 |
The plants attacked by the ants were found to be very numerous, and the ants seemed to be very capricious in this respect, one day stripping a plant and the next day leaving it untouched.
The jaws of the ants are very strong, with serrated edges, and clash together laterally. The ant begins at the edge of a leaf, and cuts out a piece in about five minutes, revolving on one of its hind legs as a centre. When the piece is almost freed, the ant goes on to the main portion of the leaf, cuts through the last piece uniting it with the severed portion, drags up the latter, balances it on edge between its forelegs, and then, grasping it with its jaws, lifts it up above its head, so that the centre of gravity of the load is above the ant itself. It then marches off, down the stem, to the base, over the ground to the end of the street, and along this to the nest, travelling at a very uniform speed, and never letting go its load. The weight thus carried was found, on an average, to be twice that of the ant; but many were found carrying heavier loads, even as much as ten times their own weight!
The nests are usually below the surface of the soil, but covered, wherever necessary, with a thick mass of withered pieces of leaves and twigs, etc. They may be as much as 1-1/2 metres in diameter. In the nests of all species examined there is found, filling up the interior, a curious grey spongy mass, full of chambers, like a coarse sponge, in which the ants may be seen running about, and in which, here and there, occur eggs, larvae, and pupae. This is the fungus garden. It is separated from the roof and lateral walls of the nest by a clear space. The walls and roof are much thicker in winter than in summer; one nest examined had a roof 25 cm. thick and wall 40 cm. The garden consists of two parts, differently coloured, but not very sharply marked off from each other. The older part is yellowish-red in colour; the newly-built portions, forming the surface of the garden, are of a blue-black colour. It is this part which is of the greater importance to the ants.
The garden is found, on examination, to consist of an immense conglomeration of small round particles of not more than .5 mm. in diameter, of a dark green colour when quite fresh, then blue-black, and finally yellowish-red. They are penetrated by, and enveloped in, white fungus hyphae, which hold the particles together. These hyphae are similar throughout the nest.
Strewn thickly upon the surface of the garden are seen round white bodies about .25 mm. in diameter; they always occur in the nests, except in the very young portion of the gardens. They consist of aggregations of peculiar swollen hyphae, and are termed by Moeller the "Kohl-rabi clumps." The hyphae swell out at the ends into large spherical thickenings, filled with richly vacuolated protoplasm like the ordinary hyphae. These clumps of "Kohl-rabi" are only found on the surface of the garden, and form the principal food of the ants; they have no doubt reached their present form under the cultivation and selection of the ants. The fungus was found to belong to the genus Rozites, and the species was named R. gongylophora. A microscopic examination of the particles of which the garden is composed shows that they contain remains of leaves; bits of epidermis, stomata, spiral vessels, etc., occur in them.
If a nest is broken into and the fungus garden scattered, the ants collect it as quickly as possible, especially the younger parts, taking as much trouble over it as over the larvae. They also cover it up again as soon as possible to protect it from the light. A nest, 1 metre x 50 cm., was opened, and in twenty-four hours the ants had put on a new roof 10 cm. deep.
Some ants' nests were placed under a bell jar and supplied with leaves; they made no use of them and presently died. If they were supplied with a piece of "garden," they rebuilt it and covered it so far as they could. It was seen to shrink from day to day, the ants bringing out the old pieces and adding them to the wall; finally it was exhausted and the ants died. Others were starved for five days, and then supplied with a bit of garden; they at once began to eat the Kohl-rabi clumps. Finally, by supplying the ants with bits of garden, a damp sandy floor, and fresh leaves, they were induced to build in captivity. The dish in which they worked was covered by a glass lid, and when this was covered with a dark cloth or otherwise kept dark, the ants built under it without covering the garden. In this way the whole process was observed. An ant bringing in a piece of leaf proceeds to cut it into halves, repeating the process till it has got a very small piece left, which it holds between its fore feet and turns round, crushing it in its jaws until the whole is reduced to a round ball of pulp about .25 mm. thick. This it then takes and adds to the garden. So well is the kneading performed that no single cell remains uninjured, and it was observed that the hyphae of the fungus grew through and round one of these particles within a few hours. Belt supposed that this process was performed by the small workers above-mentioned, but it is not so, as we have just seen. The small workers perform the function of weeding the garden, and this is so well done that a portion of it removed and grown in a nutrient solution gives a perfectly pure culture, not even containing bacteria!
In the course of these investigations it was found that somewhat similar fungus gardens occur in the nests of the hairy ant, Apterostigma, but the fungus appeared to belong to a different genus, and the hairy ants, who live in decaying wood and have small gardens built of bits of wood-fibre, beetle-dung, etc., have not succeeded in cultivating and selecting Kohl-rabi to the same high degree. An allied genus of ants, Cyphomyrmex, were also found to be fungus-growers.
This elaborate study, which is illustrated by beautiful plates and photographs of the mushroom gardens, constitutes, as Mr. Willis (whose summary has here been followed) remarks, one of the most fascinating contributions to our knowledge of mycology and of animal industries which have been made for many years.
INDEX.
AEgithalus pendulinus AElian Alix Alligator as a hunter; its nest Ambush, hunting in; baited Ammophila affinis Angler's baited ambush Anomalocorax splendens Ant, foraging; wars; honey; harvesting; agricultural; gardening; domestic animals; aphis-pens and paddocks; slaves; masons; attention to personal hygiene Antennarius marmoratus Anthocopa Anthophora parietina Anthophora pilifera Ape Aphis-pens of ants Aras Aristotle Arvicola Astur palumbarius Ateucus sacer Atta barbara Audubon Baboon Badger Baited ambush Baker, Sir S. Baldamus Baltimore bird Bates Bear Beaver Bee Beef-eater Belt Bembex Bendire Beneden Bernard Bernstein Bison Blackcap Bonasa togata Bower-birds Brehm Briant Brightwen, Mrs. Buechner Buffalo Buffalo-bird Bullhead Buphaga Burmeister Burying-beetle
Cam's azarae Caracara, Guadeloupe Cardisoma carnifex Cassique Castor fiber Catheturus Lathami Cerceris ornata Chalicodoma Chelinous Cheliura terebrans Chlamydera maculata Chlorion Choestostomus pictus Cicindela campestris Cisludo lunaria Claviger testaceus Cleveland, D. Colaptes auratus Colaptes Mexicanus Conolophus subcristatus Cottus gobio Couch Coursing by animals Cow-bird Crab Crane Cricetus frumentarius Crocodile as a hunter Crossbill Crows Cuckoo Cucujo Cuvier Cystignathus ocellatus
Darwin Death, feigning Death's-head Moth Defence of dwellings et seq. Didelphys azarae Dog; wild Dog-fish Dromia vulgaris Drory Drummond, H. Dubois, R. Dufour Dumeril Dutertre Dwellings of animals et seq.
Eagle, Bald; Caracara; Golden Ebrard Eciton Espinas Evolution, the theory of
Fabre Falcon Feint Fere Flamingo Flights, methods of Fol, H. Foraging ants Forbes, H. O. Formica Fox Frog Furnarius rufus
Gecarinus ruricola Gelatine nests Girod Glow-worm Gobius minutus Gobius niger Goshawk Gould Gourami Goureau Grouse Grus cinerea Gypaeetos barbatus Gypogeranus reptilivorus
Haliaeetus leucocephalus Hamster Hearne, S. Hedgehog Heermann Hermit-crab Hobby Hornbill Hornet's nest Horse Houzeau Huber Hudson, W. H. Humming-bird Hunting et seq.; in ambush; in the burrow Hygiene among animals et seq. Intelligence and instinct et seq.
Jackdaw Jerdon
Kakapo Kangaroo Kataplexy Kirby Kite
Lacerta stirpium Lacepede Lagostomus trichodactylus Lamarck Lammergeyer Lanius Lark Lasius Latreille Le Vaillant Lespes Lighting up nests Lincecum Linnet Loeffler Lophius piscatorius Lowe, J. Loxia Lubbock
Macaw Macropus viridi-auratus Maia Magpie Man's industries Marchal, P. Marmot Martin, H. T. Mason-bee McCook Megachile Melanerpes erythrocephalus Melanerpes formicivorus Meles Melicourvis baya Melipona geniculata Merlin Moggridge Molothrus Monedula punctata Morgan, C. L. Morgan, L. H. Mouse Mueller, Fritz Mueller, P. W. J. Mus minutus Musk-rat Mygale henzii Myrmecocystus Myrmica
Natural history and the natural sciences Naturalist of yesterday and to-day Naumann Necrophorus Nests et seq.
Oecodoma Opossum Orthotomus longicauda Orycteropus Osphronemus olfax Otter Oven-bird Owl
Pagurus Bernhardus Pallas Paradise-fish Parroquet Parseval-Deschenes Paterson, W. Pea-crab Pelican, Brown Perch Pholcus Phryganea striata Physiological reserves Pinnoteres pisum Pogonomyrmex barbatus Polyborus lutosus Polyborus cheriway Polyergus rufescens Pompilius Poppig Preyer Projectiles, hunting with Protopterus Psammomys Pseudaetus Python's ambush
Quelelis Quiscalus major
Raven Reaumur Rhodius anarus Romanes Rook
Saint-Hilaire, G. St. John, C. Sand-wasp Sanitation of dwellings et seq. Saussure, H. de Scarabaeus Sea-gulls Secretary-bird Sentinels Severn, H. A. Sewing among birds Shrike Simon, Eugene Sitaris muralis Sitaris colletis Slavery among ants Smeathman Snake Sparrow-hawk Sphex Spider Spider-crab Sponge-crab Squirrel Staphilinus Caesareus Stickleback Strigops habroptilus Sturgeon Swallow's nest Sykes Sylvia atricapilla
Tailor-bird Tennent Termites Thomson, J. A. Tiger-beetle Titmouse Toad Tortoise Toxotes jaculator Trap-door spider Tristram Troglodytes calvus Tschuedi Tyrant-bird
Uranoscopus scaber
Vespa sylvestris Vizcacha Vole
Wasp Waterton Weaver-bird Wodzicki Wolves Woodpecker Woven dwellings
Xylocopa violacea
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6 LANDOR'S IMAGINARY CONVERSATIONS. Selected, with Introduction, by Havelock Ellis.
7 PLUTARCH'S LIVES (LANGHORNE). With Introductory Note by B. J. Snell, M.A.
8 BROWNE'S RELIGIO MEDICI, ETC. With Introduction by J. Addington Symonds.
9 SHELLEY'S ESSAYS AND LETTERS. Edited, with Introductory Note, by Ernest Rhys.
10 SWIFT'S PROSE WRITINGS. Chosen and Arranged, with Introduction, by Walter Lewin.
11 MY STUDY WINDOWS. By James Russell Lowell. With Introduction by R. Garnett, LL.D.
12 LOWELL'S ESSAYS ON THE ENGLISH POETS. With a new Introduction by Mr. Lowell.
13 THE BIGLOW PAPERS. By James Russell Lowell. With a Prefatory Note by Ernest Rhys.
14 GREAT ENGLISH PAINTERS. Selected From Cunningham's Lives. Edited by William Sharp.
15 BYRON'S LETTERS AND JOURNALS. Selected, with Introduction, by Mathilde Blind.
16 LEIGH HUNT'S ESSAYS. With Introduction And Notes by Arthur Symons.
17 LONGFELLOW'S "HYPERION," "KAVANAH," AND "The Trouveres." With Introduction by W. Tirebuck.
18 GREAT MUSICAL COMPOSERS. By G. F. Ferris. Edited, with Introduction, by Mrs. William Sharp.
19 THE MEDITATIONS OF MARCUS AURELIUS. Edited by Alice Zimmern.
20 THE TEACHING OF EPICTETUS. Translated From the Greek, with Introduction and Notes, by T. W. Rolleston.
21 SELECTIONS FROM SENECA. With Introduction by Walter Clode.
22 SPECIMEN DAYS IN AMERICA. By Walt Whitman. Revised by the Author, with fresh Preface.
23 DEMOCRATIC VISTAS, AND OTHER PAPERS. By Walt Whitman. (Published by arrangement with the Author.)
24 WHITE'S NATURAL HISTORY OF SELBORNE. With a Preface by Richard Jefferies.
25 DEFOE'S CAPTAIN SINGLETON. Edited, With Introduction, by H. Halliday Sparling.
26 MAZZINI'S ESSAYS: LITERARY, POLITICAL, AND RELIGIOUS. With Introduction by William Clarke.
27 PROSE WRITINGS OF HEINE. With Introduction by Havelock Ellis.
28 REYNOLDS'S DISCOURSES. With Introduction by Helen Zimmern.
29 PAPERS OF STEELE AND ADDISON. Edited BY Walter Lewin.
30 BURNS'S LETTERS. Selected and Arranged, with Introduction, by J. Logie Robertson, M.A.
31 VOLSUNGA SAGA. William Morris. With Introduction by H. H. Sparling.
32 SARTOR RESARTUS. By Thomas Carlyle. With Introduction by Ernest Rhys.
33 SELECT WRITINGS OF EMERSON. With Introduction by Percival Chubb.
34 AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF LORD HERBERT. Edited, with an Introduction, by Will H. Dircks.
35 ENGLISH PROSE, FROM MAUNDEVILLE TO THACKERAY. Chosen and Edited by Arthur Galton.
36 THE PILLARS OF SOCIETY, AND OTHER PLAYS. By Henrik Ibsen. Edited, with an Introduction, by Havelock Ellis.
37 IRISH FAIRY AND FOLK TALES. Edited And Selected by W. B. Yeats.
38 ESSAYS OF DR. JOHNSON, with Biographical Introduction and Notes by Stuart J. Reid.
39 ESSAYS OF WILLIAM HAZLITT. Selected and Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by Frank Carr.
40 LANDOR'S PENTAMERON, AND OTHER IMAGINARY CONVERSATIONS. Edited, with a Preface, by H. Ellis.
41 POE'S TALES AND ESSAYS. Edited, with Introduction, by Ernest Rhys.
42 VICAR OF WAKEFIELD. By Oliver Goldsmith Edited, with Preface, by Ernest Rhys.
43 POLITICAL ORATIONS, FROM WENTWORTH TO MACAULAY. Edited, with Introduction, by William Clarke.
44 THE AUTOCRAT OF THE BREAKFAST-TABLE. By Oliver Wendell Holmes.
45 THE POET AT THE BREAKFAST-TABLE. By Oliver Wendell Holmes.
46 THE PROFESSOR AT THE BREAKFAST-TABLE. By Oliver Wendell Holmes.
47 LORD CHESTERFIELD'S LETTERS TO HIS SON. Selected, with Introduction, by Charles Sayle.
48 STORIES FROM CARLETON. Selected, with Introduction, by W. Yeats.
49 JANE EYRE. BY CHARLOTTE BRONTE. Edited by Clement K. Shorter.
50 ELIZABETHAN ENGLAND. Edited by Lothrop Withington, with a Preface by Dr. Furnivall.
51 THE PROSE WRITINGS OF THOMAS DAVIS. Edited by T. W. Rolleston.
52 SPENCE'S ANECDOTES. A SELECTION. Edited, with an Introduction and Notes, by John Underhill.
53 MORE'S UTOPIA, AND LIFE OF EDWARD V. Edited, with an Introduction, by Maurice Adams.
54 SADI'S GULISTAN, OR FLOWER GARDEN. Translated, with an Essay, by James Ross.
55 ENGLISH FAIRY AND FOLK TALES. Edited by E. Sidney Hartland.
56 NORTHERN STUDIES. BY EDMUND GOSSE. With a Note by Ernest Rhys.
57 EARLY REVIEWS OF GREAT WRITERS. Edited by E. Stevenson.
58 ARISTOTLE'S ETHICS. With George Henry Lewes's Essay on Aristotle prefixed.
59 LANDOR'S PERICLES AND ASPASIA. Edited, with an Introduction, by Havelock Ellis.
60 ANNALS OF TACITUS. Thomas Gordon's Translation. Edited, with an Introduction, by Arthur Galton.
61 ESSAYS OF ELIA. By Charles Lamb. Edited, with an Introduction, by Ernest Rhys.
62 BALZAC'S SHORTER STORIES. Translated by William Wilson and the Count Stenbock.
63 COMEDIES OF DE MUSSET. Edited, with an Introductory Note, by S. L. Gwynn.
64 CORAL REEFS. By Charles Darwin. Edited, with an Introduction, by Dr. J. W. Williams.
65 SHERIDAN'S PLAYS. Edited, with an Introduction, by Rudolf Dircks.
66 OUR VILLAGE. By Miss Mitford. Edited, with an Introduction, by Ernest Rhys.
67 MASTER HUMPHREY'S CLOCK, AND OTHER STORIES. By Charles Dickens. With Introduction by Frank T. Marzials.
68 TALES FROM WONDERLAND. By Rudolph Baumbach. Translated by Helen B. Dole.
69 ESSAYS AND PAPERS BY DOUGLAS JERROLD. Edited by Walter Jerrold.
70 VINDICATION OF THE RIGHTS OF WOMAN. By Mary Wollstonecraft. Introduction by Mrs. E. Robins Pennell.
71 "THE ATHENIAN ORACLE." A SELECTION. Edited by John Underhill, with Prefatory Note by Walter Besant.
72 ESSAYS OF SAINTE-BEUVE. Translated and Edited, with an Introduction, by Elizabeth Lee.
73 SELECTIONS FROM PLATO. From the Translation of Sydenham and Taylor. Edited by T. W. Rolleston.
74 HEINE'S ITALIAN TRAVEL SKETCHES, ETC. Translated by Elizabeth A. Sharp. With an Introduction from the French of Theophile Gautier.
75 SCHILLER'S MAID OF ORLEANS. Translated, with an Introduction, by Major-General Patrick Maxwell.
76 SELECTIONS FROM SYDNEY SMITH. Edited, WITH an Introduction, by Ernest Rhys.
77 THE NEW SPIRIT. By Havelock Ellis.
78 THE BOOK OF MARVELLOUS ADVENTURES. From the "Morte d'Arthur." Edited by Ernest Rhys. [This, together with No. 1, forms the complete "Morte d'Arthur."]
79 ESSAYS AND APHORISMS. By Sir Arthur Helps. With an Introduction by E. A. Helps.
80 ESSAYS OF MONTAIGNE. Selected, with a Prefatory Note, by PERCIVAL CHUBB.
81 THE LUCK OF BARRY LYNDON. By W. M. Thackeray. Edited by F. T. Marzials.
82 SCHILLER'S WILLIAM TELL. Translated, with an Introduction, by Major-General Patrick Maxwell.
83 CARLYLE'S ESSAYS ON GERMAN LITERATURE. With an Introduction by Ernest Rhys.
London: WALTER SCOTT, LIMITED, 24 Warwick Lane.
GREAT WRITERS.
A NEW SERIES OF CRITICAL BIOGRAPHIES.
Edited by ERIC ROBERTSON and FRANK T. MARZIALS.
A Complete Bibliography to each Volume, by J. P. ANDERSON, British Museum, London.
Cloth, Uncut Edges, Gilt Top. Price 1/6.
VOLUMES ALREADY ISSUED—
LIFE OF LONGFELLOW. By PROF. ERIC S. ROBERTSON.
"A most readable little work."—Liverpool Mercury.
LIFE OF COLERIDGE. By HALL CAINE.
"Brief and vigorous, written throughout with spirit and great literary skill."—Scotsman.
LIFE OF DICKENS. By FRANK T. MARZIALS.
"Notwithstanding the mass of matter that has been printed relating to Dickens and his works ... we should, until we came across this volume, have been at a loss to recommend any popular life of England's most popular novelist as being really satisfactory. The difficulty is removed by Mr. Marzials's little book."—Athenaeum.
LIFE OF DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI. By J. KNIGHT.
"Mr. Knight's picture of the great poet and painter is the fullest and best yet presented to the public."—The Graphic.
LIFE OF SAMUEL JOHNSON. By COLONEL F. GRANT.
"Colonel Grant has performed his task with diligence, sound judgment, good taste, and accuracy."—Illustrated London News.
LIFE OF DARWIN. By G. T. BETTANY.
"Mr. G. T. Bettany's Life of Darwin is a sound and conscientious work."—Saturday Review.
LIFE OF CHARLOTTE BRONTE. By A. BIRRELL.
"Those who know much of Charlotte Bronte will learn more, and those who know nothing about her will find all that is best worth learning in Mr. Birrell's pleasant book."—St. James' Gazette.
LIFE OF THOMAS CARLYLE. By R. GARNETT, LL.D.
"This is an admirable book. Nothing could be more felicitous and fairer than the way in which he takes us through Carlyle's life and works."—Pall Mall Gazette.
LIFE OF ADAM SMITH. By R. B. HALDANE, M.P.
"Written with a perspicuity seldom exemplified when dealing with economic science."—Scotsman.
LIFE OF KEATS. By W. M. ROSSETTI.
"Valuable for the ample information which it contains."—Cambridge Independent.
LIFE OF SHELLEY. By WILLIAM SHARP.
"The criticisms ... entitle this capital monograph to be ranked with the best biographies of Shelley."—Westminster Review.
LIFE OF SMOLLETT. By DAVID HANNAY.
"A capable record of a writer who still remains one of the great masters of the English novel."—Saturday Review.
LIFE OF GOLDSMITH. By AUSTIN DOBSON.
"The story of his literary and social life in London, with all its humorous and pathetic vicissitudes, is here retold, as none could tell it better."—Daily News.
LIFE OF SCOTT. By PROFESSOR YONGE.
"This is a most enjoyable book."—Aberdeen Free Press.
LIFE OF BURNS. By PROFESSOR BLACKIE.
"The editor certainly made a hit when he persuaded Blackie to write about Burns."—Pall Mall Gazette.
LIFE OF VICTOR HUGO. By FRANK T. MARZIALS.
"Mr. Marzials's volume presents to us, in a more handy form than any English or even French handbook gives, the summary of what is known about the life of the great poet."—Saturday Review.
LIFE OF EMERSON. By RICHARD GARNETT, LL.D.
"No record of Emerson's life could be more desirable."—Saturday Review.
LIFE OF GOETHE. By JAMES SIME.
"Mr. James Sime's competence as a biographer of Goethe is beyond question."—Manchester Guardian.
LIFE OF CONGREVE. By EDMUND GOSSE.
"Mr. Gosse has written an admirable biography."—Academy.
LIFE OF BUNYAN. By CANON VENABLES.
"A most intelligent, appreciative, and valuable memoir."—Scotsman.
LIFE OF CRABBE. By T. E. KEBBEL.
"No English poet since Shakespeare has observed certain aspects of nature and of human life more closely."—Athenaeum.
LIFE OF HEINE. By WILLIAM SHARP.
"An admirable monograph ... more fully written up to the level of recent knowledge and criticism than any other English work."—Scotsman.
LIFE OF MILL. By W. L. COURTNEY.
"A most sympathetic and discriminating memoir."—Glasgow Herald.
LIFE OF SCHILLER. By HENRY W. NEVINSON.
"Presents the poet's life in a neatly rounded picture."—Scotsman.
LIFE OF CAPTAIN MARRYAT. By DAVID HANNAY.
"We have nothing but praise for the manner in which Mr. Hannay has done justice to him."—Saturday Review.
LIFE OF LESSING. By T. W. ROLLESTON.
"One of the best books of the series."—Manchester Guardian.
LIFE OF MILTON. By RICHARD GARNETT, LL.D.
"Has never been more charmingly or adequately told."—Scottish Leader.
LIFE OF BALZAC. By FREDERICK WEDMORE.
"Mr. Wedmore's monograph on the greatest of French writers of fiction, whose greatness is to be measured by comparison with his successors, is a piece of careful and critical composition, neat and nice in style."—Daily News.
LIFE OF GEORGE ELIOT. By OSCAR BROWNING.
"A book of the character of Mr Browning's, to stand midway between the bulky work of Mr. Cross and the very slight sketch of Miss Blind, was much to be desired, and Mr. Browning has done his work with vivacity, and not without skill."—Manchester Guardian.
LIFE OF JANE AUSTEN. By GOLDWIN SMITH.
"Mr. Goldwin Smith has added another to the not inconsiderable roll of eminent men who have found their delight in Miss Austen.... His little book upon her, just published by Walter Scott, is certainly a fascinating book to those who already know her and love her well; and we have little doubt that it will prove also a fascinating book to those who have still to make her acquaintance."—Spectator.
LIFE OF BROWNING. By WILLIAM SHARP.
"This little volume is a model of excellent English, and in every respect it seems to us what a biography should be."—Public Opinion.
LIFE OF BYRON. By HON. RODEN NOEL.
"The Hon. Roden Noel's volume on Byron is decidedly one of the most readable in the excellent 'Great Writers' series."—Scottish Leader.
LIFE OF HAWTHORNE. By MONCURE CONWAY.
"It is a delightful causerie—pleasant, genial talk about a most interesting man. Easy and conversational as the tone is throughout, no important fact is omitted, no valueless fact is recalled; and it is entirely exempt from platitude and conventionality."—The Speaker.
LIFE OF SCHOPENHAUER. By PROFESSOR WALLACE.
"We can speak very highly of this little book of Mr. Wallace's. It is, perhaps, excessively lenient in dealing with the man, and it cannot be said to be at all ferociously critical in dealing with the philosophy."—Saturday Review.
LIFE OF SHERIDAN. By LLOYD SANDERS.
"To say that Mr. Lloyd Sanders, in this little volume, has produced the best existing memoir of Sheridan, is really to award much fainter praise than the work deserves."—Manchester Examiner.
LIFE OF THACKERAY. By HERMAN MERIVALE and P. T. MARZIALS.
"The monograph just published is well worth reading.... and the book, with its excellent bibliography, is one which neither the student nor the general reader can well afford to miss."—Pall Mall Gazette.
LIFE OF CERVANTES. By H. E. WATTS.
"We can commend this book as a worthy addition to the useful series to which it belongs."—London Daily Chronicle.
LIFE OF VOLTAIRE. By FRANCIS ESPINASSE.
George Saintsbury, in The Illustrated London News, says:—"In this little volume the wayfaring man who has no time to devour libraries will find most things that it concerns him to know about Voltaire's actual life and work put very clearly, sufficiently, and accurately for the most part."
LIFE OF LEIGH HUNT. By COSMO MONKHOUSE.
LIBRARY EDITION OF "GREAT WRITERS," Demy 8vo, 2s. 6d.
London: WALTER SCOTT, LIMITED, 24 Warwick Lane.
SELECTED THREE-VOL. SETS
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6s. per Set, in Shell Case to match. May also be had bound in Roan, with Roan Case to match, 9s. per Set.
THE FOLLOWING SETS CAN BE OBTAINED—
POEMS OF
WORDSWORTH KEATS SHELLEY
LONGFELLOW WHITTIER EMERSON
HOGG ALLAN RAMSAY SCOTTISH MINOR POETS
SHAKESPEARE BEN JONSON MARLOWE
SONNETS OF THIS CENTURY SONNETS OF EUROPE AMERICAN SONNETS
HEINE GOETHE HUGO
COLERIDGE SOUTHEY COWPER
BORDER BALLADS JACOBITE SONGS OSSIAN
CAVALIER POETS LOVE LYRICS HERRICK
CHRISTIAN YEAR IMITATION of CHRIST HERBERT
AMERICAN HUMOROUS VERSE ENGLISH HUMOROUS VERSE BALLADES AND RONDEAUS
EARLY ENGLISH POETRY CHAUCER SPENSER
HORACE GREEK ANTHOLOGY LANDOR
GOLDSMITH MOORE IRISH MINSTRELSY
WOMEN POETS CHILDREN OF POETS SEA MUSIC
PRAED HUNT AND HOOD DOBELL
MEREDITH MARSTON LOVE LETTERS
BURNS'S SONGS BURNS'S POEMS LIFE OF BURNS, BY BLACKIE
SCOTT'S MARMION, &c. SCOTT'S LADY OF LAKE, &c. LIFE OF SCOTT, BY PROF. YONGE
London: WALTER SCOTT, LTD., 24 Warwick Lane, Paternoster Row.
SELECTED THREE-VOL. SETS
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O. W. Holmes Set—
Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table. Professor at the Breakfast-Table. Poet at the Breakfast-Table.
Landor Set—
Lando's Imaginary Conversations. Pentameron. Pericles and Aspasia.
Three English Essayists—
Essays of Elia. Essays of Leigh Hunt. Essays of William Hazlitt.
Three Classical Moralists—
Meditations of Marcus Aurelius. Teaching of Epictetus. Morals of Seneca.
Walden Set—
Thoreau's Walden. Thoreau's Week. Thoreau's Selections.
Famous Letters Set—
Letters of Byron. Letters of Chesterfield. Letters of Burns.
Lowell Set—
My Study Windows. The English Poets. The Biglow Papers.
Heine Set—
Life of Heine. Heine's Prose. Heine's Travel-Sketches.
Three Essayists—
Essays of Mazzini. Essays of Sainte-Beuve. Essays of Montaigne.
Schiller Set—
Life of Schiller. Maid of Orleans. William Tell.
Carlyle Set—
Life of Carlyle. Sartor Resartus. Carlyle's German Essays.
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Crown 8vo, about 350 pp. each, Cloth Cover, 2s. 6d. per vol.
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The following Volumes are already issued—
A RUSSIAN PROPRIETOR. THE COSSACKS. IVAN ILYITCH, AND OTHER STORIES. MY RELIGION. LIFE. MY CONFESSION. CHILDHOOD, BOYHOOD, YOUTH. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF WAR. ANNA KARENINA 3s. 6d. WHAT TO DO? WAR AND PEACE. (4 VOLS.) THE LONG EXILE, AND OTHER STORIES FOR CHILDREN. SEVASTOPOL. THE KREUTZER SONATA, AND FAMILY HAPPINESS.
Uniform with the above.
IMPRESSIONS OF RUSSIA. By DR. GEORG BRANDES.
London: WALTER SCOTT, LIMITED, 24 Warwick Lane.
IBSEN'S PROSE DRAMAS.
EDITED BY WILLIAM ARCHER.
Complete in Five Vols. Crown 8vo, Cloth, Price 3/6 each.
Set of Five Vols., in Case, 17/6; in Half Morocco, in Case, 32/6.
"We seem at last to be shown men and women as they are; and at first it is more than we can endure.... All Ibsen's characters speak and act as if they were hypnotised, and under their creators imperious demand to reveal themselves. There never was such a mirror held up to nature before: it is too terrible.... Yet we must return to Ibsen, with his remorseless surgery, his remorseless electric-light, until we, too, have grown strong and learned to face the naked—if necessary, the flayed and bleeding—reality."—SPEAKER (London).
Vol. I. "A DOLL'S HOUSE," "THE LEAGUE OF YOUTH," and "THE PILLARS OF SOCIETY." With Portrait of the Author, and Biographical Introduction by WILLIAM ARCHER.
Vol. II. "GHOSTS," "AN ENEMY OF THE PEOPLE," and "THE WILD DUCK." With an Introductory Note.
Vol. III. "LADY INGER OF OeSTRAT," "THE VIKINGS AT HELGELAND," "THE PRETENDERS." With an Introductory Note and Portrait of Ibsen.
Vol. IV. "EMPEROR AND GALILEAN." With an Introductory Note by WILLIAM ARCHER.
Vol. V. "ROSMERSHOLM," "THE LADY FROM THE SEA," "HEDDA GABLER." Translated by WILLIAM ARCHER. With an Introductory Note.
The sequence of the plays in each volume is chronological; the complete set of volumes comprising the dramas thus presents them in chronological order.
"The art of prose translation does not perhaps enjoy a very high literary status in England, but we have no hesitation in numbering the present version of Ibsen, so far as it has gone (Vols. I. and II.), among the very best achievements, in that kind, of our generation."—Academy.
"We have seldom, if ever, met with a translation so absolutely idiomatic."—Glasgow Herald.
LONDON: WALTER SCOTT, LIMITED, 24 WARWICK LANE.
THE CANTERBURY POETS.
EDITED BY WILLIAM SHARP. IN 1/- MONTHLY VOLUMES.
Cloth, Red Edges 1s. Cloth, Uncut Edges 1s. Red Roan, Gilt Edges, 2s. 6d. Pad. Morocco, Gilt Edges, 5s.
THE CHRISTIAN YEAR By the Rev. John Keble. COLERIDGE Edited by Joseph Skipsey. LONGFELLOW Edited by Eva Hope. CAMPBELL Edited by John Hogben. SHELLEY Edited by Joseph Skipsey. WORDSWORTH Edited by A. J. Symington. BLAKE Edited by Joseph Skipsey. WHITTIER Edited by Eva Hope. POE Edited by Joseph Skipsey. CHATTERTON Edited by John Richmond. BURNS. Poems Edited by Joseph Skipsey. BURNS. Songs Edited by Joseph Skipsey. MARLOWE Edited by Percy E. Pinkerton. KEATS Edited by John Hogben. HERBERT Edited by Ernest Rhys. HUGO Translated by Dean Carrington. COWPER Edited by Eva Hope. SHAKESPEARE'S POEMS, Etc. Edited by William Sharp. EMERSON Edited by Walter Lewin. SONNETS OF THIS CENTURY Edited by William Sharp. WHITMAN Edited by Ernest Rhys. SCOTT. Marmion, etc. Edited by William Sharp. SCOTT. Lady of the Lake, etc. Edited by William Sharp. PRAED Edited by Frederick Cooper. HOGG Edited by his Daughter, Mrs. Garden. GOLDSMITH Edited by William Tirebuck. LOVE LETTERS, Etc. By Eric Mackay. SPENSER Edited by Hon. Roden Noel. CHILDREN OF THE POETS Edited by Eric S. Robertson. JONSON Edited by J. Addington Symonda. BYRON (2 Vols.) Edited by Mathilde Blind. THE SONNETS OF EUROPE Edited by S. Waddington. RAMSAY Edited by J. Logie Robertson. DOBELL Edited by Mrs. Dobell. DAYS OF THE YEAR With Introduction by William Sharp. POPE Edited by John Hogben. HEINE Edited by Mrs. Kroeker. BEAUMONT AND FLETCHER Edited by John S. Fletcher. BOWLES, LAMB, &c. Edited by William Tirebuck. EARLY ENGLISH POETRY Edited by H. Macaulay Fitzgibbon. SEA MUSIC Edited by Mrs Sharp. HERRICK Edited by Ernest Rhys. BALLADES AND RONDEAUS Edited by J. Gleeson White. IRISH MINSTRELSY Edited by H. Halliday Sparling. MILTON'S PARADISE LOST Edited by J. Bradshaw, M.A., LL.D. JACOBITE BALLADS Edited by G. S. Macquoid. AUSTRALIAN BALLADS Edited by D. B. W. Sladen, B.A. MOORE Edited by John Dorrian. BORDER BALLADS Edited by Graham R. Tomson. SONG-TIDE By Philip Bourke Marston. ODES OF HORACE Translations by Sir Stephen de Vere, Bt. OSSIAN Edited by George Eyre-Todd. ELFIN MUSIC Edited by Arthur Edward Waite. SOUTHEY Edited by Sidney R. Thompson. CHAUCER Edited by Frederick Noel Paton. POEMS OF WILD LIFE Edited by Charles G. D. Roberts, M.A. PARADISE REGAINED Edited by J. Bradshaw, M.A., LL.D. CRABBE Edited by E. Lamplough. DORA GREENWELL Edited by William Dorling. FAUST Edited by Elizabeth Craigmyle. AMERICAN SONNETS Edited by William Sharp. LANDOR'S POEMS Edited by Ernest Radford. GREEK ANTHOLOGY Edited by Graham R. Tomson. HUNT AND HOOD Edited by J. Harwood Panting. HUMOROUS POEMS Edited by Ralph H. Caine. LYTTON'S PLAYS Edited by R. Farquharson Sharp. GREAT ODES Edited by William Sharp. MEREDITH'S POEMS Edited by M. Betham-Edwards. PAINTER-POETS Edited by Kineton Parkes. WOMEN POETS Edited by Mrs. Sharp. LOVE LYRICS Edited by Percy Hulburd. AMERICAN HUMOROUS VERSE Edited by James Barr. MINOR SCOTCH LYRICS Edited by Sir George Douglas. CAVALIER LYRISTS Edited by Will H. Dircks. GERMAN BALLADS Edited by Elizabeth Craigmyle. SONGS OF BERANGER Translated by William Toynbee. HON. RODEN NOEL'S POEMS. With an Introduction by R. Buchanan. SONGS OF FREEDOM. Selected, with an Introduction, by H. S. Salt.
NEW EDITION IN NEW BINDING.
In the new edition there are added about forty reproductions in fac-simile of autographs of distinguished singers and instrumentalists, including Sarasate, Joachim, Sir Charles Halle, Paderewsky, Stavenhagen, Henachel, Trebelli, Miss Macintyre, Jean Gerardy, etc.
Quarto, cloth elegant, gilt edges, emblematic design on cover, 6s. May also be had in a variety of Fancy Bindings.
THE MUSIC OF THE POETS:
A MUSICIANS' BIRTHDAY BOOK.
EDITED BY ELEONORE D'ESTERRE KEELING.
This is a unique Birthday Book. Against each date are given the names of musicians whose birthday it is, together with a verse-quotation appropriate to the character of their different compositions or performances. A special feature of the book consists in the reproduction in fac-simile of autographs, and autographic music, of living composers. Three sonnets by Mr. Theodore Watts, on the "Fausts" of Berlioz, Schumann, and Gounod, have been written specially for this volume. It is illustrated with designs of various musical instruments, etc.; autographs of Rubenstein, Dvorak, Greig, Mackenzie, Villiers Stanford, etc., etc.
London: WALTER SCOTT, LTD., 24 Warwick Lane
Transcriber's Note: The list of books that comprise The Contemporary Science Series has been moved from the front of the book to after the index.
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