It is, however, advisable to have means whereby several dyeing experiments can be made at one time and under precisely the same conditions, and this cannot be done by using the simple means noted above.

To be able to make perfectly comparative dyeing experiments it is best to use porcelain dye-pots (these may be bought from most dealers in chemical apparatus), and to heat these in a water-bath arrangement.

The simplest arrangement is sketched in figure 33; it consists of a copper bath measuring 15 inches long by 10-1/2 inches broad and (p. 213) 6-1/2 inches deep; this is covered by a lid on which are six apertures to take the porcelain dye-baths. The bath is heated by two round gas-boiling burners of the type already referred to.

The copper bath is filled with water which, on being heated to the boil by the gas burners, heat up the dye-liquors in the dye-pots. The temperature in the dye-pots under such conditions can never reach the boiling point; where it is desirable, as in some cases of wool mordanting and dyeing that it should be so high, then there should be added to the water in the copper bath a quantity of calcium chloride, which forms a solution that has a much higher boiling point than that of water, and so the dye-liquors in the dye-pots may be heated up to the boil.

An objection might be raised that with such an apparatus the temperature in every part of the bath may not be uniform, and so the temperature of the dye-liquors in the pots might vary also, and differences of temperature often have a considerable influence on the shade of the colour which is being dyed. This is a minor objection, which is more academic in its origin than of practical importance. To obviate it Mr. William Marshall, of the Rochdale Technical School, has devised a circular form of dye-bath, in which the temperature in every part can be kept quite uniform.

The dyeing laboratories of Technical Schools and Colleges are generally provided with a more elaborate set of dyeing appliances. These in the latest constructed consist of a copper bath supported on a hollow pair of trunnions, so that it can be turned over if needed. Into the bath are firmly fixed three earthenware or porcelain dye-pots; steam for heating can be sent through the trunnions. After the dyeing tests have been made the apparatus can be turned over and the contents of the dye-pots emptied into a sink which is provided for the purpose.

Many other pieces of apparatus have been devised and made for the (p. 214) purpose of carrying on dyeing experiments on the small scale, but it will not be needful to describe these in detail. After all no more efficient apparatus can be desired than that described above.

Dyeing experiments can be made with either yarns or pieces of cloth, swatches as they are commonly called; a very convenient size is a small skein of yarn or a piece of cloth weighing 5 grammes. These test skeins or pieces ought to be well washed in hot water before use, so that they are clean and free from any size or grease. A little soda or soap will facilitate the cleansing process.

In carrying out a dyeing test the dye-pot should be filled with the water required, using as little as is consistent with the dye-swatch being handled comfortably therein, then there is added the required mordants, chemicals, dyes, etc., according to the character of the work which is being done.

Of such chemicals as soda, caustic soda, sodium sulphate (Glauber's salt), tartar, bichromate of potash, it will be found convenient to prepare stock solutions of known strength, say 50 grammes per litre, and then by means of a pipette any required quantity can be conveniently added. The same might be followed in the case of dyes which are constantly in use, in this case 5 grammes per litre will be found strong enough.

Supposing it is desired to make a test of a sample of Acid Red, using the following proportions, 2 per cent. dye-stuff, 3 per cent. sulphuric acid and 15 per cent. Glauber's salt, and the weight of the swatch which is being used is 5 grammes, the following calculations are to be made to give the quantities of the ingredients required:—

For the dye-stuff, 5 (weight of swatch) multiplied by 2 (per cent. of dye) and divided by 100 equals (5 x 2) / 100 = 0.1 gramme of dye.

For the acid we have similarly (5 x 3) / 100 = 0.15 gramme of (p. 215) acid.

For the Glauber's salt (5 x 15) / 100 = 0.75 gramme of Glauber's salt.

These quantities may be weighed out and added to the dye-bath, or if solutions are kept a calculation can be made as to the number of cubic centimetres which contain the above quantities, and these measured out and added to the dye-bath.

When all is ready the bath is heated up, the swatch put in and the work of the test entered upon.

Students are recommended to make experiments on such points as:—

The shades obtained by using various proportions of dye-stuffs.

The influence of various assistants: common salt, soda, Glauber's salt, borax, phosphate of soda in the bath.

The influence of varying proportions of mordants on the shade of dyeing.

The value of various assistants, tartar, oxalic acid, lactic acid, sulphuric acid, on the fixation of mordants.

The relative value of tannin matters, etc.

Each dyer should make himself a pattern book into which he should enter his tests, with full particulars as to how they have been produced at the side.

It is important that a dyer should be able to make comparative dye-tests to ascertain the relative strength of any two or more samples of dyes which may be sent to him.

This is not difficult but requires considerable care in carrying out the various operations involved.

0.5 gramme of each of the samples of dyes should be weighed out and dissolved in 100 c.c. of water, care being taken that every (p. 216) portion of the dye is dissolved before any of the solution is used in making up the dye-vats. Care should be taken that the skeins of yarn or swatches of cloth are exactly equal in weight, that the same volume of water is placed in each of the dye-pots, that the same amounts of sulphate of soda or other dye assistants are added, that the quantities of dye-stuffs and solutions used are equal, in fact that in all respects the conditions of dyeing are exactly the same, such in fact being the vital conditions in making comparative dye-tests of the actual dyeing strength of several samples of dyes.

After the swatches have been dyed they are rinsed and then dried, when the depths of shade dyed on them may be compared one with another. To prevent any mistakes it is well to mark the swatches with one, two, three or more cuts as may be required.

It is easier to ascertain if two dyes are different in strength of colour than to ascertain the relative difference between them. There are two plans available for this purpose; one is a dyeing test, the other is a colorimetric test made with the solutions of the dyes.

Dyeing Test.—This method of ascertaining the relative value of two dyes as regards strength of colour is carried out as follows. A preliminary test will show which sample is stronger than the other; then there is prepared a series of dye-vats, one contains a swatch with the deepest of the two dyes, which is taken as the standard, the others with the other dye but containing 2, 5 and 10 per cent. more dye-stuff, and all these are dyed together, and after drying a comparison can be made between these and the standard swatch, and a judgment formed as to the relative strength of the two dyes; a little experience will soon enable the dyer to form a correct judgment of the difference in strength between two samples of dye-stuff.

The colorimetric test is based on the principle that the colour (p. 217) of a solution of dye-stuff is proportionate to its strength. Two white glass tubes, equal in diameter, are taken; solutions of the dye-stuffs, 0.5 gramme in 100 c.c. of water, are prepared, care being taken that the solution is complete. 5 c.c. of one of these solutions is taken and placed in one of the glass tubes, and 5 c.c. of the other solution is placed in the other glass tube, 25 c.c. of water is now added to each tube and then the colour of the diluted liquids is compared by looking through in a good light. That sample which gives the deepest solution is the strongest in colouring power. By diluting the strongest solution with water until it is of the same depth of colour as the weakest, it may be assumed that the length of the columns of liquid in the two tubes is in proportion to the relative strength of the two samples. Thus if in one tube there are 30 centimetres of liquid and in the other 25 centimetres, then the relative strength is as 30 to 25, and if the first is taken as the standard at 100 a proportion sum may be worked out as follows:—

30: 25 :: 100 : 83.3;

that is, the weakest sample has only 83.3 per cent. of the strength of the strongest sample.



CHAPTER IX. (p. 218)

TESTING OF THE COLOUR OF DYED FABRICS.

It is frequently desirable that dyers should be able to ascertain with some degree of accuracy what dyes have been used to dye any particular sample of dyed cloth that has been offered to them to match. In these days of the thousand-and-one different dyes that are known it is by no means an easy thing to do, and when, as is most often the case, two or three dye-stuffs have been used in the production of a shade, the difficulty is materially increased.

The only available method is to try the effect of various acid and alkaline reagents on the sample, noting whether any change of colour occurs, and judging accordingly. It would be a good thing for dyers to accustom themselves to test the dyeings they do and so accumulate a fund of practical experience which will stand them in good stead whenever they have occasion to examine a dyed pattern of unknown origin.

The limits of this book do not permit of there being given a series of elaborate tables showing the action of various chemical reagents on fabrics dyed with various colours, and such indeed serve very little purpose, for it is most difficult to describe the minor differences which often serve to distinguish one colour from another. Instead of doing so we will point out in some detail the methods of carrying out the various tests, and advise all dyers to carry these out for themselves on samples dyed with known colours, and when they have an unknown colour to test to make tests comparatively with known (p. 219) colours that they think are likely to have been used in the production of the dyed fabric they are testing.

One very common method is to spot the fabric, that is to put a drop of the reagent on it, usually with the aid of the stopper of the reagent bottle, and to observe the colour changes, if any, which ensue.

This is a very useful test and should not be omitted; and it is often employed in the testing of indigo dyed goods with nitric acid, those of logwood with hydrochloric acid, alizarine with caustic soda, and many others. It is simple and easy to carry out, and only takes a few minutes.

To make a complete series of tests of dyed fabrics there should be provided the following reagents:—

1. Strong sulphuric acid as bought.

2. Dilute sulphuric acid, being the strong acid diluted with 20 times its volume of water.

3. Concentrated hydrochloric acid as bought.

4. Dilute hydrochloric acid, 1 acid to 20 water.

5. Concentrated nitric acid as bought.

6. Dilute nitric acid, 1 acid to 20 water.

7. Acetic acid.

8. Caustic soda solution, 5 grammes in 100 c.c. water.

9. Ammonia (strong).

10. Dilute ammonia, 1 strong ammonia to 10 water.

11. Carbonate of soda solution, 5 grammes in 100 c.c. water.

12. Bleaching powder solution, 2 deg. Tw.

13. Bisulphite of soda, 72 deg. Tw.

14. Stannous chloride, 10 grammes crystals in 100 c.c. water, with a little hydrochloric acid.

15. Methylated spirit.

Small swatches of the dyed goods are put in clean porcelain basins, and some of these solutions poured over them. Any change of colour (p. 220) of the fabric is noted as well as whether any colour is imparted to the solutions. After making observations of the effects in the cold, the liquids may be warmed, and the results again noted. After being treated with the acids the swatches should be well washed with water, when the original colour may be wholly or partially restored.

To give tables showing the effects of these reagents on the numerous dyes now known would take up too much room and not serve a very useful purpose, as such tables if too much relied on leave the operator somewhat uncertain as to what he has before him. The reader will find in Hurst's Dictionary of Coal-Tar Colours some useful notes as to the action of acids and alkalies on the various colours that may be of service to him.

Alizarine and the series of dye-stuffs to which it has given its name, fustic, cochineal, logwood and other dyes of a similar class, require the fabric to be mordanted, and the presence of such mordant is occasionally an indirect proof of the presence of these dyes.

To detect these mordants a piece of the swatch should be burnt in a porcelain or platinum crucible over a bunsen burner, care being taken that all carbonaceous matter be burnt off. A white ash will indicate the presence of alumina mordants, red ash that of iron mordants, and a greenish ash chrome mordants.

To confirm these the following chemical tests may be applied. Boil the ash left in the crucible with a little strong hydrochloric acid and dilute with water. Pass a current of sulphuretted hydrogen gas through the solution, if there be any tin present a brown precipitate of tin sulphide will be obtained. This can be filtered off. The filtrate is boiled for a short time with nitric acid, and ammonia is added to the solution when alumina is thrown down as a white, gelatinous precipitate, iron is thrown down as a brown red, bulky precipitate, while (p. 221) chrome is thrown down as a greyish-looking, gelatinous precipitate. The precipitate obtained with the ammonia is filtered off and a drop of ammonium sulphide added, when any zinc present will be thrown down as white precipitate of zinc sulphide; to the filtrate from this ammonium oxalate may be added, when if lime is present a white precipitate of calcium oxalate is obtained.

A test for iron is to dissolve some of the ash in a little hydrochloric acid and add a few drops of potassium ferrocyanide solution, when if any iron be present a blue precipitate will be obtained.

To make more certain of the presence of chrome, heat a little of the ash of the cloth with caustic soda and chlorate of soda in a porcelain crucible until well fused, then dissolve in water, acidify with acetic acid and add lead acetate, a yellow precipitate indicates the presence of chrome.

A book on qualitative chemical analysis should be referred to for further details and tests for metallic mordants.

The fastness of colours to light, air, rubbing, washing, soaping, acids and alkalies is a feature of some considerable importance, there are indeed few colours that will resist all these influences, and such are fully entitled to be called fast. The degree of fastness varies very considerably, some colours will resist acids and alkalies well, but are not fast to light and air; some will resist washing and soaping, but are not fast to acids; some may be fast to light, but are not so to washing. The following notes will show how to test these features.

Fastness to Light and Air.—This is simply tested by hanging a piece of the dyed cloth in the air, keeping a piece in a drawer to refer to, so that the influence on the original colour can be noted from time to time. If the piece is left out in the open one gets not only the effect of light but also that of climate on the colour, and there (p. 222) is no doubt rain, hail and snow have some influence on the fading of the colour. If the piece is exposed under glass the climatic influences do not come into play, and one gets the effect of light alone.

In making tests of fastness the dyer will and does pay due regard to the character of the influences that the material will be subjected to in actual use, and these vary very considerably; thus the colour of underclothing need not be fast to light, for it is rarely subjected to that agent of destruction; on the other hand, it must be fast to washing, for that is an operation to which underclothing is subjected week by week.

Window curtains are much exposed to light and air, and, therefore, the colours in which they are dyed should be fast to light and air. On the other hand, these curtains are rarely washed, and so the colour need not be quite fast to washing. And so with other kinds of fabrics; there are scarcely two kinds which are subjected to the same influences and require the colours to have the same degree of fastness.

The fastness to rubbing is generally tested by rubbing the dyed cloth with a piece of white paper.

Fastness to Washing.—This is generally tested by boiling a swatch of the cloth in a solution of soap containing 4 grammes of a good neutral curd soap per litre for ten minutes, and noting the effect whether the soap solution becomes coloured and to what degree, or whether it remains colourless, and also whether the colour of the swatch has changed at all.

One very important point in connection with the soaping tests is whether a colour will run into a white fabric that may be soaped along with it. This is tested by twisting strands of the dyed yarn or cloth with white yarn or cloth and boiling them in the soap liquor for ten minutes and then noting the effect, particularly observing (p. 223) whether the white pieces have taken up any colour.

Fastness to acids and fastness to alkalies is observed while carrying out the various acid and alkali tests given above.

THE END.



INDEX. (p. 225)

A.

Acetate of ammonia, 93, 94, 101, 102, 127, 128, 129, 132, 167, 192, 194. ———- of chrome, 115. ———- of lime, 158, 159.

Acetic acid, 127.

Acid black, 37, 89. —— ——- B, 92, 99. —— ——- B B, 99, 111, 112. —— ——- S, 90, 99. —— blue 4 S, 98, 127. —— —— 1 V, 153. —— dyes for blue, 152. —— —— for brown, 161. —— —— for green, 128. —— —— for mode colours, 165. —— —— for violet, 160. —— dye-stuffs, 61. —— green, 53, 91, 92, 127, 184, 189, 190, 192, 193. —— ——- B, 128, 191. —— ——- blue shade, 136. —— ——- B N, 136. —— ——- extra, 155. —— ——- G G, 192. —— magenta, 73, 105, 111, 113, 183, 190. —— mauve, 96. —— ——- B, 161. —— red, test for, 214. —— violet, 105. —— ——— 4 B, 193. —— ——— 5 B, 154, 160, 189, 191. —— ——— 5 B E, 162. —— ——— 6 B, 130, 171, 181. —— ——— 10 B, 191. —— ——— N, 92, 99, 161, 162. —— ——— 6 R N, 161. —— ——— 4 R S, 160. —— ——— V, 162. —— ——— 1 V, 153. —— yellow, 53, 99, 123, 183, 190.

Acids, action on wool, 11.

Acridine red, 102. ———— scarlet, 102.

Adjective group of dye-stuffs, 68.

Alizarine, 61, 69, 72, 73, 86, 114, 220. ————- black, 99. ————- ——- S W, 94, 113. ————- blue, 116, 119, 166. ————- —— A, 158. ————- —— D N W, 131, 132, 133, 158, 164, 166. ————- —— S W, 108. ————- Bordeaux, 133. ————- ———— B, 98, 155. ————- ———— G, 155, 159. ————- brown, 131, 132, 133, 158, 164, 166. ————- claret R, 118. ————- colours, 77. ————- cyanine, 111, 119, 156. ————- ———- black, 93, 94, 159, 160. ————- ———- G, 159. ————- ———- G G, 98, 157. ————- ———- G extra, 157. ————- ———- R, 99, 157. ————- ———- R R, 157. ————- ———- R R R, 93, 157. ————- ———- 3 R double, 157, 160. ————- G, 122. ————- green, 127. ————- ——- S, 132. ————- ——- S W, 132. ————- grey B, 166. ————- orange, 119, 123. ————- ——— 2 G, 120. ————- ——— H, 164. ————- ——— N, 118, 122, 166. ————- ——— W, 119. ————- ——— R, 163. ————- ——— R R, 122. ————- red 1 W S, 118, 119, 120, 122. ————- —- 2 W S, 118. ————- —- 3 W S, 119, 164. ————- —- 5 W S, 118, 120. ————- S X, 120. ————- yellow, 70, 71, 115, 116, 123, 131, 133, 156, 164, 166. ————- ——— G G, 115, 122. ————- ——— G G W, 94, 125, 126, 131, 132, 164. ————- ——— R W, 122.

Alkali blue, 152, 189. ——— —— B, 152. ——— —— 6 B, 180. ——— yellow R, 169.

Alkalies, action on wool, 9.

Alkaline blue 6 B, 178. ———— —— 171, 177.

Alpaca, 1, 83.

Alum, 74, 77, 85, 86, 97, 115, 117, 129, 131.

Alumina, 114. ———- sulphate, 115, 117.

Aluminium salts, 8.

Amaranth, 92, 108, 111, 192.

Amido-benzoic acid, 114.

Ammonia, 17, 27, 33, 78. ———- action on wool, 60.

Angora goat, 1.

Annotta, 13, 63.

Anthracene acid black S T, 193. ————— —— browns, 115. ————— blue W B, 159. ————— —— W G, 132, 158, 159. ————— brown, 94, 119, 132. ————— ——- R, 163. ————— ——- W, 159, 164. ————— chrome black, 96, 99. ————— ——— ——- F, 95. ————— ——— ——- F F, 92, 96. ————— red, 122, 134. ————— yellow, 69, 70, 115. ————— ——— B N, 96, 126, 135. ————— ——— C, 90, 98, 109, 122, 124, 125, 126, 132, 163, 167. ————— ——— G G, 126.

Anthracite black B, 90, 96, 132, 163. ————— ——- R, 90, 98.

Anthragallol, 114.

Archil, 75, 189. ——— substitute N, 99, 107, 110, 131, 155, 162, 165.

Argol, 86, 97, 115, 116, 117, 151. ——- lactic acid, 116.

Artificial wool, 174.

Auramine, 53, 64, 103, 189. ———— base, 64. ———— I I, 195.

Auroline, 169.

Azo acid brown, 130. —- —— magenta G, 162. —- —— rubine, 111. —- —— violet 4 R, 109, 111, 161. —- —— yellow, 171. —- black, 89. —- blue, 171. —- Bordeaux, 109, 191. —- carmine, 124, 161, 166. —- ———- B, 130. —- cochineal, 105, 112, 191. —- crimson L, 196. —- dye-stuffs, 61, 66. —- flavine, 189. —- ———- S, 210. —- fuchsine, 109, 115. —- ———— G, 108, 130, 160, 162, 191, 194, 195, 196. —- green, 70, 127. —- mauve, 171. —- red A, 108, 111, 171, 176, 177, 179, 190, 194. —- rubine, 92. —- scarlet, 53. —- yellow, 93, 124, 128, 129, 130, 155, 162, 165.

B.

Basic dyes for violet, 160. ——- dye-stuffs, 61.

Batching of wool, 15, 25.

Benzo azurine 3 G, 170. ——- ———- R G, 170. ——- blue black G, 170. ——- brown, 61. ——- dyes, 168. ——- fast red, 100, 102, 110. ——- —— scarlet, 62. ——- —— ———- B S, 102. ——- flavine, 64. ——- green, 127. ——- orange R, 121.

Benzol, 16, 24.

Benzoline, 25.

Benzopurpurine, 61, 100. ——————— B, 170. ——————— 4 B, 111, 170, 180, 181. ——————— 10 B, 170, 180.

Bichromate of potash, 16, 115, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 166, 167, 193. ————— of potassium, 175.

Bisulphate of soda, 33, 131, 141, 146, 167, 184, 192, 193, 194.

Bismarck brown, 189, 190. ———— ——- R, 196.

Black, 93, 95, 176, 177, 180, 191, 193, 195. ——- and blue, 185, 186. ——- and green blue, 185. ——- and pink, 186. ——- and yellow, 186. ——- blue, 152, 157. ——- —— O, 155. ——- on wool, 83, 91.

Bleaching wool, 29.

Blue, 153, 158. —— and gold yellow, 185. —— and orange, 187. —— black, 96, 153, 159, 179, 182, 192. —— ——- on wool, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94. —— green, 127, 128, 129, 130. —— shades on wool, 136.

Bluestone, 74, 86, 87, 88, 135.

Bluish Bordeaux red, 110. ——— crimson, 108. ——— green, 134. ——— red, 106, 120. ——— pink, 111, 112. ——— purple, 109. ——— violet, 160. ——— rose, 193.

Borax, 215.

Bordeaux, 102. ———— B L, 110. ———— red, 109, 110, 113.

Bottle green, 127, 130, 132, 134.

Bran, 138, 144, 145.

Brazil wood, 114.

Bright blue, 152, 153, 155, 156, 158, 180. ——— Bordeaux red, 109, 110. ——— buff, 164, 165. ——— canary, 124. ——— cherry red, 109, 110. ——— chestnut, 164. ——— crimson, 108. ——— fawn, 165. ——— —— red, 118. ——— electric blue. 156. ——— golden brown, 163. ——— grass green, 130, 133. ——— green, 127, 128, 134. ——— greenish blue, 154. ——— leaf green, 129. ——— lemon yellow, 125. ——— maroon, 119. ——— moss green, 129. ——— orange, 121, 122. ——— pale sage green, 131. ——— peacock green, 130. ——— red, 111, 193. ——— scarlet, 102, 112. ——— straw, 124. ——— violet, 161. ——— —— blue, 156. ——— yellow, 123, 124, 175, 176, 178.

Brilliant alizarine blue G, 133, 157, 158, 161. ————- azurine 5 G, 170. ————- cochineal 2 R, 112, 123, 193. ————- ————- 4 R, 123, 185. ————- Congo G, 102. ————- ——- R, 170. ————- croceine B, 106, 123. ————- ———— 3 B, 123. ————- ———— 5 B, 123. ————- ———— 7 B, 123. ————- ———— 9 B, 123. ————- ———— B B, 106. ————- ———— M, 106. ————- ———— M O O, 123. ————- ———— N, 189. ————- green, 53, 64, 127, 190, 193, 194. ————- milling green B, 171. ————- orange, 92. ————- orseille C, 107, 112. ————- pale bluish crimson, 108. ————- ponceau G, 106. ————- ———- 2 R, 106. ————- ———- 4 R, 112. ————- purpurine R, 170. ————- rhoduline R B, 195. ————- royal blue, 154. ————- scarlet, 119, 171. ————- ———- G, 171. ————- ———- 4 R, 105.

Bronze green, 131, 180.

Brown, 161, 163, 164, 181, 192, 195. ——- and violet, 186. ——- and pink, 194. ——- and blue, 185. ——- black, 94. ——- olive and green, 193.

Brown shades on wool, 161.

Buff, 164.

C.

Calcium salts, 8.

Camel-hair, 83.

Camwood, 76, 86.

Carbohydrate, 7.

Carbonate of soda, 27, 78, 169.

Carbon disulphide, 16, 24.

Carbonising of wool, 11.

Carded wool, dyeing of, 44.

Carmoisin, 189. ————- B, 191.

Cashmere, 83, 173. ———— goat, 1.

Caustic soda, 141. ———- lye, 147.

Celestine blue B, 155.

Chemical vats, 138.

Chemic extract, 150.

Cherry red, 109, 110.

Chestnut, 163. ———— brown, 184.

Chicago blue B, 170. ———- —— 4 B, 170. ———- —— 6 B, 170, 180. ———- —— G, 170. ———- —— R W, 181. ———- —— R R W, 170.

Chloramine orange, 121. ————— yellow, 169.

Chlorination of wool, 37.

Chlorine, action on wool, 12.

Cholesterine, 7, 23.

Chrome, 114. ——— acetate, 129. ——— alum, 115. ——— blue, 158. ——— Bordeaux 6 B, 161. ——— brown R, 164. ——— fluoride, 77. ——— logwood black, 84, 85. ——— ———- jet black, 85. ——— mordant, 151. ——— patent black D G, 92. ——— violet, 115, 119.

Chromine G, 169.

Chromogene I, 120.

Chromotrop, 115. ————— 2 B, 125. ————— 6 B, 108, 154. ————— 10 B, 94, 109. ————— R, 106. ————— 2 R, 99, 107, 129, 130, 155, 162, 165. ————— S, 93, 94.

Chrysamine, 61, 128, 170. ————— G, 165.

Chrysoidine, 184.

Chrysophenine, 61, 102, 128, 170. ——————- G, 180.

Claret, 110, 111, 118, 120. ——— red, 110.

Clayton yellow, 170.

Cloth-drying machine, 209. —————— red, 73. —————— washing machine, 29, 30, 202, 203.

Coal tar, 137. —— —- colours, 114. —— —- dyes, 63. —— —- —— for dyeing blue, 152.

Coatings, 173.

Cochineal, 97, 114, 190, 220. ————- scarlet, 77.

Coerulein, 114, 133. ————- B, 132. ————- S W, 132. ————- blue, 192.

Colour lakes, 113. ——— strength, test for, 216. ——— testing, 218.

Columbia black B, 170. ———— ——- F B, 170, 181. ———— red 8 B, 170. ———— yellow, 169.

Congo blue, 62. ——- brown G, 170, 180. ——- ——- R, 161, 171. ——- Corinth G, 171, 180, 187. ——- ———- B, 169, 171. ——- dyes, 168. ——- orange G, 170. ——- ——— R, 165, 170. ——- R, 170. ——- red, 62.

Copperas, 74, 86, 87, 88, 97, 133, 134, 135. ———— vats, 138.

Copper-cased dye beck, 56.

Coral red, 112.

Cornflower blue, 181.

Corron's hank-dyeing machine, 49.

Cotton yellow, 170.

Cream of tartar, 116.

Crimson, 103, 108, 113, 180, 183, 191, 194.

Croceine A Z, 123, 171, 189, 191, 192. ———— orange, 121, 122, 189. ———— ——— E N, 123. ———— scarlet, 108. ———— ———- 3 B, 191. ———— ———- 3 R, 167.

Cross dyeing, 183.

Crushed strawberry, 105. ———- ————— red, 107, 118.

Crystal scarlet 6 R, 123.

Cudbear, 97.

Curcumine extra, 171, 181, 187. ————- S, 180, 186.

Cutch, 76, 97. ——- brown, 76.

Cyanine B, 107, 111, 124, 129, 130, 155, 165. ———- scarlet R, 111.

Cyanole, 107, 111, 131, 165. ———- extra, 99, 108, 112, 113, 131, 155, 184, 185, 186. ———- green B, 134. ———- ——- 6 G, 134.

Cyprus green B, 136. ——— ——- R, 136.

D.

Dark beige green, 130. —— blue, 152, 154, 157, 159, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 195. —— Bordeaux red, 120. —— bottle green, 131, 132. —— brown and blue, 185. —— ——- 163, 164, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182. —— buff, 165. —— chestnut, 162. —— cherry red, 112. —— crimson, 102, 195. —— green, 127, 128, 131, 177, 180, 183. —— ——- and pale crimson, 194. —— grey, 98, 166, 167, 178, 181, 192. —— invisible blue, 156. —— maroon, 193. —— navy, 157, 159. —— —— blue, 155. —— olive brown, 162. —— orange, 121. —— peacock blue, 156. —— red, 120. —— sage, 179. —— —— green, 130. —— sea green, 171. —— seal, 162, 163. —— slate, 159, 166, 177. —— stone, 177. —— violet, 161. —— ——— brown, 164. —— walnut, 164, 179.

Dead black on wool, 90.

Deep blue, 154, 155. —— Bordeaux red, 109. —— brown, 162. —— crimson, 108, 112, 113, 118. —— electric green, 131. —— fawn, 107. —— —— red, 107, 119. —— golden yellow, 125. —— indigo blue, 192. —— leaf green, 130. —— —— yellow, 125. —— lemon, 125. —— maroon, 111, 119, 191. —— navy, 153. —— —— blue, 153. —— olive yellow, 125. —— orange, 122, 176. —— red, 103. —— sage green, 131, 132. —— scarlet, 106, 112, 119. —— seal, 162. —— sky blue, 155. —— violet, 160. —— ——— brown, 192. —— yellow, 124, 126.

Delahunty's dyeing machine, 43, 44.

Deltapurpurine 5 B, 130.

Diamine black, 99, 155. ———- ——- B H, 170, 177, 178. ———- ——- B O, 170. ———- ——- H W, 169, 177, 178. ———- ——- R O, 170. ———- blue, 62. ———- —— 2 B, 170. ———- —— 3 B, 170. ———- —— B G, 170. ———- —— B X, 170. ———- —— G, 169. ———- —— R W, 169, 170. ———- —— 3 R, 170. ———- —— black E, 170. ———- Bordeaux, 102. ———- ———— B, 169, 170, 177, 179. ———- ———— S, 170. ———- brilliant blue G, 170, 176, 178, 179. ———- bronze G, 171, 177. ———- brown, 62, 179. ———- ——- B, 169. ———- ——- G, 170. ———- ——- 3 G, 169. ———- ——- G W, 169. ———- ——- N, 169, 177. ———- ——- S, 170. ———- ——- V, 170, 177. ———- catechine B, 170, 179. ———- ————- G, 169, 170. ———- cutch, 176. ———- dark blue B, 169, 170, 180. ———- dyes, 168. ———- fast yellow A, 170, 175, 186. ———- —— ——— B, 169, 176, 177, 179. ———- —— red F, 98, 100, 102, 109, 112, 124, 132, 163, 167, 169. ———- gold, 121, 170, 175. ———- green, 127. ———- ——- B, 169. ———- ——- G, 169, 170. ———- new blue R, 170. ———- nitrazol brown B, 170. ———- ———— G, 170. ———- orange B, 169, 177, 178, 179. ———- ——— D, 170. ———- ——— D C, 121. ———- ——— G, 170, 175, 178, 184, 185. ———- ——— G C, 121. ———- ——— O, 170. ———- red, 62, 169. ———- —- B, 170. ———- —- 5 B, 178. ———- —- N O, 170. ———- rose B D, 102, 169, 178, 186. ———- scarlet B, 112, 121, 122, 170, 178. ———- ———- 3 B, 170. ———- sky blue, 170, 185. ———- —- —— F F, 170, 185, 186. ———- steel blue L, 170, 177, 185. ———- violet N, 170, 178, 186.

Diamond black, 93, 99. ———- ——- F, 92. ———- ——- on wool, 93. ———- brown, 164. ———- flavine, 133, 163. ———- ———- G, 98. ———- green, 93. ———- yellow B, 133.

Dihydroxynaphthalene, 88. ————- sulpho acid, 116.

Dinitroso-resorcine, 127.

Direct black, 88. ——— dyes, 197. ——— —— for blue, 152. ——— —— for brown, 161. ——— —— for green, 127. ——— —— for mode colours, 165. ——— —— for orange, 121. ——— —— for violet, 160. ——— orange R, 170. ——— red dyes, 100. ——— yellow G, 170.

Divi-divi, 197.

Drab, 165, 166, 167, 178, 179, 181, 182, 194.

Dress goods, 173.

Drying of goods, 205.

Dyeing machinery, 40, 43. ——— test, 216. ——— tubs, 41.

Dye-jiggers, 51, 52. —————- tests, 211. —————- vat with steam pipe, 42.

E.

Electric blue, 155.

Emerald green, 128, 129, 130, 135.

Emin red, 107, 110.

Eosine, 190. ——— red, 104.

Erie blue, 2 G, 170.

Erika B N, 170, 187.

Erythesine D, 112.

Erythrosine, 104, 190.

Experimental dye-bath, 212. —————— dyeing, 211.

F.

Fast acid violet 10 B, 111, 130, 162, 165, 189. —— —— ——— R, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 120, 130, 166. —— —— blue R, 99, 107, 129, 155, 165. —— —— green B N, 96, 134, 185. —— —— magenta B, 105, 108, 109, 153. —— black, 96. —— blue, 37. —— bright olive, 135. —— chrome black, 92. —— green, 127, 133. —— green bluish, 111, 130, 154, 160, 162, 165, 189, 192, 194, 195. —— ——- extra bluish, 162. —— light green, 195. —— red, 102, 111. —— scarlet, 105. —— yellow, 109, 124, 161, 162, 165, 166, 194. —— ——— F Y, 90, 91, 105, 123, 130. —— ——— S, 111, 113, 135, 186, 193. —— ——— extra, 194, 195.

Fastness to acid, test for, 223. ———— to alkalies, test for, 223. ———— to light and air, test for, 221. ———— to washing, test for, 222.

Fawn, 118. —— drab, 179. —— red, 107, 113.

Ferrous sulphate, 115, 117.

Fermentation vats, 138.

Flavazol, 70.

Fluoride of chrome, 91, 98, 102, 110, 115, 117, 129, 132, 133, 167.

Formyl blue B, 171. ——— violet, 53. ——— ——— 6 B, 171. ——— ——— 10 B, 171. ——— ——— S 4 B, 155, 161, 171, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180, 185, 189, 190, 191.

Fulling fast olive, 135.

Fustic, 66, 69, 70, 77, 83, 85, 86, 87, 97, 120, 220. ——— extract, 88, 123, 131, 133, 134, 135.

G.

Galleine, 166.

Gallipoli oil, 26.

Galloflavine, 70, 119, 133.

Gambine, 61, 114, 119, 127. ———- B, 164. ———- R, 133, 164, 167. ———- V, 96, 125, 133, 164. ———- yellow, 93, 115, 125.

Geranine B, 160. ———— G, 102.

Glacier blue, 155.

Glauber's salt, 81, 89, 91, 99, 127, 128, 129, 130, 135, 150, 151, 169, 171, 172, 184, 215.

Gloria, dyeing of, 188.

Gold and green, 184. —— brown, 176, 179, 185. —— orange, 122, 123, 176. —— yellow, 126.

Golden brown, 162, 163. ——— yellow, 125, 126.

Good yellow, 175.

Grass green, 128.

Green, 127, 131, 178, 192, 193, 195. ——- and buff, 186. ——- and claret, 185. ——- and red, 186. ——- and orange, 187.

Greenish, 98. ———— black on wool, 91. ———— straw, 124.

Grey, 98, 165, 182. —— and orange, 186. —— blue, 158. —— on wool, 96.

Guinea green B, 171, 181, 187. ——— violet 4 B, 171, 181.

H.

Haematoxylin of logwood, 84.

Hand dyeing, 40. —— scouring of wool, 18.

Hank-washing machine, 201. —— wringing machines, 198.

Hare fur, 83.

Hessian violet, 102, 171.

Holliday's patent indigo vat, 143.

Hydrochloric acid, 88.

Hydrochloride of rosaniline, 9.

Hypochlorites, action on wool, 12.

Hydro-extractor, 206, 207.

Hydrosulphite of soda, 147. ——————- vats, 138, 141.

Hydroxy-azo dyes, 114.

I.

Imperial green G 1, 195.

Indian yellow, 90, 91, 189, 191, 192. ——— ——— G, 131, 171, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 185, 195. ——— ——— R, 126, 165, 171, 175, 176, 195.

Indigo, 83, 85, 136, 141. ——— black, 86. ——— blue, 151. ——— carmine, 66, 150. ——— carmine D, 161, 166. ——— dyeing, 137. ——— dye-stuffs, 61. ——— dye-vat, 149. ——— extract, 73, 75, 97, 105, 131, 133, 134, 135, 151, 190, 194. ——— ———- for dyeing wool, 150. ——— indophenol vat, 146.

Indigotine, 194. ————— extra, 193, 195, 196.

Indophenol, 146.

Induline, 37. ———— A, 153.

Invisible bronze green, 133. ————- green, 130, 132, 136.

Iron logwood black, 86, 87.

Italian cloths, 176.

J.

Janus black I, 182. ——- ——- I I, 182. ——- blue R, 182. ——- brown B, 182. ——- ——- R, 182, 183. ——- claret red B, 183. ——- dark blue B, 182. ——- dyes, 181. ——- green B, 182, 183. ——- grey B, 182, 183. ——- —— B B, 182. ——- red B, 182, 183. ——- yellow G, 182. ——- ——— R, 182, 183.

Jet black, 93, 94, 95, 96. —- ——- on wool, 90, 91, 93.

Jig wince, 53.

K.

"Kempy" fibres, 3.

Keratine, 8.

Keton blue G, 111, 162.

Klauder-Weldon hank-dyeing machine, 47, 48.

L.

Lactic acid, 115, 116, 117, 151, 215.

Lanafuchsine 6 B, 113. —————— S B, 111, 113. —————— S G, 111, 112, 113.

Lanacyl blue B B, 171. ———- —— R, 171. ———- violet B, 171, 180.

Lavender, 160, 196. ———— blue, 158. ———— grey, 166.

Leaf yellow, 125.

Lemon yellow, 125.

Level dyeing, 77.

Light drab, 196. ——- green, 133, 195. ——- grey, 97, 193. ——- sea green, 195. ——- straw, 126.

Lignorosine, 115, 117, 151.

Lilac, 166. ——- blue, 158. ——- grey, 165.

Lime, 117, 140. —— vats, 138.

Liquor ammonia, 147.

Llama, 1.

Logwood, 66, 69, 70, 83, 85, 86, 87, 97, 136, 151, 220. ———- black, 87, 88. ———- ——- on wool, 86. ———- extract, 88, 133, 135, 136.

Loose wool, dyeing of, 43. ——- —— washing of, 200.

M.

Machine-scouring of wool, 20.

Madder, 77, 144.

Magenta, 53, 61, 64, 102, 103, 190.

Maize yellow, 124.

Malachite green, 127.

Mandarine G, 121, 171, 180, 181, 187.

Maroon, 111, 118, 178. ——— red, 111.

Marseilles soap, 78.

Mauve, 161.

McNaught's wool-washing machine, 20.

Metallic salts, action on wool, 12.

Methylene blue, 133, 134.

Methylrosaniline, 64.

Methyl violet, 53, 64, 190. ——— ——— 3 B, 160. ——— ——— B O, 192. ——— ——— R, 160.

Medulla, 4.

Medium blue, 157, 158. ——— green, 133.

Merino wool, 5.

Mikado orange 4 R O, 180, 181, 187.

Milling red B, 111. ———- —- R, 106, 110. ———- yellow, 192. ———- ——— O, 99, 125, 193.

Mimosa, 169.

Mode colours on wool, 164.

Mordant dyes for brown, 163. ———- —— for orange, 122. ———- dye-stuffs, 61, 68. ———- dyes for violet, 161.

Mordanting, 115. ————— of wool, 12.

Mordant yellow, 119, 122, 132. ———- ——— D, 126. ———- ——— O, 164.

Moss green, 129, 130.

Mother vat, 147.

Mouse, 162.

Muriate of tin, 97.

Myrobalan, 197.

N.

Naphthol black, 37, 89, 99, 186. ———— ——- B, 90. ———— ——- B B, 196. ———— ——- 3 B, 90, 91, 185, 192. ———— ——- 4 R, 111. ———— blue G, 171, 185. ———— —— R, 171. ———— —— black, 155, 171, 175, 177, 178, 179, 180, 185. ———— green B, 37, 90, 127, 128, 189, 192, 193, 194. ———— red C, 113, 185, 192. ———— —- O, 193. ———— yellow, 131, 136, 190. ———— ——— S, 113, 130, 178.

Naphthyl blue black N, 92.

Naphthylamine black, 89, 92, 189. ——————- ——- 4 B, 91, 171, 192. ——————- ——- 6 B, 171, 180. ——————- ——- D, 91, 99, 171, 191. ——————- ——- S, 96.

Navy, 158. —— blue, 153, 136, 177, 179, 180.

Neutral dye-stuffs, 61. ———- extract, 150. ———- red, 162.

New methylene blue, 190. —- ————- —— N, 185, 194. —- Victoria black blue, 190. —- ———— blue B, 154. —- ———— —— black, 192.

Nigrosine, 37.

Nitrate of iron, 98.

Nitrazine yellow, 124.

Nut, 164. —- brown, 181, 182.

Nyanza black, 95. ——— ——- B, 99, 128, 161, 165.

O.

Obermaier dyeing machine, 44, 45, 46.

Old gold, 122, 126.

Oleic acid, 7, 26.

Oleine, 26.

Olive, 128, 134, 135. ——- brown, 162, 164. ——- bronze, 135. ——- green, 128, 135. ——- oil, 26. ——- yellow, 124, 125.

Orange, 121, 122, 178, 180, 191, 192, 195. ——— No. 2, 162. ——— blue, 187, 194. ——— green, 194. ——— violet, 186. ——— croceine G, 189. ——— E N Z, 123, 135, 171, 176, 178, 179, 180, 185. ——— extra, 99, 107, 108, 111, 113, 122, 162, 163, 171, 178. ——— G, 99, 107, 110, 113, 162, 165, 166, 190. ——— G G, 112, 113, 122, 162, 184, 185, 190, 191, 193. ——— I I, 153, 162. ——— O, 111. ——— R, 122, 189. ——— shades on wool, 121. ——— T A, 170, 181.

Oxalate of ammonia, 95.

Oxalic acid, 85, 87, 88, 93, 115, 116, 133, 151, 215.

Oxydiamine black A, 169. ————— ——- B, 169. ————— ——- B M, 180. ————— ——- D, 169. ————— ——- M, 169. ————— ——- S O O O, 170. ————— Orange G, 170, 178. ————— ——— R, 170. ————— red S, 170. ————— violet B, 170. ————— yellow G G, 170.

Oxyphenine, 169.

P.

Pale blue, 152, 155, 193, 195. —— bluish crimson, 108. —— chestnut, 164. —— crimson, 108. —— drab, 165, 166. —— fawn, 166. —— —— drab, 165. —— —— brown, 166. —— gold yellow, 175. —— green, 192. —— lilac rose, 107. —— maroon, 191. —— navy blue, 156. —— old gold brown, 164. —— olive yellow, 126. —— orange, 121, 122. —— pea-green, 131. —— Russian green, 128. —— sage, 195. —— —— green, 130, 133, 180. —— sea green, 129, 132. —— slate green, 133. —— ——- grey, 98. —— stone, 166. —— violet, 160.

Pararosaniline, 64.

Paris blue, 158.

Patent blue, 92, 99. ——— —— A, 131, 158. ——— —— B, 95, 110, 154. ——— —— J, 154, 162. ——— —— J B, 166. ——— —— J O O, 166. ——— —— N, 128, 154. ——— —— V, 111, 129, 130, 154, 155, 162, 168. ——— —— superior, 154.

Peach wood, 86.

Peacock blue, 155, 157, 158. ———- green, 131, 132, 177, 179.

Pearl ash, 17. ——- grey, 97, 98.

Perchloride of tin, 97.

Peri wool blue, 155.

Peroxide of hydrogen for bleaching wool, 29, 34. ———— of soda for bleaching wool, 36.

Persian berries, 69, 71.

Petrie's wool-washing machine, 20.

Petroleum spirit, 16, 24.

Phenoflavine, 124, 130.

Phenolic colours, 114.

Phenyl rosaniline, 64.

Phloxine, 104, 190, 191.

Phosphate of soda, 218.

Picric acid, 190.

Piece-dyeing machines, 50. ——- goods, drying of, 210. ——- —— washing of, 202. ——- —— wringing of, 199.

Pink, 102, 111, 112, 178, 195.

Plum, 178.

Plush fabric dyeing machine, 55.

Ponceau, 105. ———- 3 G, 121. ———- R, 65. ———- 3 R B, 171, 180.

Potash, 17. ——— indigo vat, 144. ——— salts, 7.

Potassium salts, 8.

Primuline, 169.

Puce, 160.

Pure blue O T, 193.

Purple, 109. ——— red, 113.

Purpuramine, 62.

Q.

Quick lime, 141.

Quinoline yellow, 189, 194.

R.

Rabbit fur, 83.

Raw merino wool, analysis of, 7.

Read Holliday's hawking machine, 57. —— ———— indigo extract, 151. —— ———— squeezing machine, 199. —— ———— yarn dyeing machine, 46, 47.

Red, 106, 107, 120. —- navy, 158. —- —— blue, 157. —- plum, 177. —- shades on wool, 100.

Reddish black, 94. ———- grey, 97. ———- orange, 121. ———- puce, 160.

Rhodamine, 165, 189, 190. ————- B, 113, 191, 193, 197. ————- G, 195. ————- red, 102.

Rhoduline red, 102, 103.

Rocceleine, 171, 190.

Roller-squeezing machine, 198.

Rose, 118.

Rosaniline, 64.

Rose bengale, 104, 112, 189, 190. —— red, 113.

Royal blue, 154.

S.

Saddening of wool, 74.

Saffranine, 61, 64, 102, 103, 184, 189, 190. ————— prima, 103, 194.

Saffron, 13, 63.

Saffrosine, 104.

Sage, 177. —— brown, 181. —— green, 128.

Salicylic acid, 114.

Salmon, 113. ——— red, 113.

Salt, 215.

Sanders, 120, 121.

Saxony blue, 154.

Scarlet, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 112, 118, 178, 180, 191. ———- F R, 106. ———- O O, 106. ———- R, 183. ———- 3 R, 191. ———- 2 R J, 105. ———- R S, 105. ———- S, 190.

Schutzenberger and Lalande's vat, 141.

Schweizer's reagent, 9.

Scouring of wool, 15, 17. ———— of woollen piece goods, 28.

Sea green, 131, 136.

Serge, 173.

Silicate of soda, 17.

Silk blue, 189. —— —— B E S, 192.

Silver grey, 98, 165, 177.

Sheep, 1.

Short-stapled wools, scouring of, 18.

Shot effects, 183.

Sky blue, 151, 154, 178, 194.

Slaked lime, 145.

Slate, 165, 181. ——- blue, 158, 179. ——- green, 131, 132, 181. ——- grey, 97, 98.

Sliver, dyeing of, 44.

Slubbing, dyeing of, 44.

Smithson's dyeing machine, 88.

Soap, 27. —— action on wool, 10, 66.

Soaping and washing machine, 205. ———- of goods, 204.

Soda, 17, 215. —— ash, 17. —— crystals, 145. —— indigo vat, 145.

Sodium hydrosulphite, 143.

Solid blue, 190. ——- —— R, 192. ——- —— P G, 192. ——- green crystals, 194.

Soluble blue, 189.

Sour extract, 150.

Southdown wool, 5.

Spencer's hank-wringing machine, 198.

Squeezing of goods, 197.

Stale urine, 17, 18.

Stearic acid, 7.

Stone, 166, 181.

Straw, 124.

Stuffing of wool, 74.

Suint, 15.

Suitings, 173.

Sulphon azurine B, 170. ———- ———- D, 180. ———- cyanine, 128, 152, 160.

Sulphur, 8. ———- bleach house, 31. ———- dioxide, 33. ———- bleaching, 29, 30.

Sulphuric acid, 99, 115, 116, 215.

Sumac, 86, 120, 121, 135, 197. ——- extract, 182, 183.

Sweet extract, 150.

T.

Tannic acid, 98.

Tannin materials, 197, 215.

Tartar, 85, 86, 88, 93, 115, 116, 117, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 151, 166, 167, 215. ——— emetic, 182, 183.

Tartaric acid, 85, 115.

Tartrazine, 190.

Terra-cotta, 195. ——- ——- red, 105, 120.

Tin chloride, 115. —- crystals, 77. —- salt, 133.

Thiazol yellow, 169.

Thiocarmine R, 98, 171, 177, 179, 189, 190.

Thioflavine S, 121, 169, 175, 178, 185, 186. —————- T, 64, 190, 193, 194.

Titan blue, 170, 171. ——- —— 3 B, 127. ——- brown O, 110, 170. ——- ——- R, 98, 170. ——- ——- T, 170. ——- marine B, 171. ——- pink, 170. ——- red, 61, 98, 107. ——- scarlet, 100. ——- ———- C B, 101, 102. ——- ———- D, 110. ——- ———- S, 169. ——- yellow, 61, 99, 170. ——- ——— G, 127. ——- ——— R, 125. ——- ——— Y, 125, 127.

Treacle, 138.

Tropaeoline, 122, 131. ————— O, 190. ————— O O, 171, 178.

Turmeric, 13, 63, 120, 189.

Turquoise blue B B, 195. ————- —— G, 196. ————- green, 134.

U.

Union black B, 169. ——- ——- S, 169, 176, 178, 179, 180. ——- blue B B, 169. ——- fabrics, dyeing of, 168. ——- flannels, 173.

Urine indigo vat, 145.

V.

Velvet, embossing of, 14.

Victoria black, 89, 189. ———— black B, 91, 191. ———— —— blue, 155. ———— blue, 189. ———— —— B, 155. ———— —— black, 91. ———— scarlet R, 107, 110, 111. ———— rubine O, 107, 111. ———— violet 8 B S, 130, 155. ———— yellow, 111, 124, 130, 162.

Violet, 160, 192, 193. ——— and pink, 193, 194. ——— black on wool, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95. ——— blue, 155. ——— grey, 166. ——— shades on wool, 160.

W.

Walnut, 162. ——— brown, 176, 182.

Washing of goods, 200.

Water blue, 37.

White indigo, 138.

Wince dye beck, 53, 54.

Woad, 138. —— indigo vats, 139. —— vat, 145.

Woaded black, 86.

Wool, 1. —— action of acid on, 11. —— alkalies, action of on, 9. —— batching, 15. —— black, 89. —— ——- 6 B, 171, 180, 181, 186. —— bleaching, 29. —— ————- peroxide of hydrogen, 34. —— ————- ———— of soda, 36. —— ————- with sulphur, 30. —— chemical composition of, 6. —— chlorination of, 37. —— blue B X, 153. —— —— dyeing with logwood, 161. —— fibre under microscope, 2. —— ——- unscoured, 10. —— ——- chemical composition of, 7. —— ——- scoured badly, 10. —— ——- showing medullary centre, 4. —— ——- heated with acid, 11. —— grey R, 166.

Woollen piece goods, scouring of, 28. ———- yarn, 2.

Wool oil, 26. —— physical properties of, 2. —— ———— structure, variations in, 5.

Wool scouring, 15, 17. —— ———— by solvents, 23.

Wool-washing machine, 20, 21.

Worsted yarn, 2.

Wringing of goods, 197.

Y.

Yarn-drying machine, 208.

Yarn, washing of, in hanks, 202.

Yarn wringing, 198.

Yellow, 125, 195. ——— brown, 161. ——— N, 125, 133, 134. ——— olive, 135. ——— shades on wool, 123.

Yolk, 7.

Yorkshire grease, 26.

Z.

Zambesi black B, 170, 181. ———- ——- D, 170, 180, 181. ———- ——- F, 171. ———- blue R A, 180, 181. ———- brown G, 171, 181. ———- ——- 2 G, 171. ———- dyes, 168.

Zinc dust, 141.

The Aberdeen University Press Limited.



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Index To Subjects.

Page Agricultural Chemistry........... 10 Air, Industrial Use of........... 12 Alum and its Sulphates............ 9 Ammonia........................... 9 Aniline Colours................... 3 Animal Fats....................... 6 Anti-corrosive Paints............. 4 Architecture, Terms in........... 30 Architectural Pottery............ 15 Artificial Perfumes............... 7 Balsams.......................... 10 Bibliography..................... 32 Bleaching........................ 23 Bone Products..................... 8 Bookbinding...................... 31 Brick-making................. 15, 16 Burnishing Brass................. 28 Carpet Yarn Printing............. 21 Ceramic Books................ 14, 15 Charcoal.......................... 8 Chemical Essays................... 9 Chemistry of Pottery............. 16 Chemistry of Dye-stuffs.......... 23 Clay Analysis.................... 16 Coal-dust Firing................. 26 Colour Matching.................. 22 Colliery Recovery Work........... 25 Colour-mixing for Dyers.......... 22 Colour Theory.................... 22 Combing Machines................. 24 Compounding Oils.................. 6 Condensing Apparatus............. 26 Cosmetics......................... 8 Cotton Dyeing.................... 23 Cotton Spinning.................. 24 Damask Weaving................... 20 Dampness in Buildings............ 30 Decorators' Books................ 28 Decorative Textiles.............. 20 Dental Metallurgy................ 25 Dictionary of Paint Materials..... 2 Drying Oils....................... 5 Drying with Air.................. 12 Dyeing Marble.................... 31 Dyeing Woollen Fabrics........... 23 Dyers' Materials................. 22 Dye-stuffs....................... 23 Enamelling Metal................. 18 Enamels.......................... 18 Engraving........................ 31 Essential Oils.................... 7 Evaporating Apparatus............ 26 External Plumbing................ 27 Fats........................... 5, 6 Faults in Woollen Goods.......... 21 Gas Firing....................... 26 Glass-making Recipes............. 16 Glass Painting................... 17 Glue Making and Testing........... 8 Greases........................... 5 Hat Manufacturing................ 20 History of Staffs Potteries...... 16 Hops............................. 28 Hot-water Supply................. 28 How to make a Woollen Mill Pay... 21 India-rubber..................... 13 Industrial Alcohol............... 10 Inks.......................... 3, 11 Iron-corrosion.................... 4 Iron, Science of................. 26 Japanning........................ 28 Lace-Making...................... 20 Lacquering....................... 28 Lake Pigments..................... 2 Lead and its Compounds........... 11 Leather Industry................. 13 Leather-working Materials........ 14 Lithography...................... 31 Lubricants..................... 5, 6 Manures....................... 8, 10 Mineral Pigments.................. 3 Mine Ventilation................. 25 Mine Haulage..................... 25 Oil and Colour Recipes............ 3 Oil Boiling....................... 5 Oil Merchants' Manual............. 7 Oils.............................. 5 Ozone, Industrial Use of......... 12 Paint Manufacture................. 2 Paint Materials................... 3 Paint-material Testing............ 4 Paper-pulp Dyeing................ 17 Petroleum......................... 6 Pigments, Chemistry of............ 2 Plumbers' Work................... 27 Porcelain Painting............... 17 Pottery Clays.................... 16 Pottery Manufacture.............. 14 Power-loom Weaving............... 19 Preserved Foods.................. 30 Printers' Ready Reckoner......... 31 Printing Inks..................... 3 Recipes for Oilmen, etc........... 3 Resins........................... 10 Risks of Occupations............. 11 Riveting China, etc.............. 16 Sanitary Plumbing................ 27 Sealing Waxes.................... 11 Silk Dyeing...................... 22 Silk Throwing.................... 18 Smoke Prevention................. 26 Soaps............................. 7 Spinning......................... 21 Staining Marble, and Bone........ 31 Steam Drying..................... 12 Sugar Refining................... 32 Steel Hardening.................. 26 Sweetmeats....................... 30 Terra-cotta...................... 15 Testing Paint Materials........... 4 Testing Yarns.................... 20 Textile Fabrics.................. 20 Textile Materials............ 19, 20 Timber........................... 29 Varnishes......................... 5 Vegetable Fats.................... 7 Waste Utilisation................ 10 Water, Industrial Use............ 12 Waterproofing Fabrics............ 21 Weaving Calculations............. 21 Wood Waste Utilisation........... 29 Wood Dyeing...................... 31 Wool Dyeing.................. 22, 23 Writing Inks..................... 11 X-Ray Work....................... 13 Yarn Testing..................... 20

Published By Scott, Greenwood & Son, 8 Broadway, Ludgate Hill, London, E.c. Telegraphic Address, "Printeries, London".



PAINTS, COLOURS AND PRINTING INKS. (p. c02)

THE CHEMISTRY OF PIGMENTS. By Ernest J. PARRY, B.Sc. (Lond.), F.I.C., F.C.S., and J. H. COSTE, F.I.C., F.C.S. Demy 8vo. Five Illustrations. 285 pp. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, 10s. 10d. home; 11s. 3d. abroad.)

Contents.

Introductory. Light — White Light — The Spectrum — The Invisible Spectrum — Normal Spectrum — Simple Nature of Pure Spectral Colour — The Recomposition of White Light — Primary and Complementary Colours — Coloured Bodies — Absorption Spectra — The Application of Pigments. Uses of Pigments: Artistic, Decorative, Protective — Methods of Application of Pigments: Pastels and Crayons, Water Colour, Tempera Painting, Fresco, Encaustic Painting, Oil-colour Painting, Keramic Art, Enamel, Stained and Painted Glass, Mosaic — Inorganic Pigments. White Lead — Zinc White — Enamel White — Whitening — Red Lead — Litharge — Vermilion — Royal Scarle t— The Chromium Greens — Chromates of Lead, Zinc, Silver and Mercury — Brunswick Green — The Ochres — Indian Red — Venetian Red — Siennas and Umbers — Light Red — Cappagh Brown — Red Oxides — Mars Colours — Terre Verte — Prussian Brown — Cobalt Colours — Coeruleum — Smalt — Copper Pigments — Malachite — Bremen Green — Scheele's Green — Emerald Green — Verdigris — Brunswick Green — Non-arsenical Greens — Copper Blues — Ultramarine — Carbon Pigments — Ivory Black — Lamp Black — Bistre — Naples Yellow — Arsenic Sulphides: Orpiment, Realgar — Cadmium Yellow — Vandyck Brown — Organic Pigments. Prussian Blue — Natural Lakes — Cochineal — Carmine — Crimson — Lac Dye — Scarlet — Madder — Alizarin — Campeachy — Quercitron — Rhamnus — Brazil Wood — Alkanet — Santal Wood — Archil — Coal-tar Lakes — Red Lakes — Alizarin Compounds — Orange and Yellow Lakes — Green and Blue Lakes — Indigo — Dragon's Blood — Gamboge — Sepia — Indian Yellow, Puree — Bitumen, Asphaltum, Mummy — Index.

THE MANUFACTURE OF PAINT. A Practical Handbook for Paint Manufacturers, Merchants and Painters. By J. CRUICKSHANK SMITH, B.Sc. Demy 8vo. 200 pp. Sixty Illustrations and One Large Diagram. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. 10d. home; 8s. abroad.)

Contents.

Preparation of Raw Material — Storing of Raw Material — Testing and Valuation of Raw Material — Paint Plant and Machinery — The Grinding of White Lead — Grinding of White Zinc — Grinding of other White Pigments — Grinding of Oxide Paints — Grinding of Staining Colours — Grinding of Black Paints — Grinding of Chemical Colours — Yellows — Grinding of Chemical Colours — Blues — Grinding Greens — Grinding Reds — Grinding Lakes — Grinding Colours in Water — Grinding Colours in Turpentine — The Uses of Paint — Testing and Matching Paints — Economic Considerations — Index.

DICTIONARY OF CHEMICALS AND RAW PRODUCTS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES AND ALLIED PREPARATIONS. By George H. HURST, F.C.S. Demy 8vo. 380 pp. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 8s. home; 8s. 6d. abroad.)

THE MANUFACTURE OF LAKE PIGMENTS FROM ARTIFICIAL COLOURS. By Francis H. JENNISON, F.I.C., F.C.S. Sixteen Coloured Plates, showing Specimens of Eighty-nine Colours, specially prepared from the Recipes given in the Book. 136 pp. Demy 8vo. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. 10d. home; 8s. abroad.)

Contents.

The Groups of the Artificial Colouring Matters — The Nature and Manipulation of Artificial Colours — Lake-forming Bodies for Acid Colours — Lake-forming Bodies' Basic Colours — Lake Bases — The Principles of Lake Formation — Red Lakes — Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Violet and Black Lakes — The Production of Insoluble Azo Colours in the Form of Pigments — The General Properties of Lakes Produced from Artificial Colours — Washing, Filtering and Finishing — Matching and Testing Lake Pigments — Index.

THE MANUFACTURE OF MINERAL AND LAKE PIGMENTS. Containing (p. c03) Directions for the Manufacture of all Artificial, Artists and Painters' Colours, Enamel, Soot and Metallic Pigments. A Text-book for Manufacturers, Merchants, Artists and Painters. By Dr. Josef BERSCH. Translated by A. C. WRIGHT, M.A. (Oxon.), B.Sc. (Lond.). Forty-three Illustrations. 476 pp., demy 8vo. Price 12s. 6d. net. (Post free, 13s. home; 13s. 6d. abroad.)

Contents.

Introduction — Physico-chemical Behaviour of Pigments — Raw Materials Employed in the Manufacture of Pigments — Assistant Materials — Metallic Compounds — The Manufacture of Mineral Pigments — The Manufacture of White Lead — Enamel White — Washing Apparatus — Zinc White — Yellow Mineral Pigments — Chrome Yellow — Lead Oxide Pigments — Other Yellow Pigments — Mosaic Gold — Red Mineral Pigments — The Manufacture of Vermilion — Antimony Vermilion — Ferric Oxide Pigments — Other Red Mineral Pigments — Purple of Cassius — Blue Mineral Pigments — Ultramarine — Manufacture of Ultramarine — Blue Copper Pigments — Blue Cobalt Pigments — Smalts — Green Mineral Pigments — Emerald Green — Verdigris — Chromium Oxide — Other Green Chromium Pigments — Green Cobalt Pigments — Green Manganese Pigments — Compounded Green Pigments — Violet Mineral Pigments — Brown Mineral Pigments — Brown Decomposition Products — Black Pigments — Manufacture of Soot Pigments — Manufacture of Lamp Black — The Manufacture of Soot Black without Chambers — Indian Ink — Enamel Colours — Metallic Pigments — Bronze Pigments — Vegetable Bronze Pigments.

PIGMENTS OF ORGANIC ORIGIN — Lakes — Yellow Lakes — Red Lakes — Manufacture of Carmine — The Colouring Matter of Lac — Safflower or Carthamine Red — Madder and its Colouring Matters — Madder Lakes — Manjit (Indian Madder) — Lichen Colouring Matters — Red Wood Lakes — The Colouring Matters of Sandal Wood and Other Dye Woods — Blue Lakes — Indigo Carmine — The Colouring Matter of Log Wood — Green Lakes — Brown Organic Pigments — Sap Colours — Water Colours — Crayons — Confectionery Colours — The Preparation of Pigments for Painting — The Examination of Pigments — Examination of Lakes — The Testing of Dye-Woods — The Design of a Colour Works — Commercial Names of Pigments — Appendix: Conversion of Metric to English Weights and Measures — Centigrade and Fahrenheit Thermometer Scales — Index.

RECIPES FOR THE COLOUR, PAINT, VARNISH, OIL, SOAP AND DRYSALTERY TRADES. Compiled by AN ANALYTICAL CHEMIST. 350 pp. Demy 8vo. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 8s. home; 8s. 3d. abroad.)

Contents.

Pigments or Colours for Paints, Lithographic and Letterpress Printing Inks, etc. — Mixed Paints and Preparations for Paint-making, Painting, Lime-washing, Paperhanging, etc. — Varnishes for Coach-builders, Cabinetmakers, Wood-workers, Metal-workers, Photographers, etc. — Soaps for Toilet, Cleansing, Polishing, etc. — Perfumes — Lubricating Greases, Oils, etc. — Cements, Pastes, Glues and Other Adhesive Preparations — Writing, Marking, Endorsing and Other Inks — Sealing-wax and Office Requisites — Preparations for the Laundry, Kitchen, Stable and General Household Uses — Disinfectant Preparations — Miscellaneous Preparations — Index.

OIL COLOURS AND PRINTERS' INKS. By Louis Edgar ANDES. Translated from the German. 215 pp. Crown 8vo. 56 Illustrations. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 4d. home; 5s. 6d. abroad.)

Contents.

Linseed Oil — Poppy Oil — Mechanical Purification of Linseed Oil — Chemical Purification of Linseed Oil — Bleaching Linseed Oil — Oxidizing Agents for Boiling Linseed Oil — Theory of Oil Boiling — Manufacture of Boiled Oil — Adulterations of Boiled Oil — Chinese Drying Oil and Other Specialities — Pigments for House and Artistic Painting and Inks — Pigment for Printers' Black Inks — Substitutes for Lampblack — Machinery for Colour Grinding and Rubbing — Machines for mixing Pigments with the Vehicle — Paint Mills — Manufacture of House Oil Paints — Ship Paints — Luminous Paint — Artists' Colours — Printers' Inks: — VEHICLES — Printers' Inks: — PIGMENTS and MANUFACTURE — Index. (See also Writing Inks, p. 11.)

THREE HUNDRED SHADES FOR DECORATORS AND HOW TO MIX THEM. (See page 28.)

CASEIN. By Robert SCHERER. Translated from the German by (p. c04) Chas. SALTER. Demy 8vo. Illustrated. 160 pp. Price 7s. 6d. net, (Post free, 7s. 10d. home; 8s. abroad.)

Contents.

Casein: its Origin, Preparation and Properties. Various Methods of Preparing Casein. Composition and Properties of Casein. Casein Paints. — "Marble-Lime" Colour for Outside Work — Casein Enamel Paint — Casein Facade Paint — Cold-Water Paint in Powder Form — Kistory's Recipe for Casein Paint and Varnish — Pure Casein Paints for Walls, etc. — Casein Paints for Woodwork and Iron — Casein-Silicate Paints — Milk Paints — Casein-Silicate Paint Recipes — Trojel's Boiled Oil Substitute — Calsomine Wash — Quick-Drying Casein Paint — Boiled Oil Substitute — Ring's Cold-Water Paint — Formo-lactin — Waterproof Paint for Playing Cards — Casein Colour Lake — Casein-Cement Paint. The Technics of Casein Painting. Casein Adhesives and Putties. — Casein Glue in Plates or Flakes — Jeromin's Casein Adhesive — Hall's Casein Glue — Waterproof Glue — Liquid Casein Glue — Casein and Borax Glue — Solid Casein Adhesive — Casein Solution — Glue Powder — Casein Putties — Washable Cement for Deal Boards — Wenk's Casein Cement — Casein and Lime Cement "Pitch Barm" — Casein Stopping — Casein Cement for Stone. The Preparation of Plastic Masses from Casein. — Imitation Ivory — Anti-Radiation and Anti-Corrosive Composition — Dickmann's Covering for Floors and Walls — Imitation Linoleum — Imitation Leather — Imitation Bone — Plastic Mass of Keratin and Casein — Insulating Mass — Plastic Casein Masses — Horny Casein Mass — Plastic Mass from Celluloid — Casein Cellulose Composition — Fire-proof Cellulose Substitute — Nitrocellulose and Casein Composition — Franquet's Celluloid Substitute — Galalith. Uses of Casein in the Textile Industry, for Finishing Colour Printing, etc. — Caseogum — "Glutin" — Casein Dressing for Linen and Cotton Fabrics — Printing Colour with Metallic Lustre — Process for Softening, Sizing and Loading — Fixing Casein and Other Albuminoids on the Fibre — Fixing Insoluble Colouring Matters — Waterproofing and Softening Dressing — Casein for Mercerising Crepe — Fixing Zinc White on Cotton with Formaldehyde — Casein-Magnesia — Casein Medium for Calico Printing — Loading Silk. Casein Foodstuffs. — Casein Food — Synthetic Milk — Milk Food — Emulsifiable Casein — Casein Phosphate for Baking — Making Bread, Low in Carbohydrates, from Flour and Curd — Preparing Soluble Casein Compounds with Citrates — Casein Food. Sundry Applications of Casein. — Uses of Casein in the Paper Industry — Metachromotype Paper — Sizing Paper with Casein — Waterproofing Paper — Casein Solution for Coating Paper — Horn's Clear Solution of Casein — Water- and Fire-proof Asbestos Paper and Board — Paper Flasks, etc., for Oils and Fats — Washable Drawing and Writing Paper—Paper Wrappering for Food, Clothing, etc. — Paint Remover — Casein Photographic Plates — Wood-Cement Roofing Pulp — Cask Glaze of Casein and Formaldehyde — Artists' Canvas — Solidifying Mineral Oils — Uses of Casein in Photography — Casein Ointment — Clarifying Glue with Casein — Casein in Soap-making — Casein-Albumose Soap — Casein in Sheets, Blocks, etc. — Waterproof Casein.

SIMPLE METHODS FOR TESTING PAINTERS' MATERIALS. By A. C. WRIGHT, M.A. (Oxon.), B.Sc. (Lond.). Crown 8vo. 160 pp. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 3d. home; 5s. 6d. abroad.)

Contents.

Necessity for Testing — Standards — Arrangement — The Apparatus — The Reagents — Practical Tests — Dry Colours — Stiff Paints — Liquid and Enamel Paints — Oil Varnishes — Spirit Varnishes — Driers — Putty — Linseed Oil — Turpentine — Water Stains — The Chemical Examination — Dry Colours and Paints — White Pigments and Paints — Yellow Pigments and Paints — Blue Pigments and Paints — Green Pigments and Paints — Red Pigments and Paints — Brown Pigments and Paints — Black Pigments and Paints — Oil Varnishes — Linseed Oil — Turpentine.

IRON-CORROSION, ANTI-FOULING AND ANTI-CORROSIVE PAINTS. Translated from the German of Louis Edgar ANDES. Sixty-two Illustrations. 275 pp. Demy 8vo. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, 10s. 10d. home; 11s. 3d. abroad.)

Contents.

Iron-rust and its Formation — Protection from Rusting by Paint — Grounding the Iron with Linseed Oil, etc. — Testing Paints — Use of Tar for Painting on Iron — Anti-corrosive Paints — Linseed Varnish — Chinese Wood Oil — Lead Pigments — Iron Pigments — Artificial Iron Oxides — Carbon — Preparation of Anti-corrosive Paints — Results of Examination of Several Anti-corrosive Paints — Paints for Ship's Bottoms — Anti-fouling Compositions — Various Anti-corrosive and Ship's Paints — Official Standard Specifications for Ironwork Paints — Index.

THE TESTING AND VALUATION OF RAW MATERIALS USED IN PAINT AND COLOUR MANUFACTURE. By M. W. JONES, F.C.S. A Book for the Laboratories of Colour Works. 88 pp. Crown 8vo. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 3d. home and abroad.)

Contents. (p. c05)

Aluminium Compounds — China Clay — Iron Compounds — Potassium Compounds — Sodium Compounds — Ammonium Hydrate — Acids — Chromium Compounds — Tin Compounds — Copper Compounds — Lead Compounds — Zinc Compounds — Manganese Compounds — Arsenic Compounds — Antimony Compounds — Calcium Compounds — Barium Compounds — Cadmium Compounds — Mercury Compounds — Ultramarine — Cobalt and Carbon Compounds — Oils — Index.

STUDENTS' HANDBOOK OF PAINTS, COLOURS, OILS AND VARNISHES. By John FURNELL. Crown 8vo. 12 Illustrations. 96 pp. Price 2s. 6d. net. (Post free, 2s. 9d. home and abroad.)

Contents.

Plant — Chromes — Blues — Greens — Earth Colours — Blacks — Reds — Lakes — Whites — Painters' Oils — Turpentine — Oil Varnishes — Spirit Varnishes — Liquid Paints — Enamel Paints.



VARNISHES AND DRYING OILS.

OIL CRUSHING, REFINING AND BOILING, THE MANUFACTURE OF LINOLEUM, PRINTING AND LITHOGRAPHIC INKS, AND INDIA-RUBBER SUBSTITUTES. By John GEDDES MCINTOSH. Being Volume I. of the Second, greatly enlarged, English Edition, in three Volumes, of "The Manufacture of Varnishes and Kindred Industries," based on and including the work of Ach. Livache. Demy 8vo. 150 pp. 29 Illustrations. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. 10d. home; 8s. abroad.)

Contents.

Oil Crushing and Refining; Oil Boiling — Theoretical and Practical; Linoleum Manufacture; Printing Ink Manufacture; Rubber Substitutes; The Manufacture of Driers; The Detection of Adulteration in Linseed and other Drying Oils by Chemical, Physical and Organoleptic Methods.

DRYING OILS, BOILED OIL AND SOLID AND LIQUID DRIERS. By L. E. ANDES. Expressly Written for this Series of Special Technical Books, and the Publishers hold the Copyright for English and Foreign Editions. Forty-two Illustrations. 342 pp. Demy 8vo. Price 12s. 6d. net. (Post free, 13s. home; 13s. 3d. abroad.)

Contents.

Properties of the Drying Oils; Cause of the Drying Property; Absorption of Oxygen; Behaviour towards Metallic Oxides, etc. — The Properties of and Methods for obtaining the Drying Oils — Production of the Drying Oils by Expression and Extraction; Refining and Bleaching; Oil Cakes and Meal; The Refining and Bleaching of the Drying Oils; The Bleaching of Linseed Oil — The Manufacture of Boiled Oil; The Preparation of Drying Oils for Use in the Grinding of Paints and Artists' Colours and in the Manufacture of Varnishes by Heating over a Fire or by Steam, by the Cold Process, by the Action of Air, and by Means of the Electric Current; The Driers used in Boiling Linseed Oil; The Manufacture of Boiled Oil and the Apparatus therefor; Livache's Process for Preparing a Good Drying Oil and its Practical Application — The Preparation of Varnishes for Letterpress, Lithographic and Copperplate Printing, for Oilcloth and Waterproof Fabrics; The Manufacture of Thickened Linseed Oil, Burnt Oil, Stand Oil by Fire Heat, Superheated Steam, and by a Current of Air — Behaviour of the Drying Oils and Boiled Oils towards Atmospheric Influences, Water, Acids and Alkalies — Boiled Oil Substitutes — The Manufacture of Solid and Liquid Driers from Linseed Oil and Rosin; Linolic Acid Compounds of the Driers — The Adulteration and Examination of the Drying Oils and Boiled Oil.



OILS, FATS, GREASES, PETROLEUM.

LUBRICATING OILS, FATS AND GREASES: Their Origin, Preparation, Properties, Uses and Analyses. A Handbook for Oil Manufacturers, Refiners and Merchants, and the Oil and Fat Industry in General. By George H. HURST, F.C.S. Second Revised and Enlarged Edition. Sixty-five Illustrations. 317 pp. Demy 8vo. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, 11s. home; 11s. 3d. abroad.)

Contents.

Introductory — Hydrocarbon Oils — Scotch Shale Oils — Petroleum — Vegetable and Animal Oils — Testing and Adulteration of Oils — Lubricating Greases — Lubrication — Appendices — Index.

TECHNOLOGY OF PETROLEUM: Oil Fields of the World — Their (p. c06) History, Geography and Geology — Annual Production and Development — Oil-well Drilling — Transport. By Henry NEUBERGER and Henry NOALHAT. Translated from the French by J. G. McINTOSH. 550 pp. 153 Illustrations. 26 Plates. Super Royal 8vo. Price 21s. net. (Post free, 21s. 9d. home; 23s. 6d. abroad.)

Contents.

Study of the Petroliferous Strata.

Excavations—Hand Excavation or Hand Digging of Oil Wells.

Methods of Boring.

Accidents — Boring Accidents — Methods of preventing them — Methods of remedying them — Explosives and the use of the "Torpedo" Levigation — Storing and Transport of Petroleum — General Advice — Prospecting, Management and carrying on of Petroleum Boring Operations.

General Data — Customary Formulae — Memento. Practical Part. General Data bearing on Petroleum — Glossary of Technical Terms used in the Petroleum Industry — Copious Index.

THE PRACTICAL COMPOUNDING OF OILS, TALLOW AND GREASE FOR LUBRICATION, ETC. By AN EXPERT OIL REFINER. 100 pp. Demy 8vo. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free. 7s. 10d. home; 8s. abroad.)

Contents.

Introductory Remarks on the General Nomenclature of Oils, Tallow and Greases suitable for Lubrication — Hydrocarbon Oils — Animal and Fish Oils — Compound Oils — Vegetable Oils — Lamp Oils — Engine Tallow, Solidified Oils and Petroleum Jelly — Machinery Greases: Loco and Anti-friction — Clarifying and Utilisation of Waste Fats, Oils, Tank Bottoms, Drainings of Barrels and Drums, Pickings Up, Dregs, etc. — The Fixing and Cleaning of Oil Tanks, etc. — Appendix and General Information.

ANIMAL FATS AND OILS: Their Practical Production, Purification and Uses for a great Variety of Purposes. Their Properties, Falsification and Examination. Translated from the German of Louis Edgar ANDES. Sixty-two Illustrations. 240 pp. Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Demy 8vo. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, 10s. 10d. home; 11s. 3d. abroad.)

Contents.

Introduction — Occurrence, Origin, Properties and Chemical Constitution of Animal Fats — Preparation of Animal Fats and Oils — Machinery — Tallow-melting Plant — Extraction Plant — Presses — Filtering Apparatus — Butter: Raw Material and Preparation, Properties, Adulterations, Beef Lard or Remelted Butter, Testing — Candle-fish Oil — Mutton-Tallow — Hare Fat — Goose Fat — Neatsfoot Oil — Bone Fat: Bone Boiling, Steaming Bones, Extraction, Refining — Bone Oil — Artificial Butter: Oleomargarine, Margarine Manufacture in France, Grasso's Process, "Kaiser's Butter," Jahr & Muenzberg's Method, Filbert's Process, Winter's Method — Human Fat — Horse Fat — Beef Marrow — Turtle Oil — Hog's Lard: Raw Material — Preparation, Properties, Adulterations, Examination — Lard Oil — Fish Oils — Liver Oils — Artificial Train Oil — Wool Fat: Properties, Purified Wool Fat — Spermaceti: Examination of Fats and Oils in General.

THE MANUFACTURE OF LUBRICANTS, SHOE POLISHES AND LEATHER DRESSINGS. By Richard BRUNNER. Translated from the Sixth German Edition by Chas. SALTER. 10 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 170 pp. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. 10d. home; 8s. abroad.)

Contents.

The Manufacture of Lubricants and Greases — Properties of the Bodies used as Lubricants — Raw Materials for Lubricants — Solid Lubricants — Tallow Lubricants — Palm Oil Greases — Lead Soap Lubricants — True Soap Greases — Caoutchouc Lubricants — Other Solid Lubricants — Liquid Lubricants — Lubricating Oils in General — Refining Oils for Lubricating Purposes — Cohesion Oils — Resin Oils — Lubricants of Fat and Resin Oil — Neatsfoot Oil — Bone Fat — Lubricants for Special Purposes — Mineral Lubricating Oils — Clockmakers' and Sewing Machine Oils — The Application of Lubricants to Machinery — Removing Thickened Grease and Oil — Cleaning Oil Rags and Cotton Waste — The Use of Lubricants — Shoe Polishes and Leather Softening Preparations — The Manufacture of Shoe Polishes and Preparations for Varnishing and Softening Leather — The Preparation of Bone Black — Blacking and Shoe Polishes — Leather Varnishes — Leather Softening Preparations — The Manufacture of Degras.

THE OIL MERCHANTS' MANUAL AND OIL TRADE READY RECKONER. (p. c07) Compiled by Frank P. SHERRIFF. Second Edition Revised and Enlarged. Demy 8vo. 214 pp. 1904. With Two Sheets of Tables. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. 10d. home; 8s. 3d. abroad.)

Contents.

Trade Terms and Customs — Tables to Ascertain Value of Oil sold per cwt. or ton — Specific Gravity Tables — Percentage Tare Tables — Petroleum Tables — Paraffine and Benzoline Calculations — Customary Drafts — Tables for Calculating Allowance for Dirt, Water, etc. — Capacity of Circular Tanks Tables, etc., etc.

VEGETABLE FATS AND OILS: Their Practical Preparation. Purification and Employment for Various Purposes, their Properties, Adulteration and Examination. Translated from the German of Louis Edgar ANDES. Ninety-four Illustrations. 340 pp. Second Edition. Demy 8vo. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, 11s. home; 11s. 6d. abroad.)

Contents.

General Properties — Estimation of the Amount of Oil in Seeds — The Preparation of Vegetable Fats and Oils — Apparatus for Grinding Oil Seeds and Fruits — Installation of Oil and Fat Works — Extraction Method of Obtaining Oils and Fats — Oil Extraction Installations — Press Moulds — Non-drying Vegetable Oils — Vegetable drying Oils — Solid Vegetable Fats — Fruits Yielding Oils and Fats — Wool-softening Oils — Soluble Oils — Treatment of the Oil after Leaving the Press — Improved Methods of Refining — Bleaching Fats and Oils — Practical Experiments on the Treatment of Oils with regard to Refining and Bleaching — Testing Oils and Fats.



ESSENTIAL OILS AND PERFUMES.

THE CHEMISTRY OF ESSENTIAL OILS AND ARTIFICIAL PERFUMES. By Ernest J. PARRY, B.Sc. (Lond.), F.I.C., F.C.S. 411 pp. 20 Illustrations. Demy 8vo. Price 12s. 6d. net. (Post free, 13s. home; 13s. 6d. abroad.)

Contents.

The General Properties of Essential Oils — Compounds occurring in Essential Oils — The Preparation of Essential Oils — The Analysis of Essential Oils — Systematic Study of the Essential Oils — Terpeneless Oils — The Chemistry of Artificial Perfumes — Appendix: Table of Constants — Index.



SOAPS.

SOAPS. A Practical Manual of the Manufacture of Domestic, Toilet and other Soaps. By George H. HURST, F.C.S. 390 pp. 66 Illustrations. Price 12s. 6d. net. (Post free, 13s. home; 13s. 6d. abroad.)

Contents.

Introductory — Soap-maker's Alkalies — Soap Fats and Oils — Perfumes — Water as a Soap Material — Soap Machinery — Technology of Soap-making — Glycerine in Soap Lyes — Laying out a Soap Factory — Soap Analysis — Appendices.

TEXTILE SOAPS AND OILS. Handbook on the Preparation, Properties and Analysis of the Soaps and Oils used in Textile Manufacturing, Dyeing and Printing. By George H. HURST, F.C.S. Crown 8vo. 195 pp. 1904. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 4d. home; 5s. 6d. abroad.)

Contents.

Methods of Making Soaps — Hard Soap — Soft Soap. Special Textile Soaps — Wool Soaps — Calico Printers' Soaps — Dyers' Soaps. Relation of Soap to Water for Industrial Purposes — Treating Waste Soap Liquors — Boiled Off Liquor — Calico Printers and Dyers' Soap Liquors — Soap Analysis — Fat in Soap.

ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE OILS AND FATS — Tallow — Lard — Bone Grease-Tallow Oil. Vegetable Soap, Oils and Fats — Palm Oil — Coco-nut Oil — Olive Oil — Cottonseed Oil — Linseed Oil — Castor Oil — Corn Oil — Whale Oil or Train Oil — Repe Oil.

GLYCERINE.

TEXTILE OILS — Oleic Acid — Blended Wool Oils — Oils for Cotton Dyeing, Printing and Finishing — Turkey Red Oil — Alizarine Oil — Oleine — Oxy Turkey Red Oils — Soluble Oil-Analysis of Turkey Red Oil — Finisher's Soluble Oil — Finisher's Soap Softening — Testing and Adulteration of Oils — Index.



COSMETICAL PREPARATIONS. (p. c08)

COSMETICS: MANUFACTURE, EMPLOYMENT AND TESTING OF ALL COSMETIC MATERIALS AND COSMETIC SPECIALITIES. Translated from the German of Dr. Theodor KOLLER. Crown 8vo. 262 pp. Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 4d. home; 5s. 6d. abroad.)

Contents.

Purposes and Uses of, and Ingredients used in the Preparation of Cosmetics — Preparation of Perfumes by Pressure, Distillation, Maceration, Absorption or Enfleurage, and Extraction Methods — Chemical and Animal Products used in the Preparation of Cosmetics — Oils and Fats used in the Preparation of Cosmetics — General Cosmetic Preparations — Mouth Washes and Tooth Pastes — Hair Dyes, Hair Restorers and Depilatories — Cosmetic Adjuncts and Specialities — Colouring Cosmetic Preparations — Antiseptic Washes and Soaps — Toilet and Hygienic Soaps — Secret Preparations for Skin, Complexion, Teeth, Mouth, etc. — Testing and Examining the Materials Employed in the Manufacture of Cosmetics — Index.



GLUE, BONE PRODUCTS AND MANURES.

GLUE AND GLUE TESTING. By Samuel RIDEAL, D.Sc. (Lond.), F.I.C. Fourteen Engravings. 144 pp. Demy 8vo. Price 10s. 6d. net. (Post free, 10s. 10d. home; 11s. abroad.)

Contents.

Constitution and Properties: Definitions and Sources, Gelatine, Chondrin and Allied Bodies, Physical and Chemical Properties, Classification, Grades and Commercial Varieties — Raw Materials and Manufacture: Glue Stock, Lining, Extraction, Washing and Clarifying, Filter Presses, Water Supply, Use of Alkalies, Action of Bacteria and of Antiseptics, Various Processes, Cleansing, Forming, Drying, Crushing, etc., Secondary Products — Uses of Glue: Selection and Preparation for Use, Carpentry, Veneering, Paper-Making, Bookbinding, Printing Rollers, Hectographs, Match Manufacture, Sandpaper, etc., Substitutes for other Materials, Artificial Leather and Caoutchouc — Gelatine: General Characters, Liquid Gelatine, Photographic Uses, Size, Tanno-, Chrome and Formo-Gelatine, Artificial Silk, Cements, Pneumatic Tyres, Culinary, Meat Extracts, Isinglass, Medicinal and other Uses, Bacteriology — Glue Testing: Review of Processes, Chemical Examination, Adulteration, Physical Tests, Valuation of Raw Materials — Commercial Aspects.

BONE PRODUCTS AND MANURES: An Account of the most recent Improvements in the Manufacture of Fat, Glue, Animal Charcoal, Size, Gelatine and Manures. By Thomas LAMBERT, Technical and Consulting Chemist. Illustrated by Twenty-one Plans and Diagrams. 162 pp. Demy 8vo. Price 7s. 6d. net. (Post free, 7s. 10d. home; 8s. abroad.)

Contents.

Chemical Composition of Bones — Arrangement of Factory — Properties of Glue — Glutin and Chondrin — Skin Glue — Liming of Skins — Washing — Boiling of Skins — Clarification of Glue Liquors — Glue-Boiling and Clarifying-House — Specification of a Glue — Size — Uses and Preparation and Composition of Size — Concentrated Size — Properties of Gelatine — Preparation of Skin Gelatine — Drying — Bone Gelatine — Selecting Bones — Crushing — Dissolving — Bleaching — Boiling — Properties of Glutin and Chondrin — Testing of Glues and Gelatines — The Uses of Glue, Gelatine and Size in Various Trades — Soluble and Liquid Glues — Steam and Waterproof Glues — Manures — Importation of Food Stuffs — Soils — Germination — Plant Life — Natural Manures — Water and Nitrogen in Farmyard Manure — Full Analysis of Farmyard Manure — Action on Crops — Water-Closet System — Sewage Manure — Green Manures — Artificial Manures — Mineral Manures — Nitrogenous Matters — Shoddy — Hoofs and Horns — Leather Waste — Dried Meat — Dried Blood — Superphosphates — Composition — Manufacture — Common Raw Bones — Degreased Bones — Crude Fat — Refined Fat — Degelatinised Bones — Animal Charcoal — Bone Superphosphates — Guanos — Dried Animal Products — Potash Compounds — Sulphate of Ammonia — Extraction in Vacuo — French and British Gelatines compared — Index.



CHEMICALS, WASTE PRODUCTS AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. (p. c09)

REISSUE OF CHEMICAL ESSAYS OF C. W. SCHEELE. First Published in English in 1786. Translated from the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm, with Additions. 300 pp. Demy 8vo, Price 5s. net. (Post free, 5s. 6d. home; 5s. 9d. abroad.)

Contents.

Memoir: C. W. Scheele and his work (written for this edition by J. G. McIntosh) — On Fluor Mineral and its Acid — On Fluor Mineral — Chemical Investigation of Fluor Acid, with a View to the Earth which it Yields, by Mr. Wiegler — Additional Information Concerning Fluor Minerals — On Manganese, Magnesium, or Magnesia Vitrariorum — On Arsenic and its Acid — Remarks upon Salts of Benzoin—On Silex, Clay and Alum — Analysis of the Calculus Vesical — Method of Preparing Mercurius Dulcis Via Humida — Cheaper and more Convenient Method of Preparing Pulvis Algarothi — Experiments upon Molybdaena — Experiments on Plumbago — Method of Preparing a New Green Colour — Of the Decomposition of Neutral Salts by Unslaked Lime and Iron — On the Quantity of Pure Air which is Daily Present in our Atmosphere — On Milk and its Acid — On the Acid of Saccharum Lactis — On the Constituent Parts of Lapis Ponderosus or Tungsten — Experiments and Observations on Ether — Index.