This double approximation of some poetry to prose, and of some prose to poetry, not only makes it a matter of acknowledged difficulty to distinguish, by satisfactory definitions, the two species of composition, but, in many instances, embarrasses with like difficulty the attempt to show, by statements and examples, what usages or licenses, found in English works, are proper to be regarded as peculiarities of poetic diction. It is purposed here, to enumerate sundry deviations from the common style of prose; and perhaps all of them, or nearly all, may be justly considered as pertaining only to poetry.

POETICAL PECULIARITIES.

The following are among the chief peculiarities in which the poets indulge, and are indulged:—

I. They not unfrequently omit the ARTICLES, for the sake of brevity or metre; as,

"What dreadful pleasure! there to stand sublime, Like shipwreck'd mariner on desert coast!" —Beattie's Minstrel, p. 12.

"Sky lour'd, and, muttering thunder, some sad drops Wept at completing of the mortal sin." —Milton, P. L., B. ix, l. 1002.

II. They sometimes abbreviate common NOUNS, after a manner of their own: as, amaze, for amazement; acclaim, for acclamation; consult, for consultation; corse, for corpse; eve or even, for evening; fount, for fountain; helm, for helmet; lament, for lamentation; morn, for morning; plaint, for complaint; targe, for target; weal, for wealth.

III. By enallage, they use verbal forms substantively, or put verbs for nouns; perhaps for brevity, as above: thus,

1. "Instant, without disturb, they took alarm." —P. Lost: Joh. Dict., w. Aware.

2. "The gracious Judge, without revile reply'd." —P. Lost, B. x, l. 118.

3. "If they were known, as the suspect is great." —Shakspeare.

4. "Mark, and perform it: seest thou? for the fail Of any point in't shall be death." —Shakspeare.

IV. They employ several nouns that are not used in prose, or are used but rarely; as, benison, boon, emprise, fane, guerdon, guise, ire, ken, lore, meed, sire, steed, welkin, yore.

V. They introduce the noun self after an other noun of the possessive case; as,

1. "Affliction's semblance bends not o'er thy tomb, Affliction's self deplores thy youthful doom."—Byron.

2. "Thoughtless of beauty, she was beauty's self."—Thomson.

VI. They place before the verb nouns, or other words, that usually come after it; and, after it, those that usually come before it: as,

1. "No jealousy their dawn of love o'ercast, Nor blasted were their wedded days with strife." —Beattie.

2. "No hive hast thou of hoarded sweets." —W. Allen's Gram.

3. "Thy chain a wretched weight shall prove." —Langhorne.

4. "Follows the loosen'd aggravated roar." —Thomson.

5. "That purple grows the primrose pale." —Langhorne.

VII. They more frequently place ADJECTIVES after their nouns, than do prose writers; as,

1. "Or where the gorgeous East, with richest hand, Show'rs on her kings barbaric, pearl and gold." —Milton, P. L., B. ii, l. 2.

2. "Come, nymph demure, with mantle blue." —W. Allen's Gram., p. 189.

3. "This truth sublime his simple sire had taught." —Beattie's Minstrel, p. 14.

VIII. They ascribe qualities to things to which they do not literally belong; as,

1. "The ploughman homeward plods his weary way." —Gray's Elegy, l. 3.

2. "Or drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds." —Ibidem, l. 8.

3. "Imbitter'd more and more from peevish day to day." —Thomson.

4. "All thin and naked, to the numb cold night." —Shakspeare.

IX. They use concrete terms to express abstract qualities; (i. e., adjectives for nouns;) as,

1. "Earth's meanest son, all trembling, prostrate falls, And on the boundless of thy goodness calls." —Young.

2. "Meanwhile, whate'er of beautiful or new, Sublime or dreadful, in earth, sea, or sky, By chance or search, was offer'd to his view, He scann'd with curious and romantic eye." —Beattie.

3. "Won from the void and formless infinite." —Milton.

4. "To thy large heart give utterance due; thy heart Contains of good, wise, just, the perfect shape." —Id., P. R., B. iii, l. 10.

X. They often substitute quality for manner; (i. e., adjectives for adverbs;) as,

1. ——"The stately-sailing swan Gives out his snowy plumage to the gale, And, arching proud his neck, with oary feet, Bears forward fierce, and guards his osier isle." —Thomson.

2. "Thither continual pilgrims crowded still." —Id., Cos. of Ind., i, 8.

3. "Level at beauty, and at wit; The fairest mark is easiest hit." —Butler's Hudibras.

XI. They form new compound epithets, oftener than do prose writers; as,

1. "In world-rejoicing state, it moves sublime." —Thomson.

2. "The dewy-skirted clouds imbibe the sun." —Idem.

3. "By brooks and groves in hollow-whispering gales." —Idem.

4. "The violet of sky-woven vest." —Langhorne.

5. "A league from Epidamnum had we sail'd, Before the always-wind-obeying deep Gave any tragic instance of our harm." —Shakspeare.

6. "'Blue-eyed, strange-voiced, sharp-beaked, ill-omened fowl, What art thou?' 'What I ought to be, an owl.'" —Day's Punctuation, p. 139.

XII. They connect the comparative degree to the positive, before a verb; as,

1. "Near and more near the billows rise." —Merrick.

2. "Wide and wider spreads the vale." —Dyer's Grongar Hill.

3. "Wide and more wide, the overflowings of the mind Take every creature in, of every kind." —Pope.

4. "Thick and more thick the black blockade extends, A hundred head of Aristotle's friends." —Id., Dunciad.

XIII. They form many adjectives in y, which are not common in prose; as, The dimply flood,—dusky veil,—a gleamy ray,—heapy harvests,—moony shield,—paly circlet,—sheety lake,—stilly lake,—spiry temples,—steely casque,—steepy hill,—towery height,—vasty deep,—writhy snake.

XIV. They employ adjectives of an abbreviated form: as, dread, for dreadful; drear, for dreary; ebon, for ebony; hoar, for hoary; lone, for lonely; scant, for scanty; slope, for sloping: submiss, for submissive; vermil, for vermilion; yon, for yonder.

XV. They employ several adjectives that are not used in prose, or are used but seldom; as, azure, blithe, boon, dank, darkling, darksome, doughty, dun, fell, rife, rapt, rueful, sear, sylvan, twain, wan.

XVI. They employ the personal PRONOUNS, and introduce their nouns afterwards; as,

1. "It curl'd not Tweed alone, that breeze." —Sir W. Scott.

2. "What may it be, the heavy sound That moans old Branksome's turrets round?" —Idem, Lay, p. 21.

3. "Is it the lightning's quivering glance, That on the thicket streams; Or do they flash on spear and lance, The sun's retiring beams" —Idem, L. of L., vi, 15.

XVII. They use the forms of the second person singular oftener than do others; as,

1. "Yet I had rather, if I were to chuse, Thy service in some graver subject use, Such as may make thee search thy coffers round, Before thou clothe my fancy in fit sound." —Milton's Works, p. 133.

2. "But thou, of temples old, or altars new, Standest alone—with nothing like to thee." —Byron, Pilg., iv, 154.

3. "Thou seest not all; but piecemeal thou must break, To separate contemplation, the great whole." —Id., ib., iv, 157.

4. "Thou rightly deemst, fair youth, began the bard; The form then sawst was Virtue ever fair." —Pollok, C. of T., p. 16.

XVIII. They sometimes omit relatives that are nominatives; (see Obs. 22, at p. 555;) as,

"For is there aught in sleep can charm the wise?" —Thomson.

XIX. They omit the antecedent, or introduce it after the relative; as,

1. "Who never fasts, no banquet e'er enjoys, Who never toils or watches, never sleeps." —Armstrong.

2. "Who dares think one thing and an other tell, My soul detests him as the gates of hell." —Pope's Homer.

XX. They remove relatives, or other connectives, into the body of their clauses; as,

1. "Parts the fine locks, her graceful head that deck." —Darwin.

2. "Not half so dreadful rises to the sight Orion's dog, the year when autumn weighs." —Pope, Iliad, B. xxii, l. 37.

XXI. They make intransitive VERBS transitive, changing their class; as,

1. ——"A while he stands, Gazing the inverted landscape, half afraid To meditate the blue profound below." —Thomson.

2. "Still in harmonious intercourse, they liv'd The rural day, and talk'd the flowing heart." —Idem.

3. ——"I saw and heard, for we sometimes Who dwell this wild, constrain'd by want, come forth." —Milton, P. R., B. i, l. 330.

XXII. They make transitive verbs intransitive, giving them no regimen; as,

1. "The soldiers should have toss'd me on their pikes, Before I would have granted to that act." —Shakspeare.

2. "This minstrel-god, well-pleased, amid the quire Stood proud to hymn, and tune his youthful lyre." —Pope.

XXIII. They give to the imperative mood the first and the third person; as,

1. "Turn we a moment fancy's rapid flight." —Thomson.

2. "Be man's peculiar work his sole delight." —Beattie.

3. "And what is reason? Be she thus defin'd: Reason is upright stature in the soul." —Young.

XXIV. They employ can, could, and would, as principal verbs transitive; as,

1. "What for ourselves we can, is always ours." —Anon.

2. "Who does the best his circumstance allows, Does well, acts nobly; angels could no more." —Young.

3. "What would this man? Now upward will he soar, And, little less than angel, would be more." —Pope.

XXV. They place the infinitive before the word on which it depends; as,

1. "When first thy sire to send on earth Virtue, his darling child, design'd" —Gray.

2. "As oft as I, to kiss the flood, decline; So oft his lips ascend, to close with mine." —Sandys.

3. "Besides, Minerva, to secure her care, Diffus'd around a veil of thicken'd air." —Pope.

XXVI. They place the auxiliary verb after its principal, by hyperbaton; as,

1. "No longer heed the sunbeam bright That plays on Carron's breast he can" —Langhorne.

2. "Follow I must, I cannot go before." —Beauties of Shakspeare, p. 147.

3. "The man who suffers, loudly may complain; And rage he may, but he shall rage in vain." —Pope.

XXVII. Before verbs, they sometimes arbitrarily employ or omit prefixes: as, bide, or abide; dim, or bedim; gird, or begird; lure, or allure; move, or emove; reave, or bereave; vails, or avails; vanish, or evanish; wail, or bewail; weep, or beweep; wilder, or bewilder:—

1. "All knees to thee shall bow, of them that bide In heav'n, or earth, or under earth in hell." —Milton, P. L., B. iii, l. 321.

2. "Of a horse, ware the heels; of a bull-dog, the jaws; Of a bear, the embrace; of a lion, the paws." —Churchills Cram., p. 215.

XXVIII. Some few verbs they abbreviate: as list, for listen; ope, for open; hark, for hearken; dark, for darken; threat, for threaten; sharp, for sharpen.

XXIX. They employ several verbs that are not used in prose, or are used but rarely; as, appal, astound, brook, cower, doff, ken, wend, ween, trow.

XXX. They sometimes imitate a Greek construction of the infinitive; as,

1. "Who would not sing for Lycidas? he knew Himself to sing, and build the lofty rhyme." —Milton.

2. "For not, to have been dipp'd in Lethe lake, Could save the son of Thetis from to die." —Spenser.

XXXI. They employ the PARTICIPLES more frequently than prose writers, and in a construction somewhat peculiar; often intensive by accumulation: as,

1. "He came, and, standing in the midst, explain'd The peace rejected, but the truce obtain'd." —Pope.

2. "As a poor miserable captive thrall Comes to the place where he before had sat Among the prime in splendor, now depos'd, Ejected, emptied, gaz'd, unpitied, shunn'd, A spectacle of ruin or of scorn." —Milton, P. R., B. i, l. 411.

3. "Though from our birth the faculty divine Is chain'd and tortured—cabin'd, cribb'd, confined." —Byron, Pilg., C. iv, St. 127.

XXXII. In turning participles to adjectives, they sometimes ascribe actions, or active properties, to things to which they do not literally belong; as,

"The green leaf quivering in the gale, The warbling hill, the lowing vale." —MALLET: Union Poems, p. 26.

XXXIII. They employ several ADVERBS that are not used in prose, or are used but seldom; as, oft, haply, inly, blithely, cheerily, deftly, felly, rifely, starkly.

XXXIV. They give to adverbs a peculiar location in respect to other words; as,

1. "Peeping from forth their alleys green." —Collins.

2. "Erect the standard there of ancient Night" —Milton.

3. "The silence often of pure innocence Persuades, when speaking fails." —Shakspeare.

4. "Where Universal Love not smiles around." —Thomson.

5. "Robs me of that which not enriches him." —Shakspeare.

XXXV. They sometimes omit the introductory adverb there: as,

"Was nought around but images of rest." —Thomson.

XXXVI. They briefly compare actions by a kind of compound adverbs, ending in like; as,

"Who bid the stork, Columbus-like, explore Heavens not his own, and worlds unknown before?" —Pope.

XXXVII. They employ the CONJUNCTIONS, or—or, and nor—nor, as correspondents; as,

1. "Or by the lazy Scheldt or wandering Po." —Goldsmith.

2. "Wealth heap'd on wealth, nor truth, nor safety buys." —Johnson.

3. "Who by repentance is not satisfied, Is nor of heaven, nor earth; for these are pleas'd." —Shakspeare.

4. "Toss it, or to the fowls, or to the flames." —Young, N. T., p. 157.

5. "Nor shall the pow'rs of hell, nor wastes of time, Or vanquish, or destroy." —Gibbon's Elegy on Davies.

XXXVIII. They oftener place PREPOSITIONS and their adjuncts, before the words on which they depend, than do prose writers; as,

"Against your fame with fondness hate combines; The rival batters, and the lover mines." —Dr. Johnson.

XXXIX. They sometimes place a long or dissyllabic preposition after its object; as,

1. "When beauty, Eden's bowers within, First stretched the arm to deeds of sin, When passion burn'd and prudence slept, The pitying angels bent and wept." —James Hogg.

2. "The Muses fair, these peaceful shades among, With skillful fingers sweep the trembling strings." —Lloyd.

3. "Where Echo walks steep hills among, List'ning to the shepherd's song." —J. Warton, U. Poems, p. 33.

XL. They have occasionally employed certain prepositions for which, perhaps, it would not be easy to cite prosaic authority; as, adown, aloft, aloof, anear, aneath, askant, aslant, aslope, atween, atwixt, besouth, traverse, thorough, sans. (See Obs. 10th, and others, at p. 441.)

XLI. They oftener employ INTERJECTIONS than do prose writers; as,

"O let me gaze!—Of gazing there's no end. O let me think!—Thought too is wilder'd here." —Young.

XLII. They oftener employ ANTIQUATED WORDS and modes of expression; as,

1. "Withouten that, would come an heavier bale." —Thomson.

2. "He was, to weet, a little roguish page, Save sleep and play, who minded nought at all." —Id.

3. "Not one eftsoons in view was to be found." —Id.

4. "To number up the thousands dwelling here, An useless were, and eke an endless task." —Id.

5. "Of clerks good plenty here you mote espy." —Id.

6. "But these I passen by with nameless numbers moe." —Id.

THE END OF APPENDIX FOURTH



INDEX TO THE GRAMMAR OF ENGLISH GRAMMARS.

[Asterism] In the following Index, the page of the Grammar is directly referred to: Obs. or N. before a numeral, stands for Observation or Observations, or for Note or Notes of the text: R. after a reference, stands for RULE. The small letter n., with an asterisk or other mark affixed to it, relates to a footnote with such mark in the Grammar. Occasionally, t., m., or b., or u., or l., accompanies a reference, to indicate the top, middle, or bottom, or the upper or the lower half, of the page referred to. Few abbreviations are employed beyond those of the ordinary grammatical terms. The Index is not intended to supersede the use of the Table of Contents, which stands after the Preface. It is occupied wholly with the matter of the Grammar proper; hence there are in it no references to the Introduction Historical and Critical, which precedes the didactic portion of the work. In the Table before-mentioned must be sought the general division of English grammar, and matters pertaining to praxis, to examination, and to the writing of exercises.

A.

A, lett., names itself —its plur. —sounds properly its own —numb. of sounds pertaining to, orthoepists differ concerning —diphthongs beginning with, —triphth. do. —its true sound to be carefully preserved at end of words, A, as prep, or prefix —before part, in ing. A and an, in Gr. derivatives. A or an, art., see An, A

Abbreviations, frequent in writt. lang. —rule of punct. for. C, M, D, &c., as numerals, see Letters. Needless abbreviations, to be avoided

Able, ible, class of adjectives in, numerous in Eng.; difficulty with resp. to the prop. form and signif. of; to what able most properly belongs —application of able to nouns, its propriety doubtf. —Able or ible, prop. application of, how far determined from Lat. etymol. —Able and ible, words of the same meaning in, how formed from different roots,

About, with infin., as substitute for Lat. fut. part, in rus —About, with of preced., ("OF ABOUT one hundred feet") —About, derivat. of, from Sax.

Abrupt transitions in the Bible

Absolute, when, and in what case, a noun or a pron. is put —Absol., case, defect of the common rule for —in how many ways the nom. case is put —nom. case put, with part., to what often equivalent; what part. frequently understood after nouns put —case, its existence denied by what authors —words put, punct. of,

Abstract numbers, synt. of the phraseology used in speaking of, ("Twice two IS four," or "Twice two ARE four")

Absurd or incompatible expressions, to be avoided

Absurdities of expression, Crit. N. concerning

Acatalectic, when a line is said to be

Accent and quantity, critical observations on

Accent, difficulty with respect to the import of the word —various definitions of, cited —Accent, confounded by some with emphasis —defined, as commonly understood —chief or primary and secondary —Accent, by what regulated —compared with emphasis —as affected by do. —is distinct from quantity —as understood by DR. JOH. —SHERID. teachings concerning; mostly adopted by MURR. —what lett. of a word receives the mark of —stress on a monosyl. more properly emphasis than —Accents, more than one on a word —DR. ADAM'S view of

Accentuation, modern, of Gr. and Lat. words, by what regulated; SANCTIUS'S rule for, new vers. of

According to, as to, resolved. Accordingly, whether may be said for the questionable according

Accusative before infin., in Lat. and Gr., of what reckoned the subject —whether the construc. can in general be imitated in Eng. —who adopt the Lat. doctrine of —what our nearest approach to the Lat. construc. of

Active, in reference to verbs, in what sense may be used

Active-transitive verb, defined —Act.-trans. verbs gov. obj. case —place of agent and object in respect to —Act.-trans. verb, or part., has some noun or pron. for its object —with two words in appos. ("Proclaim THEE KING,") —with do., neither in appos. nor connected by conjunc., ("I paid HIM the MONEY,") —with redund. me, thee, you —should not be used without an object —should not assume a governm. incompatible with its signif.

Active-intransitive verb, defined —Act.-intrans. verb, with prep. and its object, put in the pass. form —in pass. form with neut. signif. ("I AM COME,") —should not be used transitively

Addison, undeservedly criticised by BLAIR, for his frequent use of that, as a relative

Addition, enumeration, of numbers, by what number of the verb to be expressed

Address, ordinary fashion of, in Eng., the plur. numb. —has introduced the anomal. compound yourself —Address, direct, nom. absol. by —terms of, your Majesty, your Highness, &c., in what construc. used —general usage of, in Fr.; in Span., Portug., or Germ.

ADJECTIVES, Etymol. of —Classes of, named and defined —Modifications of —Comparison of, reg.; by adverbs; irreg. —Adjectives in able and ible, (see Able, Ible.) —Adjectives, number of, in Eng. —how have been otherwise called —how distinguished from nouns —other parts of speech may become —MURR., on nouns assuming the nature of —whether nouns plur. can assume the character of —Adjectives that cannot be compared —that are compared by means of adverbs —(See Comparison, Comparative Deg., and Superlative Deg.) —Adjectives requiring the article the —denoting place or situation, comparison of —become adverbs —use of, for adv., improper —with prep., ellipt., equivalent to adv. —poet., for nouns —do., for adverbs —Adjectives, Synt. of —do., in what consists —to what relate —substituted ellipt. for their abstr. nouns —relate to nouns or pronouns understood —used with def. art., ellipt., as nouns —two or more before a noun, order of —two, joined by hyphens —denoting unity or plurality, how agree with their nouns —connected, position of —differing in numb., connected without repetition of noun ("ONE or more letters,") —much, little, &c., preceded by too, how, &c., taken substantively —Adjectives, punct. of —derivation of, from nouns, from adjectives, &c. —poet. peculiarities in respect to —Adjective, taken abstractly with infin. or part. —following a finite verb, without a noun —do. an infin. or a part. —position of, in Eng. —when may either precede or follow its noun —Whether adj. or adv. is required, how determined —Adjective, one superadded to an other, without conjunc., position of —when the figure of, affects the sense, what to be done —should not be represented by a pronoun —ellipsis of, shown

Adjectives, common, probable numb. of, in Eng. —enumeration of, according to their endings

Adjectives, compound, analogies of their formation, traced —nouns derived from, generally disapproved

Adjectives, numeral, kinds of, named —Cardinal numb. and its corresponding numeral, what denote —Construction and figure of the numerals

Adjectives, participial, what words to be referred to the class of —cannot be construed to govern obj. case

Adjectives, pronominal, list of —which, sometimes used adverbially —which, sometimes used partitively, appar. as nouns —without nouns expressed, how parsed —distribution of, by CHURCH See Other, &c.

Adjectives, proper, peculiarities of, considered —rule for initial capital in

Adjuncts of nominative in the agreement of a verb

Admitting, allowing, &c., appar. independent, to what may relate

ADVERBS, Etymol. of —Adverb, defined —Adverbs, serve to abbreviate expression —other classes of words sometimes take the nature of —appar. take the nat. of other parts of speech —how distinguished from adjectives —Classes of, named and defined —proper classification of, by what indicated —of time, place, and manner, with what connected; of degree, do. —conjunctive (see Conjunctive Adverb:) —Modifications of —number of, in Eng. —Whether adverb or adjective required, how determined —Adverbs, Synt. of —in what do. consists —to what relate —Adverb before a prep. ("CONSIDERABLY beyond,") —Adverbs, whether sometimes qualify nouns —of participles which become nouns, how managed —above, then, &c., as relating directly to a noun, how parsed —Adverbs, of degree, to what adjectives not applicable —direct use of, for pronouns, inelegant —position of —needless use of, for adjectives —hither, &c., for here, &c., with verb of motion —hence, &c., with from prefixed —when, &c., not to follow is in a definition ("Concord is WHEN," &c.,) —ever and never, to be carefully distinguished —in ly, when preferable to other forms —Adverb, appar. made object of a prep. ("At ONCE,") —emphatic, with verb of self-motion suppressed ("I'll HENCE,") —Adverb HOW, misuse of ("He said HOW," &c.,) —NO, not to be used in reference to a verb or a part. —Adverbial form or character, words of, how parsed —Adverbs, punct. of —Adverb, ellips. of, shown —Adverbs, derivation of, —many common Eng., of Anglo-Sax. origin —poet. peculiarities in the use of —peculiar use of those of two syllables in ly, by MILT. and his contemporaries —Adverbial phrase, a needless and improper designation in analysis

Affectation of fine writing, PREC. against

Ago and since, difference between

AGREEMENT, of words, defined —with what synonymous —Agreement, how many of the parts of speech in Eng., incapable of; none necessary between words unrelated —as differing from relation —of words in the same construc., not easy to determine —rules of, as applied to articles, impertinent —Agreements, syntactical, in Eng., specified —Agreement, general principles of —figurative, of pronouns with antecedents

Ah, sometimes departs from usage

Alexandrine verse, description of

Alias, for the equivocal or, use of, in judicial proceedings

All, when may be reckoned a noun

Allegory, defined —Allegory includes most parables of Script., and some fables

Alphabet, Eng., names and plur. numb. of the letters —Hebrew, names and characters of, given, —Greek, do. —Latin, names of the letters of, scarcely known even to the learned; account of its letters —A perfect alphabet in Eng., what it would effect —Letters of the alphabet, when and how used in the sciences

Alphabetic writing, its advantage over the syllabic

Ambiguous, construc., with respect to the class of a word —do., with resp. to the case of a word —expressions, PREC. against

Amen, use and import of

Among and amongst, amid and amidst, different in sense and construc. from between and betwixt —incompatible with the distributive one an other —derivation of, from Sax.

Amphibrach, defined

Amphimac, amphimacer, or Cretic, defined.

An, conjunc., obsolete for if ("Nay, AN thou 'lt mouthe," &c., SHAK.,) —derivation of, from Sax.

An, a, art., one and the same —preferable form before a particular sound —A or an before genus —how commonly limits the sense —belongs to sing. numb. only —with adjective of numb. —its effect upon proper and common nouns —is without agreem. —Whether an is from a or a from an —An, a, origin of —of proportion —with numerals —by what definitives superseded —implies unity; sometimes precedes collective noun conveying the idea of plurality —present usage of, how differs from that of ancient writers —use of, before humble, and its compounds and derivatives —erroneous use of, as relating to a plural —not to be used for the, to denote emphat. a whole kind

Analysis, "to analyze a sentence," what —Analysis of sentences shown in five different methods; which method BROWN calls "the best and most thorough" —Analysis, notices of the different methods of —importance of, in teaching grammar; the truest method of, parsing

Anapest, defined

Anapestic verse, treated —what syll. of, has stress; first foot of, how may be varied —what variation of, produces composite verse —whether a surplus syll. in, may compensate for a deficient one —what number of syllables in the longest measure of —Anapestic verse shown in its four measures —Anapestic, measures, why few —poetry, pieces in general short —(instance of a long piece, L. HUNT'S "Feast of the Poets,")

And, discriminated from or —when preferable to with, or, or nor —whether emphatic of word or phrase following it ("Part pays, AND justly;" &c., POPE,) —derivation of, from Sax.

Anglo-Saxon dialect, and accessions thereto, as forming the modern Eng. lang.

An other, see Other

Antecedent, proper sense of the term —sometimes placed after its pronoun —sometimes doubly restricted —of pron., applied figuratively —sing., with the adj. many, and a plur. pron. —suppressed —Antecedents of different persons, numbers, and genders, disjunctively connected, how represented —joint, agreem. of pron. in ellipt. construct. of

Antibacchy, or hypobacchy, defined

Antiquated words and modes of expression, more frequent in poetry than in prose

Antithesis, defined

Aorist, or indefinite, may be applied to imperf. tense pot. and subjunc.

Aphaeresis, defined

Apocope, defined

Apophasis, or paralipsis, explained

Apostrophe, mark, what denotes; for what sometimes used —at what period introduced into the poss. case Apostrophe, figure, defined

Apposition, Synt. —agreement between words in —Apposition, what, and from whom received this name —different from same cases put after verbs and participles not trans.; false teachings of MURR. et al. hereon —the rule for, to which apposed term applied; whether words in, should be parsed separately —common rule and definition of, wherein faulty —which word of, the explanatory term; when explan. word placed first —in what case of, either word may be taken as the explan. term, —why two possessive words cannot be in —two or more nouns in, where sign of possession put —whether compat. with, to supply relative and verb between the apposed words —Apposition, appar., of noun without poss. sign, with pron. possess. ("YOUR success as an INSTRUCTER,") —noun or pron. emphat. repeated ("Cisterns, broken CISTERNS," &c.,) —appar., of a noun to a sentence —of words differing in numb. ("Go YE every MAN,") —of proper nouns with appellatives ("The river THAMES,") —act. verb followed by two words in —whether requires any other agreem. than that of cases —words in, punct. of —of a common with a prop. name, use of capital lett.

Archaism, what

Aristotle, division of the Greek letters —what neoterics wiser than; how considers the compounding or non-compounding of terms

Arithmetical numbers, relation of the terms in

ARRANGEMENT of words, term defined —Arrang. of words, of what importance in synt.; whether it affects the method of parsing words

ARTICLES, Etymol. of —Article, defined —Article, common noun without; Eng. nouns without, taken indefinitely partitive —words of mere being, used without —Articles, how often inserted —needless, to be omitted —Classes of, named and defined —Modificat. (an short, to a, the only,) —Articles, the frequent use of; freq. misapplication of —to be distinguished from adjectives, and from each other —appar. used for adverbs —Article, Eng., its demonstrative character —do., compared with the Gr. def. art.; no rule for agreement of, appropriate in Eng. —use of, before names of rivers —Articles, Synt. of —to what RELATE —Article, with the poss. and its governing noun, only one, used —one noun admits of one, only; before an adj., relates to a noun understood —why not repeated, as in Fr., before every noun of a series; why the omission of, cannot constitute a proper ellips. —position of, with respect to its noun; ditto, with respect to an adj. and noun —relative position of, and adj., not a matter of indifference —excluded by certain pronom. adjectives; what ones precede it; its position in respect to an adj. of quality, limited by too, so, as, or how —position of, when an adj. is preceded by another adv. than too, so, as, or how —do., when an adj. follows its noun —whether the insertion or the omission of, can greatly affect the import of a sentence —Article, repetition of, with nouns connected —do. with adjectives connected, and, oppos. —added to each of two or more nouns sing., or a plural put ("THE nominative and THE objective CASE," or "THE nominative and objective CASES,") —use of, in special correspondence of phrases —do., in correspondence peculiar —do., in a series of terms —erroneous use of, before the species, for THE; do., when the species is said to be of the genus ("A JAY is a sort of A BIRD,") —not used before names of the virtues, vices, &c., before limited terms, and before nouns of definite signif. —do. before titles or names mentioned merely as such —do. before a part. not taken as a noun —insertion or omission of, with respect to a comparison or an alternation made with two nouns —required in the construc. which converts a part. into a verbal noun —Articles, what the false synt. of, includes —Ellips. of article, shown —Articles, derivation of —frequently omitted by the poets See also Definite Article, and An, A

Articulate or elementary sound, nature of

Articulation, as defined by COMST.; do. by BOLLES —Articulation, how differs from pronunciation —the principles of, what they constitute —a good one, what, in the view of COMST.; do., in what consists, according to SHERID.; do. importance of; do., how delivers words

As, as subject or object of a verb, its CLASS —with a clause or sentence as anteced., do. As, as relative, WEBST. absurd explanation of; CHAND. do.; BULL. denial —to what construc. limited —peculiarities with respect to position —declined —derivation of, from Teuton., DR. JOH. —As follow, as follows, &c., construction of; MURR., himself perplexed by TOOKE and CAMPB., delivers dubious instructions concerning —Opinion of NIX. and CROMB. concerning. As, as a conjunc., uniting words in appos. —between adj. or part. and its noun ("Actions AS such") —with ellips. of latter term of comparison ("For such AS HE") —As and than, character and import of —words connected by, generally put in the same case —As —as; as —so; so (preceded by a negative,) —as; so —as (with an infin. following;) correspondents

Asking and exclaiming, simple and appropriate names for the marks of, desirable

Aspirates, see Semivowels

Asterisk, use of. Asterism, do.

Ate, particular words ending in, peculiarities of

Auxiliary, defined —Auxiliary, form of a verb, when preferable to the simp. —verbs, are mostly defective —do., are needful in the conjug. of English verbs —do., inflection of, shown —Auxiliaries used as expletives —Auxiliary, poet. placed after verb

Averse, aversion, whether to be construed with from or to

Avoiding, verbs of, with part. in stead of infin.

Awkwardness, literary, Crit. N. censuring

Ay, I, assentive adv. —Ay, sometimes improp. written for ah

B.

B, its name and plur. number —its sound —in what situations silent

Bacchy, described

BE, how varied —CONJUGATED, affirmat. —Use of the form be for the pres. indic. —Be, ellips. of the infin. often needlessly supposed by ALLEN et al. —whether it should be inserted after the verb make —Is, contracted, giving its nom. the same form as that of the poss. case ("A WIT'S a feather," &c., POPE)

Become, &c., whether they demand the auxiliary am or have

Besides, prep., in what cases proper to be used after else or other, in lieu of than

Between, cannot refer to more than two things —Between or betwixt, how differs in use from among or amongst —Between, betwixt, derivation of, from Sax.

Bible, the Holy, application of the name —what is shown by Italics in the text of —quotations in, how indicated —abrupt transitions in —its general accuracy of lang. —in the lang. of, ye and you, in what constructions not found

Bid, as commanding, or as promising, its construction with the infin.

Blair, Dr., unjustly censures Addison's frequent use of that, as a relative

Blank verse, as distinguished from rhyme

Blunders, as readily copied, as originated, by makers of school-books —literary, Crit. N. concerning

Bombast, as opposed to purity, PREC. against Books, mentioned by name, rule for capitals

Both, as conjunc., corresponding to and —as adj. —derivation of, acc. to DR. MURR.

Brace, its purpose

Breve, or stenotone, for what used

Brevity of expression, sought in the ordinary business of life

Brokenness, or hitching, as a fault of style, PREC. censuring

But, save, as well as, construc. of two nouns connected by —But, how has acquired the signif. of only —in ambiguous construc. ("There cannot be BUT one," &c., KAMES) —as used for that, contrary to its import —derivation of, from Sax. —But and save, whether they ever govern the obj. case as prepositions —Cannot but, construc. and signif. of —Not but, to what equivalent, and the class of but

C.

C, name and plur. numb. of —sounds of —where silent —with cedilla placed under (c) —written for a number —Ch, sounds of —Arch, sound of, before a vowel, and before a conson. —Ck, final, for double c

Cadence, explained —faulty, precept against, by RIPP. —MURR. direction concerning

Cadmus, carried the Phoenician alphabet into Greece

Caesura, signif. and application of —Caesural or divisional pause; demi-caesuras, or minor rests; (see Pauses)

Can, verb, varied —derivation and signif. of —Can not and cannot, with what distinction used —Cannot, with a verb of avoiding, or with BUT —Can, could, would, as principal verbs, by poet. use

Capital letters, capitals, for what used; how marked for the printer, in manuscript —what things are exhibited wholly in, —Rules for the use of, —use of, in comp. prop, names, —needless, —lavish use of, its effect, —discrepancies with respect to, abound in books.

Cardinal numeral, distinguished from its corresponding ordinal, —should follow the ordinal, in a specification of a part of a series, ("The first TWO,").

Caret, in what used, and for what purpose.

Cases, in grammar, what, —named and defined, —nom. and obj., alike in form, how distinguished, —on what founded, and to what parts of speech belong. —(See Nominative Case, &c.) —Cases, whether infinitives, participles, &c., can take the nature of, —what is the proper number of, to be assigned to Eng. nouns, —what authorities for the true doctrine of three, —discordant doctrine of sundry grammarians concerning the numb, of, —WEBST. and MURR. opposite instructions concerning do. —Cases, whether personal pronouns have two, only, —rules for the construc. of, —whether a noun may be in two, at once, —whether Eng. verbs govern two, —whether in Eng., as in Lat., when a verb governs two, the pass. retains the latter case. —Cases, same, (see Same Cases.) —Cases, what kinds of words take different, after them. —Case of noun or pron. after part. governed by prep., whether undetermined; err. of SANB. and BULL. hereon expos.; GREE. false teaching, do., —doubtful, after participles, in what kind of examples found; canon concerning do.

Case, technical term with printers, ("Letters of the lower case.")

Catachresis, how commonly explained, and what sort of fig.

Catalectic, when a measure is said to be.

Cedilla, from whom borrowed, and how applied.

Change, of numb. in the second pers., ineleg., —of the connective of two nominatives appar. requiring a plur. verb, canon concerning. —Changing the scene, or deserting the principal subj., in a sent., PREC. against.

Chaucer's imperfect measures, DRYDEN'S remarks on.

Cherokee alphabet, some account of.

Cherubim and seraphim, Heb. plurals, sometimes mistaken for singulars.

Chief terms, or principal parts, of a verb, necessary to be first ascertained. —Chief words may be distinguished by capitals.

Circumflex, inflection, (see Inflection,) —mark, use of.

Classes under the parts of speech, what meant by.

Classification of words, explanations to assist beginners in making, —DR. WILSON'S observations on.

Clause, see Member.

Climax, defined.

Cognomination, relation of the article, in instances of, ("Alexander the Great").

Collective noun, defined. —Collective nouns, forms of, sing. and plur.; how understood, —gend. of, how determined, —by what relative represented. —Collec. noun, represented by plur. pron., —in what two ways may be taken, and with what accord of pron.; the plur. construc. of, under what fig. of synt. ranked by the old grammarians, —whether with a sing. definitive, admits a plur. verb or pronoun. —Collec. nouns generally admit of plur. form. —Collect. noun, represented by sing. pron. neut., —uniformity of numb. to be preserved in words constructed with, —agreem. of verb with, —how determined whether it conveys the idea of plurality or not, —strictures on the rules of ADAM, LOWTH, et. al., concerning, —NIX. notion of the construc. of verb and. —Coll. nouns, partitive of plur., construc. of, —as expressing collections of persons, or coll. of things, which most often taken plurally, —when not plur. in form, whether it admits of plur. adj. before it.

Colon, from what takes its name, —for what used, —in what year adopted in England, —its utility maintained against some objectors, —Rules for the use of, —used by some between numb. of chap. and that of verse, in quotations from the Bible.

Comma, from what takes its name, —what denotes, —less common in Germ. than in Eng., —its ancient form, —Rules for the use of, —use of, in a series of words.

Commanding, desiring, expecting, &c., verbs of, to what actions or events, refer.

Commandments, the ten, how expressed as to forms of verb, —by what points divided in books, —example of, versified in iamb. hexameter, by DR. WATTS.

Common gender, unnecessary and improper term in Eng. gram.

Common noun, defined, —when admits of no art., —with def. art. sometimes becomes proper, —by personif. often do. —Common nouns include the classes, collective, abstract, and verbal. —Common nouns, their nature and numerical distribution, as distinguished from proper.

Comparative degree, defined. —Compar. degree, why BROWN presents a new definit. of, in place of his former one, —true nature of —whether always required in a comparison of two objects —with what construc. proper in exclusive comparisons, canon of BROWN —Comparatives, certain, not construed with the conjunc. than —double, how to be considered and treated —Comparative terminations, to what adjectives not to be applied —Compar. degree in Gr. and in Lat., construc. of —poet. connected to the positive

Comparison, defined —Comparison, degrees of, named and defined —what adjectives admit not of —CHURCH. on the different, (and BROWN on CHURCH.) —character of BROWN'S definitions of; do. of those of MURR. et al., exhibited —MURR. definitions of, criticised —relative nature of —Comparison, regular —to what adjectives applicable —when preferable to the comparison by adverbs —Comparison, HARR. on the degrees of; the positive a degree —(in oppos. to HARR. et al.) —Comparison of equality, what; sometimes involves solec., ("Nothing SO uncertain AS,") —Comparison of equality and of ineq., canon on —Comparison, adaptation of the terms of, to the deg. to be expressed —belongs chiefly to comm. adjectives —Comparis., irregular —Comparis., whether to be mentioned in parsing adverbs —inclusive, and exclusive —Comparisons, extra, their impropriety —Crit. N. on, See also Comparative Degree, and Superlative Degree.

Comparison or contrast of things, the resemblance or opposition how rendered more striking

Complex prepositions, how may be formed

Composite orders of verse, what uniformity of construc. they require —Composite verse —description of; why requires rhythm —kinds of, unlimited; which preferable —liable to doubtful scansion

Composition, the frequent practice of, necessary, in order to acquire a good style, Composition of language, two kinds of

Compound or progressive form of verb, how made —exemplified in the verb READ, conjugated, what verbs do not admit of; what it implies —verbs of, having a pass. signif.

Compound word, defined, Compounds, permanent, consolidated; temporary, formed by hyphen —Comp. words, not to be needlessly broken —two or more, not to be split —when to be written with hyphen; when without it —Compounding of words, unsettled usage respecting; manner of, in Lat. and Gr.; arbitrary practice of, in Eng., its effect —does not necessarily preclude their separate use —propriety of, sometimes difficult to decide —Compounds, orthog. of —Compounding the words of a reg. phrase, its impropriety —Compound adjectives, see Adjectives, Compound.

Concord, (see Agreement.) —Concords and governments, examples of false ones from the grammarians —in Lat., diversely enumerated by the Lat. grammarians

Concrete terms for abstract qualities, poet. use of

Confusion of senses, in use of pron., to be avoided

Conjugation of a verb, defined —what some teachers choose to understand by —Conjugating a verb, four ways of, named —Conjugation of an Eng. verb, what the simplest form of —Conjug. of verbs, shown in five Examples —(See also Compound or Progressive, &c.) —Conjugat. negative, how made, interrogative, do. —interrog. and negative, do.

CONJUNCTIONS, Etymol. of —Conjunction, defined —Conjunctions, how differ from other connectives —nature and office of; R. F. MOTT quot. —nature of the connexions made by —how many in common use —how parsed —as "connecting the same moods, &c.," strictures on the doctrine of MURR. et al., concerning —Conjunctions, classes of, named and defined —(See Copulative Conjunction, Disjunc. Conj., and Corresp. Conjunc.) —Conjunctions, List of —appar. used as adverbs —peculiar phrases having the force of —importance of, as copulative or as disjunctive, to be carefully observed —Conjunctions, Synt. of —do., in what consists, (MURR. et al. teaching erron.) —what connect —declinable words connected by, why in the same case —power and position of those that connect sentences or clauses —absurd and contradictory notions concerning the office of, by LENN., BULL., et al. —two or three coming together, how parsed —Conjunction, followed by a phrase, and not a whole member —connecting two terms to one —do. two terms the same in kind or quality —Conjunctions, to be used with due regard to import and idiom —punct. of —ellips. of, shown —derivation of —are mostly of Anglo-Sax. origin —H. TOOKE'S derivations of, given —poet. usage of or —or, and nor —nor

Conjunctive adverbs, what office perform; what classes of words embrace —often relate equally to two verbs in different clauses —list of —whence, whither, &c., sometimes partake of the nature of pronouns Connected terms, two, limited by a third, what both must be —should be the same in kind or quality. Connected adjectives, how should be placed. Connective words, or connectives, kinds of, named —do., how may be distinguished

Consonants, divisions and subdivisions of —properties of, as sharp, flat, labial, &c.

Construing, whether differs from parsing

Continuance of action, see Compound or Progressive

Contractions, in the orthog. and the pronunciation of words —ocular, in printing poetry, not important

Correlatives, combinations of, ("Father's son,") how to be regarded

Corresponding, or corresponsive conjunctions, in what manner used —named and exemplified in their several pairs —nature of the terms standing in the relat. of —the former of two, how parsed —CHURCH. canon on the use of —Or —or, and nor —nor, by poet. usage Crotchets, or brackets, how used —confused and inaccurate teaching of WEBST. et al., concerning

Cum with an ablative, Lat., ("Dux CUM aliquibus," &c.,) the construc. imitated in Eng. —canon on do.

Curves, or marks of parenthesis —have been in use for centuries —the use of, not to be discarded —confused teaching of WEBST. et al., respecting do. —what used to distinguish —clause enclosed by, how to be uttered; pause of do. —Rules for the application of

Customary actions require to be expressed by indic. pres.

D.

D, name and plur. numb. —sounds of —written for a number

Dactyl, defined

Dactylic verse —stress, on what syll. laid; what rhyme it generally forms —is not very common; seldom pure and regular —shown in its eight measures —has been but little noticed by prosodists and grammarians —misconceived and misrepresented Rev. D. BLAIR

Dare, construc. with infin. foll. —Use of the form DARE for the third pers. sing.

Dash, the mark, explanation of —LOWTH et al. make no mention of —Rules for the application of —Dash, needless, how to be treated —between quotation and name of the author —applied to side-title —used to signify omission

Dates, ordinarily abbreviated; how best written —objectives in, without their prepositions

Dative case, faulty relic, in Eng., of old Sax., ("It ascends ME into," &c., SHAK.)

Days of the week, names of, to be reckoned prop. names, and written with capital

Deaf and dumb —The deaf and dumb, to whom the letters represent no sounds, learn to read and write; what inferred herefrom

Defective verb, what verb so called —which tenses of, wanting —Defective verbs, whether they should be reckoned a distinct class —may, can, must, and shall, not to be referred to the class of —will, beware, &c., construc. and import of explained —Defec. verbs, List of

Definite article, defined —Definite art., its demonstrative character —used before names of rivers —do. by way of eminence —no rule of agreem. for, in Eng. —prefixed as an adv., to comparatives and superlatives —repeated before every term in a series of adjectives used ellipt. as nouns —used for a poss. pron., ("Full in THE face") —position with respect to its noun —required before antecedent to a restricted relative. See also The

Definition, defined —A perfect definition, what —Definitions, needful qualities of certain, in gram. —bad, peculiar vice of —Crit. N. on

Definitives, what, in Eng., and how to be classed —example to show what is meant by —Definitive word required before antecedent to restricted relative

Degrees of comparison, see Comparison

Deity, names of, use of capitals in —in all languages, masc.; direct names of, do.. The sing. numb, universally employed in reference to the Supreme Being

Demonstratives, from the class, pronominal adjectives

Derivation, as a topic of gram., what explains —importance of —a knowledge of what languages will throw light on the subject of Eng.

Desiring, verbs of; see Commanding

Desisting, verbs of; with part., in stead of infin.

Despauter, (Despauterius Joannes,) grammarian, when died —his Lat. Gram. —his remark on the origin of using plur. pron. of second pers. for sing. —gives the rule that the verb governs the nominative before it

Diaeresis, or dialysis, mark, place and use of —explained

Diesis, or double dagger, for what purpose used. Dimeter, line, iambic, examples of —trochaic, do. —anapaestic, do. —dactylic, do.

Diphthong, defined —Diphthongs, distinction of —enumeration and specification of the Eng.

Discourse, or narration, its nature and requirements

Disjunctive conjunction, defined —Disjunctives, List of —Disjunctive OR, see Or

Distance, see Time, &c.

Distribution, of words into classes, a matter of some difficulty; explanations concerning, for learners —of verbs in Lat., grammarians have disputed respecting

Distributives, of the class pronominal adjectives —Distributive term sing. in apposit. with a plur.

Division, literary, see Literary Division

Do, verb, how varied: —particular uses of —in what manner may be substituted for an other term

Double comparatives and double superlatives, how may be regarded; canon; (LATH. and CHILD)

Double negatives, see Negation, and Negatives

Doubling of the final consonant before additional syll.; not doubling, before do. —Double letter retained —Doubling, certain letters incline to; others, do not

Doubtful case after a part., in what kind of examples found; the construc. to be avoided

Drink, verb, grammarians greatly at variance respecting the pret. and the perf. part. of

Dual number, found in Gr. and in Arab., what denotes

Duplication, see Doubling

Du Vivier, G., his Grammaire des Grammaires, and his Traite des Participes, a copious treatment of the Fr. participle

E.

E, (as A, O, I, and U,) self-naming: —how spoken and written —its plur. —sounds properly its own —final, mute, and to what belongs; exceptions —effect on preced. vowel, of e mute after a sing. conson., or after st, or th —diphthongs beginning with —triphthongs do.

Each, pronom. adj., always of the third pers. sing.; its agreements. Each other, see Other

Ecphoneme, or note of exclamation —occasional introduction into the classics —diversely called by MURR. et al. —for what used, and of what a sign —Rules for the application of

Ecphonesis, defined

Either and neither, pronom. adjectives, relate to two only —M. HARR. on the illegit. use of —their numb. and pers.; what agreements they require, when they are the leading words in their clauses —derivation of, from the Sax.

Either —or, neither —nor, corresponsives: —transposed, with repeated disjunction or negat.

Elegiac stanza, description of

Elementary sound, or elements of speech, defined. See Sounds

Ellipsis, figure defined —either not defined by grammarians in general, or absurdly defined —frequent in comp. sentences —to be supplied in parsing —supposed, may change the construc. without affecting the sense —the principle of, as explaining several questionable but customary expressions, ("Fair and softly GOES far") —MURR. on "THE ellipsis" —Ellipsis supplied, EXAMPLES of —Needless ellipses, the supposition of, to be avoided —Ellipses, faulty, as opposed to perspicuity, PREC. against. Ellipsis, or suppression, mark of, how figured, and what used to denote

Elliptical construction of nouns, ("A horse, a horse," &c., SHAK.)

Elocution, defined

Else, other, &c., with than, in exclusive comparisons —Else or other, sometimes construed with besides —Else, derivation of

Emphasis, defined: —comparative view of accent and —as connected with quantity, MURR. —as affecting accent —what the guide to a right. —Emphatic words, not to be multiplied

Enallage, defined —signif. of the Gr. word —special application of the term —with what other terms synonymous —the most common forms of, in Eng. —examples of, how differ from solecisms —too much latitude was given to the fig. by Despauter, and by others

Enallixis, see Enallage

Ending of a sentence with an adv., a prep., or any inconsid. word or phrase, PREC. concerning

English Grammar, see Grammar

English language, some account of its origin —its character —its simplicity and facility asserted by LOWTH —its chief defect, according to DR. JOH.

Enumeration of numbers, see Addition

Epicene nouns, see Generic Names Epithets, new compound, poets frequently form

Equivalence, the argument of, has often led into errors

Equivocal, or ambiguous construc. of cases, to be avoided —of rel. pron., by misplacement —of prep. with converted part., how amended —of the word but, ("There cannot be BUT one," &c.) —of words, leaving the classification doubtful, Crit. N. concerning —Equiv., or ambig. expressions, as opposed to propriety, PREC. against

Eroteme, its form in Greek —derivation; fitness of the name —diversely called by MURR. et al. —its use —Rules for do. —its value as a sign of pause —retained by a quoted question

Erotesis, explained

Errors, incorrigible, Crit. N. concerning

ETYMOLOGY —Etymol., of what treats —when and how should be taught —figures of, term defined; the principal do., named and defined —Etymology and meaning of words, HARRIS on the usefulness of disquisitions into

Ever, contrac., e'er; so in comp. rel. pronouns —Ever a one, contrac. by the comm. people into e'er a one —Ever and never, opposite to each other in sense, yet freq. confounded and misapplied; canon on the employment of —Ever so, (prop., everso,) signif. of —Ever so wisely, its propriety determined, against the false phraseology never so wisely —Ever, derivation of, from Sax.

Example, as used in teaching, meaning of —Examples, use of capitals in

Exception, noun, and except, verb, whether more properly followed by from or by to

Exclamation, note of, (see Ecphoneme) —Exclamation, nom. absolute by —the case of nouns used in

Exclusive and inclusive terms of a comparison

Exercise, in grammar, what

Expecting, &c., verbs of, see Commanding

Extended compositions, gradation of the parts in

F.

F, its name and plur. numb. —final in monosyllables, to be doubled —formation of the plur. of nouns in, and in ff —its sound

Fable, how may be defined —What the term denotes in the Scriptures

Fall short of, make bold with, &c., how the adjective in such phrases is to be explained in parsing

False identification, (under synt. of SAME CASES,) Note exposing the error of

Falsities in sentences, Crit. N. directed against

Feel, its construc. with the infin.

Few and many, form and construc. of. Fewer, see Little

FIGURES, treated —Figure, in gram., what —Figures, distinctive names of some; frequent occurrence of those of rhetoric —Figure of words, signif. of the term —Figure of words, Rules for —suggestions additional to do. —unsettled and variable usage in that which relates to —Figure of orthog., what; what the principal figures of do. —Figure of etymol., what —Figures of etymol., the principal, named and defined —Figure of synt., what —Figures of synt., the principal, named and defined —Figure of rhet., what —Figures of rhet., why certain are called tropes —on what mostly founded —the principal, named and defined —affect the agreem. of pronouns with their antecedents —Figures, how many BROWN deems it needful to define and illustrate —Figures, definitions of sundry, in the lang. of authors, corrected, KEY. Figures, Arabic, in what cases pointed by some

Final f, l, or s, in spelling; other finals than, in do. —ck or c, use of —ll, to what confined —e of a primitive, when omitted; when retained —y of a prim. word before a terminat., how managed —ise or ize, which termination to be taken —Finals, what letters may assume the position of; what may not, and why

Finite verbs, agreem. of, with subjects, a principle of Univ. Gram. —Rules concerning —Fin. verb understood, punct. of First words, initial capital to —faulty practice of grammarians with respect to

Foot, poetic, see Poetic Feet

Foreign words or idioms, unnecessary use of, in opposition to purity

For, with all, as equivalent to although —For as much as, &c., having the nature of conjunctions —For that —For, with perf. part., ("FOR lost") —with ever —before TO and infin. —as introducing its object before an infin.. For, conj., because, from Sax.; anc. expressed for that

Forever, or for ever, its class

Former and latter, nature and applic. of Forms of letters, in type or character —Forms OF VERBS, a knowledge of THE TRUE, nothing more important in gram. than Forsooth, signif. and use of

Friends, the Society of; their employment, in familiar discourse, of the sing. pron. of the second pers. —generally neglect to compound their numeral names of the months and days —their misemployment of thee for thou —their manner of speaking, different from the solemn style —examples of their manner of forming the verb with the pron. thou; their simplificat. of the verb

From, derivation of, from Sax. —From forth, from out, construc. of, explained —Off from, examp. of the use of

Full, in permanent compounds, how written; in temporary do., do. —compounds in, (spoonful, handful, &c.,) how pluralized

Future, contingency, how best expressed

Future tense, FIRST, how formed, and what expresses —SECOND, do., do., and how varied

Futurity, often denoted by the infin., ("The world TO COME")

G.

G, its name and plur. —its sounds —when silent —Gh, sounds of, and silence

Gardiner, W., his new analysis of the Eng. alphab., noticed

Genders, term defined —Genders, the diff., named and defined —on what founded, and to what belong —Gender, inconsistent views of, as given by many of the grammarians; WELLS and MURR. criticised —confounded with sex by some writers; others otherwise confuse the matter —Common gender, of the old grammarians, the term objectionable with respect to Eng. —Gender, how in many instances determined —figuratively ascribed, how indicated —denoted by he and she prefixed to nouns —denied by MURR. et al. to pronouns of the first and second persons —of pron., the preference of, when joint antecedents are of different genders

General truths and customary actions, to be expressed by the indic. pres.

Generic names, sense and construc. of

"Genitives, double," discovered by our grammarians, the true explanation of all such

Gentile names, nature and construc. of

German language, form of its type —use of the comma less freq. in, than in Eng.

Gerund, Lat., explanation of —what form of an Eng. participle corresponds to —"Gerund in English," how becomes "a substantive," according to DR. ADAM et al., Gerundives, what

Giving, paying, procuring, &c., verbs of, with ellips. of to or for before the objective of the person

GOVERNMENT, of words, defined —to what parts of speech has respect —the rules of, whether to be applied to the governing or the governed words —do., how many in the best Lat. grammars; usual faults in the distribution of these —Governments in Eng. synt. how many —false, examples of, cited from grammarians

Grecism, literal, in Eng., ("Before Abraham was, I AM") comp.

GRAMMAR, defined —An English Grammar, what professes to be —ENGLISH GRAMMAR, what in itself; what knowledge implies —when worthy to be named a science —Grammar, how to be taught, and its principles how made known —the true principles of, in whose possession —a rule of, what —Grammar, how divided; its parts, of what severally treat —what it requires —rightly learned, what ability it confers —what many vain pretenders to, have shown by their works —on questions of, the practice of authors should have more weight than the dogmatism of grammarians. Grammars of different languages, how far must needs differ; strictures on those of PROF. BULL., A grammar designed for English, the chief end of. Grammatical doctrine, the truth of, in what consists

Granting, supposing, &c., see Admitting

Grave accent, as opposed to acute —as preserving the vocality of e

Greek alphabet, characters of, shown and named

Guillemets, or quotation points, what words they distinguish —how applied to a quotation within a quotation —not used in our common Bibles; the defect in what measure relieved

H.

H, its name and plur. numb. —its sound —in what words silent —in what positions do. —an used formerly before all words beginning with

Hand, or index, use of

Handwriting, script letters in

Harmonical pauses, see Pauses

Have, verb, how varied —derivation of; with perf. part., import of the tense —Had, with better, rather, &c., before the infin.

He and she, sometimes used as nouns —as prefixed to nouns to denote gend. —whether to be connected by a hyphen to the nouns to which prefixed

Hear, with objective, and an infin. without to —with infin. alone, perhaps ellipt, ("I HAVE HEARD TELL") —Heard, verb, why irregular —its pronunc.

Hebrew letters, some account of; names, characters, and significations of —whether they are, or are not, all consonants, long a subject of dispute —The

Hebrew names for the months, were prop. nouns —Hebrew, what pointing adopted in

Hence, thence, whence, with from prefixed. "I'll HENCE," see Adverbs

Heptameter line, iambic, examples of —trochaic, do —dactylic, do.

Here, there, where, force of, when compounded with prepositions —with verb of motion, perh. allowable for hither, thither, whither. Hereof, thereof, whereof, placed after nouns, what to be called. Herein, therein, &c., their class and nature

Heroic verse, see Pentameter

Heterogeneous terms, in general, two such not to be connected by a conjunc.

Hexameter line, iambic, examples of —trochaic, do —dactylic, do.

Hissing sounds, concurrence of, in forming the poss. case, how avoided

Hold, noun, after lay, take, &c., whether preferably construed with of, on, or upon

Hoping, &c., verbs of, see Commanding

How, after nouns of manner, its nature —not to be used before that, or in stead of it —derivation of, from Anglo-Sax.

Hyperbaton, explained —its frequency in poetry; how should be used —is diff. from synchysis

Hyperbole, defined —Hyperboles, by what commonly expressed

Hypermeter, meaning of, in scansion

Hyphen, its uses —present use in compound names —Rules for the insertion of, in compounds —signif. of the name —Hyphen, abuse of —CHURCH, on the use of, in comp. words —in the figure of an adj., with a change of the synt. and sense —necessary with a verbal noun and an adjunct —do. with comp. participles, converted

Hypobacchy, or antibacchy, defined

I.

I, lett., self-naming; its plur. —its usual sounds —diphthongs beginning with; triphth. do., I, pron. with cap. lett., I, as written for a number. I, adv., see Ay

Iambic verse, treated —Iamb. verse, stress where laid in; effect of a short syll. added to a line of —shown in its eight measures —is seldom pure through a long succession of lines —some of its diversifications shown. See also Dimeter, Trimeter, &c.

Iambus, or iamb, defined

Idea of unity, and of plurality, how formed

Identity of words, the principle of, considered —Identity, proper, RULE for, ("Same Cases.") Identification, false, N. concerning

Idioms or peculiarities of expression, when to be approved or valued

If, the Biblical use of, to express an emphat. negation —its derivation from Sax.

Ignorance, literary, Crit. N. concerning

Imagery, or Vision, explained

Imperative mood, defined —Imperat. mood, why so called; in what manner applied —its one tense, and the import of do —its inflection shown in the verb LOVE, conjugated —what nominatives only it takes —use of, in the Gr. lang.; do., in Lat., Ital., Fr., and Span —may have all the persons and numbers —poet.

Imperfect tense, defined —Imperf. tense, the form, how far applicable to the Eng. tense so called —in its simple form is the preterit —in the pot. and subj. moods, an aorist —of the indic. and the subj., how distinguished —of the sub., to express a mere supposition, with indef. time

Imperfect participle, or first part., defined —its form —The first part., has been variously called —why rightly termed imperfect participle —for what forms of the Lat. gram., stands —is applicable to time pres., past, or fut.; is not always active, even when derived from an act. verb —may be turned to a multiplicity of uses —appar. put absolute, (Admitting, —Allowing, &c.) —distinguished, with respect to governm., from a particip. noun —as equivalent to infin. mood; heads of regular equivalence —how compares with the Lat. gerund —its nature and construc.

Impersonal verbs, so called, their peculiarity of use —called monopersonal by some

Impropriety of language, what embraces

In and into, difference between; nature of the relation expressed by each; derivation of, from Sax.

Inclusive and exclusive terms of a comparison

Incorrigible errors, Crit. N. concerning

Indefinite article, see An, A Indefinite pronouns, of the class pronom. adjectives

Independent, see Absolute

Index, or hand, use of

Indicative mood, defined —Indic. mood, why so called; its nature and use —use of its pres. tense —do. of its form of the pluperf. in lieu of the pot. pluperf. —wherein differs characteristically from the subj.; the two moods continually confounded by writers —Indic. mood, format, and inflec. of its tenses shown in the verb LOVE, conjug. —employed to express a conditional circumstance assumed as a fact

Inelegance of language, see Awkwardness.

Infinitive mood, defined Infin. mood, so called in oppos. to the other moods usually distinguished by the prep. to before it its pres., the ROOT, or radical verb; what time it expresses archaic form in en its two tenses shown in the verb LOVE, conjug. Synt. of Infin. mood, by what governed; (see To:) true construc. of, explained by the 18th Rule of the Synt. why simple of solution in Eng.; whether ever governed by a prep, in Fr., Span., or Ital. whimsical account of, given by NIX. how expressed in the Anglo-Sax. of the 11th century why may not, as some grammarians teach, be considered a noun DR. WILS. on the charac. and import of to what other terms may be connected what in its nature, and for what things chiefly may stand taken abstractly, as subject of finite verb Loose infinitives, improp. in precise language Infin. mood, position of misplacement of, to be avoided distinction of voice in, often disregarded, ("You are to BLAME;") hypercrit. teachings of SANB. and BLAIR hereon Infin., after bid, dare, &c., without TO whether used with TO after have, help, and find Infin., BY WHAT governed, often imposs. to say, according to the instructions of MURR. Infinitives connected, governed by one preposition Infinitive, ellipsis of, after to, whether to be approved sometimes doubtful whether transitive or intransitive in pause, or in remote dependence, punct. of poet. placing of Greek construc. of, in poetic use

Inflections, defined —rising and falling, explained; do., as applied to questions —notation of, in writing and printing —the rising more numerous than the falling; predominance of the rising in oral lang.; the falling, for what used, COMST. —what kind of rules for, have been given by writers —the rising and the falling, to be used with prop. discrimination; what should determine the direction of —Inflection, what constitutes the circumflex

Innovation extravagant, into the system of synt. or gram., a particular instance of, noticed

Inscriptions appear best in full capitals

Instead, what reckoned, and how best written

Intending, &c., verbs of, see Commanding.

Intensive nature of comparatives and superlatives, A. MURR.

Interrogative pronouns, defined —what they severally demand —their use and construc. —in what differ from relatives —are always of the third pers. —declined —their place in a sentence —their construc. of cases, to what similar

Interrogative sentences, agreem. of verbs in

INTERJECTIONS, Etymol. of —Interjection, defined —derivation and signif. of the term; LOWTH'S error in describing the interjections —Interjections, numb. of, in common use —List of —Interjections, the frequent use of, an indication of thoughtlessness; expressiveness of some interjections in earnest utterance, &c. —should be discriminatively used —chief characteristics of; referred to the class of adverbs by the Gr. grammarians —significant words uttered as, ("Out! out!") —appar. taken substantively —Synt. of —absolute construc. of —have no construc. with cases, as in Lat. and Gr. —appar., sometimes connected to other words by a prep., or by that —place of —punct. of —ellips. of, shown —derivation of —frequency of, in poet. lang.

Inversion of terms, sometimes of advantage, in respect to strength and vivacity of expression.

Irony, figure explained

Is being, with a perf. part., or the subject of the UNCO-PASSIVE form of verbs, canvassed

Ise or ize, which of these terminations to be taken in forming derivatives under Deriv. of Verbs

Ish, termination, whether it may be accounted a degree of comparison

It. its chief use —declined —to what creatures may be applied —put for the distance, ("How far do you call IT?" &c., PRIESTL.,) —without definite reference to an anteced. —as explet., and referring to something expressed afterwards; faulty omission of, before verb, in such construc. —had formerly no variation of cases —its poss. form ITS, for of it, of recent origin, and not found in the text of the common Bible —wrongly excluded by some from the list of pers. pronouns: —its derivation from Sax., traced

Italic letters, Italics, some account of —for what purpose used —how denoted in preparing manuscripts

J.

J, its name and plur. numb. —why never doubled —why never ends a word in Eng. —impropriety of dividing on the letter, in syllabication —sounds of,

Johnson, Dr. S., his authority in Eng. orthography

Joint nominatives, agreem. of verb with —whether words connected by with can be used as. Joint antecedents, agreem. of pron. with —of different persons, agreem. of verb or pron. with, in ellipt. construc.

Jumbling together of the active voice and the passive, the manner of some —Jumbling, senseless, Crit. N. censuring

K.

K, its name and plur. —in general, not needed in words derived from the learned languages —its sounds —when silent —Two Kays standing together

Kind, sort, with these or those improp. preceding

L.

L, its name and plur. numb. —of the class liquids —final, monosyllables ending in —final double, to what words peculiar —its sound; in what words silent —where doubled —written for a number

Labial letters, how articulated

Language, the primitive sense of the term, what embraced; signif. of do., as now used —in opposition to some grammarians, BROWN confines the term to speech and writing —loose explanations of the word by certain slack thinkers; WEBST. notion of —SHERID. idea of; KIRKH. wild and contradictory teachings concerning —Language, PROPRIETY of, in what consists; IMPROPRIETY of, what embraces —PRECISION of, in what consists; Precepts concerning its opposites —Language, Eng., (see English Language) —Languages, uniform SERIES OF GRAMMARS for teaching the Eng., Lat., and Gr., that of DR. BULL., noticed

Lay, pay, and say, how written in the pret. and the perf. part.

Leading principles in the construc. of sentences, in what embraced in the Grammar

Least parts of language, as written, as spoken, &c., what constituents so called

Legal phraseology, in contrast with that of common life

Less, improper use of, for fewer, ("No LESS than three dictionaries," DR. WEBST.)

Lest, use of, for THAT, without due regard to its import, ("I feared LEST," &c.) —derivation of, from Sax.

Let, verb, its construc, with an infin. following

LETTERS, in the Eng. alphabet, numb. of, and numb. of sounds which they represent —a knowledge of, in what consists —infinite variety in, yet the letters always THE SAME —different sorts of types, or styles of, used in Eng. —names of, in Eng.; do., sing, and plur. —Classes of, named and defined —powers of —the JUST POWERS of, (see Power) —Forms of, and their distinctions, in the Eng. lang. —different sorts of, to be kept distinct —slanting strokes of the Roman, described —Italic, chief use of —capital, employment of —small, do. —Letters, history of —the names of, are words of a peculiar kind —the names and powers of, not always identical —general neglect of learning to write the names of, in Eng. —importance of learning to write do. —erron. teaching with respect to certain names of —Letters of the Heb. alphabet given, with their names, and the significations of do. —of the Gr. alphabet, with their names —of the Lat. alphab., their names nearly lost —of do., as now printed —Letters, the twenty-six, possible combinations and mutations of —of the alphab., read by their names, how taken —do., written for numbers, what their nature; omission of period after such letters —DAY'S account of do. —Letters, the SOUNDS of, treated —Letters, the small, period of their adoption —used for references —Letter, definition of —Letter, the sound of, called its POWER; yet its power not necessarily identified with its sound —A letter, in what consists Like, near, nigh, appar., prepositions; why not placed by BROWN with the prep. Lily, W., grammarian, his arrangement of Lat. syntax

Lines, poetic, technical denominations of

Liquids, what letters so called

Literary division of a work, common order of, downwards, and throughout; but all literary works not thus divided. Literary blunders, Crit. N. concerning —awkwardness, do. —ignorance, do. —silliness, do.

Little, lesser, less, different uses and import of —Little, much, &c., preceded by not, too, or other such adv., how taken —Less, improp. used as an adj. of number; does not signify fewer; not to be used in the sense of do. —Less, least, adv., to be parsed separately, in the comparison of adjectives and adverbs

LOVE, verb active-trans., CONJUGATED affirmatively —BE LOVED, pass., do. —LOVE, conjug. negatively —do., interrogatively —do., interrogatively and negatively

Low and provincial expressions, use of, as opp. to purity, PREC. against

Ly, most common terminal of Eng. adverbs; added to nouns to form adjectives

(I,) u; 1055, b; 1053, L: —when adverbs ending in, are preferable to those of other forms.

M.

M, its name and plur. numb., —of the class liquids, —its sounds, —when silent, —as written for a number.

Macron, or macrotone, mark, its use.

Make, verb, whether to should be suppressed, and be, inserted, after, ("MAKE yourself BE heard," BLAIR,) —its construc. with infin. following.

Man and woman, comp. nouns in, (man-servant, woman-servant, &c.,) how pluralized.

Many a, with noun sing. represented by a plur. pronoun.

Marks, or points, used in literary composition, the principal; occasional. See Punctuation.

May, verb, how varied, —derivation and uses of.

Mean, means, use and construc. of.

Measure, &c., see Time. Measure, poetical, see Verse.

Melody or beauty of a sentence, words necessary to, rarely to be omitted.

Member, or clause, defined. —Memb. and clause, generally used as synonymous, are discriminated by some, —Clause and phrase, confounded by some, —Members, simple, of a sent., punct. of, —complex, do., do., —Members of a sentence, arrangem. of, as affecting STRENGTH.

Metaphor, defined, —what commonly understood to be, —agreem. of pron. with antecedent in cases of.

Methinks, explanation of; the lexicographers on the word.

Metonymy, defined, —Meton., on what founded, —agreem. of pron. with its antecedent, in cases of.

Metres, more found in actual use, than those acknowledged in the ordinary schemes of prosody. Metre, see Verse.

Milton, MURR. proposed amendment of the "unintelligible" language of a certain passage of, criticised, —double solec. in a pass, of, noticed, —his poem, L'Allegro, what its versificat.; what the management of the orders of its verse, —do., Il Penseroso, what its extent and construction.

Miss or Misses, Mr. or Messrs., what the proper applicat. of, when name and title are to be used together, in a plur. sense.

Mistaken, to be, irregularity of the verb; its import as applied to persons, and as applied to things.

Mimesis, explained; droll examples of.

Minus, plus, versus, via, Lat., use of, in Eng., in partic. constructions.

Mixing of synt. with etymol., the manner of INGERS., KIRKH., et al., censured. Mixture of the forms of style, inelegance of.

Modifications, defined, —sense of the term as employed by BROWN.

Moloss, defined.

Monometer, scarcely constitutes a line, yet is sometimes so placed. —Monometer line, iambic, examples of, —trochaic, do., —anapestic, do., —dactylic, an examp. of.

Monopersonal verbs, see Impersonal Verbs.

Monotone, what, and how produced in elocution.

Months and days, names of, appar. proper names, and require capitals, —how best expressed in literary compositions.

Moods of a verb, term defined, —the five, named and defined, —Mood, or MODE, the name. See Infinitive Mood, Indic. Mood, &c.

More and most, in ambiguous construction, ("Some people MORE than them," MURR.,) —how parsed in comparisons of adjectives and adverbs.

Moses, in what characters, is supposed to have written.

Most, for almost, by vulgarism.

Motion, verbs of, with hither, &c., in stead of here.

Much, little, all, &c., as nouns, —preceded by not, too, or other such adv., —This much, in stead of thus much, DR. BLAIR.

Mulkey, W., strictures on his system of orthoepy.

Multiplication, subject of the verb in, see Abstract Numbers.

Multiplicative numerals, as running on in a series; how written above decuple or tenfold.

Multitude, noun of, see Collective Noun.

Mute or silent, epithet applied to what letters. —Mutes, what so reckoned; of these, which imperfect. —Where a letter must be once mute.

My and mine, thy and thine, as duplicate forms of the poss. case, use of.

N.

N, its name and plur. numb., —of the class liquids, —its sounds, —in what position silent.

Name and title, see Proper Names.

Naming the letters of the alphab., importance of.

Narration, see Discourse.

Nasals, what consonants so called.

Near and nigh, see Like.

Need, as an uninflected third pers. sing. of the verb, —has perh. become an auxiliary of the pot. mood, —to what tenses must be understood to belong, if to be recognized as an auxil. of the pot. mood, —that good writers sometimes inflect the verb, and sometimes do not, and that they sometimes use to after it, and sometimes do not, how may be accounted for —three authorized forms of expression, with respect to the verb. Needs, as an adv., its composition

Needless, mixing of characters in printing, bad effect of —capitals; effect of —articles, to be omitted —ellipses, the supposition of, a common error among grammarians —use of participles for nouns, or nouns for participles —words, ineleg. —possessive or art. before a part., how corrected —periods, or other points, after certain numeral expressions —abbreviations, offend against taste —dashes inserted, how to be treated

Negation, expressed in the early Eng. by multiplied negatives; such manner of expression now obsolete and improper —Effect on a negation, of two negatives in the same clause

Negatives, the comm. rule of the grammars, that "two negatives, in Eng., destroy each other, or &c.," whether a correct one

Neither, see Either

Neuter verb, defined —Neuter verbs, the active-trans. verbs are so called in most grammars and dictionaries; the absurdity of this —extent of this class of verbs; their existence in any lang. denied by some grammarians —Neut. verb BE, conjugated —Neuter verbs, made from active-transitives, (am come, is gone, &c.;) these called by some, "neuter passives" —of passive form, (am grown, are flown, &c.,) as errors of conjugat., or of synt. —do., how may be distinguished from pass. verbs —do., DR. PRIESTL. mistaken notions concerning their nature and propriety —Neut. verbs, and their participles, take the same case after as before them —Neuter verb between two nominatives, its agreem.

Nevertheless, its composition and class

No or none, pronom. adj. No, as negative adj., "remarkable ambiguity in the use of," noticed by PRIESTL., ("No laws are better than the English;") how the ambiguity may be avoided —as a simple negation, its construc. —as an adv. of deg., relating only to comparatives, ("NO more," —"NO better") —set before a noun, is an adj., corresponding to Lat. nullus —In the phrases, no longer, no more, no where, DR. JOH. appar. suggests wrongly the class; its true class according to its several relations —No, or an other independent negative, repeated, its effect —No, adv., not to be used with reference to a verb or part. —derivation of, from Anglo-Sax.

Nominative case, defined —Nom. case, how distinguished from the objective in nouns —as subj. of a finite verb —different ways of using —Nominative and verb, usual position of, and when varied —Nom. case and object., at the same time, noun placed in the relation of —Nom. following a verb or part, with what must accord in signif. See also Subject, &c.

Nominative sentences, examples of what MURR. erron. so terms; the prop. construc. shown

Nor, see Or.

Not, its place in negative questions —how spoken in grave discourse, and how ordinarily —vulg. contractions of, with certain verbs —used with other negatives —do. with nor (in stead of or) following, whether correctly, or not —derivation of, from Anglo-Sax. Not but, how resolved. Not only, not merely, to what are correspondents

Notwithstanding, import and construc. of; misunderstood by DR. WEBST. —formation and signif. of

NOUNS, Etymol. of —Noun, defined —Nouns, Classes of, named and defined —Modifications of, named —Persons of, named and defined; (see Persons) —Numbers of, do.; (see Plural Number) —Genders of, do.; (see Genders) —Cases of, do.; (see Cases) —Declension of —Nouns, number of, in Eng. —the sense of, how made indefinitely partitive —examples of words commonly belonging to other classes, used as —collective, abstract, and verbal or participial, included among common nouns; (see Collective Noun, and Particip. Noun) —proper, (see Proper Names) —Nouns, Synt. of —Noun, why may not be put in the relation of two cases at once —taken figuratively sing. for literally plur. —required to be repeated, or inserted, in stead of a pronoun —ellips. of, shown —Nouns of time, measure, distance, &c., (see Time) —Nouns, derivation of, from nouns, adjectives, verbs, or participles —poet. peculiarities of

Numbers, the distinction of, to what belongs, and how applied. (See Plural Number.) Numbers, cardinal, ordinal, &c., (see Cardinal Numbers, &c.) —Numbers, abstract, expressions of multiplication in, ("Twice one IS two," —"Twice two ARE four," &c.,) seven different opinions of grammarians respecting, examined by BROWN; who determines the prop. forms of expression —Numbers, expressed by letters, how to be considered; whether to be marked by the period —combined arithmetical, one adjective relating to an other

Numerals, numeral adjectives, see Adjectives, Numeral. Numerical figures used for references

O.

O, lett., as A, E, I, and U, self-naming —its plural —formation of the plur. of nouns in —sounds properly its own —where sounded as short u —do. as obscure e —diphthongs beginning with —triphth. do. O, interj., with cap. lett. —what emotion indicates —differs from oh —as denoting earnestness, before nouns or pronouns put absol. by direct address; is no positive index of the vocative —O, &c., MURR., erron. doctrine concerning, to what teaching it has given rise —O, &c., with a case following, Lat. construc. of, examined —O, not unfreq. confounded with oh, even by grammarians.

Obelisk, or dagger, as mark of reference.

Objective case, defined —Obj. case, how distinguished from the nom. in nouns —before the infin. mood, how taken in Eng. —as governed by active-trans. verb or part. —"Active verbs govern the obj. case," MURR., defect of this brief assertion; its uselessness as a RULE for "the syntax of verbs." —Obj. case, of how many constructions susceptible —whether infinitives, participles, &c., can be in —two nouns in, after a verb, how parsed, —Whether any verb in Eng. governs two objectives not coupled —Obj. case as governed by passive verbs, erron. allowed by some —what verbs not to be employed without —Obj. case as governed by prep. —"Prepositions gov. the obj. case," why the brief assertion is exceptionable, as the sole RULE, in parsing prep.

Obsolete or antiquated words, use of, as opposed to purity, PREC. against —Things obsolete in Eng., DR. LATHAM'S attempts to revive.

Ocean, figurative representation of, as uttering his voice in tones of varied quantity.

Octometer line, may be reduced to tetrameter —iambic, examples of —trochaic, do —dactylic, example of —Octometer, trochaic, rhyme and termination of; its pauses, and how may be divided; the most common form of.

Of and on or upon, difference between.

Old English, characters of its alphabet, shown —occasional use of do.

Omissions of words that are needful to the sense, Crit. N. against.

Omitting, verbs of, with part. in stead of infin.

One, employment of, as a noun or as a substitute for a noun; how classed by some grammarians —may be preceded by the articles, or by adjectives —like Fr. on or l'on, used indef. for any person; in this sense preferable to a pers. pron. applied indefinitely —CHURCH., citation ridiculing the too frequent use of, for pers. pron. —as pronom. adj., requires verb and pron. in the third pers. sing. to agree with it. One an other, see Other. One, or a unit, whether it is a number.

Only, derivation of; class and meaning of, in its several different relations —strictures on the instructions of grammarians respecting the classification and placing of —ambiguous use of, (as also of but,) —use of, for but, or except that, not approved of by BROWN —Not only, not merely —but, &c., correspondents.

Onomatopoeia described and exemplified (extr. from SWIFT.)

Or, as expressing an alternation of terms, (Lat., sive.) —in Eng., is frequently equivocal; the ambiguity how avoided —Or, perh. contracted from other —Or and nor discriminated —Or, nor, grammarians dispute which of these words should be adopted after an other negative than neither or nor; MURR., following PRIESTL., teaches that either word may be used with equal propriety; BURN'S doctrine; BROWN, after revising CHURCH., attempts to settle the question, —Or ever, ("OR EVER the earth was,") the term explained.

Or or our, terminat., number of Eng. words in; how many of these may be written with our; BROWN'S practice and views in respect to this matter.

Oral spelling, the advantage of, to learners.

Order of things or events, the natural, PREC. directing the observance of, in the use of lang.

Orders of verse, see Verse.

Ordinal numeral, (see Numerals.) —Ordinal adjectives may qualify card. numbers; cannot properly be qualified by do.

Orthoepy, see Pronunciation.

ORTHOGRAPHY —Orthography, of what treats —difficulties attending it in Eng. —DR. JOHNSON'S improvements in —DR. WEBSTER'S do., in a different direction —ignorance of, with respect to any word used, what betokens in the user (See also Spelling.) Orthography, figures of, MIMESIS and ARCHAISM —its substantive or pronominal character; (with one.) how classed by some; may be preceded by the articles —requires than before the latter term of an exclusive comparison; yet sometimes perhaps better takes the prep. besides. Each other one an other, import and just application of, —misapplication of, frequent in books, —DR. WEBST. erron. explanation of other, as "a correlative to each," —One and other, frequently used as terms relative and partitive, appar. demanding a plur. form, —An other, in stead of another. Somehow or other, somewhere or other, how other is to be disposed of.

Ought, principal verb, and not auxiliary, as called by MURR. et al., —originally part of the verb to OWE; now used as defec. verb, —its tense, as limited by the infin. which follows.

Ourself, anomalous form peculiar to the regal style, —peculiar construc. of.

Own, its origin and import; its class and construc., —strangely called a noun by DR. JOH.

P.

P, its name and plur. numb., —its sound, —when silent, —Ph, its sounds.

Pairs, words in, punct. of.

Palatals, what consonants so called.

Parables, in the Scriptures, see Allegory.

Paragoge, explained.

Paragraph mark, for what used.

Paralipsis, or apophasis, explained.

Parallels, as marks of reference.

Parenthesis, signif. and twofold application of the term, —Parenthesis, marks of, (see Curves.) —What clause to be inclosed within the curves as a PARENTHESIS, and what should be its punct., —Parentheses, the introduction of, as affecting unity.

Parsing, defined. —Parsing, its relation to grammar, —what must be considered in, —the distinction between etymological and syntactical, to be maintained, against KIRKH. et al., —character of the forms of etymological adopted by BROWN, —what implied in the right performance of, —whether different from analysis, —what to be supplied in. —Parsing, of a prep., how performed, —of a phrase, implies its separation, —the RULES OF GOVERNM., how to be applied in, —of words, is not varied by mere transposition. —Parsing, etymological and syntactical, in what order to be taken, —the SENSE, why necessary to be observed in; what required of the pupil in syntactical, —syntactical, EXAMPLE of. —Parsing or CORRECTING, which exercise perh. the more useful.

Participial adjectives, see Adjectives, Participial.

Participial or verbal noun, defined, —how distinguished from the participle. —Participial noun and participle, the distinction between, ill preserved by MURR. and his amenders. —Participial noun, distinc. of VOICE in, sometimes disregarded, ("The day of my BURYING,") —with INFIN. following, strictures on MURR., LENN., and BULL., with respect to examples of.

PARTICIPLES, Etymol. of. —Participle, defined. —Participles, whether they ought to be called verbs, —appropriate naming of the kinds of, —often become adjectives, —become adjectives by composition with something not belonging to the verb, —number of, simp. and comp., —imply time, but do not divide it, —retain the essential meaning of their verbs, but differ from them in the formal, —in Eng., from what derived, —H. TOOKE'S view of the time of; with whom BROWN differs. —Participles, Classes of, named and defined, —(See Imperfect Participle and Perfect Part.) —Participles, grammarians differ in their opinion with respect to the time and voice of, —how have been called and treated by some, —explanation of the different, —how distinguished from particip. nouns, —elegantly taken as plur. nouns, ("All his REDEEMED,") —appar. used for adverbs, —some become prepositions. —Participle and ADJUNCTS, as forming "one name," and as such, governing the poss., whence the doctrine; PRIESTL. criticised; MURR. et al. adopt PRIESTL. doctrine, which they badly sustain; teachers of do. disagree among themselves, —governm. of possessives by, how BROWN generally disposes of; how determines with respect to such governm. —Participles, Synt. of, —regular synt. of, twofold; nature of the two constructions; OTHER less regular constructions; which two constructions of all, are legitimate uses of the participle; which constructions are of doubtf. propriety. —Participles, to what RELATE, or in what state GOVERNED. —Participle, as relating to a phrase or sentence, —taken abstractly, —irregularly used in Eng. as substitute for infin. mood, —in irreg. and mixed construc. —Participle, transitive, what case governs, —nom. absol. with, to what equivalent, —each requires its appropriate FORM, —questionable uses of, admitted by MURR. et al.; why BROWN is disposed to condemn these irregularities. —Participle and particip. noun, distinction between, with respect to governm. —Participle in ing, multiplied uses of, lawful and forced, illustrated, —equivalence of do. to infin. mood, instances of, —every mixed construc. of, how regarded by BROWN, —the "double nature" of, CROMB. on; his views, how accord with those of MURR. et al., HILEY'S treatment of; BROWN'S strictures on do. —Participles, place of: —active, governm. of. —Participle, trans., converted to a noun: —converted, when the expression should be changed: —followed by an adj., its conversion into a noun appar. improper: —comp. converted, how managed: —not to be used for infin., or other more appropriate term: —use of, for a nominative after be, is, was, &c., faulty: —following a verb of preventing, how to be managed. —Participles, converted, disposal of their adverbs: —must be construed with a regard to the leading word in sense: —should have a clear reference to their subjects: —needless use of, for nouns, to be avoided: —punct. of: —derivation of: —poet. peculiarities in the use of.