An officer of the Government cannot accept title of nobility, order or honor without the permission of Congress.

Money lost in the mails cannot be recovered from the Government. Registering a letter does not insure its contents.

It is the House of Representatives that may impeach the President for any crime, and the Senate hears the accusation.

If the President holds a bill longer than ten days while Congress is still in session, it becomes a law without his signature.

Silver coin of denominations less than $1 is not a legal tender for more than $5.00. Copper and nickel coin is not legal tender.

The term of a Congressman is two years, but a Congressman may be re-elected to as many successive terms as his constituents may wish.

Amendments to the Constitution requires two-thirds vote of each house of Congress and must be ratified by at least three-fourths of the States.

When the militia is called out in the service of the General Government, they pass out of the control of the various States under the command of the President.

The President of the United States must be 35 years of age: a United States Senator, 30; a Congressman, 25. The President must have been a resident of the United States fourteen years.

A grand jury is a secret tribunal, and may hear only one side of a case. It simply decides whether there is good reason to hold for trial. It consists of twenty-four men, twelve of whom may indict.

A naturalized citizen cannot become President or Vice-President of the United States. A male child born abroad of American parents has an equal chance to become President with one born on American soil.



CHAMOIS SKINS.

The animal from which the chamois skin derives its name inhabits the high mountains from the Pyrenees to the Caucasus. Chamois are most numerous in the Alps, where they dwell in small herds and feed on the herbage of the mountain sides. They are about the size of a small goat, dark chestnut-brown in color, with the exception of the forehead, the sides of the lower jaws and the muzzle, which are white. Its horns, rising above the eyes, are black, smooth and straight for two-thirds of their length, when they suddenly curve backward.

The chamois hunter, provided with a gun, a bag of provisions, an iron-shod staff to assist him in climbing and leaping, an ax to cut steps in the ice and shoes studded with iron points, traverses the mountains and follows his prey not only during the day, but also at night.

Nearly all the chamois skins now in the market are made from the skins of the lamb or sheep. This industry has been largely developed in England and France, and these countries have supplied the market of the United States almost exclusively until recent years, when the manufacture of these goods was commenced in the United States.



WHAT'S IN A NAME?

ORIGIN AND MEANING OF NAMES OF MEN.

A Aaron, Hebrew, a mountain, or lofty.

Abel, Hebrew, vanity.

Abraham, Hebrew, the father of many.

Absalom, Hebrew, the father of peace.

Adam, Hebrew, red earth.

Adolphus, Saxon, happiness and help.

Adrian, Latin, one who helps.

Alan, Celtic, harmony; or Slavonic, a hound.

Albert, Saxon, all bright.

Alexander, Greek, a helper of men.

Alfred, Saxon, all peace.

Alonzo, form of Alphonso, q. v.

Alphonso. German, ready or willing.

Ambrose, Greek, immortal.

Amos, Hebrew, a burden.

Andrew, Greek, courageous.

Anthony, Latin, flourishing.

Archibald, German, a bold observer.

Arnold, German, a maintainer of honor.

Arthur, British, a strong man.

Augustus, Latin, venerable, grand.

B

Baldwin, German, a bold winner.

Barnaby, Hebrew, a prophet's son.

Bartholomew, Hebrew, the son of him who made the waters to rise.

Beaumont, French, a pretty mount.

Benjamin, Hebrew, the son of a right hand.

Bennett, Latin, blessed.

Bertram, German, fair, illustrious.

Bertrand, German, bright, raven.

Boniface, Latin, a well-doer.

Brian, French, having a thundering voice.



C

Cadwallader, British, valiant in war.

Caesar, Latin, adorned with hair.

Caleb, Hebrew, a dog.

Cecil, Latin, dim-sighted.

Charles, German, noble-spirited.

Christopher, Greek, bearing Christ.

Clement, Latin, mild-tempered.

Conrad, German, able counsel.

Cornelius, Latin, meaning uncertain.

Crispin, Latin, having curled locks.

Cuthbert, Saxon, known famously.

D

Daniel, Hebrew, God is judge.

David, Hebrew, well-beloved.

Denis, Greek, belonging to the god of wine.

Douglas, Gaelic, dark gray.

Duncan, Saxon, brown chief.

Dunstan, Saxon, most high.

E

Edgar, Saxon, happy honor.

Edmund, Saxon, happy peace.

Edward, Saxon, happy keeper.

Edwin, Saxon, happy conqueror.

Egbert, Saxon, ever bright.

Elijah, Hebrew, God the Lord.

Elisha, Hebrew, the salvation of God.

Emmanuel, Hebrew, God with us.

Enoch, Hebrew, dedicated.

Ephraim, Hebrew, fruitful.

Erasmus, Greek, lovely, worthy to be loved.

Ernest, Greek, earnest, serious.

Esau, Hebrew, hairy.

Eugene, Greek, nobly descended.

Eustace, Greek, standing firm.

Evan, or Ivan, British, the same as John.

Evard, German, well reported.

Ezekiel, Hebrew, the strength of God.

F

Felix, Latin, happy.

Ferdinand, German, pure peace.

Fergus, Saxon, manly strength.

Francis, German, free.

Frederic, German, rich peace. '

G

Gabriel, Hebrew, the strength of God.

Geoffrey, German, joyful.

George, Greek, a husbandman.

Gerald, Saxon, all towardliness.

Gideon, Hebrew, a breaker.

Gilbert, Saxon, bright as gold.

Giles, Greek, a little goat.

Godard, German, a godly disposition.

Godfrey, German, God's peace.

Godwin, German, victorious in Cod.

Griffith, British, having great faith.

Guy, French, a leader.

H

Hannibal, Punic, a gracious lord.

Harold, Saxon, a champion.

Hector, Greek, a stout defender.

Henry, German, a rich lord.

Herbert, German, a bright lord.

Hercules, Greek, the glory of Hera or Juno.

Horace, Latin, meaning uncertain.

Howel, British, sound or whole.

Hubert, German, a bright color.

Hugh, Dutch, high, lofty.

Humphrey, German, domestic peace.

I

Ignatius, Latin, fiery.

Ingram, German, of angelic purity.

Isaac, Hebrew, laughter.

J

Jabez, Hebrew, one who causes pain.

Jacob, Hebrew, a supplanter.

James, or Jaques, beguiling.

Job, Hebrew, sorrowing.

Joel, Hebrew, acquiescing.

John, Hebrew, the grace of the Lord.

Jonah, Hebrew, a dove.

Jonathan. Hebrew, the gift of the Lord.

Joseph, Hebrew, addition.

Joshua, Hebrew, a savior.

Josiah, or Josias, Hebrew, the fire of the Lord.

Julius, Latin, soft-haired.

L

Lambert, Saxon, a fair lamb.

Lancelot, Spanish, a little lance.

Laurence, Latin, crowned with laurels.

Lazarus, Hebrew, destitute of help.

Leonard, German, like a lion.

Leopold, German, defending the people.

Lewis or Louis, French, the defender of the people.

Lionel, Latin, a little lion.

Llewellin, British, like a lion.

Llewellyn, Celtic, lightning.

Lucius, Latin, shining.

Luke, Creek, a wood or grove.

M

Manfred, German, great peace.

Mark, Latin, a hammer.

Martin, Latin, martial.

Matthew, Hebrew, a gift or present.

Maurice, Latin, sprung of a Moor.

Meredith, British, the roaring of the sea.

Michael, Hebrew, who is like God.

Morgan, British, a mariner.

Moses, Hebrew, drawn out.

N

Nathaniel, Hebrew, the gift of God.

Neal, French, somewhat black.

Nicholas, Greek, victorious over the people.

Noel, French, belonging to one's nativity.

Norman, French, one born in Normandy.

O

Oliver, Latin, an olive.

Orlando, Italian, counsel for the land.

Orson, Latin, a bear.

Osmund, Saxon, house peace.

Oswald, Saxon, ruler of a house.

Owen, British, well descended.

P

Patrick, Latin, a nobleman.

Paul, Latin, small, little.

Percival, French, a place in France.

Percy, English, adaptation of "pierce eye."

Peter, Greek, a rock or stone.

Philip, Greek, a lover of horses.

Phineas, Hebrew, of bold countenance.

R

Ralph, contracted from Randolph, or Randal, or Rudolph, Saxon, pure help.

Raymond, German, quiet peace.

Reuben, Hebrew, the son of vision.

Reynold, German, a lover of purity.

Richard, Saxon, powerful.

Robert, German, famous in counsel.

Roderick, German, rich in fame.

Rollo, form of Roland, q.v.

Rufus, Latin, reddish.

Roger, German, strong counsel.

Roland, German, counsel for the land.

S

Samson, Hebrew, a little son.

Samuel, Hebrew, heard by God.

Saul, Hebrew, desired.

Seth, Hebrew, appointed.

Silas, Latin, sylvan or living in the woods.

Simeon, Hebrew, hearing.

Simon, Hebrew, obedient.

Solomon, Hebrew, peaceable.

Stephen, Greek, a crown or garland.

Swithin, Saxon, very high.

T

Theobald, Saxon, bold over the people.

Theodore, Greek, the gift of God.

Thomas, Hebrew, a twin.

Timothy, Greek, a fearer of God.

Titus, Greek, meaning uncertain.

Toby, Hebrew, goodness of the Lord.

V

Valentine, Latin, powerful.

Victor, Latin, conqueror.

Vincent, Latin, conquering.

Vivian, Latin, living.

W

Walter, German, a conqueror.

Wilfred, Saxon, bold and peaceful.

William, German, defending many.

Z

Zaccheus, Syriac, innocent.



CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN.

A

Adela, German, same as Adeline, q. v.

Adelaide, German, same as Adeline, q. v.

Adeline, German, a princess.

Agatha, Greek, good.

Agnes, German, chaste.

Althea, Greek, hunting.

Alice, Alicia, German, noble.

Alma, Latin, benignant.

Amabel, Latin, lovable.

Amy, Amelia, French, beloved.

Angelina, Greek, lovely, angelic.

Anna, or Anne, Hebrew, gracious.

Arabella, Latin, a fair altar.

Aurora, Latin, morning brightness.

B

Barbara, Latin, foreign or strange.

Bella, Italian, beautiful.

Benedicta, Latin, blessed.

Bernice, Greek, bringing victory.

Bertha, Greek, bright or famous.

Bessie, short form of Elizabeth. q.v.

Blanche, French, fair.

Bona, Latin, good.

Bridget, Irish, shining bright.

C

Camilla, Latin, attendant at a sacrifice.

Carlotta. Italian, same as Charlotte, q. v.

Caroline, Latin, noble-spirited.

Cassandra, Greek, a reformer of men.

Catherine, Greek, pure or clean,

Charity, Greek, love, bounty.

Charlotte, French, all noble.

Chloe, Greek, a green herb.

Christina, Greek, belonging to Christ.

Clara, Latin, clear or bright.

Constance, Latin, constant.

D

Dagmar, German, joy of the Danes.

Deborah, Hebrew, a bee.

Diana, Greek, Jupiter's daughter.

Dorcas, Greek, a wild roe.

Dorothy, Greek, gift of God.

E

Edith, Saxon, happiness.

Eleanor, Saxon, all-fruitful.

Eliza, Elizabeth, Hebrew, the oath of God.

Emily, corrupted from Amelia.

Emma, German, a nurse.

Esther, Hester, Hebrew, secret.

Eudora, Greek, good gift.

Eugenia, French, well-born.

Eunice, Greek, fair victory.

Eva, or Eve, Hebrew, causing life.

F

Fanny, dim. of Frances, q.v.

Flora, Latin, flowers.

Florence, Latin, blooming, flourishing.

Frances, German, free.

G

Gertrude, German, all truth.

Grace, Latin, favor.

H

Hannah, Hebrew, gracious.

Harriet, German, head of the house.

Helen, or Helena, Greek, alluring.

Henrietta, fem. and dim. of Henry, q. v.

Hilda, German, warrior maiden.

Honora, Latin, honorable.

Huldah, Hebrew, a weasel.

I

Irene, peaceful.

Isabella, Spanish, fair Eliza.

J

Jane, or Jeanne, fem. of John, q.v.

Janet, Jeanette, little Jane.

Jemima, Hebrew, a dove.

Joan, Joanna. Hebrew, fem. of John, q. v.

Joyce, French, pleasant.

Judith, Hebrew, praising.

Julia, Juliana, fem. of Julius, q. v.

K

Katherine, form of Catherine, q. v.

Ketura, Hebrew, incense.

L

Laura, Latin, a laurel.

Lavinia, Latin, of Latium.

Letitia, Latin, joy or gladness.

Lilian, Lily, Latin, a lily.

Lois, Greek, better.

Louisa, German. fem. of Louis, q.v.

Lucretia, Latin, a chaste Roman lady.

Lucy, Latin, fem. of Lucius.

Lydia. Greek, descended from Lud.

M

Mabel, Latin, lovely or lovable.

Madeline, form of Magdalen, q. v.

Margaret, Greek, a pearl.

Martha, Hebrew, bitterness,

Mary, Hebrew, bitter.

Matilda, German, a lady of honor.

Maud, German, form of Malilda, q.. v.

May, Latin, month of May.

Mercy, English, compassion.

Mildred, Saxon, speaking mild.

Minnie, dim. of Margaret. q. v.

N

Naomi, Hebrew, alluring.

O

Olive, Olivia, Latin, an olive.

Ophelia, Greek, a serpent.

P

Patience, Latin, bearing patiently.

Penelope, Greek, a weaver.

Persis, Greek, destroying.

Philippa, Greek, fem. of Philip.

Phoebe, Greek, the light of life.

Phyllis, Greek, a green bough.

Polly, variation of Molly, dim. of Mary, q. v.

Priscilla, Latin, somewhat old.

Prudence, Latin, discretion.

R

Rachel, Hebrew, a lamb.

Rebecca, Hebrew, fat or plump.

Rhoda, Greek, a rose.

Rose or Rosa, Latin, a rose.

Rosalind, Latin, beautiful as a rose.

Roxana, Persian, dawn of day.

Rosamond, Saxon, rose of peace.

Ruth, Hebrew, trembling, or beauty.

S

Sabina, Latin, sprung from the Sabines.

Salome, Hebrew, a princess.

Selina, Greek, the moon.

Sibylla, Greek, the counsel of God.

Sophia, Greek, wisdom.

Susan, Susanna, Hebrew, a lily.

T

Tabitha, Syriac, a roe.

Theodosia, Creek, given by God.

U

Ursula, Latin, a she bear.

V

Victoria, Latin, victory.

Vida, Erse, fem. of David.

W

Walburga, Saxon, gracious.

Winifred, Saxon, winning peace.

Z

Zenobia, Greek, the life of Jupiter.



PRINCIPAL AMERICAN CITIES

With Population of over 100,000 in 1910.

(The population for 1900 is given in parentheses by way of comparison.)

New York, N. Y., 4,766,883 (3,437,202); Chicago, Ill., 2,185,283 (l,698,572); Philadelphia, Pa., 1,549,008 (1,293,697); St. Louis, Mo., 687,029 (575,238); Boston, Mass., 670,585 (560,892); Cleveland, O., 560,663 (381,768); Baltimore, Md., 558,485 (508,957); Pittsburg, Pa., 533,905 (451,512); Detroit. Mich., 465,766 (285,704); Buffalo, N. Y., 423,715 (352,387); San Francisco, Cal., 416,912 (342,782); Milwaukee, Wis., 373,857 (285,315); Cincinnati, O., 364,462 (325,902); Newark. N. J., 347,469 (246,070); New Orleans. La., 339,075 (287,104); Washington. D. C., 331,069 (278,718); Los Angeles, Cal., 319,198 (102,479); Minneapolis, Minn., 301,408 (202,718); Jersey City, N. J., 267,779 (206,433); Kansas City, Mo., 248,331 (163,752); Seattle, Wash., 237,194 (80,671); Indianapolis, Ind., 233,650 (169,164); Providence, R. I., 224,326 (175,597); Louisville, Ky., 223,928 (204,731); Rochester, N. Y., 218,149 (162,608); St. Paul, Minn., 214,744 (163,065); Denver, Col., 213,381 (133,859); Portland, Ore., 207,214 (90,426); Columbus, O., 181,548 (125,560); Toledo, O., 168,497 (131,822); Atlanta, Ga., 154,839 (89,672); Oakland, Cal., 150,174 (66,960); Worcester, Mass., 145,986 (118,421); Syracuse, N. Y., 137,249 (108,374); New Haven, Conn., 133,605 (108,027); Birmingham, Ala., 132,683 (38,415); Memphis, Tenn., 131,105 (102,320); Scranton, Pa., 129,867 (102,026); Richmond, Va., 127,628 (85,050); Paterson, N. J., 125,600 (105,171); Omaha, Neb., 124,096 (102,555); Fall River, Mass., 119,295 (104,803); Dayton, O., 116,577 (85,333); Grand Rapids, Mich., 112,571 (87,565); Nashville, Tenn., 110,364 (80,865); Lowell, Mass., 106,294 (94,969); Cambridge, Mass., 104,839 (91,886); Spokane, Wash., 104,402 (36,848); Bridgeport, Conn., 102,054 (70,996); Albany, N. Y., 100,253 (94,151).



STATE FLOWERS.

The following list includes all the "State flowers" Commonly accepted or officially adopted:

Alabama, goldenrod; Arizona, sequoia cactus; Arkansas, apple blossom; California, poppy; Colorado, columbine; Delaware, peach blossom; Georgia, Cherokee rose; Idaho, syringa; Illinois, violet; Iowa, wild rose; Kansas, sunflower; Louisiana, magnolia; Maine, pine cone; Michigan, apple blossom; Minnesota, moccasin; Mississippi, magnolia; Montana, bitter root; Missouri, goldenrod; Nebraska, goldenrod; New Jersey, sugar maple (tree); New York, rose; North Dakota, goldenrod; Oklahoma, mistletoe; Oregon, Oregon grape; Rhode Island, violet; Texas, blue bonnet; Utah, Sego lily; Vermont, red clover; Washington, rhododendron.



HEIGHT OF NOTED STRUCTURES.

Following is the height in feet of some noted monuments and structures:

Amiens cathedral, 383; Bunker Hill monument, 221; Capitol, Washington, 288; City Hall, Philadelphia, 535; Cologne cathedral, 512; Eiffel tower, 984; Florence cathedral, 387; Fribourg cathedral, 386; Masonic Temple, Chicago, 354; Metropolitan building. N. Y., 700; Milan cathedral, 360; the Great Pyramid, 451; Rouen cathedral, 464; St. Paul's, London, 404; St. Peter's, Rome, 433; Singer building, N. Y., 612; Strassburg cathedral, 465; St. Stephen's, Vienna, 470; Ward building, Chicago, 394; Washington monument, 556.



MAXIMUM AGE OF TREES.

Palm, 250 years; elm, 355 years; cypress, 388 years; ivy, 448 years; maple, 516 years; larch, 576 years; lemon, 640 years; plane, 720 years; cedar, 800 years; chestnut, 860 years; walnut, 900 years; lime, 1,076 years; spruce, 1,200 years; oak, 1,600 years; olive, 2,000 years; yew, 2,880 years; baobab, 5,100 years; dragon, 5,900 years.

Eucalyptus, or Australian gum-tree, sometimes grows twenty-four feet in three months: bamboo, two feet in twenty-four hours.



DICTIONARY OF AERONAUTICS

The new science of aeronautics has given rise to many new words, among them some of awkward derivation, and even those properly formed and worthy of preservation in the language are often erroneously used. The following compact lexicon is therefore both interesting and instructive:

Aeroplane—A generic term applied in common use to all classes of sustaining surfaces; strictly applicable only to flat surfaces.

Adjusting Surfaces—Commonly a comparatively small surface, usually at the end of a wing tip, used to adjust lateral balance; preferably restricted to surfaces capable of variable adjustment, but not of movement by controlling devices. See "Stabilizer'" and "Wing tip" and compare "Aileron."

Advancing Edge—The front edge of a sustaining or other surface.

Advancing Surface—A surface that precedes another through the air, as in a double monoplane.

Aerocurve—A proposed substitute for aeroplane.

Aerodrome—A substitute proposed by Langley for aeroplane. Strictly applicable to a course rather than to a vehicle.

Aileron (a'ler-on)—A small hinged or separated wing tip or surface capable of independent manipulation for the purpose of maintaining lateral balance.

Aviation (a-vi-a'shun)—Dynamic flight by means of heavier-than-air mechanisms.

Aviator (a'vi-a-ter)—The operator or pilot of a heavier-than-air machine.

Aerofoil—Term used to indicate lifting surface,

Angle of Incidence—The angle which a line drawn from the leading to the trailing edge of the plane makes with the horizontal trailing angle between the tangent to the trailing edge of the plane and the chord or a line drawn from the leading to the trailing edge.

Arc—Any portion of a circle or other curve.

Aspect—The top or plan view of an aeroplane surface.

Automatic Stability—Applied to lateral or longitudinal stability maintained by the action of suitable elements on mechanisms independent of any control exercised by the operator. There is a tendency to restrict the term to such stability secured by automatic manipulation of controlling devices, rather than to systems in which balance is maintained by the use of dihedral arrangements.

Biplane (bi'plane)—An aeroplane with two superposed main surfaces.

Balance—To maintain equilibrium by hand or automatic movement of balancing surfaces, as opposed to equilibrium maintained by stabilizing. See "Stabilizer."

Body—The center part of an aeroplane or other aerial vehicle, in which the motor, fuel tanks, passenger accommodation, etc., are placed.

Camber—The camber of the ribs is the amount of curvature which is imparted to them in the same way that a motor car spring or a road has a camber or curvature.

Chassis (shas-see)—That part of the main framework of a monoplane to which the main planes and tail planes are fitted and which contains the engine and aviators seat.

Center of Pressure—Really a line of pressure along the under side of a wing or aeroplane surface, on either side of which the pressures are equal.

Center of Gravity—The center of weight, about which the vehicle balances in all directions.

Chord—A straight line drawn between the ends of the arc of a circle or other curve.

Dirigible (dir'-igihle)—Steerable or navigable; applied to balloons.

Derrick—A tower in which a falling weight is dropped in starting an aeroplane.

Diagonal—A diagonal brace or stay in a framework.

Dihedral (di-he'dral)—Said of wing pairs inclined at an upward angle to each other.

Elevator—A principal supplementary surface, usually of a miniature form of the main planes. Used for purpose of altering the vertical direction of machine.

Gap—The distance between two main planes in a biplane.

Gliding—Flying down a slant of air without power.

Gyroscopic Effect—The property of any rotating mass whereby it tends to maintain its plane of rotation against disturbing forces.

Gauchissement (or warping)—Applied to the main planes and produces the same ultimate effect as the use of ailerons.

Hangar (hang'ar)—A shed for housing balloons or aeroplanes, generally the latter.

Horsepower—A rate of work equivalent to the lifting of 33,000 ft.-lb. a minute.

Head Resistance—The resistance of a surface to movement through the air; closely proportionate to its projected area.

Heavier-than-air—Applied to dynamic flying machines weighing more than the air they displace.

Horizontal Rudder—A horizontally placed rudder for steering in vertical directions.

Lift—The sustaining effect, expressed in units of weight of an aeroplane or wing surface.

Monoplane—An aeroplane with one or more main surfaces in the same horizontal plane.

Main Plane—Usually the largest or lowest supporting surface of a multi-surfaced aeroplane.

Mast—A spar or strut used for the attachment of wire or other stays to stiffen the wings or other parts of a structure.

Main Spars—Lateral spars upon which the main planes are built.

Main Landing Wheels—In an alighting gear, the wheels that take the chief shock in landing.

Ornithopter—A dynamic flying machine of the heavier-than-air type, in which sustension is provided by the effect of reciprocating wing surfaces.

Pylon—A tower to mark the course in aerial racing contests.

Ribs—Supports for the fabric, made of ash or spruce and bent to the correct curves.

Rudder—One or more steering planes are invariably fitted to practical machines to control the direction of flight.

Superposed Planes—Arrangement of one plane over the other, as in the Wright, Voisin and Farman machines.

Supplementary Planes (or surfaces)—Additional surfaces which are used for stabilization.

Stabilizer—Any surface for automatically maintaining lateral or longitudinal balance.

Struts—Fixtures used in biplane construction to maintain an equal distance between two planes.

Skids—Long skates on which the machine can land in safety.

Span—The distance from tip to tip of the main planes in a transverse direction to that of flight.

Soaring Flight—The flight of certain large birds without wing flapping. Its solution and imitation constitute one of the problems of aerial navigation.

Sustaining Surface—Any surface placed in a horizontal or approximately horizontal position, primarily for the purpose of affording sustension.

Triplane—An aeroplane with three main surfaces.

Webs—Small blocks of wood placed between the ribs which act as distance pieces.

Wing Warping—A system of maintaining lateral balance by differential twisting of wing tips in such manner as to increase the sustension on one side and decrease it on the other.

—New York Tribune.



COLLEGE COLORS.

Amherst—Purple and white.

Beloit—Old gold,

Bowdoin—White.

Brown—Brown and white.

Columbia—Light blue and white.

Cornell—Carnelian and white.

Dartmouth—Green.

Harvard—Crimson.

Indiana—Crimson and cream.

Iowa—Scarlet and black.

Iowa State—Cardinal and gold.

Johns Hopkins—Black and old gold.

Lake Forest—Red and black.

Leland Stanford—Cardinal.

Northwestern—Royal Purple.

Oberlin—Crimson and gold

Princeton—Orange and black.

Purdue—Old gold and black.

University of Chicago—Maroon.

University of Illinois—Orange and navy blue.

University of Michigan—Maize and blue.

University of Minnesota—Old gold and maroon.

University of Notre Dame—Gold and blue.

University of Pennsylvania—Red and blue.

University of Rochester—Dandelion yellow.

University of Wisconsin—Cardinal.

Vassar—Rose and gray.

Williams—Royal purple.

Yale—Blue.



THE CLAIMS OF OSTEOPATHY.

Strictly construing the claims of osteopathic doctors, it is an anti-medicine system of practice for the cure of every disease to which the human body is liable.

Dr. Andrew T. Still, who claims to have made the discoveries that led to the establishment of the school of Osteopathy, asserts that all diseases and lesions are the result of the luxation, dislocation, or breakage of some bone or bones; this, however, is not now maintained to any great extent by his followers. Osteopathists, though, do generally claim that all diseases arise from some maladjustment of the bones of the human body, and that treatment, therefore, must be to secure the normal adjustment of the bones and ligaments that form the skeleton. They claim that a dislocation is not always necessarily the result of external violence; it may be caused by the ulceration of bones, the elongation of ligaments, or excessive muscular action.

The constriction of an important artery or vein, which may be caused by a very slightly displaced bone, an indurated muscle, or other organ, may produce an excess of blood in one part of the body, thereby causing a deficiency in some other part. A dislocated member will generally show alteration in the form of the joint and axis of the limb; loss of power and proper motion; increased length or shortening of the limb; prominence at one point and depression at another; greatly impaired circulation, and pain due to the obstruction of nerve force in the parts involved.

The osteopathist claims that pain and disease arise mainly from some mal-adjustment in some part of the body, and that a return to good health involves treatment for the normal adjustment of the skeleton; he asserts, though any luxation may be only partial, it may cause pressure at some point upon a blood vessel, or a nerve of which the patient may be unconscious, and thus be a barrier to the restoration of good health.

Osteopathy asserts that trying to heal the body of an ailment caused by a dislocated member, be it a bone, ligament, or nerve, by which abnormal pressure is maintained upon a blood vessel or a nerve, would be like trying to operate a machine with an important cog out of gear. To cure it involves the reduction of a dislocation; the breaking up of adhesions, and the arousing of the enervated organ or organs partially or wholly failing in the performance of function.



THE LAW OF TRADEMARKS.

Any person, firm or corporation can obtain protection for any lawful trademark by complying with the following:

1. By causing to be recorded in the Patent Office the name, residence and place of business of persons desiring the trademark.

2. The class of merchandise and description of the same.

3. A description of the trademark itself with facsimiles.

4. The length of time that the said mark has already been used.

5. By payment of the required fee—$6 for labels and $25 for trademarks.

6. By complying with such regulations as may be prescribed by the Commissioner of Patents.

7. A lawful trademark must consist of some arbitrary word (not the name of a person or place), indicating or not the use or nature of the thing to which it is applied; of some designating symbol, or of both said word and symbol.



HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT.

Patents are issued in the name of the United States, and under the seal of the Patent Office. A patent is a grant by the Government to the inventor, his heirs or assigns, for a limited period, of the exclusive right to make, use or sell any new and useful art, machine, manufacture or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, or any new, original and ornamental design for any article of manufacture.

Every patent contains a grant to the patentee, his heirs or assigns, for the term of seventeen years, of the exclusive right to make, use and vend the invention or discovery throughout the United States and the Territories, referring to the specification for the particulars thereof.

If it appears that the inventor, at the time of making his application, believed himself to be the first inventor or discoverer, a patent will not be refused on account of the invention or discovery, or any part thereof, having been known or used in any foreign country before his invention or discovery thereof, if it had not been before patented or described in any printed publication.

Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent; neither can claim one separately. Independent inventors of distinct and independent improvements in the same machine cannot obtain a joint patent for their separate inventions; nor does the fact that one furnishes the capital and another makes the invention entitle them to make application as joint inventors; but in such case they may become joint patentees.

Application for a patent must be made in writing to the Commissioner of Patents, from whom blanks and printed instructions can be obtained by mail.

REISSUES.—A reissue is granted to the original patentee, his legal representatives, or the assignees of the entire interest, when, by reason of a defective or insufficient specification, or by reason of the patentee claiming as his invention or discovery more than he had a right to claim as new, the original patent is inoperative or invalid, provided the error has arisen from inadvertence, accident or mistake and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention.

CAVEATS.—A caveat, under the patent law, is a notice given to the office of the caveator's claim as inventor, in order to prevent the grant of a patent to another for the same alleged invention upon an application filed during the life of the caveat without notice to the caveator.

Any citizen of the United States who has made a new invention or discovery, and desires further time to mature the same, may, on payment of a fee of $10, file in the Patent Office a caveat setting forth the object and the distinguishing characteristics of the invention, and praying protection of his right until he shall have matured his invention. Such caveat shall be filed in the confidential archives of the office and preserved in secrecy, and shall be operative for the term of one year from the filing thereof.

An alien has the same privilege, if he has resided in the United States one year next preceding the filing of his caveat, and has made oath of his intention to become a citizen.

The caveat must comprise a specification, oath, and, when the nature of the case admits of it, a drawing, and, like the application, must be limited to a single invention or improvement.

FEES.—Fees must be paid in advance, and are as follows. On filing each original application for a patent, $15. On issuing each original patent, $20. In design cases: For three years and six months, $10: for seven years, $15; for fourteen years, $30. On filing each caveat, $10.

On every application for the reissue of a patent, $30. Added to these are the usual charges of patent solicitors for preparing the application and for drawings etc.



SHAKESPEARE'S COUNSEL.

(Polonius' Advice to His Son Laertes.)

And these few precepts in thy memory See thou character: Give thy thoughts no tongue. Nor any unproportion'd thought his act. Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar. Those friends thou hast, and their adoption tried, Grapple them to thy soul with hooks of steel; But do not dull thy palm with entertainment Of each new-hatch'd, unfledged comrade. Beware Of entrance to a quarrel, but, being in, Bear 't that the opposed may beware of thee. Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice; Take each man's censure, but reserve thy judgment. Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy. But not express'd in fancy; rich, not gaudy; For the apparel oft proclaims the man. * * * Neither a borrower nor a lender be: For loan oft loses both itself and friend, And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. This above all: to thine own self be true, And it must follow, as the night the day, Thou canst not then be false to any man. —"Hamlet," 1 :3.

POOR RICHARD'S SAYINGS. (Benjamin Franklin.)

Drive thy business! Let not thy business drive thee!

Diligence is the mother of good luck.

Now I have a sheep and a cow, everybody bids me good morrow.

If you would know the value of money, go and try to borrow some.

Great estates may venture more, but little boats should keep near shore.

What maintains one vice would bring up two children.

God helps them that help themselves.

Poverty often deprives a man of all spirit and virtue, 'Tis hard for an empty bag to stand upright.

Beware of little expenses; a small leak will sink a great ship.

For age and want, save while you may. No morning sun lasts a whole day.



HOW TO MAKE CHANGE QUICKLY.

Always consider the amount of purchase as if that much money were already counted out, then add to amount of purchase enough small change to make an even dollar, counting out the even dollars last until full amount is made up.

If the purchase amounts to 57 cents, and you are handed $2.00 in payment, count out 43 cents first to make an even dollar. Then layout the other dollar.

Should the purchase be $3.69, to be taken out of $20.00, begin with $3.69 as the basis and make up even $4.00 by laying out 31 cents. This 31 cents with the amount of the purchase you will consider as $4.00, and count out even dollars to make up the $20.00 which the customer has handed in.



MERCHANTS' COST AND PRICE MARKS.

All merchants use private cipher marks to note cost or selling price of goods. The cipher is usually made up from some short word or sentence of nine or ten letters, as:

C O R N E L I U S, A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

Five dollars, according to this key, would be eaa. But generally an extra letter is used to prevent repeating the mark for 0. If the sign for a second 0 in this case were y, we would have eay instead of eaa.



TIME IN WHICH MONEY DOUBLES.

Per Simple Compound Ct Interest. Interest. 2 50 yrs. 35 yrs. 2-1/2 40 yrs. 28 yrs. 26 da. 3 33 yrs. 4 mos. 23 yrs. 164 da. 3-1/2 28 yrs, 208 da. 20 yrs. 54 4 25 yrs. 17 yrs. 246 da. 4-1/2 22 yrs. 81 da. 15 yrs. 273 da. 5 20 yrs. 14 yrs. 75 da. 6 16 yrs. 8 mos. 11 yrs. 327 da. 7 14 yrs. 104 da. 10 yrs. 89 da. 8 12-1/2 yrs. 9 yrs 2 da. 9 11 yrs. 40da. 8 yrs. 16 da. 10 10 yrs. 7 yrs. 100 da.



"A DOLLAR SAVED, A DOLLAR EARNED."

The way to accumulate money is to save small sums with regularity. A small sum saved daily for fifty years will grow at the following rate:

Daily Savings. Result. Daily Savings. Result. One cent $ 950 Sixty cents $ 57,024 Ten cents 9,504 Seventy cents 66,528 Twenty cents 19,006 Eighty cents 76,032 Thirty cents 28,512 Ninety cents 85,537 Forty cents 38,015 One dollar 475,208 Fifty cents 47,520

[Transcriber's note: The figures from 1 to 90 cents assume about 5.5% interest. The one dollar amount ($475,208) assumes about 10% interest.]



SHORT INTEREST RULES.

To find the interest on a given sum for any number of days, at any rate of interest, multiply the principal by the number of days and divide as follows:

At 3 per cent, by 120 At 9 per cent, by 40 At 4 per cent, by 90 At 10 per cent, by 36 At 5 per cent, by 72 At 12 per cent, by 30 At 6 per cent, by 60 At 15 per cent, by 24 At 7 per cent, by 52 At 20 per cent, by 18 At 8 per cent, by 45



TRADE DISCOUNTS.

Wholesale houses usually invoice their goods to retailers at "list" prices. List prices were once upon a time supposed to be retail prices, but of late a system of "long" list prices has come into vogue in many lines of trade—that is, the list price is made exorbitantly high, so that wholesalers can give enormous discounts. These discounts, whether large or small, are called trade discounts, and are usually deducted at a certain rate per cent from the face of invoice.

The amount of discount generally depends upon size of bill or terms of settlement, or both. Sometimes two or more discounts are allowed. Thus 30% and 5% is expressed 30 and 5 meaning first a discount of 30% and then 5% from the remainder.

30 and 5 is not 35% but 33-1/3%. 10, 5 and 3 off means three successive discounts.

A wholesale house allowing 10, 5 and 3 off gets more for its goods than it would at 18 off.



HOW TO DETECT COUNTERFEIT MONEY.

In the space at disposal here, it is impossible of course to give a complete illustrated counterfeit detector, but the following simple rules, laid down by Bank Note Examiner Geo. R. Baker, will be found extremely valuable:

Examine the form and features of all human figures: if graceful, and features distinct, examine the drapery. Notice whether the folds lie naturally, and observe whether the fine strands of the hair are plain and distinct.

Examine the lettering. In a genuine bill is absolutely perfect. There has never been a counterfeit put out but was more or less defective in the lettering.

Counterfeiters rarely, if ever, get the imprint or engraver's name perfect. The shading in the background of the vignette and over and around the letters forming the name of the bank, on a good bill, is even and perfect; on a counterfeit, it is uneven and imperfect.

The die work around the figures of the denomination should be of the same character as the ornamental work surrounding it.

Never take a bill deficient in any of these points.



Big Trees.—Of ninety-two redwood trees in Calaveras Grove, Cal., ten are over thirty feet in diameter, and eighty-two have a diameter of from fifteen to thirty feet. Their ages are estimated at from 1,000 to 3,500 years. Their height ranges from 150 to 237 feet.



FACTS OF GENERAL INTEREST.

A hawk flies 150 miles per hour; an eider duck 90 miles; a pigeon, 40 miles.

A man's working life is divided into four decades: 20 to 30, bronze; 30 to 40, silver; 40 to 50, gold; 50 to 60, iron. Intellect and judgment are strongest between 40 and 50.

Hair which is lightest in color is also lightest in weight. Light or blond hair is generally the most luxuriant, and it has been calculated that the average number of hairs of this color on an average person's head is 140,000; while the number of brown hairs is 110,000, and black only 103,000.

Goldsmith received $300 for "The Vicar of Wakefield;" Moore, $15,500 for "Lalla Rookh;" Victor Hugo, $12,000 for "Hernani;" Chateaubriand, $110,000 for his works; Lamartine, $16,000 for "Travels in Palestine;" Disraeli, $50,000 for "Endymion;" Anthony Trollope, $315,000 for forty-five novels; Lingard, $21,000 for his "History of England;" Mrs. Grant received over $600,000 as royalty from the sale of "The Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant."

One woman in 20, one man in 30 is barren—about 4 per cent. It is found that one marriage in 20 is barren—5 per cent. Among the nobility of Great Britain, 21 per cent have no children, owing partly to intermarriage of cousins, no less than 4-1/2 per cent being married to cousins.

The largest bells are the following, and their weight is given in tons: Moscow, 216: Burmah, 117; Pekin, 53; Novgorod, 31; Notre Dame, 18; Rouen, 18; Olmutz, 18; Vienna, 18; St. Paul's, 16; Westminster, 14; Montreal, 12; Cologne, 11; Oxford, 8; St. Peter's, 8. Bell metal should have 77 parts copper and 23 tin.

American life averages for professions (Boston): Storekeepers, 41.8 years; teamsters, 43.6 years; laborers. 44.6 years; seamen, 46.1 years; mechanics, 47.3 years; merchants, 48.4 years; lawyers, 52.6 years; farmers, 64.2 years.

A camel has twice the carrying power of an ox; with an ordinary load of 400 lb. he can travel 12 to 14 days without water, going 40 miles a day. Camels are fit to work at 5 years old, but their strength begins to decline at 25, although they live usually till 40.

The checks paid in New York in one year aggregate $77,020,672,494, which is more than nine times the value of all the gold and silver coin in existence.

Pounds of water evaporated by 1 lb. of fuel as follows: Straw. 1.9; wood, 3.1; peat, 3.8; coke or charcoal. 6.4; coal, 7.9; petroleum, 14.6.

The average elevation of continents above sea level is: Europe, 670 feet; Asia, 1,140 feet; North America. 1,150 feet; South America, 1,100 feet.

A body weighing 140 lb. produces 3 lb. ashes; time for burning, 55 minutes.

The seven largest diamonds in the world weigh, respectively, as follows; Kohinoor, 103 carats; Star of Brazil, 126 carats; Regent of France, 136 carats; Austrian Kaiser, 139 carats; Russian Czar, 195 carats; Rajah of Borneo, 367 carats; Braganza, 1,880 carats. The value of the above is not regulated by size, nor easy to estimate, but none of them is worth less than $500,000.

According to Orfila, the proportion of nicotine in Havana tobacco is 2 per cent; in French, 6 per cent; and Virginia tobacco, 7 per cent. That in Brazilian is still higher.

One horsepower will raise 16-1/2 tons per minute a height of 12 inches, working 8 hours a day. This is about 9,900 foot-tons daily, or 12 times a man's work.

Good clear ice two inches thick will bear men to walk on; four inches thick will bear horses and riders; six inches thick will bear horses and teams with moderate loads.

One pair of rabbits can become multiplied in four years into 1,250,000. Australia ships 6,000,000 rabbit skins yearly to England.

The largest of the Pyramids, that of Cheops, is composed of four million tons of stone, and occupied 100,000 men during 20 years, equal to an outlay of $200,000,000. It would now cost $20,000,000 at a contract price of 36 cents per cubic foot.

One tug on the Mississippi can take, in six days, from St. Louis to New Orleans, barges carrying 10,000 tons of grain, which would require 70 railway trains of fifteen cars each.

Comparative Scale of Strength.—Ordinary man, 100; Byron's Gladiator, 173; Farnese Hercules, 362; horse, 750.

A man will die for want of air in five minutes; for want of sleep, in ten days; for want of water, in a week; for want of food, at varying intervals, dependent on various circumstances.

The average of human life is 33 years. One child out of every four dies before the age of 7 years, and only one-half of the world's population reach the age of 17. One out of 10,000 reaches 100 years. The average number of births per day is about 120,000, exceeding the deaths by about 15 per minute. There have been many alleged cases of longevity in all ages, but only a few are authentic.

The various nations of Europe are represented in the list of Popes as follows: English, 1; Dutch, 1; Swiss, 1; Portuguese, 1; African, 2; Austrian, 2; Spanish, 5; German, 6; Syrian, 8; Greek, 14; French, 16; Italian, 200. Eleven Popes reigned over 20 years; 69, from 10 to 20; 57, from 5 to 10; and the reign of 116 was less than 5 years. The reign of Piux IX was the longest of all, the only one exceeding 25 years.

A knot, in sailor phrase, is a nautical mile, 6,080 feet, or 800 feet more than a land mile.

The Garden of the Gods is near Colorado Springs and consists of a tract some 50 acres in area surrounded by mountains and ravines of red sandstone. A number of large upright rocks, some as high as 350 feet, have given the beautiful valley its name. It is entered by a very narrow pass called the "Beautiful Gate."

The Trans-Siberian Railway is 6,003 miles long and was built at a cost of $201,350,860.

The longest reigns in English history were; Victoria, 64 years; George III., 60; Henry III, 56; Edward III, 50; Elizabeth, 45; Henry VIII., 38.

The highest mountain in North America is Mt. McKinley, at the headwaters of the Suswhitna and Kuskokwim rivers, Alaska. Its height is 20,464 feet.

The largest viaduct in the world was designed and built by American engineers for the English railway in Burma. It crosses the Gokteik gorge, eighty miles from Mandalay. It is 2,260 feet long and 325 feet high, and was constructed in 1900.

The degrees of alcohol in wines and liquors are: Beer, 4.0; porter, 4.5; ale, 7.4; cider, 8.6; Moselle, 9.6; Tokay, 10.2; Rhine, 11.0; orange, 11.2; Bordeaux, 11.5; hock, 11.6; gooseberry, 11.8; Champagne, 12.2; claret, 13.3; Burgundy, 13.6; Malaga, 17.3; Lisbon, 18.5; Canary, 18.8; sherry, 19.0; vermouth, 19.0; Cape, 19.2; Malmsey, 19.7; Marsala, 20.2; Madeira, 21.0; Port, 23.2; Curacoa, 27.0; aniseed, 33.0; Maraschino, 34.0; Chartreuse, 43.0; gin, 51.6; brandy, 53.4; rum, 53.7; Irish whisky, 53.9; Scotch, 54.3. Spirits are said to be "proof" when they contain 57 per cent. The maximum amount of alcohol, says Parkes, that a man can take daily without injury to his health is that contained in 2 oz. Brandy, 1/4 pt. of sherry, 1/2 pt. of claret, or 1 pt. of beer.

The measurement of that part of the skull which holds the brain is stated in cubic inches thus: Anglo-Saxon, 105; German, 105; negro, 96; ancient Egyptian, 93; Hottentot, 58; Australian native, 58. In all races the male brain is about ten per cent heavier than the female. The highest class of apes has only 16 oz. of brain. A man's brain, it is estimated, consists of 300,000,000 nerve cells, of which over 3,000 are disintegrated and destroyed every minute. Everyone, therefore, has a new brain once in sixty days. But excessive labor, or lack of sleep, prevents the repair of the tissues, and the brain gradually wastes away. Diversity of occupation, by calling upon different portions of the mind or body successively, affords, in some measure, the requisite repose to each. But in this age of overwork there is no safety except in that perfect rest which is the only natural restorative of exhausted power.

The King James version of the Bible contains 3,566,480 letters, 773,746 words, 31,173 verses, 1,189 chapters, and 66 books. The word and occurs 46,277 times. The word Lord occurs 1,855 times. The word Reverend occurs but once, which is in the 9th verse of the 111th Psalm. The middle verse is the 8th verse of the 118th Psalm. The 21st verse of the 7th chapter of Ezra contains all the letters of the alphabet except the letter J. The 19th chapter of II Kings and the 37th chapter of Isaiah are alike. The longest verse is the 9th verse of the 8th chapter of Esther. The shortest verse is the 35th verse of the 11th chapter of St. John. There are no words or names of more than six syllables.



SOME OF NATURE'S WONDERS.

The human body has 240 bones.

Man's heart beats 92,160 times in a day.

A salmon has been known to produce 10,000,000 eggs. Some female spiders produce 2,000 eggs. A queen bee produces 100,000 eggs in a season.

There are 9,000 cells in a square foot of honeycomb.

It requires 2,300 silkworms to produce one pound of silk.

It would take 27,600 spiders to produce one pound of web.



THE RULE OF THE ROAD.

The "rule of the road" in the United States is "turn to the right"; in England it is the reverse. The rule holds in this country in the case where two vehicles going in opposite directions meet. When one vehicle overtakes another the foremost gives way to the left and the other passes by on the "off side"; and when a vehicle is crossing the direction of another it keeps to the left and crosses in its rear. These two rules are the same in this country as in England, and why the rule concerning meeting vehicles should have been changed it is impossible to say.



CANARY BIRDS.

How to Keep Them Healthy and in Good Song.

Place the cage so that no draught of air can strike the bird.

Give nothing to healthy birds but rape, hemp, canary seed, water, cuttle-fish bone, and gravel, paper or sand on floor of cage.

A bath three times a week;

The room should not be overheated.

When moulting keep warm and avoid all draughts of air.

Give plenty of German summer rape seed. A little hard-boiled egg mixed with cracker, grated fine, once or twice a week, is excellent.

Feed at a certain hour in the morning.

Diseases and Cures.

Husk or Asthma.—The curatives are aperients, such as endive, water cresses, bread and milk, and red pepper.

Pip.—Mix red pepper, butter and garlic and swab out the throat.

Sweating.—Wash the hen in salt and water, and dry rapidly.

Costiveness.—Plenty of green food and fruit.

Obstruction of the Rump Gland—Pierce with a needle. Press the inflamed matter out, and drop fine sugar over the wound.

Lice.—Keep a saucer of fresh water in the cage and the bird will free itself.

Overgrown Claws or Beak.—Pare carefully with a sharp knife.

Moulting.—Give plenty of good food and keep warm. Saffron and a rusty nail put in the drinking water is excellent.

Loss of Voice.—Feed with paste of bread, lettuce and rape seed with yoke of egg. Whisky and sugar is an excellent remedy.



RECIPES, TRADE SECRETS ETC.

Toothache Cure.—Compound tinct. benzoin is said to be one of the most certain and speedy cures for toothache; pour a few drops on cotton, and press at once into the diseased cavity, when the pain will almost instantly cease.

Toothache Tincture.—Mix tannin, 1 scruple; mastic, 3 grains; ether, 2 drams. Apply on cotton wool, to the tooth, previously dried.

Charcoal Tooth Paste.—Chlorate of potash, 1/2 dram; mint water, 1 ounce. Dissolve and add powdered charcoal, 2 ounces; honey, 1 ounce.

Excellent Mouth Wash.—Powdered white Castile soap, 2 drams; alcohol, 3 ounces; honey, 1 ounce; essence or extract jasmine, 2 drams. Dissolve the soap in alcohol and add honey and extract.

Removing Tartar from the Teeth.—This preparation is used by dentists. Pure muriatic acid, one ounce; water, one ounce; honey, two ounces; mix thoroughly. Take a toothbrush, and wet it freely with this preparation, and briskly rub the black teeth, and in a moment's time they will be perfectly white; then immediately wash out the mouth well with water, that the acid may not act on the enamel of the teeth. This should be done only occasionally.

Test for Glue.—The following simple and easy test for glue is given: A weighed piece of glue (say one-third of an ounce) is suspended in water for twenty-four hours, the temperature of which is not above fifty degrees Fahrenheit. The coloring material sinks, and the glue swells from the absorption of the water. The glue is then taken out and weighed; the greater the increase in weight the better the glue. If it then be dried perfectly and weighed again, the weight of the coloring matter can be learned from the difference between this and the original weight.

Bad Breath.—Bad breath from catarrh, foul stomach or bad teeth may be temporarily relieved by diluting a little bromo chloralum with eight or ten parts of water, and using it as a gargle, and swallowing a few drops before going out. A pint of bromo chloralum costs fifty cents, but a small vial will last a long time.

Good Tooth Powder.—Procure, at a druggist's, half an ounce of powdered orris root, half an ounce of prepared chalk finely pulverized, and two or three small lumps of Dutch pink. Let them all be mixed in a mortar, and pounded together. The Dutch pink is to impart a pale reddish color. Keep it in a close box.

Another Tooth Powder.—Mix together, in a mortar, half an ounce of red Peruvian bark, finely powdered, a quarter of an ounce of powdered myrrh, and a quarter of an ounce of prepared chalk.

A Safe Depilatory.—Take a strong solution of sulphuret of barium, and add enough finely powdered starch to make a paste. Apply to the roots of the hair and allow it to remain on a few minutes, then scrape off with the back edge of a knife blade, and rub with sweet oil.

Quick Depilatory for Removing Hair.—Best slaked lime, 6 ounces; orpiment, fine powder, 1 ounce. Mix with a covered sieve and preserve in a dry place in closely stoppered bottles. In using mix the powder with enough water to form a paste, and apply to the hair to be removed. In about five minutes, or as soon as its caustic action is felt on the skin, remove, as in shaving, with an ivory or bone paper knife, wash with cold water freely, and apply cold cream.

Tricopherus for the Hair.—Castor oil, alcohol, each 1 pint; tinct. cantharides, 1 ounce; oil bergamot, 1/2 ounce; alkanet coloring, to color as wished. Mix and let it stand forty-eight hours, with occasional shaking, and then filter.

Liquid Shampoo.—Take bay rum. 2-1/2 pints; water, 1/2 pint; glycerine, 1 ounce; tinct. cantharides, 2 drams; carbonate of ammonia, 2 drams; borax, 1/2 ounce; or take of New England rum, 1-1/2 pints; bay rum, 1 pint; water, 1/2 pint; glycerine, 1 ounce; tinct. cantharides, 2 drams, ammon. carbonate, 2 drams; borax, 1/2 ounce; the salts to be dissolved in water and the other ingredients to be added gradually.

Cleaning Hair Brushes.—Put a teaspoonful or dessertspoonful of aqua ammonia into a basin half full of water, comb the loose hairs out of the brush, then agitate the water briskly with the brush, and rinse it well with clear water.

Hair Invigorator.—Bay rum, two pints; alcohol, one pint; castor oil, one ounce; carb. ammonia, half an ounce; tincture of cantharides, one ounce. Mix them well. This compound will promote the growth of the hair and prevent it from falling out.

For Dandruff.—Take glycerine, four ounces; tincture of cantharides, five ounces; bay rum, four ounces; water, two ounces. Mix and apply once a day, and rub well into the scalp.

Mustache Grower.—Simple cerate, 1 ounce; oil bergamot, 10 minims; saturated tinct. of cantharides, 15 minims. Rub them together thoroughly, or melt the cerate and stir in the tincture while hot, and the oil as soon as it is nearly cold, then run into molds or rolls. To be applied as a pomade, rubbing in at the roots of the hair. Care must be used not to inflame the skin by too frequent application.

Razor-strop Paste.—Wet the strop with a little sweet oil, and apply a little flour of emery evenly over the surface.

Shaving Compound.—Half a pound of plain white soap, dissolved in a small quantity of alcohol, as little as can be used; add a tablespoonful of pulverized borax. Shave the soap and put it in a small tin basin or cup; place it on the fire in a dish of boiling water; when melted, add the alcohol, and remove from the fire; stir in oil of bergamot sufficient to perfume it.

Cure for Prickly Heat.—Mix a large portion of wheat bran with either cold or lukewarm water, and use it as a bath twice or thrice a day. Children who are covered with prickly heat in warm weather will be thus effectually relieved from that tormenting eruption. As soon as it begins to appear on the neck, face or arms, commence using the bran water on these parts repeatedly through the day, and it may probably spread no farther. If it does, the bran water bath will certainly cure it, if persisted in.

To Remove Corns from Between the Toes.—These corns are generally more painful than any others, and are frequently situated as to be almost inaccessible to the usual remedies. Wetting them several times a day with hartshorn will in most cases cure them. Try it.

Superior Cologne Water.—Oil of lavender, two drams; oil of rosemary, one dram and a half; orange, lemon and bergamot, one dram each of the oil; also two drams of the essence of musk, attar of rose, ten drops, and a pint of proof spirit. Shake all together thoroughly three times a day for a week.

Inexhaustible Smelling Salts.—Sal tartar, three drams; muriate ammonia, granulated, 6 drams; oil neroli. 5 minims; oil lavender flowers, 5 minims; oil rose, 3 minims; spirits ammonia, 15 minims. Put into the pungent a small piece of sponge filling about one-fourth the space, and pour on it a due proportion of the oils, then put in the mixed salts until the bottle is three-fourths full, and pour on the spirits of ammonia in proper proportion and close the bottle.

Volatile Salts for Pungents.—Liquor ammon., 1 pint; oil lavender flowers, 1 dram; oil rosemary, fine, 1 dram; oil bergamot, 1/2 dram; oil peppermint, 10 minims. Mix thoroughly and fill pungents or keep in well stoppered bottle. Another formula is, sesqui-carbonate of ammonia, small pieces, 10 ounces; concentrated liq. ammonia, 5 ounces. Put the sesqui-carb. in a wide-mouthed jar with air-tight stopper, perfume the liquor ammonia to suit and pour over the carbonate; close tightly the lid and place in a cool place; stir with a stiff spatula every other day for a week, and then keep it closed for two weeks, or until it becomes hard, when it is ready for use.

Paste for Papering Boxes.—Boil water and stir in batter of wheat or rye flour. Let it boil one minute, take off and strain through a colander. Add, while boiling, a little glue or powdered alum. Do plenty of stirring while the paste is cooking, and make of consistency that will spread nicely.

Aromatic Spirit of Vinegar.—Acetic acid, No. 8. pure, 8 ounces; camphor, 1/2 ounce. Dissolve and add oil lemon, oil lavender flowers, each two drams; oil cassia, oil cloves, 1/2 dram each. Thoroughly mix and keep in well stoppered bottle.

Rose-Water.—Preferable to the distilled for a perfume, or for ordinary purposes. Attar of rose, twelve drops; rub it up with half an ounce of white sugar and two drams carbonate magnesia, then add gradually one quart of water and two ounces of proof spirit, and filter through paper.

Bay Rum.—French proof spirit, one gallon; extract bay, six ounces. Mix and color with caramel; needs no filtering.

Fine Lavender Water.—Mix together, in a clean bottle, a pint of inodorous spirit of wine, an ounce of oil of lavender, a teaspoonful of oil of bergamot, and a tablespoonful of oil of ambergris.

The Virtues of Turpentine.—After a housekeeper fully realizes the worth of turpentine in the household, she is never willing to be without a supply of it. It gives quick relief to burns, it is an excellent application for corns, it is good for rheumatism and sore throat, and it is the quickest remedy for convulsions or fits. Then it is a sure preventive against moths: by just dropping a trifle in the bottom of drawers, chests and cupboards, it will render the garments secure from injury during the summer. It will keep ants and bugs from closets and store-rooms by putting a few drops in the corners and upon the shelves; it is sure destruction to bedbugs, and will effectually drive them away from their haunts if thoroughly applied to all the joints of the bedstead in the spring cleaning time, and injures neither furniture nor clothing. A spoonful of it added to a pail of warm water is excellent for cleaning paint. A little in suds washing days lightens laundry labor.

A Perpetual Paste is a paste that may be made by dissolving an ounce of alum in a quart of warm water. When cold, add as much flour as will make it the consistency of cream, then stir into it half a teaspoonful of powdered resin, and two or three cloves. Boil it to a consistency of mush, stirring all the time. It will keep for twelve months, and when dry may be softened with warm water.

Paste for Scrap Books.—Take half a teaspoonful of starch, same of flour, pour on a little boiling water, let it stand a minute, add more water, stir and cook it until it is thick enough to starch a shirt bosom. It spreads smooth, sticks well and will not mold or discolor paper. Starch alone will make a very good paste.

A Strong Paste.—A paste that will neither decay nor become moldy. Mix good clean flour with cold water into a thick paste well blended together; then add boiling water, stirring well up until it is of a consistency that can be easily and smoothly spread with a brush; add to this a spoonful or two of brown sugar, a little corrosive sublimate and about half a dozen drops of oil of lavender, and you will have a paste that will hold with wonderful tenacity.

A Brilliant Paste.—A brilliant and adhesive paste, adapted to fancy articles, may be made by dissolving caseine precipitated from milk by acetic acid and washed with pure water in a saturated solution of borax.

A Sugar Paste.—In order to prevent the gum from cracking, to ten parts by weight of gum arabic and three parts of sugar add water until the desired consistency is obtained. If a very strong paste is required, add a quantity of flour equal in weight to the gum, without boiling the mixture. The paste improves in strength when it begins to ferment.

Tin Box Cement.—To fix labels to tin boxes either of the following will answer: 1. Soften good glue in water, then boil it in strong vinegar, and thicken the liquid while boiling with fine wheat flour, so that a paste results. 2. Starch paste, with which a little Venice turpentine has been incorporated while warm.

Paper and Leather Paste.—Cover four parts, by weight, of glue, with fifteen parts of cold water, and allow it to soak for several hours, then warm moderately till the solution is perfectly clear, and dilute with sixty parts of boiling water, intimately stirred in. Next prepare a solution of thirty parts of starch in two hundred parts of cold water, so as to form a thin homogeneous liquid, free from lumps, and pour the boiling glue solution into it with thorough stirring, and at the same time keep the mass boiling.

Commercial Mucilage.—The best quality of mucilage in the market is made by dissolving clear glue in equal volumes of water and strong vinegar, and adding one-fourth of an equal volume of alcohol, and a small quantity of a solution of alum in water. Some of the cheaper preparations offered for sale are merely boiled starch or flour, mixed with nitric acid to prevent their gelatinizing.

Acid-Proof Paste.—A paste formed by mixing powdered glass with a concentrated solution of silicate of soda makes an excellent acid-proof cement.

Paste to Fasten Cloth to Wood.—Take a plump pound of wheat flour, one tablespoonful of powdered resin, one tablespoonful of finely powdered alum, and rub the mixture in a suitable vessel, with water, to a uniform, smooth paste; transfer this to a small kettle over a fire, and stir until the paste is perfectly homogeneous without lumps. As soon as the mass has become so stiff that the stirrer remains upright in it, transfer it to another vessel and cover it up so that no skin may form on its surface. This paste is applied in a very thin layer to the surface of the table; the cloth, or leather, is then laid and pressed upon it, and smoothed with a roller. The ends are cut off after drying. If leather is to be fastened on, this must first be moistened with water. The paste is then applied, and the leather rubbed smooth with a cloth.

Paste for Printing Office.—Take two gallons of cold water and one quart wheat flour, rub out all the lumps, then add one-fourth pound of finely pulverized alum and boil the mixture for ten minutes, or until a thick consistency is reached. Now add one quart of hot water and, boil again, until the paste becomes a pale brown color, and thick. The paste should be well stirred during both processes of cooking. Paste thus made will keep sweet for two weeks and prove very adhesive.

To Take Smoke Stains from Walls.—An easy and sure way to remove smoke stains from common plain ceilings is to mix wood ashes with the whitewash just before applying. A pint of ashes to a small pail of whitewash is sufficient, but a little more or less will do no harm.

To Remove Stains from Broadcloth.—Take an ounce of pipe clay, which has been ground fine, mix it with twelve drops of alcohol and the same quantity of spirits of turpentine. Whenever you wish to remove any stains from cloth, moisten a little of this mixture with alcohol and rub it on the spots. Let it remain till dry, then rub it off with a woolen cloth, and the spots will disappear.

To Remove Red Stains of Fruit from Linen.—Moisten the cloth and hold it over a piece of burning sulphur; then wash thoroughly, or else the spots may reappear.

To Remove Oil Stains.—Take three ounces of spirits of turpentine and one ounce of essence of lemon, mix well, and apply it as you would any other scouring drops. It will take out all the grease.

Iron Stains may be removed by the salt of lemons. Many stains may be removed by dipping the linen in some buttermilk, and then drying it in a hot sun; wash it in cold water; repeat this three or four times.

To Remove Oil Stains from Wood.—Mix together fuller's earth and soap lees, and rub it into the boards. Let it dry and then scour it off with some strong soft soap and sand, or use lees to scour it with. It should be put on hot, which may easily be done by heating the lees.

To Remove Tea Stains.—Mix thoroughly soft soap and salt—say a tablespoonful of salt to a teacupful of soap, rub on the spots, and spread the cloth on the grass where the sun will shine on it. Let it lie two or three days, then wash. If the spots are wet occasionally while lying on the grass, it will hasten the bleaching.

To Remove Stains from Muslin.—If you have stained your muslin or gingham dress, or similar articles, with berries, before wetting with anything else, pour boiling water through the stains and they will disappear. Before fruit juice dries it can often be removed by cold water, using a sponge and towel if necessary.

To Remove Acid Stains.—Stains caused by acids may be removed by tying some pearlash up in the stained part; scrape some soap in cold, soft water, and boil the linen until the stain is gone.

To Disinfect Sinks and Drains.—Copperas dissolved in water, one-fourth of a pound to a gallon, and poured into a sink and water drain occasionally, will keep such places sweet and wholesome. A little chloride of lime, say half a pound to a gallon of water, will have the same effect, and either of these costs but a trifle.

A preparation may be made at home which will answer about as well as the chloride of lime. Dissolve a bushel of salt in a barrel of water, and with the salt water slake a barrel of lime, which should be made wet enough to form a thin paste or wash.

To Disinfect a Cellar.—A damp, musty cellar may be sweetened by sprinkling upon the floor pulverized copperas, chloride of lime, or even common lime. The most effective means I have ever used to disinfect decaying vegetable matter is chloride of lime in solution. One pound may be dissolved in two gallons of water. Plaster of Paris has also been found an excellent absorbent of noxious odors. If used one part with three parts of charcoal, it will be found still better.

How to Thaw Out a Water Pipe.—Water pipes usually freeze up when exposed, for inside the walls, where they cannot be reached, they are or should be packed to prevent freezing. To thaw out a frozen pipe, bundle a newspaper into a torch, light it, and pass it along the pipe slowly. The ice will yield to this much quicker than to hot water or wrappings or hot cloths, as is the common practice.

To Prevent Mold.—A small quantity of carbolic acid added to paste, mucilage and ink, will prevent mold. An ounce of the acid to a gallon of whitewash will keep cellars and dairies from the disagreeable odor which often taints milk and meat kept in such places.

Thawing Frozen Gas Pipe.—Mr. F. H. Shelton says: "I took off from over the pipe, some four or five inches, just a crust of earth, and then put a couple of bushels of lime in the space, poured water over it, and slaked it, and then put canvas over that, and rocks on the canvas, so as to keep the wind from getting underneath. Next morning, on returning there, I found that the frost had been drawn out from the ground for nearly three feet. You can appreciate what an advantage that was, for picking through frozen ground, with the thermometer below zero, is no joke. Since then we have tried it several times. It is an excellent plan if you have time enough to let the time work. In the daytime you cannot afford to waste the time, but if you have a spare night in which to work, it is worth while to try it."

How to Test a Thermometer.—The common thermometer in a japanned iron case is usually inaccurate. To test the thermometer, bring water into the condition of active boiling, warm the thermometer gradually in the steam and then plunge it into the water. If it indicates a fixed temperature of two hundred and twelve degrees, the instrument is a good one.

Indelible Ink.—An indelible ink that cannot be erased, even with acids, can be obtained from the following recipe: To good gall ink add a strong solution of Prussian blue dissolved in distilled water. This will form a writing fluid which cannot be erased without destruction of the paper. The ink will write greenish blue, but afterward will turn black.

To Get a Broken Cork Out of a Bottle.—If, in drawing a cork, it breaks, and the lower part falls down into the liquid, tie a long loop in a bit of twine, or small cord, and put it in, holding the bottle so as to bring the piece of cork near to the lower part of the neck. Catch it in the loop, so as to hold it stationary. You can then easily extract it with a corkscrew.

A Wash for Cleaning Silver.—Mix together half an ounce of fine salt, half an ounce of powdered alum, and half an ounce of cream of tartar. Put them into a large white-ware pitcher, and pour on two ounces of water, and stir them frequently, till entirely dissolved. Then transfer the mixture to clean bottles and cork them closely. Before using it, shake the bottles well. Pour some of the liquid into a bowl, and wash the silver all over with it, using an old, soft, fine linen cloth. Let it stand about ten minutes, and then rub it dry with a buckskin. It will make the silver look like new.

To Remove the Odor from a Vial.—The odor of its last contents may be removed from a vial by filling it with cold water, and letting it stand in any airy place uncorked for three days, changing the water every day.

To Loosen a Glass Stopper.—The manner in which apothecaries loosen glass stoppers when there is difficulty in getting them out is to press the thumb of the right hand very hard against the lower part of the stopper, and then give the stopper a twist the other way, with the thumb and forefinger of the left hand, keeping the bottle stiff in a steady position.

To Soften Boots and Shoes.—Kerosene will soften boots and shoes which have been hardened by water, and render them as pliable as new.

To Remove Stains, Spots, and Mildew from Furniture.—Take half a pint of ninety-eight per cent alcohol, a quarter of an ounce each of pulverized resin and gum shellac, add half a pint of linseed oil, shake well and apply with a brush or sponge. Sweet oil will remove finger marks from varnished furniture, and kerosene from oiled furniture.

To Freshen Gilt Frames.—Gilt frames may be revived by carefully dusting them, and then washing with one ounce of soda beaten up with the whites of three eggs. Scraped patches should be touched up with gold paint. Castile soap and water, with proper care, may be used to clean oil paintings. Other methods should not be employed without some skill.

To Fill Cracks in Plaster.—Use vinegar instead of water to mix your plaster of Paris. The resultant mass will be like putty, and will not "set" for twenty or thirty minutes, whereas if you use water the plaster will become hard almost immediately, before you have time to use it. Push it into the cracks and smooth it off nicely with a table knife.

To Toughen Lamp Chimneys and Glassware.—Immerse the article in a pot filled with cold water, to which some common salt has been added. Boil the water well, then cool slowly. Glass treated in this way will resist any sudden change of temperature.

To Remove Paint from Window-Glass.—Rub it well with hot, sharp vinegar.

To Clean Stovepipe.—A piece of zinc put on the live coals in the stove will clean out the stovepipe.

To Brighten Carpets.—Carpets after the dust has been beaten out may be brightened by scattering upon them cornmeal mixed with salt and then sweeping it off. Mix salt and meal in equal proportions. Carpets should be thoroughly beaten on the wrong side first and then on the right side, after which spots may be removed by the use of ox-gall or ammonia and water.

To Keep Flowers Fresh exclude them from the air. To do this wet them thoroughly, put in a damp box, and cover with wet raw cotton or wet newspaper, then place in a cool spot. To preserve bouquets, put a little saltpetre in the water you use for your bouquets, and the flowers will live for a fortnight.

To Preserve Brooms.—Dip them for a minute or two in a kettle of boiling suds once a week and they will last much longer, making them tough and pliable. A carpet wears much longer swept with a broom cared for in this manner.

To Clean Brassware.—Mix one ounce of oxalic acid, six ounces of rotten stone, all in powder, one ounce of sweet oil, and sufficient water to make a paste. Apply a small proportion, and rub dry with a flannel or leather. The liquid dip most generally used consists of nitric and sulphuric acids, but this is more corrosive.

To Keep Out Mosquitoes.—If a bottle of the oil of pennyroyal is left uncorked in a room at night, not a mosquito, nor any other blood-sucker, will be found there in the morning.

To Kill Cockroaches.—A teacupful of well bruised plaster of Paris, mixed with double the quantity of oatmeal, to which a little sugar may be added, although this last named ingredient is not essential. Strew it on the floor, or into the chinks where they frequent.

To Destroy Ants.—Drop some quicklime on the mouth of their nest, and wash it with boiling water, or dissolve some camphor in spirits of wine, then mix with water, and pour into their haunts; or tobacco water, which has been found effectual. They are averse to strong scents. Camphor, or a sponge saturated with creosote, will prevent their infesting a cupboard. To prevent their climbing up trees, place a ring of tar about the trunk, or a circle of rag moistened occasionally with creosote.

To Prevent Moths.—In the month of April or May, beat your fur garments well with a small cane or elastic stick, then wrap them up in linen, without pressing them too hard, and put betwixt the folds some camphor in small lumps; then put your furs in this state in boxes well closed. When the furs are wanted for use, beat them well as before, and expose them for twenty-four hours to the air, which will take away the smell of the camphor. If the fur has long hair, as bear or fox, add to the camphor an equal quantity of black pepper in powder.

To Get Rid of Moths— 1. Procure shavings of cedar wood, and inclose in muslin bags, which can be distributed freely among the clothes.

2. Procure shavings of camphor wood, and inclose in bags.

3. Sprinkle pimento (allspice) berries among the clothes.

4. Sprinkle the clothes with the seeds of the musk plant.

5. To destroy the eggs, when deposited in woolen cloths, etc., use a solution of acetate of potash in spirits of rosemary, fifteen grains to the pint.

Bed Bugs.—Spirits of naphtha rubbed with a small painter's brush into every part of the bedstead is a certain way of getting rid of bugs. The mattress and binding of the bed should be examined, and the same process attended to, as they generally harbor more in these parts than in the bedstead. Ten cents' worth of naphtha is sufficient for one bed.

Bug Poison.—Proof spirit, one pint; camphor, two ounces; oil of turpentine, four ounces; corrosive sublimate, one ounce. Mix. A correspondent says: "I have been for a long time troubled with bugs, and never could get rid of them by any clean and expeditious method, until a friend told me to suspend a small bag of camphor to the bed, just in the center, overhead. I did so, and the enemy was most effectually repulsed, and has not made his appearance since—not even for a reconnoissance!" This is a simple method of getting rid of these pests, and is worth a trial to see if it be effectual in other cases.

Mixture for Destroying Flies—Infusion of quassia, one pint; brown sugar, four ounces; ground pepper, two ounces. To be well mixed together, and put in small, shallow dishes when required.

To Destroy Flies in a room, take half a teaspoonful of black pepper in powder, one teaspoonful of brown sugar, and one tablespoonful of cream, mix them well together, and place them in the room on a plate, where the flies are troublesome, and they will soon disappear.

To Drive Flies from the House.—A good way to rid the house of flies is to saturate small cloths with oil of sassafras and lay them in windows and doors. The flies will soon leave.

Aging Oak.—Strong ammonia fumes may be used for aging oak. Place the piece to be fumed, with an evaporating dish containing concentrated ammonia, in a box, and close it airtight. Leave for 12 hours and finish with a wax polish, applying first a thin coat of paraffine oil and then rubbing with a pomade of prepared wax made as follows: Two ounces each of yellow and white beeswax heated over a slow fire in a clean vessel (agate ware is good) until melted. Add 4 oz. turpentine and stir till entirely cool. Keep the turpentine away from the fire. This will give the oak a lustrous brown color, and nicking will not expose a different surface, as the ammonia fumes penetrate to a considerable depth.



OPPORTUNITY.

They do me wrong who say I come no more When once I've knocked and failed to find you in; For every day I stand outside your door, And bid you wake and ride, to fight and win.

Wail not for precious chances passed away, Weep not for golden ages on the wane; Each night I burn the records of the day; At sunrise every soul is born again.

Laugh like a boy at splendors that have sped; To vanished hopes be blind and deaf and dumb; My judgments seal the dead past with its dead, But never bind a moment yet to come.

Though deep in mire, wring not your hands and weep: I lend my arm to all who say. "I can." No shamefaced outcast ever sank so deep But yet might rise and be again a man!

Dost thou behold thy lost youth all aghast? Dost reel from righteous retribution's blow? Then turn from blotted archives of the past. And find the future's pages white as snow.

Art thou a mourner? Rouse thee from thy spell! Art thou a sinner? Sins may be forgiven; Each morning gives thee wings to flee from hell. Each night a star to guide to Heaven! —Walter Maloney.



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

Troy Weight.—24 grains make 1 pennyweight, 20 pennyweights make 1 ounce. By this weight, gold, silver and jewels only are weighed. The ounce and pound in this are same as in Apothecaries' weight.

Apothecaries' Weight.—20 grains make one scruple. 3 scruples make 1 dram. 8 drams make 1 ounce, l2 ounces make 1 pound.

Avoirdupois Weight.—6 drams make 1 ounce, 16 ounces make 1 pound, 25 pounds make 1 quarter, 4 quarters make 1 hundredweight, 2,000 pounds make 1 ton.

Dry Measure.—2 pints make 1 quart, 8 quarts make 1 peck, 4 pecks make 1 bushel, 36 bushels make 1 chaldron.

Liquid or Wine Measure.—4 gills make 1 pint, 2 pints make 1 quart, 4 quarts make 1 gallon. 31-1/2 gallons make 1 barrel, 2 barrels make 1 hogshead.

Time Measure.—60 seconds make 1 minute, 60 minutes make 1 hour, 24 hours make 1 day, 7 days make 1 week, 4 weeks make 1 lunar month, 28, 29, 30 or 31 days make 1 calendar month (30 days make 1 month in computing interest). 52 weeks and 1 day, or 12 calendar months make a year; 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 49 seconds make 1 solar year.

Circular Measure.—60 seconds make 1 minute, 60 minutes make 1 degree, 30 degrees make 1 sign, 90 degrees make 1 quadrant, 4 quadrants or 360 degrees make 1 circle.

Long Measure.—Distance—3 barleycorns 1 inch, 12 inches 1 foot. 3 feet 1 yard. 5-1/2 yards 1 rod, 40 rods 1 furlong, 8 furlongs 1 mile.

Cloth Measure.—2-1/2 inches 1 nail, 4 nails 1 quarter, 4 quarters 1 yard.

Miscellaneous.—3 inches 1 palm, 4 inches 1 hand, 9 inches 1 span, 18 inches 1 cubit, 21.8 inches 1 Bible cubit. 2-1/2 feet 1 military pace.

Square Measure.—144 square inches 1 square foot, 9 square feet 1 square yard, 30-1/4 square yards 1 square rod, 40 square rods 1 rood, 4 roods 1 acre.

Surveyors' Measure.—7.92 inches 1 link, 25 links 1 rod, 4 rods 1 chain, 10 square chains or 160 square rods 1 acre, 640 acres 1 square mile.

Cubic Measure.—l,728 cubic inches 1 cubic foot. 27 cubic feet 1 cubic yard, 128 cubic feet 1 cord (wood), 40 cubic feet 1 ton (shipping), 2,150.42 cubic inches 1 standard bushel, 268.8 cubic inches 1 standard gallon, 1 cubic foot four-fifths of a bushel.

Metric Weights.—10 milligrams 1 centigram, 10 centigrams 1 decigram, 10 decigrams 1 gram, 10 grams 1 dekagram, 10 dekagrams 1 hektogram, 10 hektograms 1 kilogram.

Metric Measure.—(One milliliter—Cubic centimeter).—10 milliliters 1 centiliter, 10 centiliters 1 deciliter, 10 deciliters 1 liter, 10 liters 1 dekaliter, 10 dekaliters 1 hektoliter, 10 hektoliters 1 kiloliter.

Metric Lengths.—10 millimeters 1 centimeter, 10 centimeters 1 decimeter, 10 decimeters 1 meter, 10 meters 1 dekameter, 10 dekameters 1 hektometer, 10 hektometers 1 kilometer.



Relative Value of Apothecaries' and Imperial Measure.

Apothecaries'. Imperial. pints ounces drams minims

1 gallon equals 6 13 2 23 1 pint equals 16 5 18 1 fluid ounce equals 1 0 20 1 fluid dram equals 1 2-1/2



Handy Metric Table.

The following table gives the equivalents of both the metric and common systems, and will be found convenient for reference:

Approximate Accurate Equivalent. Equivalent. 1 inch [length] 2-1/2 cubic centimeters 2.539 1 centimeter 0.4 inch 0.393 1 yard 1 meter 0.914 1 meter (39.37 inches) l yard 1.093 1 foot 30 centimeters 30.479 1 kilometer (1,000 meters) 5/8 mile 0.621 1 mile 1-1/2 kilometers 1.600 1 gramme [weight] 15-1/2 grains 15.432 1 grain 0.064 gramme 0.064 1 kilogramme (1,000 grammes) 2.2 pounds avoirdupois. 2.204 1 pound avoirdupois 1/2 kilogramme 0.453 1 ounce avoirdupois (437-1/2 grains) 28-1/3 grammes 28.349 1 ounce troy, or apothecary (480 grains) 31 grammes 31.103 1 cubic centimeter [bulk] 1.06 cubic inch. 0.060 1 cubic inch 16-1/3 cubic centimeters 16.386 1 liter (1,000 cubic centimeters). 1 United States standard quart 0.946 1 United States quart. 1 liter 1.057 1 fluid ounce 29-1/2 cubic centimeters 29.570 1 hectare (10,000 square meters) [surface] 2-1/2 acres 2.471 1 acre 0.4 hectare 0.40

[Transcriber's noted: 1 inch is about 2-1/2 centimeters, not cubic centimeters. 1 cubic centimeter is about 0.06102 cubic inch (not 1.06).]



HANDY WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

One quart of wheat flour is one pound. One quart of corn meal weighs eighteen ounces. One quart of butter, soft, weighs 14 to 16 ounces. One quart of brown sugar weighs from a pound to a pound and a quarter, according to dampness. One quart of white sugar weighs 2 pounds. Ten medium-sized eggs weigh one pound. A tablespoonful of salt is one ounce. Eight tablespoonfuls make 1 gill. Two gills, or 16 tablespoonfuls, are half a pint. Sixty drops are one teaspoonful. Four tablespoonfuls are one wineglassful. Twelve tablespoonfuls are one teacupful. Sixteen tablespoonfuls or half a pint, are one tumblerful.

The Meaning of Measures.—A square mile is equal to 640 acres. A square acre is 208.71 feet on one side. An acre is 43,560 square feet. A league, 3 miles. A span, 10-7/8 inches. A hand, 4 inches. A palm, 3 inches. A great cubit, 11 inches. A fathom, 6 feet. A mile, 5,280 feet.

Domestic and Drop Measures Approximated.—A teaspoonful, one fluid dram 4 grams; a dessertspoonful, two fluid drams 3 grams; a tablespoonful, half fluid ounce 16 grams; a wineglassful, two fluid ounces 64 grams; a tumblerful, half pint 256 grams.



TO TELL THE AGE OF ANY PERSON.

Hand this table to a young lady, and request her to tell you in which column or columns her age is contained, and add together the figures at the top of the columns in which her age is found, and you have the secret. Thus, suppose her age to be seventeen, you will find that number in the first and fifth columns: add the first figures of these two columns.

1 2 4 8 16 32 3 3 5 9 17 33 5 6 6 10 18 34 7 7 7 11 l9 35 9 10 12 12 20 36 11 11 13 13 21 37 13 14 14 14 22 38 15 15 15 15 23 39 17 18 20 24 24 40 19 19 21 25 25 41 21 22 22 26 26 41 23 23 23 27 27 43 25 26 28 28 28 44 27 27 29 29 29 45 29 30 30 30 30 46 31 31 31 31 31 47 33 34 36 40 48 48 35 35 37 41 49 49 37 38 38 42 50 50 39 39 39 43 51 51 41 42 44 44 52 52 43 43 45 45 53 53 45 46 46 46 54 54 47 47 47 47 55 55 49 50 52 56 56 56 51 51 53 57 57 57 53 54 54 58 58 58 55 55 55 59 59 59 57 58 60 60 60 60 59 59 61 61 61 61 61 62 62 62 62 62 63 63 63 63 63 63



DR. SPURZHEIM'S PHRENOLOGY.

The first claim put forth by the teachers and professional demonstrators of phrenology makes it a system of mental philosophy, besides at the same time presenting a much more popular aspect as a method whereby the disposition, character and natural aptitude of the individual may be ascertained.



These two features of the subject are quite distinct from each other, for, while it can serve as a reliable guide for reading character only on the assumption of its truth as a philosophic system, yet the possibility of its practical application does not necessarily follow from the establishment of the truth of its theoretical side.

Two of the earliest founders of the science of anatomy, Erasistratus and Herophilus, who lived in the age of Ptolemy Soter, taught that the brain was the seat of sensation and intellect, and that there was therein a certain degree of localization of function. Galen later taught that the brain is the seat of the soul and intellect. From these facts of history the system of phrenology, though formulated by Dr. Gall, Dr. Spurzheim, the Fowler Brothers and others, rests upon deductions derived from the teachings of the demonstrators of anatomy and students of philosophy.

The formulated system of phrenology is very generally believed to be a modern expansion of an old empirical philosophy, but, according to Dr. Gall's account, it arose with him as the result of independent observations. The popularity of phrenology has waned in the public mind, and cultivation of the system is confined to a few enthusiasts, such as pose as teachers of it as a vocation. These claim that phrenology is a practical and important science and that it rests upon the following principles:

First—That the human brain is the organ of the mind.

Second—That the mental powers of man can be analyzed into a definite number of measurably independent faculties.

Third—That these faculties are innate, and each has its seat in a definite region of the brain.

Fourth—That the size of each of these regions is the measure of the power of manifesting the faculty associated with it.

The faculties and their localities, as originally constructed by Dr. Gall, were for the most part identified on slender grounds. His procedure was as follows: Having selected the place of a faculty, he examined the heads of his friends and casts of persons with that peculiarity in common, and in them sought for the distinctive feature of their characteristic trait. Some of his earlier studies were among low associates in jails and lunatic asylums, and some of the qualities located by him were such as tend to perversion to crime. These he named after their excessive manifestations, and thus mapped out organs of theft, murder, etc. This, however, caused the system to be discredited. Later his pupil, Dr. Spurzheim, claimed that the moral and religious features belonging to it greatly modified these characteristics of Dr. Gall's work. The chart of the human head as invented by Dr. Gall represented 26 organs; the chart as improved by Dr. Spurzheim makes out 35 organs. This is the chart now generally used and which is shown on a preceding page. The number specifies the location of each organ, which is followed by its phrenological name, and classified as follows:

Propensities. (1) Amativeness. (2) Philoprogenitiveness. (3) Concentrativeness. (4) Adhesiveness. (5) Combativeness. (6) Destructiveness. (6a) Alimentiveness. (7) Secretiveness. (8) Acquisitiveness. (9) Constructiveness.

Lower Sentiments. (10) Self-esteem. (11) Love of Approbation. (12) Cautiousness.

Superior Sentiments. (13) Benevolence. (14) Veneration. (15) Conscientiousness. (16) Firmness. (17) Hope. (18) Wonder. (19) Ideality. (20) Wit. (21) Imitation.

Perceptive Faculties. (22) Individuality. (23) Form. (24) Size. (25) Weight. (26) Color. (27) Locality. (28) Number. (29) Order. (30) Eventuality. (31) Time. (32) Tune. (33) Language.

Reflective Faculties. (34) Comparison. (35) Causality. The judgment of the phrenologist is determined by the size of the brain in general, and by the size of the organs that have been formulated, and these are estimated by certain arbitrary rules that render the boundaries of the regions indefinite.

The controversy over phrenology has served undoubtedly the very useful purpose of stimulating research into the anatomy of the brain.

It is generally conceded that any psychological theory which correlates brain-action and mental phenomena requires a correspondence between the size of the brain and mental power, and generally observation shows that the brains of those whose capacities are above the average are larger than those of the general run of their fellow men.

A study of the cuts and comparison of the sizes of different heads and their shape will prove very entertaining with most any group of persons intellectually inclined, and it will be found that persons who are naturally good readers by instinct of human nature can, with its help, make remarkable readings in the delineation of character.



PRINCIPLES OF PARLIAMENTARY LAW.

List of Motions Arranged According to Their Purpose and Effect.

[Letters refer to the rules below.]

Modifying or amending. 8. To amend or to substitute, or to divide the question K

To refer to committee. 7. To commit (or recommit) D

Deferring action. 6. To postpone to a fixed time. C 4. To lay on the table A E G

Suppressing or extending debate 5. For the previous question A E M To limit, or close debate A M To extend limits of debate. A

Suppressing the question. Objection to consideration of question A H M N 9. To postpone indefinitely. D E 4. To lay upon the table. A E G

To bring up a question the second time. To reconsider— Debatable question D E F I Undebatable question A E F I

Concerning orders, rules, etc. 3. For the orders of the day. A E H N To make subject a special order M To amend the rules M To suspend the rules A E F M To take up a question out of its proper order A E To take from the table A E G Questions touching priority of business A

Questions of privilege. Asking leave to continue speaking after indecorum A Appeal from chair's decision touching indecorum A E H L Appeal from chair's decision generally. E H L Question upon reading of papers. A E Withdrawal of a motion. A E

Closing a meeting. 2. To adjourn (in committees, to rise), or to take a recess, without limitation A E F 1. To fix the time to which to adjourn B

Order of Precedence—The motions above numbered 1 to 9 take precedence over all others in the order of the numbers, and anyone of them, except to amend or substitute, is in order while a motion of a lower rank is pending.

Rule A—Undebatable, but remarks may be tacitly allowed.

Rule B—Undebatable if another question is before the assembly.

Rule C—Limited debate allowed on propriety of postponement only.

Rule D—Opens the main question to debate. Motions not so marked do not allow of reference to main question.

Rule E—Cannot be amended. Motion to adjourn can be amended when there is no other business before the house.

Rule F—Cannot be reconsidered.

Rule G—An affirmative vote cannot be reconsidered,

Rule H—In order when another has the floor.

Rule I—A motion to reconsider may be moved and entered when another has the floor, but the business then before the house may not be set aside. This motion can only be entertained when made by one who voted originally with the prevailing side. When called up it takes precedence of all others which may come up, excepting only motions relating to adjournment.

Rule K—A motion to amend an amendment cannot be amended.

Rule L—When an appeal from the chair's decision results in a tie vote, the chair is sustained.

Rule M—Requires a two-thirds vote unless special rules have been enacted.

Rule N—Does not require to be seconded.

General Rules.

No motion is open for discussion until it has been stated by the chair.

The maker of a motion cannot modify it or withdraw it after it has been stated by the chair except by general consent.

Only one reconsideration of a question is permitted.

A motion to adjourn, to lay on the table, or to take from the table, cannot be renewed unless some other motion has been made in the interval.

On motion to strike out the words, "Shall the words stand part of the motion?" unless a majority sustains the words, they are struck out.

On motion for previous question, the form to be observed is, "Shall the main question be now put?" This, if carried, ends debate.

On an appeal from the chair's decision, "Shall the decision be sustained as the ruling of the house?" The chair is generally sustained.

On motion for orders of the day, "Will the house now proceed to the orders of the day?" This, if carried, supersedes intervening motions.

When an objection is raised to considering questions, "Shall the question be considered?" Objections may be made by any member before debate has commenced, but not subsequently.



LETTER COMBINATIONS.

When King Stanislaus of Poland, then a young man, came back from a journey, the whole Lescinskian House gathered together at Lissa to receive him. The schoolmaster, Jablowsky, prepared a festival in commemoration of the event, and had it end with a ballet performed by thirteen students, dressed as cavaliers. Each had a shield, upon which one of the letters of the words "Domus Lescinia" (The Lescinskian House) was written in gold. After the first dance, they stood in such a manner that their shields read "Domus Lescinia"; after the second dance, they changed order, making it read, "Ades incolumnis" (Unharmed art thou here); after the third. "Mane sidus loci" (Continue the star of this place); after the fourth, "Sis coumna Dei" (Be a pillar of God); and finally, "I! scade solium!" (Go! ascend the throne). Indeed, these two words allow of 1,556,755,200 transpositions; yet that five of them convey independent and appropriate meanings is certainly very curious.