars, 514; difficulty of procuring information at sea, 521; general discussion of war of 1778, 505-540. (See also Naval Policy and Sea Power.)

Suffren, French Admiral, criticism on D'Estaing's conduct at Sta. Lucia, 366, 426, 478; commands leading French ship in D'Estaing's battle off Grenada, 371; criticism on D'Estaing's conduct in the battle, 371; sails from Brest in company with De Grasse's fleet, 383, 421; parts company, off the Azores, for India, 383, 407, 421; orders to secure Cape of Good Hope, 421; action, with British squadron at the Cape Verde Islands, 422, 423; military discussion of his conduct, 423-425; arrival in India, 427; lack of seaports on which to base operations, 349, 429; first battle with squadron of Sir Edward Hughes, 430-432; tactics in the action, 432-435; estimate of the strategic situation in India, 424, 433, 444, 445, 464, 466; second battle with Hughes, 437-439; tactics in it, 439-441; strategic action, 443, 445, 446, 450-453, 458-460, 462-464, 466, 522; military character, 445, 446, 450, 456, 465, 466; third battle with Hughes, 446-448; takes Trincomalee, 450; activity of, 450, 451, 456, 462, 466; fourth battle with Hughes, 453-456; wreck of two of squadron, 457; goes to Sumatra, 460; returns to Trincomalee, 461; relieves Cuddalore besieged by the English, 462; fifth battle with Hughes, 463; conclusion of peace, 464; return to France, 465; rewards, 465; later career and death, 466.

Tourville, French Admiral, commands at the battle of Beachy Head, 181; sluggish pursuit of the enemy, 184; military character, 185; celebrated cruise in 1691, 187; commands at battle of La Hougue, 189; tactics and brilliant defence at La Hougue, 190; destruction of French ships, 190; supports the army in Catalonia, 193; destroys or disperses a great English convoy, 194; death, 210.

Trafalgar, Battle of, final act of a strategic combination, 11, 23 (note); tactics at, 12, 354, 459; effects of, 47; Nelson's position at, 353, 357; Collingwood's action after Nelson's death, 358.

Trincomalee, in Ceylon, Dutch influence in, 97; passes into the hands of the English, 349, 428; effect upon the contest in India, 349, 427 (note), 429, 430 (note), 433, 437, 442, 451, 453, 458, 462; strategic value of, 428, 429, 436, 444, 451, 458, 518, 519, 520; taken by Suffren, 450; restored to Holland at peace of 1783, 540.

Two Sicilies, the, acquired by Austria, 239; foundation of Bourbon Kingdom of, 248; forced by British fleet to withdraw troops from Spanish army, 264, 304.

United Provinces. See Holland.

Vernon, British Admiral, takes Porto Bello, is repulsed from Cartagena and Santiago de Cuba, 261.

Villeneuve, French Admiral, Trafalgar, campaign, 23, 24 (note), 525; at the battle of the Nile, 80; suicide, 403.

Walpole, Sir Robert, prime minister of England, 239, 241; peace policy of, 241, 243, 244; naval demonstrations, 244; struggle with the war party in England, 247, 249, 250; neutrality causes Austria to lose the two Sicilies, 248; forced into war with Spain, 250; accord with Fleuri, 241, 243, 244; confidence betrayed by Fleuri, 248; driven from office, 253, 262; death, 253.

War, Second Punic, influence of sea power upon, 13-21.

Wars, American Revolution, 341—397; Anglo-Dutch, second, 107-132; Anglo-Dutch, third, England in alliance with France, 144-158; Austrian Succession, 262-277; France against Holland, Germany, and Spain, 1674-1678, 158-168; Great Britain against Spain, 250-277; League of Augsburg, 176-197; Maritime war of 1778, 350-540; Polish Succession, 247; Russia and Sweden, 231; Seven Years', 291-321; Spanish Succession, 1702-1713, 205-218.

Washington, George, at Pittsburg and in Braddock's expedition, 284; opinion as to the line of the Hudson, 342 (note); comments on D'Estaing's cruise, 364 (note); despatches to De Grasse, 384; meeting with Rochambeau, 387; result of their deliberations, 388; marches from New York to Virginia, 389; opinions as to the influence of sea power on the American Revolution, 397-400.

William III., naval policy of, 68, 192; becomes ruler of Holland, 150; general policy, 68, 167, 168, 174, 176, 177, 191, 202-204, 207; expedition to England, 178; becomes King of England, 61, 178; difficulties of his position, 179; goes to Ireland, 181; wins the battle of the Boyne, 188; dies, 205.



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