If Evelyn can be believed, the art of book-collecting had come to a very poor pass in France about the seventeenth century. It had been discovered that certain classes of books were the necessary furniture of every gentleman's library. If a man of quality built a mansion he would expect to find a book-room and a quantity of shelves; it was a simple matter further on to order so many yards of folios or octavos, all in red morocco, with the coat of arms stamped in gold. Such collections, said La Bruyere, are like a picture-gallery with a strong smell of leather: the owner is most polite in showing off 'the gold leaves, Etruscan bindings, and fine editions'; 'we thank him for his kindness, but care as little as himself to visit the tan-yard which he calls his library.' We must not forget the financier Bretonvilliers, who about the year 1657 determined to become a bibliophile, and so far succeeded that some of his local books on Lorraine were purchased for the National Library. He first built a Hotel, not far from the Cathedral of Notre-Dame, with a large gallery in which with infinite pains he built up a magnificent book-case; the contents were of less importance; but he succeeded after a time in filling it with books stamped with his new device of an eagle holding the olive-branch.

One or two of the more serious collectors may be noticed before we pass to the great age of Rothelin and La Valliere. Henri du Bouchet had gathered about eight thousand books, all very well chosen, according to the testimony of the Pere Jacob; on his death in 1654 he bequeathed them to the Abbey of St. Victor on public trusts so that those who came after him might find a solace in what had been 'his dearest delight.' He requested that they might be free to students for three days in the week and for seven hours in the day; and his wishes were duly regarded until the great library of St. Victor was dispersed in 1791. The monks set up a tablet and bust in memory of the generous donor; and perceiving that the volumes were not emblazoned in the usual way they adopted the singular plan of inserting pieces of leather bearing his arms into holes cut in the ancient bindings.

The Abbe Boisot was another of the scholars who lived entirely for books. While quite a young man he acquired a considerable library in his travels through Spain and Italy; and in 1664, during an official visit to Besancon, he was so fortunate as to acquire the MSS. of the Cardinal de Granvelle, who had been the confidential minister of the Emperor Charles V. Boisot wrote a delightful account of the adventures through which this collection had passed. 'At first,' he says, 'the servants used what they pleased, and then the neighbours' children helped themselves; when some packing-cases were wanted, the butler, to show his economy, sold the records contained in them to a grocer.' At last they were all tired of these 'useless old papers,' and determined to throw them away. Jules Chifflet, according to Guigard, was the means of saving the remainder. He examined a number of the documents and recognised their importance, though they were mostly in cipher; but he died before they could be sorted out. Boisot bought what he could from the heirs, and found a good many more MSS. in the neighbourhood. They passed with the rest of Boisot's books to the Abbey of St. Vincent at Besancon; and during the Revolution the whole collection became the property of the citizens and was transferred to the public library.

The hereditary treasures of the Bouhier family were dispersed in the same way through several provincial libraries. The collection had begun in the reign of Louis XII., and something had been done in each generation afterwards by way of adding fine books and manuscripts. Etienne Bouhier had collected in all parts of Italy. Jean Bouhier in 1642 bought the accumulations of Pontus de Thyard, the learned Bishop of Chalons. His father's own library had been dispersed among his children; but Jean Bouhier succeeded in getting it together again, and added a large number of MSS. which he had gathered for the illustration of the history of Burgundy. The library became still more famous in the time of his grandson the President Jean Bouhier, who has been admired as the type of the true bibliophile. The bibliomaniac heaps up books from avarice or some animal instinct; he is a collector, it is said, 'without intelligent curiosity.' Bouhier used to read his books and make notes upon them; and it is said that he carried the practice to such excess as to deface with marginal scribblings the finest work of Henri Estienne and Antoine Verard. A visitor to his library described the sober magnificence of the rosewood shelves with silken hangings in which the rare editions and long rows of manuscripts were ranged. In the next generation there was a startling change. The library had been left to Bouhier's son-in-law, Chartraire de Bourbonne: the grave offspring of Aldus and Gryphius found themselves in company with poets of the talon rouge and muses of the Opera bouffe. When the gay De Bourbonne died, the ill-assorted crowd passed to his son-in-law in his turn, and was transferred in 1784 to the Abbey of Clairvaux.

We cannot name or classify the bibliophiles of the eighteenth century. It would be endless to describe them with the briefest of personal notes; how M. Barre loved out-of-the-way books and fugitive pieces, or Lambert de Thorigny a good history, or how Gabriel de Sartines, the policeman of the Parc aux Cerfs, had a marvellous collection about Paris. When Count Macarthy sold his books at Toulouse his catalogue contained a list of about ninety others, issued in the same century, from which his riches were derived. We can point to a few of the mightiest Nimrods. We see the serene Gaignat pass, and the bustling La Valliere; the Duc d'Estrees is recognised as a busy book-hunter, and there are the physicians Hyacinthe Baron and Falconnet whose keenness no prey could escape. We can distinguish the forms of the elegant 'bibliomanes' to whom their books were as pictures or as jewels to be enclosed in a shrine; there is Count d'Hoym with a house full of treasures, and Boisset and Girardot de Prefond with their cabinets of marvels. If the crowds in the old-fashioned libraries are like the multitude at Babel, these tall volumes in crushed morocco and 'triple gold bands' remind us of what our antiquaries have said of books glimmering in their wire cases 'like eastern beauties peering through their jalousies.' We ought to say something of M. de Chamillard, best known in his public capacity as a good match for the King at billiards and as the minister who proposed the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. In private life Michael de Chamillard was a virtuoso with well-filled galleries and portfolios; and he had assembled a large company of books of fashionable appearance. But our real interest is not so much with the Minister of Billiards, as M. Uzanne described him, but rather with his wife and three daughters, who were all true female bibliophiles. The eldest daughter, the Marquise de Dreux, was wife of the Grand Master of the Ceremonies; but though his collection was gay and polite the Marquise insisted on a separate establishment for the books that she had discovered and bought and bound. The Duchesse de la Feuillade and the Duchesse de Lorges insisted, like their elder sister, on having libraries for their separate use. The minister's wife was celebrated for the splendour of her books, and marvellous prices have been paid for specimens of her earlier style. But 'little Madame de Chamillard' attached herself in all things to the Maintenon, and followed the uncrowned queen in abandoning the paths of vanity; she gave up the world, so far as gilt arabesques and crushed morocco were concerned, and dressed all her later acquisitions a la Janseniste, in plain leather with perhaps the thinnest line of blind-tooling for an ornament.

Charles du Fay was a captain in the Guards, compelled by his misfortunes to confine himself to the battles of the book-sale. He lost a leg at the bombardment of Brussels in 1695; and though he was promoted to a company in the Guards, it became at last apparent that he could not serve on horseback. Du Fay, we are told, was fortunately fond of literature; and he devoted himself with eagerness to the task of collecting a magnificent library. History and Latin poetry had always been his favourite subjects, and it appears that he was already collecting fine examples in this department during his campaigns in Germany and Flanders.

M. de Lincy commemorates the good taste that impelled Du Fay to buy several of Grolier's books, and records the industry with which he sought to remedy his defects of education. Professor Brochard, he says, was a learned man, with a good library of his own, who went to inspect the books gathered by Du Fay from all parts of Europe. The visitor expressed surprise that out of nearly four thousand volumes there should hardly be any in Greek. 'I have hardly retained a word of the language,' said Du Fay. 'Cato in his old age,' replied the Professor, 'did not hesitate for a moment to learn it; and a person quite ignorant of Greek can never know Latin well.' Du Fay was an easy good-natured man, and at once followed his friend's advice, beginning from that day to buy Greek books and to work at the language so as to be able to read them. His object, however, in forming a library was not so much to gather useful information as to set up a museum of literary rarities. The idea is in accordance with our modern taste, and perhaps with the common sense of mankind; but some of the old-fashioned collectors were angry with the poor epicure of learning. The President Bouhier writes to Marais in 1725 on seeing a catalogue of the library: 'This savours more of bibliomania than scholarship.' Marais at once replied: 'Your judgment on Du Fay's catalogue is most excellent: it is not a library, but a shop full of curious book-specimens, made to sell and not to keep for one's self.'

Many of Du Fay's books were bought by Count d'Hoym, who lived for many years at Paris as ambassador from Augustus of Poland and Saxony. The Count has been accused of showing bad manners at Court, and of bad faith in giving the trade secrets of Dresden to the factory at Sevres; in bibliography at any rate, he was supreme among the amateurs, and his White Eagle of Poland appears upon no volume that is not among the best of its kind. He sat at one time at the feet of the Abbe de Rothelin; but he soon became his master's equal in matters of taste, and was accepted until his exile at Nancy as the arbiter of elegance among the Parisians. M. Guigard quotes from the dedication of a 'treasury' of French poetry a passage that indicates his high position: 'To the poets in this assemblage, whoever they be, it is a glory, Monseigneur, to enter your Excellency's library, so full, so magnificent, so well chosen, that it is justly accounted the prodigy of learning.'

Charles d'Orleans, Abbe de Rothelin, had died in 1744, when most of his books became the property of the nation. In some respects he was the most distinguished of the book-collectors. His learning and wealth enabled him to make a collection of theology that has never been surpassed; and he had the good fortune to acquire the vast series of State Papers and the priceless mediaeval MSS. collected by Nicolas Foucault. His special taste was for immaculate editions in splendid bindings; but nothing escaped his notice that was in any way remarkable or interesting.

Paul Girardot de Prefond was a timber-merchant who fell into an apathetic state on retiring from active business. His physician, Hyacinthe Baron, was an eminent book-collector, and he advised the patient to take up the task of forming a library. So successful was the prescription that the merchant became renowned during the next half century for his superb bindings, his specimens from Grolier's stores, and the Delphin and Variorum classics which he procured from the library of Gascq de la Lande. On two occasions the sale of his surplus treasures made an excitement for the literary world. Some of his rarest books were sold in 1757, and twelve years afterwards his Delphin series and the greater part of his general collection were purchased by Count Macarthy.

Merard de St. Just was another collector, whose exquisite taste is still gratefully remembered, though his small library has long been dispersed, and was indeed almost destroyed by a series of accidents before the outbreak of the great Revolution. 'My library,' he said, 'is very small, but it is too large for me to fill it with good books.' He would not have the first editions of the classics, because they were generally printed on bad paper which it was disagreeable to touch, with the exception of works produced by the Aldine Press. Nor would he buy mere curiosities, says Guigard, but left them to persons who cared for empty display, 'like one who proudly exhibits his patents of nobility without being able to point to any distinguished action of his ancestors.' He was the owner of many choice books that had belonged to Gaignat and Charron de Menars, or had been bound for Madame de Pompadour, or to the undiscriminating Du Barry. In 1782, we are told, he despatched the best part of his library to America, but had the grief of learning soon afterwards that they had been captured at sea by the English. His philosophical temper was shown in his reply to the bad news: 'I have but one wish upon the subject; I hope that the person who gets this part of the booty will be able to comprehend the value of the treasure that has come to his hands.'

The elder Mirabeau was a collector of another type. The 'friend of mankind' intended to gather together the best and largest library in the world. He cared nothing for the scarcity or the external adornments of a volume; but he had a huge appetite for knowledge, and he longed to have the means of referring to all that could illustrate the progress of the race. He did not live to attain any marked success in his gigantic design; but his library had at least the distinction of containing all the books of the Comte de Buffon, enriched with marginal notes in the naturalist's handwriting.

A modest collection was formed a few years afterwards by Pierre-Louis Guinguene, who wrote a valuable work on the literary history of Italy. He is remembered as having published amid the terrors of 1791 an amusing essay on the authority of Rabelais 'in the matter of this present Revolution.' He led a peaceful life through all that troubled time, and succeeded in forming a very useful library containing about 3000 volumes; it was purchased for the British Museum on his death, and became the foundation of the great series of works on the French Revolution which has been brought together there.

The long life of M. Antoine Renouard bridges over the space between the days of Mirabeau and the time when the elegants of the Third Empire had invented a new bibliomania. Renouard had ordered bindings from the elder Derome; in 1785 he bought a book at La Valliere's sale. In his Epictetus there is the following note: 'Bought in May 1785, the first book printed on vellum that entered my library; rather luxurious for a young fellow of seventeen, but then all my little savings were devoted to acquiring books; parties of pleasure, and elegancies of toilette, everything was sacrificed to my beloved books; and at that time a brisk and brilliant business permitted expenses which were followed by hard years of privation; it was in my first youth that I found it easiest to spend money on my books.' Renouard began life as a manufacturer. His father made gauze stuffs, and kept a shop in the Rue Apolline. In 1787 the Abbe le Blond, the librarian of the College Mazarin, heard that Molini had sold a fine Aldine Horace to a shopkeeper. 'The next day,' says Renouard, 'Le Blond came into my library. "Oh! I shall not have the book," he exclaimed, and when I looked round, he said, "I beg your pardon, I hoped to tempt you with a few louis for your bargain, but I have given up the idea at once, and I only ask the double favour of seeing the book and of being allowed to make your acquaintance."' Renouard was the historian of the House of Aldus, and naturally became the possessor of some of Grolier's finest books. During his career as a bookseller he parted with most of them; and at the sale of his library in 1854 the 'Lucretius,' the 'Virgil,' and the 'Erasmus,' were all that remained in his collection.



CHAPTER XVI.

LATER ENGLISH COLLECTORS.

In describing the English collections of the eighteenth century we have the advantage of using the memoranda of William Oldys for the earlier part of the period. D'Israeli deplored the carelessness which led the 'literary antiquary' to entrust his discoveries and reminiscences to the fly-leaves of notebooks, to 'parchment budgets,' and paper-bags of extracts. He expressed especial disappointment at the loss of the manuscript on London Libraries, with its anecdotes of book-collectors and remarks on booksellers and the first publishers of catalogues. The book has come to light since his time, having been discovered among the important collections bequeathed by Dr. William Hunter to the University of Glasgow; it was published by Mr. W. J. Thoms about the year 1862 in Notes and Queries, and was afterwards printed by him in a volume containing a diary and other 'choice notes' by Oldys and an interesting memoir of his life. 'In his own departments of learning,' says Mr. Thoms, 'Oldys exhausted all the ordinary sources of information,' and adds that 'his copious and characteristic accounts of men and books have endeared his memory to every lover of English literature.'

Oldys had some special advantages as a collector of old English poetry. He knew, as no one else at that time knew, the value of the plays and pamphlets that encumbered the stalls; he had no competitor to fear 'clad in the invulnerable mail of the purse.' Oldys was born in 1696; he became involved, while quite a young man, in the disaster of the South Sea Bubble; and in 1724 he was obliged to leave London for a residence of some years in Yorkshire. Among the books that he abandoned was the first of his annotated copies of Langbaine, which he found afterwards in the hands of a miserly fellow, begrudging him even a sight of the notes. 'When I returned,' he writes, 'I understood that my books had been dispersed; and afterwards, becoming acquainted with Mr. Thomas Coxeter, I found that he had bought my Langbaine of a bookseller who was a great collector of plays and poetical books.' His autobiography shows that he soon restored his literary losses. His patron, Lord Oxford, for whom he afterwards worked as librarian, was anxious to buy everything that was rare. 'The Earl,' says Oldys, 'invited me to show him my collections of manuscripts, historical and political, which had been the Earl of Clarendon's, my collections of Royal Letters and other papers of State, together with a very large collection of English heads in sculpture.' Mr. Thoms quotes a note from the Langbaine to show that Oldys had bought two hundred volumes 'at the auction of the Earl of Stamford's library at St. Paul's Coffee-house, where formerly most of the celebrated libraries were sold.' It was while Oldys was living in Yorkshire, under the patronage of Lord Malton, that he saw the end of the library of State Papers collected by Richard Gascoyne the antiquary. The noble owner of the MSS. had been advised to destroy the papers by a lawyer, Mr. Samuel Buck of Rotherham, 'who could not read one of those records any more than his lordship'; but he feared that they might contain legal secrets or disclose flaws in a title or, as Oldys said, 'that something or other might be found out one time or other by somebody or other.' Richard Gascoyne, he adds, possessed a vast and most valuable collection of deeds, evidences, and ancient records, which after his death, about the time of the Restoration, came to the family of the first Earl of Strafford. They were kept in the stone tower at Wentworth Woodhouse until 1728, when Lord Malton 'burnt them all wilfully in one morning.' 'I saw the lamentable fire,' says Oldys, 'feed upon six or seven great chests full of the said deeds, some of them as old as the Conquest, and even the ignorant servants repining.... I did prevail to the preservation of some few old rolls and public grants and charters, a few extracts of escheats, and original letters of some eminent persons and pedigrees of others, but not the hundredth part of much better things that were destroyed.'

One or two extracts from the 'diary and choice notes' will show the minute attention given by Oldys to everything concerned with books. Under the date of June 29th, 1737, we read: 'Saw Mr. Ames' old MSS. on vellum, entitled Le Romant de la Rose, which cost forty crowns at Paris when first written, as appears by the inscription at the end: it had been Bishop Burnet's book, his arms being pasted in it, and Mr. Rawlinson's, being mentioned in one of his catalogues; in the same catalogue also is mentioned Sir William Monson's collection, which Mr. West bought and lent me before the fatal fire happened at his chambers in the Temple.' Mr. Thorns adds that Sir William Monson, an Admiral of note in the reign of James I., formed considerable collections, principally about naval affairs. Under the date of August 8th, we read of a visit to Strype the historian. 'Invited by Dr. Harris to his brother's at Homerton, where old Mr. Strype is still alive, and has the remainder of his once rich collection of MSS., tracts, etc.' Dr. Knight's letter of a few months' earlier date was printed by Nichols in his Literary Anecdotes. 'I made a visit to old Father Strype when in town last: he is turned ninety, yet very brisk, and with only a decay of sight and memory.... He told me that he had great materials towards the life of the old Lord Burleigh and Mr. Foxe the martyrologist, which he wished he could have finished, but most of his papers are in "characters"; his grandson is learning to decipher them.' Under the dates of September 1st and 7th Oldys records that 'the Yelverton library is in the possession of the Earl of Sussex, wherein are many volumes of Sir Francis Walsingham's papers'; and a few days later, 'Dr. Pepusch offered me any intelligence or assistance from his ancient collections of music, for a history of that art and its professors in England; and as to dramatic affairs, he notes that the Queen's set of Plays had at first been thought too dear; but after Mrs. Oldfield the actress died, and they were reported to be his collection, then the Queen would have them at any rate.' When Oldys died his curious library was purchased by Thomas Davies, and was put up to auction in 1762. The list of printed books comprises many literary treasures which in our days can hardly be procured, but at that time went for a song. 'The manuscripts were not so many as might be expected from so indefatigable a writer'; it seems that Oldys had always been too generous with his gifts and loans.

Among his notices of the London libraries we find an interesting account of the collection at Lambeth, then housed in the galleries above the cloisters. 'The oldest of the books were Dudley's, the Earl of Leicester, which from time to time have been augmented by several Archbishops of that See. It had a great loss in being deprived of Archbishop Sheldon's admirable collection of missals, breviaries, primers, etc., relating to the service of the Church, as also Archbishop Sancroft's.' The books and MSS. belonging to Sancroft had in part been deposited at Lambeth; but on his deprivation they were removed to Emmanuel College at Cambridge. Oldys added that there was another apartment for MSS., 'not only those belonging to the See, but those of the Lord Carew, who had been Deputy of Ireland, many of them relating to the state and history of that kingdom.'

Archbishop Tenison had furnished another noble library near St. Martin's Lane 'with the best modern books in most faculties'; 'there any student might repair and make what researches he pleased'; and there too were deposited Sir James Ware's important Irish MSS. and many other portions of the Clarendon Collection, until offence was taken at their having been catalogued among the papers of the Archbishop.

In Dulwich College there was another library to which Mr. Cartwright the actor gave a collection of plays and many excellent pictures; and 'here comes in,' says Oldys, 'the Queen's purchase of plays, and those by Mr. Weever the dancing-master, Sir Charles Cotterell, Mr. Coxeter, Lady Pomfret, and Lady Mary Wortley Montague'; and here we might mention the sad case of Mr. Warburton the herald, whose forte was to find out valuable English plays. Shortly before his death in 1759 he discovered that the cook had used up about fifty of the MSS. for covering pies, and that among them were 'twelve unpublished pieces by Massinger.' Something may be said too as to the older collections formed in London for the use of schools. At Westminster, it has been well said, Dean Williams 'enlarged the boundaries of learning.' According to Hackett, he converted a waste room into a noble library, modelling it 'into a decent shape,' and furnishing it with a vast number of learned volumes. The best of them came from the library of Mr. Baker of Highgate, who throughout a very long life had been gathering 'the best authors of all sciences in their best editions.' Dean Colet had endowed St. Paul's School with philological works in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin; but these were destroyed in the great fire, together with the whole library of the High Master. This was Mr. Samuel Cromleholme, who had the best set of neatly-bound classics in London; 'he was a great lover of his books, and their loss hastened the end of his life.' The shelves at Merchant Taylors and in the Mercers' Chapel were almost as well filled as those at St. Paul's; and Christ's Hospital at that time had a good plain library in the mathematical school, with globes and instruments, 'and ships with all their rigging for the instruction of lads designed for the sea.'

In the College of Physicians was a fine collection 'in their own and the other faculties.' Selden bequeathed to it his 'physical books,' and it was enriched by a gift of the whole library of Lord Dorchester, 'the pride and glory of the College.' We can only mention a few of the libraries described by Oldys. The Jews, he says, had a collection at Bevis Marks relating to the Talmud and Mischna and their ceremonial worship: the French Protestants had another at the Savoy, and the Swedes another at their Church in Trinity Lane. The Baptists owned a great library in the Barbican. The Quakers had been for some years furnishing a library with all the works written by the Friends. John Whiting published the catalogue in 1708; 'and in my opinion,' says our critic, ''tis more accurately and perfectly drawn up than the Bodleian Library at Oxford is by Dr. Hyde, for the Quaker does not confound one man with another as the scholar does.' Francis Bugg, he adds, 'the scribbler against them,' had a better collection of their writings than any of the brethren; 'but I think I have read in some of his rhapsodies that he either gave or sold it to the library at Oxford.'

Charles Earl of Sunderland was the greatest collector of his time. He bought the whole library of Hadrian Beverland, 'which was very choice of its kind,' and a great number of Petau's books as mentioned before; 'no bookseller,' it was said, 'hath so many editions of the same book as he, for he hath all, especially of the classics.' Shortly before his death in 1772 he commissioned Mr. Vaillant to buy largely at the sale of Mr. Freebairn's library. In Clarke's Repertorium we are told how a fine Virgil was secured: 'and it was noted that when Mr. Vaillant had bought the printed Virgil at L46 he huzza'd out aloud, and threw up his hat for joy that he had bought it so cheap.' The great collection was afterwards taken to Blenheim, and has been dispersed in our time; 'the King of Denmark proffered the heirs L30,000 for it, and "Queen Zara" would have inclined them to part with it.' When the Earl of Sunderland died, Humphrey Wanley saw a good chance for the Harleian. 'I believe some benefit may accrue to this library, even if his relations will part with none of the works; I mean by his raising the price of books no higher now; so that in probability this commodity may fall in the market, and any gentleman be permitted to buy an uncommon old book for less than forty or fifty pounds.' If we listen to the Rev. Thomas Baker, the ejected Fellow who gave 4000 books to St. John's at Cambridge, we shall hear a complaint against Wanley. Lord Oxford's librarian when he saw a fine book, even in a public institution, used to say, 'It will be better in my lord's library.' Baker might have said, 'a plague on both your houses!' What he wrote was as follows:—'I begin to complain of the men of quality who lay out so much for books, and give such prices that there is nothing to be had for poor scholars, whereof I have felt the effects; when I bid a fair price for an old book, I am answered, "The quality will give twice as much," and so I have done.'

The Earls of Pembroke were for several generations the patrons of learning. 'Thomas, the eighth Earl, was contemporary with those illustrious characters, Sunderland, Harley, and Mead, during the Augustan age of Britain'; he added a large number of classics and early printed books to the library at Wilton, and his successor Earl Henry still further improved it by adding the best works on architecture, on biographies, and books of numismatics; 'the Earl of Pembroke is stored with antiquities relating to medals and lives.'

Lord Somers had the rare pieces in law and English history which have been published in a well-known series of tracts. Lord Carbury loved mystical divinity; the Earl of Kent was all for pedigrees and visitations; the Earl of Kinnoul made large collections in mathematics and civil law; and Lord Coleraine followed Bishop Kennett in forming 'a library of lives.'

Richard Smith was remembered as having started in the pursuit of Caxtons in the days of Charles II.; the taste was despised when Oldys wrote, but it eventually grew into a mania. 'For a person of an inferior rank we never had a collector more successful. No day passed over his head in which he did not visit Moorfields and Little Britain or St. Paul's Churchyard, and for many years together he suffered nothing to escape him that was rare and remarkable.'

Mr. John Bridges of Lincoln's Inn was another 'notorious book-collector.' When his books were sold in 1726 the prices ran so high that the world suspected a conspiracy on the part of the executors. Humphrey Wanley was disappointed in his commissions, and called it a roguish sale; of the vendors he remarked 'their very looks, according to what I am told, dart out harping-irons.' Tom Hearne went to Mr. Bridges' chambers to see the sale, and descanted upon the fine condition of the lots: 'I was told of a gentleman of All Souls that gave a commission of eight shillings for an Homer, but it went for six guineas; people are in love with good binding rather than good reading.' Some of the entries in the catalogue are of great interest. The first edition of Homer, printed at Florence in 1488 on large paper, went for about a quarter of the price of an Aldine Livy. Lord Oxford secured a 'Lucian' in uncial characters, and a splendid Missal illuminated for Henry VII. There was a large-paper 'Politian' in two volumes, very carelessly described as 'finely bound by Grolier and his friends'; but the best of all was the MS. Horace, with an exquisite portrait of the poet, 'from the library of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary.'

Dr. Mead was a collector of the same kind. All that was beautiful came naturally to this great man, of whom it was said that he lived 'in the full sunshine of human existence.' He was the owner of a very fine library, which he had 'picked up at Rome.' He had a great number of early-printed classics, which fetched high prices at his sale in 1754; his French books, according to Dibdin, and all his works upon the fine arts 'were of the first rarity and value,' and were sumptuously bound. His chief literary distinction rests on his edition of De Thou's 'History' in seven folio volumes. He had received a large legacy from a brother, and spent it in the publication of a work 'from which nothing of exterior pomp and beauty should be wanting'; the ink and paper were procured from Holland; and Carte the historian was sent to France 'to rummage for MSS. of Thuanus.'

Oldys has a few notes upon curious collections which he thought might be diverting to a 'satirical genius.' A certain Templar, he says, had a good library of astrology, witchcraft, and magic. Mr Britton, the small-coal man, had an excellent set of chemical books,'and a great parcel of music books, many of them pricked with his own hand.' The famous Dryden, and Mr. Congreve after him, had collected old ballads and penny story-books. The melancholy Burton, and Dr. Richard Rawlinson, and the learned Thomas Hearne, had all been as bad in their way. Mr. Secretary Pepys gave a great library to Magdalen College at Cambridge: but among the folios peeped out little black-letter ballads and 'penny merriments, penny witticisms, penny compliments, and penny godlinesses.' 'Mr. Robert Samber,' says Oldys, 'must need turn virtuoso too, and have his collection: which was of all the printed tobacco-papers he could anywhere light on.'

For 'curiosity or dotage' none could beat Mr. Thomas Rawlinson, whose vast collections were dispersed in seventeen or eighteen auctions before the final sale in 1733. Mr. Heber in the present century is a modern example of the same kind. 'A book is a book,' he said: and he bought all that came in his way, by cart-loads and ship-loads, and in whole libraries, on which in some cases he never cast his eyes. The most zealous lovers of books have smiled at his duplicates, quadruplicates, and multiplied specimens of a single edition.

Thomas Rawlinson, for all his continual sales, blocked himself out of house and home by his purchases: his set of chambers at Gray's Inn was so completely filled with books that his bed had to be moved into the passage. Some thought that he was the 'Tom Folio' of Addison's caricature, in which it was assumed that the study of bibliography was only fit for a 'learned idiot.' Hearne defended his friend from the charge of pedantry, and declared that the mistake could only be made by a 'shallow buffoon.'

Rawlinson had a miserly craving after good books. If he had twenty copies of a work he would always open his purse for 'a different edition, a fairer copy, a larger paper.' His covetousness increased as the mass of his library was multiplied: and as he lived, said Oldys, so he died, among dust and cobwebs, 'in his bundles, piles, and bulwarks of paper.'

Upon Dr. Mead's death his place in the book-world was taken by Dr. Anthony Askew, who travelled far and wide in search of rare editions and large-paper copies. In describing the sale of his books in 1775 Dibdin almost lost himself in ecstasies over the magnificent folios, and the shining duodecimos 'printed on vellum and embossed with knobs of gold.' It has been said that with this sale commenced the new era in bibliography, during which such fabulous prices were given for fine editions of the classics; but the date should perhaps be carried back to Dr. Mead's time. Some credit for the new development should also be ascribed to Joseph Smith, who collected early-printed books and classics at Venice, while acting as English consul. His first library was purchased by George III. in 1762, and now forms the best part of the 'King's Library' at the British Museum. His later acquisitions were sold in 1773 by public auction in London. Among other classical libraries of an old-fashioned kind we should notice the Osterley Park collection, only recently dispersed, which was formed by Bryan Fairfax; it was purchased en bloc in 1756 by Mr. Francis Child, and passed from him to the family of the Earl of Jersey.

Topham Beauclerc housed his thirty thousand volumes, as Walpole declared, in a building that reached halfway from London to Highgate; his collection was in two parts, of which the first was mainly classical, and the other was very rich in English antiquities and history. In 1783 was sold almost the last of the encyclopaedic collections which used to fill the position now occupied by great public libraries. Mr. Crofts possessed a treasury of Greek and Roman learning; he was especially rich in philology, in Italian literature, in travels, in Scandinavian affairs; 'under the shortest heads, some one or more rare articles occur, but in the copious classes literary curiosity is gratified, is highly feasted.'

Dr. Johnson's books were dispersed in a four-days' sale in 1785. A copy of the interesting catalogue has lately been reprinted by The Club. The most valuable specimen, as a mere curiosity, would be the folio with which he beat the bookseller, but we suppose that very little on the whole was obtained for the 662 lots of learned volumes that had sprawled over his dusty floor. The Doctor had but little sympathy with the fashions that were beginning to prevail. He laughs in the Rambler at 'Cantilenus' with his first edition of The Children in the Wood, and the antiquary who despaired of obtaining one missing Gazette till it was sent to him 'wrapped round a parcel of tobacco.' 'Hirsutus,' we are told,'very carefully amassed all the English books that were printed in the black character'; the fortunate virtuoso had 'long since completed his Caxton, and wanted but two volumes of a perfect Pynson.' In our own day we can hardly realise the idea of such riches; but the 'Rambler' scouted the notion of slighting or valuing a book because it was printed in the Roman or Gothic type. John Ratcliffe of Bermondsey was one of these 'black-letter dogs.' He had some advantages of birth and position; for, being a chandler and grocer, he could buy these old volumes by weight in the course of his trade. He died in 1776, the master of a whole 'galaxy of Caxtons'; his library is said to have held the essence of poetry, romance and history; it was more precious in flavour to the new dilettanti than the copious English stores of James West, the judicious President of the Royal Society; it was far more refined than the 'omnium gatherum' scattered in 1788 on Major Pearson's death, or Dr. Farmer's ragged regiments of old plays and frowsy ballads, and square-faced broadsides 'bought for thrice their weight in gold.'

M. Paris de Meyzieux was the owner of a splendid library. Dibdin has described his third sale, held in London during 1791, when the bibliomaniacs, it was said, used to cool themselves down with ice before they could face such excitement. Of himself he confessed that when he had seen the illuminations of Nicolas Jany, the snow-white 'Petrarch,' the 'Virgil' on vellum, life had no more to offer: 'after having seen only these three books I hope to descend to my obscure grave in perfect peace and happiness.' The Livre d'Heures printed for Francis I., which had belonged to the Duc de la Valliere, was bought by Sir Mark Sykes, and became one of his principal treasures at Sledmere.

Mr. Robert Heathcote had a most elegant library, in which might be seen the tallest Elzevirs and several Aldine classics 'in the chaste costume of Grolier.' It is said that the books passed lightly into his hands 'in a convivial moment,' much to their former owner's regret. About the year 1807 they passed into the miscellaneous crowd of Mr. Dent's books; and twenty years afterwards the whole collection was dispersed at a low price, when the book-mania was giving way for a time to an affection for cheap and useful literature.

The fever was still high in 1810 when Mr. Heath's plain classics were snatched up at very extravagant terms. Colonel Stanley's library was typical of the taste of the day. His selection comprised rare Spanish and Italian poetry, novels and romances, 'De Bry's voyages complete, fine classics, and a singular set of facetiae.' It was sold in 1813, a few weeks after the dispersal of Mr. John Hunter's very similar collection. This was immediately followed by an auction of Mr. Gosset's books, which lasted for twenty-three days: they seem to have chiefly consisted of divinity and curious works on philology. Mr. John Towneley's library was sold a few months afterwards. Mr. Towneley was the owner of a fine 'Pontifical' of Innocent IV., and a missal by Giulio Clovio from the Farnese palace; his celebrated MS., known as the 'Towneley Iliad,' was bought by Dr. Charles Burney, and passed with the rest of his books to the British Museum. In 1816 Mr. Michael Wodhull died, after half-a-century spent in the steady collection of good books in the auctions of London and Paris: the recent sale of his library has made all the world familiar with his well-selected volumes, bound in russia by his faithful Roger Payne, and annotated on their fly-leaves with valuable memoranda of book-lore. We shall not repeat the story of Mr. Beckford's triumphant career, of the glories of Fonthill or the later splendours of the Hamilton Palace collection. We should note his purchase of Gibbon's books 'in order to have something to read on passing through Lausanne.' 'I shut myself up,' said Mr. Beckford, 'for six weeks from early in the morning till night, only now and then taking a ride; the people thought me mad; I read myself nearly blind.' Beckford never saw the books again 'after once turning hermit there.' He gave them to his physician, Dr. Scholl, and they were sold by auction in 1833; most of them were scattered about the world, but some are said to be still preserved at Lausanne in the public library.

This period was marked by the rivalry between bibliophiles of high rank and great wealth, whose Homeric contests have been worthily described by Dibdin in his history of the Bibliomania. A note in one of the Althorp Caxtons records a more amicable arrangement. The book belonged to Mr. George Mason, at whose sale it was bought by the Duke of Roxburghe: 'The Duke and I had agreed not to oppose one another at the sale, but after the book was bought, to toss up who should win it, when I lost it; I bought it at the Roxburghe sale on the 17th of June, 1812, for L215 5s.' The Duke was chiefly interested in old English literature, Italian poetry, and romances of the Round Table; but we are told that shortly before his death he was 'in full pursuit of a collection of our dramatic authors.' It was at his sale that the Valdarfer Boccaccio was purchased by Lord Blandford, afterwards Duke of Marlborough, for L2260, a sum which at that time had never been reached as the price of a single volume. It passed into the great collection at White Knights, which then contained, in addition to some of the rarest English books, the 'Bedford Missal,' another missal given by Queen Louise to Marguerite d'Angouleme, and a volume of prayers from the hand of the caligrapher Nicolas Jany. On the 17th of June, 1819, the White Knights library was sold on behalf of the owner's creditors; and the 'Boccaccio' found a safe home at Althorp, where George, Earl Spencer, had by fortunate purchases, by zeal in the pursuit of books, and by the aid of an accomplished librarian, formed that matchless collection which Renouard justly described as 'the finest private library in Europe.'



INDEX.

AElfric, Archbishop, 26. Agricola, Rudolf, 87. Aicardo, Paul, 176. Aidan, 13, 17. Albisse, 144. Alexander ab Alexandro, 80. Alfred, King, 25. Allatius, Leo, 91. Alphonso, Naples, 79. Amboise, Cardinal de, 100. Ancillon, David, 189. Anne, Queen, 120, 121. Anne of Austria, 108. Anne of Brittany, 79. Anselm, 27. Apellicon, 3. Arcanati, Galeazzo, 164. Aretino, Carlo, 66. Aretino, Leonardo, 59, 63, 65. Argonne, Bonaventure d', 147, 148. Aristotle, 3, 23, 33, 37, 57. Arius, Montanus, 165. Arundel, Archbishop, 56. Arundel, Henry, Lord, 116. Arundel, Thomas, Earl of, 85. Ascham, Roger, 114. Ashmole, Elias, 135, 136. Askew, Anthony, Dr., 214. Asser, 25. Attavante, 83, 85. Attalus, 2. Aubrey, John, 135. Augustus, 4. Augustus of Brunswick, 85. Aumale, Duc d', 105. Aungerville (see Bury, Richard de). Aurispa, John, 66, 70. Aquinas, Thomas, 70.

Bacon, Francis, 114. Bacon, Roger, 30, 129. Bagford, John, 120-122. Bagni, 183. Baillet, Adrian, 188, 189. Baker (of Highgate), 207. Baker, Rev. Thomas, 210. Bale, Bishop, 57. Ballesdens, Jean, 148, 149. Baluze, Etienne, 188. Barberini, Cardinal, 183. Barocci, Francesco, 117, 131. Baron, Hyacinthe, 194, 198. Barre, M., 194. Bashkirtseff, Marie, 157. Basingstoke, John, 34. Beauclerc, Topham, 215. Becatelli, Antonio, 79. Beckford, Wm., 156, 218, 219. Bede, 21, 22, 131. Bedford, John, Duke of, 56, 59, 60, 220. Bentley, Dr., 118, 119. Bernard, Dr., 137, 138. Berri, Jean Duc de, 94, 103. Berry, Duchesse de, 109. Berryer, M., 189. Bessarion, Cardinal, 52, 71. Bethune, Hippolyte de, 94, 162. Beza, Theodore, 123. Bignon, Jerome, 179. Bigot, Jean, 148, 152. Bigot, Robert, 152. Bigot, Louis, 152. Bill, John, 125, 126. Biscop, Benedict, 20, 21. Blanche, Queen, 60. Blandford, Lord, 219. Boccaccio, 49, 63, 64. Bodley, Lawrence, 127. Bodley, Sir Thomas, 115, 116, 123-128. Boethius, 7, 12. Boisot, Abbe, 192, 194. Bongars, Jacques, 160, 161. Boniface, St., 22, 23. Booker, John, 136. Borromeo, Frederic, 177, 183. Bouchet, Henri, 191, 192. Bouhier, Etienne de, 192. Bouhier, Jean de, 193. Bouhier, President, 193, 197. Bourbon, Charles de, 103. Brassicanus, 84. Bretonvilliers, 191. Bridges, John, 211, 212. Bridget, St., 13, 15. Bristol, Earl of, 130. Britton, Thomas, 213. Brochard, Professor, 196. Browne, Sir Thomas, 7. Bruges, Jean de, 94. Bruges, Louis de, 93-94. Bruges, See La Gruthuyse. Bucer, Martin, 112. Buchanan, George, 115. Budaeus, 82, 98-100, 140, 146, 147. Buffon, 200. Buonaparte, Pauline, 109. Burgh, Elizabeth de, 54. Burnet, Bishop, 205. Burney, Dr. Charles, 218. Burton, Robert, 126, 213. Bury, Richard de, 28-29, 32-40, 53-58. Busbec, Angere, 84. Busch, Hermann, 87-89.

Caesar, Julius, 2, 4. Caesar, Sir Julius, 136, 137. Calcavi, 188. Camden, William, 117, 127. Canonici, Matheo, 133. Capranica, Angelo, 81. Capranica, Domenico, 81. Carbury, Lord, 211. Carew, Lord, 207. Cartwright (the actor), 207. Casaubon, Meric, 124. Casaubon, Isaac, 169, 170, 177, 179. Charron de Menars, 173, 174, 199. Chartraire de Bourbonne, 194. Chevalier, Etienne, 101. Chevalier, Nicolas, 102. Chifflet, Jules, 192. Child, Francis, 215. Christina of Pisa, 60. Christina (Queen of Sweden), 94, 149, 154, 159, 162, 187. Chrysoloras, 50, 63, 66. Cino da Pistoia, 41. Cassiodorus, 12, 23. Caxton, William, 93, 95, 97. Ceolfrid of Jarrow, 21. Chamillard, Madame de, 195. Charles I., 112, 122, 152. Charles II., 122, 133. Charles V. (of France), 59, 60, 94. Charles V. (Emperor), 192. Charles VII. (of France), 101, 102. Charles VIII. (of France), 79, 100. Charles IX. (of France), 106, 107. Charles the Bold, 95, 96. Charles the Great, 20, 23. Charles of Orleans, 102. Clarendon, Earl of, 203, 207. Clavell, Walter, 134. Clement, VII., Pope, 69. Clement, XII., Pope, 181. Clenard, Nicolas, 167. Cleopatra, 2. Cobham, Bishop, 55. Cobham, Lord, 97. Coelius, 77. Colbert, 148, 187, 188. Coleraine, Lord, 211. Colet, Dean, 208. Columba, St., 13, 15-17, 130. Columbus, Christopher, 168. Columbus, Ferdinand, 166-168. Conde, Princesse de, 105. Congreve, 213. Consentius, 10, 11. Costa, Solomon da, 133. Cotton, Sir John, 118. Cotton, Sir Robert, 18, 113, 117, 118, 129, 178. Cotton, Sir Thomas, 118. Courteney, Richard, 56. Cox, Captain, 115. Coxeter, Thomas, 203, 207. Cracherode, Clayton, 153. Cranmer, Archbishop, 112, 113. Crofts, Thomas, 215. Cromleholme, Samuel, 208. Cujacius, 160. Cuthbert, St., 18.

Daniel, Bishop, 22. Dee, Dr., 114, 130, 136. Dent, John, 217. Descordes, Jean, 184. Des Essars, Antoine, 60. Desportes, Philippe, 102. D'Ewes, Sir Symonds, 120. Diane de Poitiers, 104, 106. Digby, Sir Kenelm, 128-30. Dodsworth, Roger, 134-35. Domitian, 4. Dorchester, Lord, 208. Douce, Francis, 133-34. Dryden, 213. Du Barry, 109, 199. Dubois, Simeon, 184. Dudley, Robert (Leicester), 114, 206. Du Fay, Charles, 148, 196, 197. Dugdale, Sir William, 135. Dunstan, St., 25, 128. Du Puy, Charles, 171, 172. Du Puy, Jacques, 171, 173. Du Puy, Pierre, 171, 173. Dury, John, 116.

Eadburga, Abbess, 22. Edward VI., 112. Egbert of York, 23. Elisabeth, Madame, 109. Elizabeth, Queen, 112, 113. Ellesmere, Lord, 136. Erasmus, 71, 80, 87, 89, 90, 98, 99, 140. Essex, Lord, 127. Estienne, Henri, 89, 90, 169, 193. Estrees, Duc d', 194. Estrees, Gabrielle d', 106. Eusebius, 6. Evelyn, John, 85, 190.

Fairfax, Bryan, 215. Fairfax, Lord, 116, 117, 134, 135. Falconnet, Dr., 194. Farmer, Dr., 217. Farnese, Cardinal, 159. Fauchet, Claude, 162. Faure, Antoine, 151. Ferrar, Nicholas, 121, 122. Finnen, St., 16. Firmin-Didot, 101, 156. Fisher, Bishop, 111, 112. Fitz-Ralph, Archbishop of Armagh, 31. Flechier, Esprit, 150. Fleming, Robert, 97. Fletewode, W., 136. Folkes, Martin, 134. Fontius, 83. Foucault, Nicolas, 198. Francis, St., 30, 31. Francis, I., 163, 217. Francis, II., 106, 107. Freebairn, 209. Fugger, Raimond, 90. Fugger, Ulric, 90, 91, 185.

Gaffarel, Jacques, 182. Gafori, Franc, 143, 144. Gaignat, 93, 153, 194. Gale, Thomas, 134. Gascoigne, Dr., 34, 128, 130. Gascoyne, Richard, 204. Gascq de la Lande, 198. Gasparus, Achilles, 91. George of Trebisond, 71, 72. Germanus, St., 11. Gibbon, 218, 219. Gilles, Pierre, 104. Giraldi, Cinthio, 77. Giraldi, Lilio, 77. Girardot de Prefond, Paul, 194, 198. Gloucester, Humphrey Duke of, 56-59, 124. Gosset, 218. Gouffier, Arthur, 102, 103. Gouffier, Charles, 103. Gough, Richard, 133, 134. Granvelle, Cardinal de, 192. Gray, William, 97. Grenville, Thomas, 153. Grolier, Etienne, 136, 146. Grolier, Jean, 56, 100, 103, 106, 139, 162, 175, 196, 198, 201, 217. Grostete, 30, 33, 34, 128, 129. Guillard, Charlotte, 102. Guinguene, Pierre-Louis, 200. Guy Earl of Warwick, 54. Guy de Rocheford, 96. Guyon de Sardieres, 106.

Hackett, Bishop, 123, 208. Hale, Sir Matthew, 137. Harley, Edward, 119, 203, 210, 212. Harley, Robert, 119-122. Harley, Gabriel, 114. Hearne, Thomas, 134, 211-214. Heath, Benjamin, 218. Heathcote, Robert, 217. Heber, Richard, 213. Heinsius, Daniel, 89, 180. Henri II., 104, 105, 109. Henri III., 107. Henri IV., 107. Henry IV. (England), 56. Henry V. (England), 56. Henry VII. (England), 111, 112. Henry VIII. (England), 111. Henry, Prince, 116. Hohendorf, Baron, 148. Holkot, Robert, 35. Hoym, Count d', 148, 194, 197. Hunter, John, 218. Hunter, William, 202. Huntingdon, Robert, 131. Hurtado de Mendoza, Diego, 166. Hutten, Ulric von, 89.

Inguimbert, Don Malachi d', 181.

James I., 115-116, 126, 136. James, Dr. Thomas, 125-127. Jekyll, Sir Joseph, 134. Jerome, St., 6, 14, 102. Jersey, Earl of, 215. Joanna II. (Naples), 79, 109. John, Duke of Burgundy, 95. John, King (France), 59. John, Precentor, 22. John of Ravenna, 49 Johnson, Samuel, 119, 215, 216. Jonson, Ben, 114. Jovian, 7. Julian, Emperor, 6, 7. Julius II., Pope, 139. Juvenal des Ursins, 101.

Kennett, Bishop, 211. Kinnoul, Earl of, 211.

Labe, Louise, 102. Lambert de Thorigny, 194. La Gruthuyse, Louis de, 93, 94. Lami, Giovanni, 73. Lamoignon, Chretien de, 188, 189. Lamoignon, G. de, 148, 187, 188. Lanfranc, 27. Langarad, 16. Lange, Rudolf, 87. Lascaris, Constantine, 81. Lascaris, John, 81, 82, 104. Laud, Archbishop, 129, 131. Lauwrin, Mark, 142, 144. La Valliere, Duc de, 61, 83, 94, 106, 153, 191, 194, 217. Le Blond, Abbe, 201. Lebrixa, Antonio, 166. Leland, John, 34. Le Neve, Peter, 120, 121. Leo X., Pope, 69, 72, 81, 82, 89, 104. Leo, the Philosopher, 9. Leofric, Bishop, 26, 128. Leoni, Pompeo, 164. Leontio Pilato, 49, 50. Le Tellier, Archbishop, 150, 151. Ligorio, Piero, 77. Lilly, William, 136. Lipsius, Justus, 162, 180. Loche, Gilles de, 132. Lomenie, Antoine de, 184. Louis (of Hungary), 83, 85. Louis IX., 151. Louis XI., 62, 101. Louis XII., 94, 177, 193. Louis XIII., 183, 184. Louis XIV., 94. Louis XV., 109, 188. Louis XVI., 173. Louis-Philippe, 105. Louise de Loraine, 107. Louise de Savoie, 103, 220. Lucian, 5, 170. Lucullus, 4. Lulla, Bishop, 22. Lumley, Lord, 116, 127.

Macarthy, Count, 141, 153, 155, 194, 199. Magliabecchi, Antonio, 74, 75. Maintenon, Madame de, 195. Maioli, Thomas, 141, 144. Malton, Lord, 204. Mansion, Colard, 93, 95. Mansard, Francis, 162. Margaret of Austria, 96. Margaret of Burgundy, 95. Marguerite d'Angouleme, 103, 220. Marguerite de Valois, 108, 109. Marie Antoinette, 109. Marie Leczinska, Queen, 108, 109. Mary of Austria, 85, 96. Mary of Burgundy, 96. Mary, Queen of Scots, 106, 107. Marucelli, 73. Mason, George, 219. Matthias Corvinus, 82-86, 212. Mazarin, Cardinal, 162, 183-187. Mazenta, 163, 164. Mead, Dr., 210, 212, 214. Medici, Catherine de, 104-106, 108. Medici, Cosmo de', 63, 66, 68, 104. Medici, Lorenzo de', 67, 68, 82, 83, 97. Medici, Marie de, 134. Medici, Pietro de', 68. Melanchthon, Philip, 90. Melzi, Francesco, 163. Merard de St. Just, 199. Mercatellis, Rafael de, 92, 93. Mesmes, Guillaume, 151. Mesmes, Henri, 184, 151. Mesmes, Henri, junior, 151, 162, 179, 183. Mesmes, Jean Antoine, 152. Mesmes, Louis-Emeric, 152. Mirabeau, Honore de, 200. Mirandula, Pico della, 68, 71, 73, 88. Monson, Sir William, 205. Montacute, Lord, 127. Montaigne, 156. Moore, John (Bishop), 122, 123. Morata, Olympia, 77, 78. More, Sir Thomas, 98.

Naude, Gabriel, 182, 187. Negri, Stefano, 142, 143. Neleus, 3. Nevinson, Dr., 113. Newton, John de, 54. Niccoli, Niccolo, 66, 68. Nicholas V. (Pope), 69, 70. Norfolk, Duke of, 85. Nunez, Ferdinand, 166, 185.

O'Donnell, David, 17. O'Donnell, Sir Neal, 17. Oldys, William, 86, 119, 121, 122, 202, 214. Oppenheimer, David, 133. Orsini, Fulvio, 158, 160, 172. Osorio, Jerome, 127.

Palladius, 14. Pamphilus, 6. Paris de Meyzieux, 217. Parker, Archbishop, 19, 113, 120, 128. Pars, Jacques de, 101. Patrick, St., 13-15, 130. Paullus, AEmilius, 4. Pearson, Major, 217. Peiresc, Nicolas, 132, 161, 177-182. Pembroke, Henry, Earl of, 211. Pembroke, Thomas, Earl of, 210. Pembroke, William, Earl of, 131. Pepusch, John, 206. Pepys, Samuel, 133, 213. Petau, Alexander, 162, 186. Petau, Paul, 148, 158, 161, 162, 209. Peters, Hugh, 116, 131. Petrarch, 35, 36, 41-63, 76, 80, 166. Philelpho, 66, 67, 70, 142. Philip II. (of Spain), 82, 164. Philippe le Bon (Burgundy), 92, 95. Philippe le Hardi (Burgundy), 94, 95. Photius, 8, 9, 74. Pichon, Jerome, 103. Pignoria Antonio, 76. Pinelli, Gian-Vincenzio, 175-178. Pinelli, Maffeo, 177. Pirckheimer, 85-87. Pithou, Francois, 151. Pithou, Pierre, 148, 170, 186. Poggio, 63-67, 72, 73, 79, 80, 175. Politian, 68, 71, 97. Pollio Asinius, 4, 146. Polydore Vergil, 165. Pompadour, Madame de, 109, 199. Postel, Guillaume, 1, 104. Prynne, 120. Ptolemy (Philadelphia), 3, 46.

Rabelais, 142, 200. Rameses, 2. Ranconnet, 106, 107. Rantzau, Marshal, 154, 155, 185. Rasse de Neux, 144. Ratcliffe, John, 216. Rawlinson, Richard, 127, 133, 134, 175, 213. Rawlinson, Thomas, 205, 213, 214. Rene of Anjou, 79. Renee, Princesse, 77, 177. Renouard, Antoine, 156, 200, 201, 220. Repington, Philip, 56. Reuchlin, Johann, 88-90. Rhenanus, Beatus, 87, 142. Richelieu, Cardinal, 149, 171, 182. Rigault, Nicolas, 179. Rivers, Anthony, Lord, 97. Rivers, Richard, Lord, 127. Robertet, Florimond, 102. Rodolph II., Emperor, 84. Roe, Sir Thomas, 131. Rohan, Cardinal de, 145, 174. Ronsard, Pierre, 102. Rothelin (Charles d'Orleans), 191, 197, 198. Roxburghe, Duke of, 219.

Saint Andre, Jean de, 162. Saint Vallier, Comte de, 105. Salutati, 68. Sambucus, Dr., 84, 145, 146. Sammonicus Serenus, 46. Sancroft, Archbishop, 206. Sartines, Gabriel de, 194. Savile, Sir Henry, 127, 179. Savonarola, 68, 73. Saye, Lord, 97. Scaliger, Joseph, 71, 99, 132, 161, 169, 177, 178. Seguier, Charles, 149. Seguier, Pierre, 149, 179. Seilliere, Baron, 156. Seignelaye, Marquis de, 188. Selden, 116, 131-133, 137, 208. Seneca, 5, 7. Shakespeare, 114. Sheldon, Archbishop, 206. Sherington, Walter, 97. Shrewsbury, 59. Sidonius Apollinaris, 11. Silvestri, Eurialo, 144. Sixtus V., 70. Sixtus of Sienna, 76. Smith, Joseph, 215. Smith, Richard, 211. Soltikoff, Prince, 101. Soubise, Prince de, 141, 148, 174. Spelman, Sir Henry, 117. Spencer, George, Earl, 220. Spenser, 114. Stafford, Marquis of, 136. Stanley, Colonel, 218. Stillingfleet, Bishop, 120. Stowe, 120. Strozzi, Marshal, 73, 104. Strype, 205. Sulla, 3. Sunderland, Earl of, 209, 210. Sussex, Earl of, 205. Sykes, Sir Mark, 217.

Tenison, Archbishop, 207. Theodore of Gaza, 71, 72. Theodore of Tarsus, 18, 21. Thomason, George, 123. Thou, Abbe de, 173. Thou, Francois de, 173. Thou, Jacques-Auguste de, 105, 108, 109, 120, 145, 146, 148, 169-174, 177-179, 185, 212-213. Thou, Jacques-Auguste de (junior), 173, 174. Thyard, Pontus de, 193. Tiptoft, John, 97. Toletus, Cardinal, 160. Tomasini, Giacomo, 52, 183. Tory, Geoffroy, 145. Tournon, Cardinal de, 186. Towneley, John, 218. Trajan, 4. Tyrannion, 3.

Urbino, Elizabeth d', 81. Urbino, Federigo d', 80. Urbino, Francesco d', 81. Urbino, Guidubaldo d', 80, 81. Urbino, Leonora d', 134. Urfe, Claude d', 94. Urfe, Honors d', 94. Usher, 117.

Van Hulthem, 94. Vasee, Jean, 167. Vendome, Duchesse de, 107. Verard, Antoine, 111, 193. Vic, Dominique, 147. Vic, Meric de, 147. Vinci, Leonardo da, 106, 162-164. Vorstius, 115.

Wake, Archbishop, 134. Walsingham, Sir Francis, 206. Wanley, Humphrey, 120, 210, 211. Ware, Sir James, 207. Webb, Philip Carteret, 136. West, James, 216. Wentmore, Abbot, 54. Whethamstede, Abbot, 59. Whittington, Sir Richard, 31. Wilfrid, St., 21, 22. Williams, Dean, 208. Wodhull, Michael, 218. Wood, Anthony, 118, 128, 135.

Ximenes, Cardinal, 121, 165, 184.

Printed by T. and A. CONSTABLE, Printers to Her Majesty, at the Edinburgh University Press.

Transcriber's Notes:

Obvious punctuation and printing errors have been repaired. See the HTML edition of this text for the complete list of corrections.

Accented characters have been made consistent to assist searching via the index: Medici -> Medici Francois -> Francois Ximenes -> Ximenes Etienne -> Etienne Orleans -> Orleans Derome -> Derome Merard -> Merard Meric -> Meric

Hyphenation has been left as printed - inconsistencies are: shiploads, ship-loads birthplace, birth-place heirloom, heir-loom lifetime, life-time bookshops, book-shops

THE END