 |
Household. Toilet. Total Place and Date. Quan- Quan- Quantity. Value. tity. Value. tity Value. Asia Ceylon, 1906 ... ... ... ... ... 423,700 rupees China, 1906 ... ... ... ... ... L216,042 Hangchow, 1906 ... ... ... ... ... L5,888 India, 1906-7 ... ... ... ... 183,998 L215,210 cwts. Kiungchow, 1905 ... L575 ... ... ... ... Shanghai, 1905 ... ... ... ... ... L93,256 Smyrna, 1906 ... ... ... ... 261 tons ... Australasia Australia, 1906 ... ... 891,117 L65,840 ... ... lb. Fiji, 1906 ... ... ... ... ... L1,760 New Zealand, 1905 ... ... ... ... ... L36,843 Philippine Islands, 1905 ... ... ... ... ... L9,137
_Exports._ ______________ Household. Toilet. Total ____ ___ ____ Place and Date. Quan- Quan- Quantity. Value. tity. Value. tity. Value ____ __ __ __ __ __ ___ _Europe_ Candia, Crete, ... ... ... ... 2,200 L34,000 1906 tons. Greece ... ... ... ... ... About 500,000 Fr. per annum. Italy, 1907 3,992,800 L95,840 ... ... ... ... kilos. Leghorn, 1906 ... ... ... ... 1,521 L37,065 tons. Spain, 1905 4,750,996 L98,840 ... ... ... ... kilos. Switzerland, 1906 ... ... ... ... 77,300 ... kilos. _Africa_ Cape Colony, 1906 200 lb. ... ... ... ... ... Natal, 1906 75,225 lb. ... ... ... ... ... Seychelles, 1906 ... ... ... ... 419,329 129,590 kilos. Rs. _America_ New Orleans, ... ... ... ... ... L55,534 1906 Perambuco, 1906 ... ... ... ... 3,582 1,087,797,150 tons. rei United States, 44,110,949 ... ... $1,042,185 ... ... 1905 lb. _Asia_ Japan, 1906 ... ... ... ... ... L83,877 Smyrna, 1906 ... ... ... ... 322 ... tons. ____ __ __ __ __ __ ___
FOOTNOTES:
[13] Including soap powder and soap stock.
[14] Including soap powder and soap stock.
APPENDIX A.
COMPARISON OF DEGREES, TWADDELL AND BAUME, WITH ACTUAL DENSITIES.
_________ Tw. B. Density. Tw. B. Density. __ _ __ __ _ __ 0 0 1.000 44 26.0 1.220 1 0.7 1.005 45 26.4 1.225 2 1.4 1.010 46 26.9 1.230 3 2.1 1.015 47 27.4 1.235 4 2.7 1.020 48 27.9 1.240 5 3.4 1.025 49 28.4 1.245 6 4.1 1.030 50 28.8 1.250 7 4.7 1.035 51 29.3 1.255 8 5.4 1.040 52 29.7 1.260 9 6.0 1.045 53 30.2 1.265 10 6.7 1.050 54 30.6 1.270 11 7.4 1.055 55 31.1 1.275 12 8.0 1.060 56 31.5 1.280 13 8.7 1.065 57 32.0 1.285 14 9.4 1.070 58 32.4 1.290 15 10.0 1.075 59 32.8 1.295 16 10.6 1.080 60 33.3 1.300 17 11.2 1.085 61 33.7 1.305 18 11.9 1.090 62 34.2 1.310 19 12.4 1.095 63 34.6 1.315 20 13.0 1.100 64 35.0 1.320 21 13.6 1.105 65 35.4 1.325 22 14.2 1.110 66 35.8 1.330 23 14.9 1.115 67 36.2 1.335 24 15.4 1.120 68 36.6 1.340 25 16.0 1.125 69 37.0 1.345 26 16.5 1.130 70 37.4 1.350 27 17.1 1.135 71 37.8 1.355 28 17.7 1.140 72 38.2 1.360 29 18.3 1.145 73 38.6 1.365 30 18.8 1.150 74 39.0 1.370 31 19.3 1.155 75 39.4 1.375 32 19.8 1.160 76 39.8 1.380 33 20.3 1.165 77 40.1 1.385 34 20.9 1.170 78 40.5 1.390 35 21.4 1.175 79 40.8 1.395 36 22.0 1.180 80 41.2 1.400 37 22.5 1.185 81 41.6 1.405 38 23.0 1.190 82 42.0 1.410 39 23.5 1.195 83 42.3 1.415 40 24.0 1.200 84 42.7 1.420 41 24.5 1.205 85 43.1 1.425 42 25.0 1.210 86 43.4 1.430 43 25.5 1.215 87 48.8 1.435 __ _ __ __ _ __
_________ Tw. B. Density. Tw. B. Density. __ _ __ __ _ __ 88 44.1 1.440 131 57.1 1.655 89 44.4 1.445 132 57.4 1.660 90 44.8 1.450 133 57.7 1.665 91 45.1 1.455 134 57.9 1.670 92 45.4 1.460 135 58.2 1.675 93 45.8 1.465 136 58.4 1.680 94 46.1 1.470 137 58.7 1.685 95 46.4 1.475 138 58.9 1.690 96 46.8 1.480 139 59.2 1.695 97 47.1 1.485 140 59.5 1.700 98 47.4 1.490 141 59.7 1.705 99 47.8 1.495 142 60.0 1.710 100 48.1 1.500 143 60.2 1.715 101 48.4 1.505 144 60.4 1.720 102 48.7 1.510 145 60.6 1.725 103 49.0 1.515 146 60.9 1.730 104 49.4 1.520 147 61.1 1.735 105 49.7 1.525 148 61.4 1.740 106 50.0 1.530 149 61.6 1.745 107 50.3 1.535 150 61.8 1.750 108 50.6 1.540 151 62.1 1.755 109 50.9 1.545 152 62.3 1.760 110 51.2 1.550 153 62.5 1.765 111 51.5 1.555 154 62.8 1.770 112 51.8 1.560 155 63.0 1.775 113 52.1 1.565 156 63.2 1.780 114 52.4 1.570 157 63.5 1.785 115 52.7 1.575 158 63.7 1.790 116 53.0 1.580 159 64.0 1.795 117 53.3 1.585 160 64.2 1.800 118 53.6 1.590 161 64.4 1.805 119 53.9 1.595 162 64.6 1.810 120 54.1 1.600 163 64.8 1.815 121 54.4 1.605 164 65.0 1.820 122 54.7 1.610 165 65.2 1.825 123 55.0 1.615 166 65.5 1.830 124 55.2 1.620 167 65.7 1.835 125 55.5 1.625 168 65.9 1.840 126 55.8 1.630 169 66.1 1.845 127 56.0 1.635 170 66.3 1.850 128 56.3 1.640 171 66.5 1.855 129 56.6 1.645 172 66.7 1.860 130 56.9 1.650 173 67.0 1.865 __ _ __ __ _ __
(From The Oil and Colour Trades Journal Diary.)
APPENDIX B.
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT THERMOMETRIC SCALES.
___________ Cent. Fahr. Cent. Fahr. Cent. Fahr. Cent. Fahr. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ -40 -40 2 35.6 44 111.2 86 186.8 39 38.2 3 87.4 45 113 87 188.6 38 36.4 4 39.2 46 114.8 88 190.4 37 34.6 5 41 47 116.6 89 192.2 36 32.8 6 42.8 48 118.4 90 194 35 31 7 44.6 49 120.2 91 195.8 34 29.2 8 46.4 50 122 92 197.6 33 27.4 9 48.2 51 123.8 93 199.4 32 25.6 10 50 52 125.6 94 201.2 31 23.8 11 51.8 53 127.4 95 203 30 22 12 58.6 54 129.2 96 204.8 29 20.2 13 55.4 55 131 97 206.6 28 18.4 14 57.2 56 132.8 98 208.4 27 16.6 15 59 57 134.6 99 210.2 26 14.8 16 60.8 58 136.4 100 212 25 13 17 62.6 59 138.2 101 213.8 24 11.2 18 64.4 60 140 102 215.6 23 9.4 19 66.2 61 141.8 +103 +217.4 22 7.6 20 68 62 143.6 104 219.2 21 5.8 21 69.8 63 145.4 105 221 20 4 22 71.6 64 147.2 106 222.8 19 2.2 23 73.4 65 149 107 224.6 18 0.4 24 75.2 66 150.8 108 226.4 17 +1.4 25 77 67 152.6 109 228.2 16 3.2 26 78.8 +68 +154.4 +110 +230 15 5 27 80.6 69 156.2 111 231.8 14 6.8 28 82.4 70 158 112 283.6 13 8.6 29 84.2 71 159.8 113 235.4 12 10.4 30 86 72 161.6 114 237.2 11 12.2 31 87.8 73 163.4 115 239 10 14 +32 +89.6 74 165.2 +116 +240.8 9 15.8 33 91.4 75 167 117 242.6 8 17.6 34 93.2 76 168.8 118 244.4 7 19.4 35 95 77 170.6 119 246.2 6 21.2 36 96.8 78 172.4 120 248 5 23 37 98.6 79 174.2 121 249.8 -4 24.8 49 100.4 80 176 +122 +251.6 3 26.6 39 102.2 81 177.8 123 253.4 2 28.4 40 104 82 179.6 124 255.2 1 30.2 41 105.8 83 181.4 125 257 0 32 42 107.6 84 183.2 126 258.8 +1 33.8 43 109.4 85 185 127 260.6 __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
(From Soaps, by G. H. Hurst, published by Scott, Greenwood & Son.)
APPENDIX C.
TABLE OF THE SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF SOLUTIONS OF CAUSTIC SODA.
_____________ Per cent. by Lb. of actual NaOH contained weight of in 1 gallon of lye made from commercial caustic of Degrees Specific ____ _____ Twaddell. gravity. Na_{2}O. NaOH. 77 per 74 per 70 per cent. cent. cent. ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ 1 1.005 0.368 0.474 0.048 0.046 0.043 2 1.010 0.742 0.957 0.097 0.092 0.087 3 1.015 1.114 1.436 0.146 0.131 0.129 4 1.020 1.480 1.909 0.194 0.185 0.180 5 1.025 1.834 2.365 0.243 0.231 0.219 6 1.030 2.194 2.830 0.291 0.278 0.262 7 1.035 2.521 3.252 0.335 0.320 0.303 8 1.040 2.964 3.746 0.389 0.371 0.350 9 1.045 3.244 4.184 0.438 0.417 0.393 10 1.050 3.590 4.631 0.486 0.461 0.438 11 1.055 3.943 5.086 0.536 0.510 0.483 12 1.060 4.292 5.536 0.586 0.558 0.528 13 1.065 4.638 5.982 0.636 0.607 0.573 14 1.070 4.972 6.413 0.680 0.653 0.617 15 1.075 5.311 6.911 0.742 0.707 0.668 16 1.080 5.648 7.285 0.786 0.749 0.709 17 1.085 5.981 7.715 0.836 0.798 0.755 18 1.090 6.311 8.140 0.886 0.845 0.800 19 1.095 6.639 8.564 0.937 0.894 0.846 20 1.100 6.954 8.970 0.986 0.941 0.890 21 1.105 7.276 9.386 1.037 0.989 0.938 22 1.110 7.594 9.796 1.087 1.037 0.981 23 1.115 7.910 10.203 1.137 1.123 1.026 24 1.120 8.223 10.607 1.187 1.175 1.071 25 1.125 8.583 11.107 1.238 1.181 1.117 26 1.130 8.893 11.471 1.296 1.237 1.170 27 1.135 9.251 11.933 1.354 1.292 1.122 28 1.140 9.614 12.401 1.413 1.350 1.277 29 1.145 9.965 12.844 1.470 1.413 1.337 30 1.150 10.313 13.303 1.529 1.460 1.381 31 1.155 10.666 13.859 1.600 1.528 1.445 32 1.160 11.008 14.190 1.646 1.541 1.456 33 1.165 11.347 14.637 1.705 1.627 1.539 34 1.170 11.691 15.081 1.764 1.684 1.593 35 1.175 12.025 15.512 1.822 1.739 1.645 36 1.180 12.356 16.139 1.904 1.817 1.719 37 1.185 12.692 16.372 1.942 1.853 1.753 38 1.190 13.016 16.794 1.998 1.887 1.804 39 1.195 13.339 17.203 2.055 1.962 1.856 40 1.200 13.660 17.629 2.122 2.026 1.916 41 1.205 14.058 18.133 2.185 2.085 1.973 42 1.210 14.438 18.618 2.252 2.147 2.033 43 1.215 14.823 19.121 2.323 2.221 2.097 44 1.220 15.124 19.613 2.392 2.280 2.161 45 1.225 15.502 19.997 2.444 2.338 2.206 46 1.230 15.959 20.586 2.562 2.417 2.285 47 1.235 16.299 20.996 2.593 2.475 2.341 48 1.240 16.692 21.532 2.669 2.548 2.410 ___ __ __ __ __ __ __
_____________ Per cent. by Lb. of actual NaOH contained weight of in 1 gallon of lye made from commercial caustic of Degrees Specific ____ _____ Twaddell. gravity. Na_{2}O. NaOH. 77 per 74 per 70 per cent. cent. cent. ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ 49 1.245 17.060 22.008 2.739 2.615 2.474 50 1.250 17.424 22.476 2.809 2.681 2.536 51 1.255 17.800 22.962 2.881 2.750 2.602 52 1.260 18.166 23.433 2.952 2.818 2.666 53 1.265 18.529 23.901 3.020 2.886 2.730 54 1.270 18.897 24.376 3.095 2.955 2.795 55 1.275 19.255 24.858 3.171 3.027 2.863 56 1.280 19.609 25.295 3.237 3.090 2.932 57 1.285 19.961 25.750 3.308 3.158 2.988 58 1.290 20.318 26.210 3.381 3.227 3.053 59 1.295 20.655 26.658 3.452 3.364 3.117 60 1.300 21.156 27.110 3.524 3.394 3.182 61 1.305 21.405 27.611 3.603 3.439 3.253 62 1.310 21.785 28.105 3.682 3.514 3.224 63 1.315 22.168 28.595 3.760 3.593 3.395 64 1.320 22.556 29.161 3.849 3.674 3.475 65 1.325 22.926 29.574 3.919 3.742 3.539 66 1.330 23.310 30.058 3.997 3.816 3.610 67 1.335 23.670 30.535 4.072 3.891 3.681 68 1.340 24.046 31.018 4.156 3.967 3.754 69 1.345 24.410 31.490 4.232 4.042 3.824 70 1.350 24.765 31.948 4.312 4.116 3.894 71 1.355 25.152 32.446 4.396 4.196 3.970 72 1.360 25.526 32.930 4.478 4.274 4.043 73 1.365 25.901 33.415 4.561 4.354 4.109 74 1.370 26.285 33.905 4.645 4.434 4.194 75 1.375 26.650 34.382 4.728 4.513 4.269 76 1.380 27.021 34.855 4.810 4.592 4.344 77 1.385 27.385 35.328 4.893 4.670 4.418 78 1.390 27.745 35.795 4.975 4.794 4.493 79 1.395 28.110 36.258 5.058 4.828 4.567 80 1.400 28.465 36.720 5.141 4.907 4.642 81 1.405 28.836 37.203 5.227 4.989 4.720 82 1.410 29.203 37.674 5.312 5.071 4.797 83 1.415 29.570 38.146 5.397 5.135 4.873 84 1.420 29.930 38.610 5.482 5.233 4.950 85 1.425 30.285 39.071 5.567 5.314 5.027 86 1.430 30.645 39.530 5.653 5.396 5.104 87 1.435 30.995 39.986 5.738 5.467 5.181 88 1.440 31.349 40.435 5.823 5.558 5.258 89 1.445 31.700 40.882 5.908 5.640 5.335 90 1.450 32.043 41.335 5.923 5.721 5.412 91 1.455 32.460 41.875 6.093 5.816 5.502 92 1.460 32.870 42.400 6.191 5.909 5.608 93 1.465 33.283 42.935 6.290 6.004 5.679 94 1.470 33.695 43.467 6.389 6.009 5.769 95 1.475 34.092 43.980 6.487 6.193 5.856 96 1.480 34.500 44.505 6.586 6.287 5.948 97 1.485 34.899 45.013 6.685 6.381 6.035 98 1.490 35.245 45.530 6.784 6.476 6.126 99 1.495 35.691 46.041 6.884 6.571 6.216 100 1.500 36.081 46.545 6.982 6.665 6.303 ___ __ __ __ __ __ __
(From Soaps, by G. H. Hurst, published by Scott, Greenwood & Son.)
APPENDIX D.
TABLE OF STRENGTH OF CAUSTIC POTASH SOLUTIONS AT 60 deg. F.
_________ Specific Degrees Per cent. Lb. of KOH gravity. Twaddell. KOH. per gal. __ ___ ___ __ 1.060 12 5.59 0.59 1.110 22 11.31 1.25 1.150 30 15.48 1.77 1.190 38 19.29 2.21 1.230 46 23.22 2.84 1.280 56 27.87 3.56 1.330 66 31.32 4.16 1.360 72 35.01 4.76 1.390 78 38.59 5.36 1.420 84 40.97 5.81 1.440 88 43.83 6.31 1.470 94 47.16 6.93 1.520 104 51.09 7.76 1.600 112 55.62 8.89 1.680 136 60.98 10.24 1.780 156 67.65 12.04 1.880 176 75.74 14.23 2.000 200 86.22 17.24 __ ___ ___ __
(From Soaps, by G. H. Hurst, published by Scott, Greenwood & Son.)
THE END.
INDEX.
A.
Acetic Acid, 10
Acid, Acetic, 10
—— Arachidic, 10
—— Behenic, 10
—— Butyric, 10
—— Capric, 10
—— Caproic, 10
—— Caprylic, 10
—— Carnaubic, 10
—— Cerotic, 10
—— Daturic, 10
—— Doeglic, 11
—— Elaeomargaric, 12
—— Elaeostearic, 12
—— Erucic, 11
—— Ficocerylic, 10
—— Hyaenic, 10
—— Hypogaeic, 11
—— Isolinolenic, 12
—— Isovaleric, 10
—— Jecoric, 12
—— Lauric, 10
—— Lignoceric, 10
—— Linolenic, 12
—— Linolic, 12
—— Margaric, 10
—— Medullic, 10
—— Melissic, 10
—— Moringic, 11
—— Myristic, 10
—— Oleic, 11
—— Palmitic, 10
—— Physetoleic, 11
—— Pisangcerylic, 10
—— Psyllostearylic, 10
—— Rapic, 11
—— Ricinoleic, 13
—— Saponification, 19-21
—— Stearic, 10
—— Tariric, 12
—— Telfairic, 12
—— Theobromic, 10
—— Tiglic, 11
—— value, 118, 128
Acids, Classification of fatty, 10
—— Fatty, 9-13
—— —— Combination with Alkali, 45, 46
Acids, Fatty, Preparation by acid process, 19-21
—— —— —— by ferment process, 16
—— —— —— by Twitchell's process, 20
—— Saturated fatty, 11
—— Unsaturated fatty, 11
Albumen in soap, 90
Alcohols, Estimation of, 128
Aldehydes, Estimation of, 129
Alkali, Caustic and carbonated, 38, 39, 123-126
Alkali in soap, Determination of, 131, 132
Amyl salicylate, 107
Andiroba oil, 32
Animal charcoal, 115
—— fats, Treatment of, 43
Anise (star) oil, 96
Anisic aldehyde, 108
Arachidic acid, 10
Arachis oil, 28
Artificial perfumes, 107-110
Ash, Soda, 39, 124, 125
Aspic oil, 96
Aqueous saponification, 14
Aubepine, 108
B.
Bacteria, Decomposition of fats by, 18
Baobab-seed oil, 36
Bar soap, 54, 55
Barring soap, 68
Bay oil, 97
Behenic acid, 10
Benzyl acetate, 108
Bergamot oil, 97
—— —— (artificial), 109
Biniodide soaps, 87
Birch-tar soap, 88
Bitter almond oil, 97
Bleaching palm oil, 41
—— rosin, 43
Boiling-on-strength, 51
Bois de Rose Femelle oil, 99
Bone-fat, 30
—— —— treatment of, 43
Borax in soap, 88
Boric acid in soap, 88
Boric acid in soap, Determination of, 135
Borneo tallow, 32
Brine, 39
Bromine absorption of oils and fats, 122
Brown Windsor soap, 78, 98
Butter goa, 33
—— kokum, 33
—— shea, 31
Butyric acid, 10
Butyrin, 8
C.
Calico-printer's soap, 93
Cananga oil, 98
Candle-nut oil, 33
Capric acid, 10
Caprin, 8
Caproic acid, 10
Caproin, 8
Caprylic acid, 10
Caprylin, 8
Carapa oil, 32
Caraway oil, 98
Carbolic acid in soap, Determination of, 134
Carbolic soap, 88
Carbonate potash, 39, 125, 126
—— soda, 39, 124, 125
Carnaubic acid, 10
Cassia oil, 98
Castor oil, 30
Caustic potash, 39, 123
—— soda, 39, 123
Cayenne linaloe oil, 99
Cedarwood oil, 98
Cerotic acid, 10
Charcoal, Animal, 115
Chinese vegetable tallow, 31
Cholesterol in unsaponified matter, 120
Cinnamon oil, 98
Citral, 108
Citronella oil, 99
Citronellal, 108
Cleansing soap, 60, 61
Close-piling soap, 71
Clove oil, 99
Coal tar soaps, 88
Cocoa-nut oil, 25, 26
Cohune-nut oil, 34
Cold process soap-making, 46, 47
Colouring soap, 66, 80, 82
Compressing soap, 83, 85
Concrete orris oil, 100
Constitution of oils and fats, 6, 7
Conversion of oleic acid into solid acids, 11, 12
Cooling soap, 74, 76
Coprah oil, 25, 26
Cotton-seed oil, 27, 42
—— —— Refining, 42
—— soapstock, 40
—— stearine, 28
Coumarin, 108
Crude glycerine, 113, 136-139
Crutching soap, 63
Curcas oil, 33
Curd mottled soap, 52, 53
Curd soaps, 52
Cutting and stamping toilet soap, 85
D.
Daturic acid, 10
Decolorisation, Glycerine, 115
Decomposition of fats by bacteria, 18
Detergent action of soap, 4, 5
Diglycerides, 7
Dika fat, 36
Disinfectant soaps, 66
Distearine, 7
Distillation, glycerine, 114
Distilled glycerine, 114
Doeglic acid, 11
Double distilled glycerine, 115
Dregs in fats and oils, Determination of, 120, 121
Drying soap, 71, 78-80
Dynamite glycerine, 115
E.
Elaidin reaction, 12
Electrical production of soap, 59
Elaeomargaric acid, 12
Elaeostearic acid, 12
Enzymes, Action of, 15-18
Erucic acid, 11
Essential oils, 96-107
—— —— Examination of, 127-130
Ester value, 119, 128
Ether soap, 90
Eucalyptus oil, 100
Evaporation to crude glycerine, 112, 113
F.
Fat, Bone, 30
—— Dika, 36
—— Maripa, 34
—— Marrow, 30
—— Niam, 34
—— Tangkallah, 37
—— Treatment of bone, 43
Fats, Decomposition by bacteria of, 18
—— Treatment of animal, 43
—— Waste, 30
Fats and oils, Determination of acid value of, 118
—— —— —— of bromine absorption of, 122
—— —— —— of dregs, etc., in, 120, 121
—— —— —— of free acidity of, 117
—— —— —— of iodine absorption of, 121, 122
—— —— —— of saponification
—— —— —— equivalents of, 118
—— —— —— of saponification value, 118
—— —— —— of specific gravity of, 117 of titre of, 122, 123
—— —— —— of unsaponifiable matter in, 119
—— —— —— of water in, 120
—— —— —— Yield of glycerine from, 116
Fatty acids, 9-13, 31
—— —— Classification of, 10
—— —— Direct combination with alkali of, 45, 46
—— —— in soap, Determination of, 131
—— —— —— Examination of, 133, 134
—— —— Preparation by acid process, 19-21
—— —— —— by ferment process, 16
—— —— —— by Twitchell's process, 20
—— —— Saturated, 11
—— —— Unsaturated, 11
Fennel oil, 100
Ferment process for preparation of fatty acids, 16
Ferments, action of, 15-18
Ficocerylic acid, 10
Filling soap, 65
Fish oils, 30
"Fitting," 51
Floating soap, 90, 91
Fluorides in soap, 88
Formaldehyde soap, 88
Framing soap, 66
Free alkali in soap, Estimation of, 132
—— caustic in soap, Neutralising, 66
—— fat in soap, Determination of, 133
—— fatty acids, Determination of, 117
G.
Geraniol, 108
Geranium oils, 101
Geranium-sur-rose oil, 101
Ginger-grass oil, 101
Glycerides, 7, 8
Glycerine, Chemically pure, 115
—— Crude, 113, 136-139
—— decolorisation, 115
—— distillation, 114
—— Distilled, 114
—— dynamite, 115
—— in soap, Determination of, 134, 135
—— manufacture, 111-114
—— saponification, 116
—— soaps, 89
—— Yield of, from fats and oils, 116
Glycerol determination, acetin method, 136
—— —— bichromate method, 137, 138
—— in lyes, Estimation of, 135
Goa-butter, 33
"Graining-out," 50
Grease, Animal, 30
—— Bone, 30
—— Kitchen, 30
—— Skin, 30
Guaiac wood oil, 101
H.
Halphen's reaction, 134
Heliotropin, 108
Hemp-seed oil, 29
Hyacinth, 108
Hyaenic acid, 10
Hydrated soaps, 48, 49
Hydrolysis accelerated by heat and electricity, 14, 15
—— accelerated by use of chemical reagents, 19-23
—— accelerated with acid, 19, 21
—— Enzymic, 15-18
—— of oils and fats, 13-23
—— of soap, 3
Hypogaeic acid, 11
I.
Ichthyol soap, 89
Inoy-kernel oil, 37
Iodine absorption of rose oil, 130
—— absorption of oils and fats, 121,122:
—— soap, 89
Ionone, 108
Isolinolenic acid, 12
Isovaleric acid, 10
Isovalerin, 8
J.
Jasmine, 109
Jecoric acid, 12
K.
Kananga oil, 98
Kapok oil, 32
"Kastilis," 88
Kokum butter, 33
L.
Lard, 25
Lauric acid, 10
Laurin, 8
Lavender oils, 101
Lemon-grass oil, 102
Lemon oil, 102
Lignoceric acid, 10
Lime oil, 102
—— saponification, 22
Linaloe oil, 102
Linalol, 109
Linalyl acetate, 109
Linolenic acid, 12
Linolic acid, 12
Linseed oil, 29
Lipase, 18
Liquoring of soaps, 64
Lyes, analysis of, 135
—— Determination of glycerol in, 135
—— Evaporation of, 112
—— Treatment of, 111, 112
Lysol soap, 89
M.
Mafura tallow, 35
Magnesia, Hydrolysis by, 22
Maize oil, 28
Margaric acid, 10
Margosa oil, 35
Marine animal oils, 30
—— soap, 49
Maripa fat, 34
Marjoram oil, 103
Medicated soaps, 86-90
Medullic acid, 10
Melissic acid, 10
Melting point, 130
Mercury soaps, 87
Milled toilet soaps, 78
Milling soap, 80, 81
—— soap-base, 54, 78
Mineral oil, saponifying, 58, 59
Mirbane oil or nitrobenzene, 109
Mixed glycerides, 8
Monoglycerides, 7
Monostearin, 7
Moringic acid, 11
Mottled soaps, 52, 53
—— —— Pickling, 54
Moulds, Soap, 72, 85, 86
Mowrah-seed oil, 31
Musk (artificial), 109
Myristic acid, 8
Myristin, 8
N.
Naphthol soap, 89
Neroli Bigarade oil, 103
—— oil (artificial), 109
Neutralising free caustic in soap, 66, 80
Niam fat, 34
Nigre, 56
Nigres, Utilisation of, 56
Niobe oil or ethyl benzoate, 110
Nitrobenzene, 109
O.
Oeillet, 10
Oil, Andiroba, 32
—— Arachis, 28
—— Aspic (lavender spike), 96
—— Baobab-seed, 36
—— Bay, 97
—— Bergamot, 97
—— Bitter almond, 97
—— Bleaching palm, 41
—— Bois de Rose Femelle, 99
—— Cananga, 98
—— Candle-nut, 33
—— Carapa, 32
—— Caraway, 98
—— Cassia, 98
—— Castor, 30
—— Cayenne linaloe, 99
—— Cedarwood, 98
—— Cinnamon, 98
—— Citronella, 99
—— Clove, 99
—— Cocoa-nut, 25, 26
—— Cohune-nut, 34, 35
—— Concrete orris, 100
—— Coprah, 25, 26
—— Cotton-seed, 27, 42
—— Curcas, 33
—— Eucalyptus, 100
—— Fennel, 100
—— Geranium, 101
—— Ginger-grass, 101
—— Guaiac-wood, 101
—— Hemp-seed, 29
—— Inoy-kernel, 37
—— Kananga, 98
—— Kapok, 32
—— Lemon, 102
—— Lemon-grass, 102
—— Lime, 102
—— Linaloe, 102
—— Linseed, 29
—— Maize, 28
—— Margosa, 35
—— Marjoram, 103
—— Mowrah-seed, 31
—— Neroli Bigarade, 103
—— Olive, 26
—— Olive-kernel, 27
—— Orange, 163
—— Palm, 27, 41
—— Palm-nut, 26
—— Palmarosa, 103
—— Patchouli, 103
—— Peppermint, 103, 104
—— Persimmon-seed, 36
—— Peru-balsam, 104
—— Petit-grain, 104
—— Pongam, 35
—— Refining cotton-seed, 42
—— Rose, 105
—— Rosemary, 105
—— Safflower, 33, 34
—— Sandalwood, 105, 106
—— Saponifying mineral, 58, 59
—— Sassafras, 106
—— Sesame, 28, 29
—— Star-anise, 96
—— Sunflower, 29
—— Thyme, 106
—— Verbena, 106
—— Vetivert, 106-107
—— Wheat, 36
—— Wild mango, 36
—— Wintergreen, 107
—— Ylang-ylang, 107
Oils and fats, Constitution of, 6, 7
—— —— Examination of, 117-123
—— —— Hydrolysis of, 13-22
—— Fish and marine animal, 30
—— Lavender, 101
—— Refractive Index of, 122
—— treatment of vegetable, 43
Oleic acid, 11
—— —— into solid acids, Conversion of, 11, 12
Olein, 8, 9, 31
—— Cocoa-nut, 31
—— Palm-nut, 31
Oleodidaturin, 8
Oleodipalmitin, 8
Oleodistearin, 8
Oleopaimitostearin, 8
Olive-kernel oil, 27
Olive oil, 26
Open-piling soap, 71
Optical rotation, 127
Orange oil, 103
Orchidee, 107
Orris oil, concrete, 100
P.
Palm oil, 27, 41
—— —— Bleaching, 41
Palmarosa oil, 103
Palmitic acid, 10
Palmitin, 8
Palmitodistearin, 8
Palm-nut oil, 26
Pasting or saponification, 49
Patchouli oil, 103
Patent textile soaps, 94
Pearl-ash, Analysis of, 125, 126
Peppermint oil, 103, 104
Perfumer's soaps, 77, 78
Perfumes, Artificial and synthetic, 107-110
—— Soap, 95-110
Perfuming soaps, 94
Persimmon seed oil, 36
Peru-balsam oil, 104
Petit-grain oil, 104
Phenols, Determination of, 129
Physetoleic acid, 11
Phytosterol in unsaponifiable matter, 120
Pickling mottled soap, 54
Pisangcerylic acid, 10
Polishing soaps, 94
Pongam oil, 35
Potash, Carbonate, 39, 125, 126
—— Caustic, 89, 123
Potassium chloride, 126
—— Determination of, 126, 132
Powders, Soap, 94
Psyllostearylic acid, 10
R.
Rancidity, 18, 24
Rapic acid, 11
Refining cotton-seed oil, 42
Refractive index of oils and fats, 122
Remelted soaps, 77, 78
Resinate of soda, 43, 44
Ricinoleic acid, 13
Ricinolein, 8
Rose oil, 105
—— —— (artificial), 110
Rosemary oil, 105
Rosin, 37, 38, 43, 44, 55
—— Bleaching, 43
—— Determination of, 133, 134
—— treatment, 43, 44
S.
Safflower oil, 33, 34
Safrol, 110
Salt, 39, 126
—— Determination of, 124, 125, 126, 132
Sandalwood oil, 105, 106
Santalol, 110
Saponification, 13-22, 49
—— accelerated by heat and electricity, 14, 15
—— accelerated by use of chemical reagents, 19, 23
—— accelerated with Twitchell's reagent, 20
—— Acid, 19, 21
—— Aqueous, 14
—— by ferment process, 20
—— equivalent, 118
—— Glycerine, 116
—— Lime, 22
—— under pressure, 47
—— value, 118, 128
Saponifying mineral oil, 58, 59
Sassafras oil, 106
Saturated acids, 11
Scouring soaps, 92, 93
Sesame oil, 28, 29
Settled soap, Treatment of, 60-76
Shaving soaps, 91
Shea butter, 31
Silicate of soda in soap, 65
Silicates of soda and potash, 127, 138
Silk scouring soaps, 93
—— dyer's soap, 93, 94
Slabbing soap, 68
Soap, Albumen in, 90
—— Analysis of, 130-35
—— Bar, 54, 55
—— Barring, 68
—— -base, Milling, 54, 78
—— Biniodide, 87
—— Birch-tar, 88
—— Borax, 88
—— Boric acid in, 88
—— —— —— —— Determination, 135
—— Carbolic, 88
—— Classification of, 45
—— Cleansing, 60, 61
—— Coal-tar, 88
—— Cold process, 46, 47
—— Compressing, 83, 85
—— Cooling, 74-76
—— Crutching, 63
—— Curd, 52
—— Curd mottled, 53
—— Definition of, 1, 2
—— Detergent action of, 4, 5
—— Determination of carbolic acid in, 134
—— —— of fatty acids in, 131
—— —— of free alkali in, 132
—— —— of free fat in, 133
—— —— of glycerine in, 134, 135
—— —— of total alkali in, 131
—— —— of water in, 133
—— Drying, 71, 78-80
—— Electrical production of, 59
—— Ether, 90
—— Examination of fatty acids 133, 134
—— Filling, 65
—— Fluorides in, 90
—— formaldehyde, 88
—— frame, 66
—— framing, 66
—— from fatty acids, 45, 46
—— Glycerine, 89
—— Hydrated, 48, 49
—— Hydrolysis of, 3
—— Ichthyol, 89
—— Iodine, 89
—— Lysol, 89
—— Marine, 49
—— Milling, 80, 81
—— Monopole, 94
—— Mottled, 52, 53
—— moulds, 72, 85, 86
—— Naphthol, 89
—— Neutralising, colouring and perfuming, 66, 80, 82
—— Open and close piling, 71
—— perfumes, 95-110
—— Pickling mottled, 54
—— powders, 94
—— Properties of, 2
—— Salicylic acid, 88
—— Settling of, 55
—— Slabbing, 68
—— Soft, 41
—— Stamping, 71, 72, 85, 86
—— Sulphur, 89
—— Terebene, 90
—— Thymol, 90
—— Transparent, 57, 58
—— Treatment of settled, 60-76
—— Yellow household, 54, 55
Soap-making, 45-59
—— —— Blue and grey mottled, 53
—— —— "Boiling-on-strength," 51
—— —— Cold process, 46, 47
—— —— Combination of fatty acids with alkali, 45, 46
—— —— Curd, 52
—— —— Curd, Mottled, 53
—— —— "Fitting," 51
—— —— "Graining-out" or separation, 50
—— —— Hydrated, 49
—— —— "Pasting" or saponification, 49
—— —— Soft, 48
—— —— Transparent, 57, 58
—— —— under pressure, 47
Soaps, Calico-printer's, 93
—— Disinfectant, 66
—— Floating, 90, 91
—— Liquoring of, 64, 65
—— Medicated, 86-90
—— Milled toilet, 78
—— Miscellaneous, 94
—— Perfumer's, 77, 78
—— Polishing, 94
—— Remelted, 77, 78
—— Scouring, 92
—— Shaving, 91
—— Silicating, 65
—— Silk dyer's, 93, 94
—— Textile, 91-94
—— Toilet, 77, 78
—— Woollen dyer's, 92
Soap-stock, 40
Soda ash, 39, 124, 125
—— —— Caustic, 39, 125
—— Carbonate, 39, 124, 125
—— Caustic, 39, 123
—— Resinate, 43, 44
Soft soap-making, 48
Solidifying-point, 130
Specific gravity, Determination of, 117, 127
Stamping soap, 71, 72, 85, 86
Starch, Detection of, 121, 135
Steapsin, 18
Stearic acid, 10
Stearin, 8, 9
Stearine, Cotton-seed, 28
Stearodipalmitin, 8
Sulphides and sulphites, Determination of, 125
Sulphur soap, 89
Sunflower oil, 29
Superfatting material, 83
Synthetic perfumes, 107-110
T.
Table of caustic potash solutions, 151
—— of caustic soda solutions, 149, 150
—— of comparative densities, 147
—— of thermometric equivalents, 148
Tablet soap, 55
Talc, 65
Tallow, 24
—— Borneo, 32
—— Chinese vegetable, 31
—— Mafura, 35
Tangkallah fat, 37
Tariric acid, 12
Telfairic acid, 12
Terebene, 110
—— soap, 90
Terpineol, 110
Textile soaps, 91-94
—— —— Patent, 94
Theobromic acid, 10
Thyme oil, 106
Thymol soap, 90
Tiglic acid, 11
Titre test, 122, 123
Toilet soaps, 77, 78
—— —— Compressing, 83, 85
—— —— Milled, 78
—— —— Milling, 80, 81
—— —— Stamping, 85, 86
Transparent soaps, 57, 58
Treatment of animal fats, 43
—— —— bone fat, 43
—— —— lyes, 111, 112
—— —— rosin, 43
—— —— settled soap, 60-76
—— —— Vegetable oils, 43
Trefle, 107
Triglycerides, 7, 8
Trilaurin, 9
Triolein, 9
Tripalmitin, 9
Tristearin, 7, 9
Twitchell's process, 22
U.
Unsaponifiable matter, Constitution of, 119, 120
—— —— Determination of, 119
Unsaturated acids, 11
Utilisation of nigres, 56
V.
Vanillin, 110
Vegetable oils, Treatment of, 43
—— tallow, Chinese, 31
Verbena oil, 106
Vetivert oil, 106
Violet soap, 54
Volhard's method for chloride determination, 132
W.
Waste fats, 30
Water, 39
—— —— in fats, Determination of, 120
—— —— in soap, Determination of, 133
Wheat oil, 36
Wild mango oil, 36
Wintergreen oil, 107
Wool scouring soaps, 92
Woollen dyer's soap, 92
Y.
Ylang-ylang oil, 107
Z.
Zinc oxide, Hydrolysis by, 22
—— soap, 87
THE ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS LIMITED
STEVENSON & HOWELL'S
SPECIALITIES FOR
Soapmakers & Wholesale Perfumers.
ESSENTIAL OILS
OF GUARANTEED PURITY.
Almonds, Bay Leaves, Bergamot, Caraway, Cananga, Camomile, Cascarilla, Cassia, Cedar Wood, Cinnamon, Citronella, Cloves, Coriander, Eucalyptus Globulus, Fennel, Sweet, Geranium — Algerian, Bourbon, East Indian, French, Spanish & Turkish, Kuromoji, Lavender, Lemon, Lemon-Grass, Limes, Neroli, Myrbane, Orange Sweet & Bitter, Otto of Rose, Patchouli, Palmarosa, Pimento, Petit-Grain, Rosemary, Sandal Wood, Sage, Sassafras, Spearmint, Thyme, Wintergreen Ylang-Ylang., &c.
TOILET SOAP PERFUMES
FINEST QUALITY
Almond, Bay Rum, Brown Windsor, Cologne, Florida, Frangipanni, Heliotrope, Hyacinth, Lilac, Lily of Valley, Oriental, Parisian, Walnut Leaf, Wood Violet, &c.
ARTIFICIAL PERFUMES.
Aubepine, Cuir de Russie, Coumarin, Crategine, Heliotropine, Lilac, Musk, Nerolin, Terpineol, Vanillin, Yara-Yara, &c.
SOAP COLOURS, Dark Blue, Rose Pink, Indian Brown, Carbolic Pink & Red, Manchester Yellow. &c. &c.
SPECIALITY:—RELIABLE CHLORPHYL.
STANDARD WORKS
SOUTHWARK ST. LONDON. S. E.
GLASGOW OFFICE 128, HOPE ST.
FASTEST AND STRONGEST COLOURS FOR SOAP In all shades, alkali-proof. OIL SOLUBLE COLOURS FOR OIL AND BENZINE SOAPS. BLACKS And all colours soluble in Oil, Wax and Turps for BOOT POLISH. =============================================== WILLIAMS BROS. & CO., HOUNSLOW.
TEXTILE
SOAPS AND OILS.
Handbook on the Preparation, Properties and Analysis of the Soaps and Oils used in Textile Manufacturing, Dyeing and Printing.
BY GEORGE H. HURST, F.C.S.,
Author of "Soaps," "Lubricating Oils, Fats and Greases," etc.
CONTENTS.
Methods of Making Soaps—Special Textile Soaps—Relation of Soap to Water for Industrial Purposes—Soap Analysis—Fat in Soap—Animal and Vegetable Oils and Fats—Vegetable Soap, Oils and Fats—Glycerine—Textile Oils.
Price 5s. net (Post Free, 5s. 4d. Home; 5s. 6d. Abroad).
Published by
SCOTT, GREENWOOD & SON, 8 BROADWAY, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON, E.C.
WILLIAM TULLOCH & CO.,
30 George Square, Glasgow, And at 9 Great Tower Street, London, E.C., 14 No. Corridor, Royal Exchange, Manchester.
GLYCERINE,
CRUDE, DYNAMITE, INDUSTRIAL, CHEMICALLY PURE.
All Kinds of Chemicals for Soap and Explosives Makers.
NITRATE OF LEAD, FARINAS, STARCHES, GUMS.
TWITCHELL PROCESS OF GLYCERINE EXTRACTION.
HIGHEST
Degree of Decomposition.
LOWEST
Cost for Installation and Working.
BEST
Qualities of Fatty Acids, Glycerine, Stearine and Soap.
For Samples and information, apply to
WM. TULLOCH & CO.,
30 GEORGE SQUARE, GLASGOW. General Representatives for United Kingdom and Colonies.
SUDFELDT & CO., MELLE (HANOVER, GERMANY).
JOSLIN SCHMIDT & CO.,
CINCINNATI, OHIO, U.S.A.
THE CHEMISTRY OF
Essential Oils
AND
Artificial Perfumes.
BY
ERNEST J. PARRY, B.Sc. (Lond.), F.I.C., F.C.S.
552 Pages. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Demy 8vo. 1908.
CONTENTS.
Chapters I. The General Properties of Essential Oils. Physical Properties, Optical Properties, Table of Specific Gravities, Refractive Indices and Rotation.—II. Compounds occurring in Essential Oils. (I.) 1. TERPENES—Pinene, Camphene, Limonene, Dipentene, Fenchene, Sylvestrene, Carvestrene, Phellandrene, Terpinolene, Terpinene and Thujene. 2. SESQUITERPENES—Cadinene, Caryophellene, Cedrene, Clovene, Humulene, Ledene, Patchoulene, and Sesquiterpene from Oils of Cannabis Indica, Table, b.p., sp.-gr., opt. Rot., etc., of same. (II.) THE CAMPHOR SERIES—Borneol, Isoborneol, Camphor, Fenchyl Alcohol, Fenchone, Thujyl Alcohol, Thujone, Terpineol, Cineol, etc., etc. (III.) THE GERANIOL AND CITRONELLOL GROUP—Coriandrol, Nerolol, Rhodinol, Geraniol, Linalol, Citrenellol, etc., Table, b.p., sp.-gr., Ref. Index, etc. (IV.) BENZENE COMPOUNDS—Cymene, Phenols and their Derivatives, Phenols with Nine Carbon Atoms, Phenols with Ten Carbon Atoms, Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Acids, etc. (V.) ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS—Alcohols, Acids, Aldehydes, Sulphur Compounds, etc.—III. The Preparation of Essential Oils. Expression, Distillation, Extraction, Table of Percentages.—IV. The Analysis of Essential Oils. Specific Gravity, Sprengel Tube Method, Optical Methods, Melting and Solidifying Points, Boiling Point and Distillation, Quantitative Estimations of Constituents, the Determination of Free Alcohols, Absorption Processes.—V. Systematic Study of the Essential Oils. Oils of the Gymnosperms, Tabulated Angiosperms. (I.) WOOD OILS.—Cedar Oils, Oils of Turpentine, American Turpentine, French Oil of Turpentine, German, Russian, and Swedish ditto, Table of Activities of same, Juniper Wood Oil. (II.) FRUIT OILS.—Juniper Berry Oil, Fir Cone Oils. (III.) LEAF OILS.—Thuja Oil, Oil of Savin, Cedar Leaf Oil, Pine Needle Oil, Cypress Leaf Oil, Table of Pine Oils (after Schimmel). OILS OF THE ANGIOSPERMS—(I.) MONOCOTYLEDONS. (II.) DICOTYLEDONS: (a) MONOCHLAMYDEAE—(b) GAMOPETALAE—(c) POLYPETALAE—VI. Terpeneless Oils. Terpeneless Oil of Lemon, Tables of sp.-gr. and Rotn. of several Terpeneless Oils, Terpeneless Oil of Orange, Ditto of Caraway, of Lavender, Table of sp.-gr. and Rotn. of Commercial Samples of Oils.—VII. The Chemistry of Artificial Perfumes. Vanillin, Coumarin, Heliotropin, Aubepine or Hawthorn, Ionone, Specification of Patents for Preparation of Ionone, for Artificial Violet Oil, Artificial Musk, Specification of Patent of Musk Substitute, Artificial Neroli, Artificial Lilac, Artificial Hyacinth, Artificial Lemon Oil, Artificial Rose Oil, Niobe Oil, Bergamiol, Artificial Jasmin Oil, Artificial Cognac Oil.—Appendix. Table on Constants of the more Important Essential Oils.—Index.
Price 12s. 6d. net (Post Free, 13s. Home; 13s. 6d. Abroad).
PUBLISHED BY
SCOTT, GREENWOOD & SON,
8 BROADWAY, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON E.C.
THE END |
|
