[571] Coe v. Errol, 116 U.S. 517 (1886).

[572] Ibid. 525.

[573] General Oil Co. v. Crain, 209 U.S. 211 (1908).

[574] American Steel & Wire Co. v. Speed, 192 U.S. 500 (1904); Bacon v. Illinois, 227 U.S. 504 (1913); Susquehanna Coal Co. v. South Amboy, 228 U.S. 665 (1913); Minnesota v. Blasius, 290 U.S. 1 (1933); Independent Warehouses v. Scheele, 331 U.S. 70 (1947).

[575] Nashville, C. & St. L.R. Co. v. Wallace, 288 U.S. 249 (1933).

[576] Edelman v. Boeing Air Transport, Inc., 289 U.S. 249 (1933). The Court also upheld a tax on the sale of gasoline for use by an air transport line in conducting interstate transportation across the State in Eastern Air Transport, Inc. v. South Carolina Tax Comm., 285 U.S. 147 (1932).

[577] Southern Pacific Co. v. Gallagher, 306 U.S. 167 (1939).

[578] Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. Gallagher, 306 U.S. 182 (1939).

[579] Southern Pacific Co. v. Gallagher, 306 U.S. 167 (1939), as formulated in the headnotes; see also Monamotor Oil Co. v. Johnson, 292 U.S. 86 (1934).

[580] Bingaman v. Golden Eagle Western Lines, 297 U.S. 626 (1936); McCarroll v. Dixie Greyhound Lines, 309 U.S. 176 (1940). In Helson v. Kentucky, 279 U.S. 245 (1929), the Court held that gasoline purchased in Illinois and used in an Illinois-Kentucky ferry could not be taxed by Kentucky, being, as it were, a part of the ferry, an instrument of commerce between the two States. See also Kelley v. Rhoads, 188 U.S. 1 (1903); Champlain Realty Co. v. Brattleboro, 260 U.S. 366 (1922); Hughes Bros. Timber Co. v. Minnesota, 272 U.S. 469 (1926); Carson Petroleum Co. v. Vial, 279 U.S. 95 (1929).

[581] 120 U.S. 489 (1887).

[582] Corson v. Maryland, 120 U.S. 502 (1887); Asher v. Texas, 128 U.S. 129 (1888); Stoutenburgh v. Hennick, 129 U.S. 141 (1889); Brennan v. Titusville, 153 U.S. 289 (1894); Stockard v. Morgan, 185 U.S. 27 (1902); Crenshaw v. Arkansas, 227 U.S. 389 (1913); Rogers v. Arkansas, 227 U.S. 401 (1913); Stewart v. Michigan, 232 U.S. 665 (1914); Western Oil Refining Co. v. Lipscomb, 244 U.S. 346 (1917); Cheney Bros. v. Massachusetts, 246 U.S. 147 (1918).

[583] Caldwell v. North Carolina, 187 U.S. 622 (1903).

[584] Norfolk & W.R. Co. v. Sims, 191 U.S. 441 (1903).

[585] Rearick v. Pennsylvania, 203 U.S. 507 (1906); Dozier v. Alabama, 218 U.S. 124 (1910); Davis v. Virginia, 236 U.S. 697 (1915).

[586] 203 U.S. at 512.

[587] Real Silk Hosiery Mills v. Portland, 268 U.S. 325 (1925).

[588] Heyman v. Hays, 236 U.S. 178 (1915). See also Hump Hairpin Co. v. Emmerson, 258 U.S. 290 (1922), holding that business done by a corporation through orders which were approved in a State where its tangible property and offices were located, but which were first taken by its salesmen in other States, was interstate, although the tax involved was sustained.

[589] Ficklen v. Shelby County Taxing District, 145 U.S. 1, 21 (1892).

[590] New York ex rel. Hatch v. Reardon, 204 U.S. 152 (1907); Cf. Nathan v. Louisiana, 8 How. 73 (1850).

[591] Ware v. Mobile County, 209 U.S. 405 (1908). See also Brodnax v. Missouri, 219 U.S. 285 (1911).

[592] 222 U.S. 210 (1911).

[593] 233 U.S. 16 (1914).

[594] Ibid. 23. See also Superior Oil v. Mississippi ex rel. Knox, 280 U.S. 390 (1930).

[595] Chassaniol v. Greenwood, 291 U.S. 584 (1934).

[596] Wiloil Corp. v. Pennsylvania, 294 U.S. 169, 173 (1935); see also Minnesota v. Blasius, 290 U.S. 1 (1933).

[597] 309 U.S. 33 (1940).

[598] Best & Co. v. Maxwell. 311 U.S. 454, 455 (1940).

[599] 300 U.S. 577 (1937). Cf. Hinson v. Lott, 8 Wall. 148 (1869). Here was involved a tax of fifty cents per gallon on all spiritous liquors brought into the State. Comparing the tax with a similar one imposed upon liquors manufactured in the State, the Court upheld the statute. "The taxes were complementary and were intended to effect equality."

[600] 300 U.S. at 583-584. Some subsequent use tax cases in the Henneford pattern are the following: Bacon & Sons v. Martin was decided in a unanimous per curiam opinion. It involved a Kentucky statute which imposed a tax "on the 'receipt' of cosmetics in the State by any Kentucky retailer" equal to twenty per cent of the invoice price plus transportation cost, if any to the Kentucky dealer. The Kentucky court held that "the imposition of the tax against the retailer is not on the act of receiving the cosmetics, but on the sale and use thereof, after the retailer has received them." On this interpretation the Supreme Court sustained the tax. Obviously, other things being equal, there is little difference between a tax on receiving and a tax on possession a moment later. 305 U.S. 380 (1939). In Felt & Tarrant Manufacturing Co. v. Gallagher, 306 U.S. 62 (1939), a California use tax was upheld applicable to a nonresident corporation which solicited orders from California purchasers through agents for whom it hired offices in the State and took orders subject to the vendor's approval. In Nelson v. Sears, Roebuck & Company and Nelson v. Montgomery Ward & Company, 312 U.S. 359 and 373 (1941) it was held that a foreign corporation which maintained retail stores in Iowa could be validly required to collect an Iowa use tax in respect of mail orders sent by Iowa purchasers to out-of-state branches of the corporation and filled by direct shipment by mail or common carrier from those branches to the purchasers. In General Trading Company v. State Tax Commission, 322 U.S. 335 (1944), also involving the Iowa tax, it was held that a company carrying on no operations in Iowa other than the solicitation of orders by traveling salesmen was liable for collection of the tax on goods sold to Iowa residents, even though the corporation was not licensed to do business in the State and the orders were forwarded for acceptance to Minnesota where they were filled by direct shipment to Iowa customers.

[601] 309 U.S. 33 (1940).

[602] Ibid. 53-54.

[603] Ibid. 57, citing Ficklen v. Shelby County Taxing District, 145 U.S. 1 (1892); Howe Machine Co. v. Gage, 100 U.S. 676 (1880); and Wagner v. Covington, 251 U.S. 95 (1919). In the first it was held that the Robbins case did not apply to a firm of agents and brokers maintaining an office and samples throughout the year in the taxing district. The other two cases were totally irrelevant.

[604] 309 U.S. 70 and 430.

[605] Ibid. 414.

[606] 322 U.S. 327 (1944).

[607] Ibid. 330.

[608] Ibid. 332.

[609] 327 U.S. 416 (1946).

[610] Ibid. 417-418.

[611] Ibid. 435.

[612] Memphis Steam Laundry v. Stone, 342 U.S. 389 (1952).

[613] Norton Co. v. Dept. of Revenue, 340 U.S. 534 (1951), although decided by a closely divided Court, further confirms this impression.

[614] 9 Wheat. 1, 217-219 (1824).

[615] Smith v. Turner (Passenger Cases), 7 How. 283 (1849).

[616] Henderson v. Mayor of New York, 92 U.S. 259 (1876); New York v. Compagnie Generale Transatlantique, 107 U.S. 59 (1883).

[617] 6 Wall. 35 (1868).

[618] Ibid. 49.

[619] 114 U.S. 196 (1885).

[620] Ibid. 203.

[621] See Covington & C. Bridge Co. v. Kentucky, 154 U.S. 204 (1894); also Edwards v. California, 314 U.S. 160 (1941), the decision in which represents the exact inverse of that in the Crandall Case, being based by the majority on the commerce clause, while several of the Justices preferred to put it on the broader grounds invoked by Justice Miller in the Crandall Case.

[622] Western Union Telegraph Company v. Texas, 105 U.S. 460 (1882) State Freight Tax Case, 15 Wall. 232 (1873) and Pensacola Telegraph Co. v. Western Union Telegraph Co., 96 U.S. 1 (1878) were the precedents principally relied on.

[623] 8 Wall. 168 (1869).

[624] Ibid. 181.

[625] Ibid. 182.

[626] 15 Wall. 232, 233-234, 278-279 (1873).

[627] 127 U.S. 640 (1888).

[628] Ibid. 645.

[629] Crutcher v. Kentucky, 141 U.S. 47 (1891).

[630] Ibid. 57.

[631] 266 U.S. 555 (1925).

[632] 268 U.S. 203 (1925); followed in Cudahy Packing Co. v. Hinkle, 278 U.S. 460 (1929). Cf., however, Western Live Stock v. Bureau of Revenue, 303 U.S. 250, 255 (1938).

[633] Anglo-Chilean Nitrate Sales Corp. v. Alabama, 288 U.S. 218 (1933).

[634] Cooney v. Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Co., 294 U.S. 384 (1935).

[635] Fisher's Blend Station v. State Tax Commission, 297 U.S. 650, 656 (1936).

[636] Puget Sound Stevedoring Co. v. Tax Commission of Washington, 302 U.S. 90 (1937).

[637] Adams Mfg. Co. v. Storen, 304 U.S. 307 (1938).

[638] McCarroll v. Dixie Greyhound Lines, 309 U.S. 176 (1940). See also the following cases in which the Court found a tax to be an unconstitutional interference with the interstate commerce privilege: Tax on maintenance of office in Pennsylvania for use of stockholders, officers, employees, and agents of railroad not operating in Pennsylvania but a link in a line operating therein, Norfolk & W.R. Co. v. Pennsylvania, 136 U.S. 114 (1890); license tax on sale of liquor as applied to a sale out of State by mail, Heyman v. Hays, 236 U.S. 178 (1915); tax on pipe lines transporting oil or gas produced in State but which might pass out of State, Eureka Pipe Line Co. v. Hallanan, 257 U.S. 265 (1921); United Fuel Gas Co. v. Hallanan, 257 U.S. 277 (1921); Kentucky tax on gasoline purchased in Illinois and used in an Illinois-Kentucky ferry, Helson & Randolph v. Kentucky, 279 U.S. 245 (1929); tax laid on privilege of operating a bus in interstate commerce because not imposed solely as compensation for use of highways or to defray expenses of regulating motor traffic, Interstate Transit, Inc. v. Lindsey, 283 U.S. 183 (1931); tax on gas pipe line whose only activity in State was the use of a thermometer and reduction of pressure to permit a vendee to draw off gas, State Tax Commission v. Interstate Natural Gas Co., 284 U.S. 41 (1931)—but see East Ohio Gas Co. v. Tax Commission, 283 U.S. 465 (1931); gasoline tax imposed per gallon of gasoline imported by interstate carriers as fuel for use in their vehicles within the State as well as in their interstate travel, Bingaman v. Golden Eagle Western Lines, 297 U.S. 626 (1936). See also, for reiteration of the basic rule that the commerce clause forbids States to tax the privilege of engaging in interstate commerce, Gwin, White & Prince v. Henneford, 305 U.S. 434, 438-439 (1939). In California v. Thompson, 313 U.S. 109 (1941), the Court, overruling Di Santo v. Pennsylvania, 273 U.S. 34 (1927), sustained, as not a "revenue measure," but "a measure to safeguard the traveling public by motor vehicle," who are "particularly unable" to protect themselves against overreaching by those "engaged in a business notoriously subject to abuses," a California statute requiring that agents for this type of transportation take out a license for both their interstate and their intrastate business.

[639] 216 U.S. 1 (1910). Cf. Osborne v. Florida, 164 U.S. 650 (1897), involving an express business; in Pullman Company v. Adams, 189 U.S. 420 (1903); and in Allen v. Pullman's Palace Car Co., 191 U.S. 171 (1903). Here State taxes levied on the local business of companies engaged also in interstate commerce were sustained "on the assumption" that the companies in question were free to abandon their local business.

[640] See also Pullman Co. v. Kansas ex rel. Coleman, 216 U.S. 56 (1910); Ludwig v. Western Union Teleg. Co., 216 U.S. 146 (1910); Atchison, T. & S.F.R. Co. v. O'Connor, 223 U.S. 280, 285 (1912).

[641] 245 U.S. 178 (1917). Cf. Baltic Mining Co. v. Massachusetts, 231 U.S. 68 (1914); Kansas City Ry. v. Kansas, 240 U.S. 227 (1916); and Kansas City, M. & B.R. Co. v. Stiles, 242 U.S. 111 (1916). In each of these a tax like that involved in Looney v. Crane was sustained, in the first two because the statute set a maximum limit to the tax; in the third because the amount collected under the act was held to be "reasonable." The ideology of these decisions is clearly opposed to that of the cases treated in the text. The rule in Looney v. Crane Co. was held not applicable in the case of a West Virginia corporation doing business in Illinois and owning practically all of its property there. An Illinois tax on the local business, which was measured by the total capitalization of the company was sustained, it being shown further that the tax was little more than it would have been if levied at the same rate directly on the property of the company that was in Illinois. Hump Hairpin Mfg. Co. v. Emmerson, 258 U.S. 290 (1922).

[642] 246 U.S. 135 (1918). See also Locomobile Co. of America v. Massachusetts, 246 U.S. 146 (1918); Cheney Brothers Co. v. Massachusetts, 246 U.S. 147 (1918); Union Pacific R.R. Co. v. Pub. Service Comm., 248 U.S. 67 (1918).

[643] 246 U.S. at 141.

[644] 277 U.S. 163 (1928).

[645] Ibid. 171.

[646] 294 U.S. 384 (1935).

[647] 297 U.S. 403 (1936).

[648] Ibid. 415. Headnote 6.

[649] 8 Wall. 168, 181 (1869). See also Bank of Augusta v. Earle, 13 Pet. 519 (1839); and Security Mut. L. Ins. Co. v. Prewitt, 202 U.S. 246 (1906).

[650] See Atlantic Lumber Co. v. Commissioner, 298 U.S. 553 (1936); Southern Natural Gas Corp. v. Alabama, 301 U.S. 148 (1937); Atlantic Refining Co. v. Virginia, 302 U.S. 22 (1937); Coverdale v. Arkansas-Louisiana Pipe Line Co., 303 U.S. 604 (1938); Ford Motor Co. v. Beauchamp, 308 U.S. 331 (1939); Treasury of Indiana v. Wood Corp., 313 U.S. 62 (1941); Wheeling Steel Corp. v. Glander, 337 U.S. 562, 571 (1949); Cf. however, James v. Dravo Contracting Co., 302 U.S. 134 (1937); Memphis Natural Gas Co. v. Stone, 335 U.S. 80, 85-86 (1948).

[651] Philadelphia & R.R. Co. v. Pennsylvania (State Freight Tax Case), 15 Wall. 232 (1873).

[652] Prudential Ins. Co. v. Benjamin, 328 U.S. 408, 418 (1946).

[653] 12 Wheat. 419 (1827).

[654] Philadelphia & R.R. Co. v. Pennsylvania, 15 Wall. 284 (1873).

[655] Philadelphia & S. Mail S.S. Co. v. Pennsylvania, 122 U.S. 326 (1887).

[656] Western Union Tel. Co. v. Massachusetts, 125 U.S. 530 (1888).

[657] Ibid. 547.

[658] See Railroad Co. v. Peniston, 18 Wall. 5, 30-31 (1873).

[659] Pullman's Palace Car Co. v. Pennsylvania, 141 U.S. 18 (1891).

[660] Ibid. 26.

[661] 165 U.S. 194; upon rehearing 166 U.S. 185 (1897).

[662] 166 U.S. at 220.

[663] See Justice Holmes' language in Galveston, Harrisburg, & S.A. Ry. Co. v. Texas, 210 U.S. 217, 225, 227 (1908). See also Cudahy Packing Co. v. Minnesota 246 U.S. 450 (1918); and Pullman Co. v. Richardson, 261 U.S. 330 (1923); and Virginia v. Imperial Coal Sales Co., 293 U.S. 15 (1934).

[664] Pullman's Palace Car Co. v. Pennsylvania, 141 U.S. 18 (1891).

[665] Pittsburgh, C.C. & St. L.R. Co. v. Backus, 154 U.S. 421 (1894); Cleveland, C.C. & St. L.R. Co. v. Backus, 154 U.S. 439 (1894).

[666] Western Union Teleg. Co. v. Taggart, 163 U.S. 1 (1896). See also Western Union Teleg. Co. v. Massachusetts, 125 U.S. 530 (1888).

[667] Adams Express Co. v. Ohio, 165 U.S. 194 (1897), upon rehearing 166 U.S. 185 (1897).

[668] Great Northern Railway Co. v. Minnesota, 278 U.S. 503 (1929).

[669] Nashville, C. & St. L. Railway v. Browning, 310 U.S. 362 (1910).

[670] Ibid. 366, citing Union Tank Line Co. v. Wright, 249 U.S. 275 (1919); Wallace v. Hines, 253 U.S. 66 (1920); Southern R. Co. v. Kentucky, 274 U.S. 76 (1927).

[671] Atlantic Lumber Co. v. Commissioner, 298 U.S. 553 (1936). Cf. Alpha Portland Cement Co. v. Massachusetts, 268 U.S. 203 (1925).

[672] 142 U.S. 217 (1891).

[673] Ibid. 227-228.

[674] Citing Pickard v. Pullman Southern Car Co., 117 U.S. 34 (1886); Leloup v. Port of Mobile, 127 U.S. 640 (1888); Crutcher v. Kentucky, 141 U.S. 47 (1891); Philadelphia & S. Mail Steamship Co. v. Pennsylvania, 122 U.S. 326 (1887).

[675] Galveston, Harrisburg & S.A.R. Co. v. Texas, 210 U.S. 217 (1908).

[676] Ibid. 226.

[677] Postal Telegraph Cable Co. v. Adams, 155 U.S. 688, 697 (1895). See also Illinois Central R. Co. v. Minnesota, 309 U.S. 157 (1940), in which was sustained a five percent gross earnings tax on all railroads operating in the State, payable in lieu of all other taxes and found to have "a fair relation to the property employed in the State."

[678] New Jersey Bell Telephone Co. v. State Bd. of Taxes & Assessments, 280 U.S. 338 (1930).

[679] Bass, Ratcliff & Gretton v. State Tax Com., 266 U.S. 271 (1924).

[680] Matson Navigation Co. v. State Board, 297 U.S. 441 (1936). See also International Shoe Co. v. Shartel, 279 U.S. 429 (1929).

[681] Ford Motor Co. v. Beauchamp, 308 U.S. 331 (1939).

[682] International Harvester Co. v. Evatt, 329 U.S. 416 (1947).

[683] Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio R. Co. v. Texas, 210 U.S. 217 (1908).

[684] Wallace v. Hines, 253 U.S. 66 (1920).

[685] See pp. 194, 202. See also Interstate Oil Pipe Line Co. v. Stone, 337 U.S. 662 (1949) for an extensive review and evaluation of cases.

[686] Illinois Central R. Co. v. Minnesota, 309 U.S. 157 (1940). See also Wisconsin and Michigan Ry. v. Powers, 191 U.S. 379 (1903); United States Express Co. v. Minnesota, 223 U.S. 335 (1912). See note 13 to Justice Rutledge's opinion in Freeman v. Hewit, 329 U.S. at pp. 265-266.

[687] Western Live Stock v. Bureau of Revenue, 303 U.S. 250 (1938). See also United States Express Co. v. Minnesota, 223 U.S. 335 (1912); Dept. of Treasury of Indiana v. Wood Corp., 313 U.S. 62 (1941); Dept. of Treasury of Indiana v. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 252 (1941); Harvester Co. v. Dept. of Treasury, 322 U.S. 340 (1944).

[688] Western Live Stock v. Bureau of Revenue, 303 U.S. 250 (1938).

[689] Meyer v. Wells, Fargo & Co., 223 U.S. 298 (1912); also the following note.

[690] Philadelphia & S. Mail S.S. Co. v. Pennsylvania, 122 U.S. 326 (1887); Ratterman v. Western Union Teleg. Co., 127 U.S. 411 (1888); Western Union Teleg. Co. v. Alabama Board of Assessment (Seay), 132 U.S. 472 (1889); Adams Mfg. Co. v. Storen, 304 U.S. 307 (1938); Gwin, White & Prince v. Henneford, 305 U.S. 434 (1939). Cf. Fargo v. Michigan (Fargo v. Stevens), 121 U.S. 230 (1887), as explained in Western Live Stock v. Bureau of Revenue, 303 U.S. 250 (1938).

[691] Lockhart, Gross Receipts Taxes on Interstate Transportation and Communication, 57 Harvard L. Rev. 40, 65, 66 (1943); Galveston, H. & S.A.R. Co. v. Texas, 210 U.S. 217 (1908); New Jersey Bell Teleph. Co. v. State Bd. of Taxes and Assessments, 280 U.S. 338 (1930). But Cf. Nashville, C. and St. L. Ry. v. Browning, 310 U.S. 362 (1940). In both the Galveston and New Jersey Telephone Company cases, although the taxable events all occurred within the taxing State, the possibility of multiple taxation was nevertheless present. See also Puget Sound Stevedoring Co. v. State Tax Commission, 302 U.S. 90 (1937), the decision in which might have been rested upon the clause of the Constitution forbidding the States to tax exports. See also Richfield Oil Corp. v. State Board of Equalization, 329 U.S. 69 (1946).

[692] Fisher's Blend Station v. State Tax Comm., 297 U.S. 650 (1936); Western Live Stock v. Bureau of Revenue, 303 U.S. 250 (1938).

[693] See p. 193.

[694] See pp. 150-160.

[695] See p. 189.

[696] 303 U.S. 250 (1938).

[697] Ibid. 254.

[698] Ibid. 255-256.

[699] 305 U.S. 434 (1939).

[700] Ibid. 439-440.

[701] 305 U.S. at 455 (1939).

[702] See McCarroll v. Dixie Greyhound Lines, Inc., 309 U.S. 176, 188-189 (1940).

[703] Freeman v. Hewit, 329 U.S. 249 (1946).

[704] 329 U.S. 249.

[705] The Court relied particularly on Adams Mfg. Co. v. Storen, 304 U.S. 307 (1938) in which the multiple taxation test had been used.

[706] Justice Black dissented without opinion. Justice Douglas, speaking also for Justice Murphy, contended that the sale had been local, and that the only interstate agency employed had been the mails, an argument which squares badly with the attitude of the same Justices in United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Assoc., 322 U.S. 533 (1944).

[707] 330 U.S. 422 (1947), reaffirming Puget Sound Stevedoring Co. v. Tax Comm., 302 U.S. 90 (1937).

[708] 330 U.S. at 433.

[709] Justices Murphy, Douglas, and Rutledge thought the decision correct as to receipts from foreign commerce. Speaking for them, Justice Douglas made an effort to resurrect Maine v. Grand Trunk R. Co., 142 U.S. 217 (1891). Justice Black dissented without opinion.

[710] 334 U.S. 653.

[711] Ibid. 663, citing Western Live Stock v. Bureau of Revenue, 303 U.S. 250 (1938); and Ratterman v. Western Union Teleg. Co., 127 U.S. 411 (1888).

[712] 335 U.S. 80.

[713] 337 U.S. 662, 666, 677-678, 680.

[714] See supra, pp. 196, 204-207.

[715] 247 U.S. 321 (1918).

[716] Ibid. 328-329.

[717] Shaffer v. Carter, 252 U.S. 37 (1920).

[718] Underwood Typewriter Co. v. Chamberlain, 254 U.S. 113 (1920); Bass, Ratcliff & Gretton v. State Tax Commission, 266 U.S. 271 (1924).

[719] Hans Rees' Sons v. North Carolina, 283 U.S. 123, 132, 133 (1931). In this case a North Carolina tax was assessed on the income of a New York corporation, which bought leather, manufactured it in North Carolina, and sold its products at wholesale and retail in New York. The Court observed: "The difficulty of making an exact apportionment is apparent and hence, when the State has adopted a method not intrinsically arbitrary, it will be sustained until proof is offered of an unreasonable and arbitrary application in particular cases." The decisions in the Underwood and Bass cases, supra, "are not authority for the conclusion that where a corporation manufactures in one State and sells in another, the net profits of the entire transaction, as a unitary enterprise, may be attributed, regardless of evidence, to either State."

[720] Atlantic Coast Line v. Daughton, 262 U.S. 413 (1923).

[721] Matson Nav. Co. v. State Board, 297 U.S. 441 (1936). See also Butler Bros. v. McColgan, 315 U.S. 501 (1942), where the tax was sustained under the Fourteenth Amendment.

[722] Memphis Gas Co. v. Beeler, 315 U.S. 649 (1942).

[723] Ibid. 656-657

[724] Spector Motor Service v. O'Connor, 340 U.S. 602 (1951).

[725] 114 U.S. 196 (1885).

[726] Hays v. Pacific Mail S.S. Co., 17 How. 596 (1855).

[727] Packet Co. v. Keokuk, 95 U.S. 80 (1877); see also Transportation Co. v. Parkersburg, 107 U.S. 691 (1883).

[728] Ayer & L. Tie Co. v. Kentucky, 202 U.S. 409 (1906). For a resume of the rules for taxing vessels see Northwest Airlines v. Minnesota, 322 U.S. 292, 314-315 (1944), note 2.

[729] Old Dominion S.S. Co. v. Virginia, 198 U.S. 299 (1905): a vessel enrolled in New York at domicile of owner, but operating wholly in Virginia, was held taxable in Virginia.

[730] 336 U.S. 169 (1949).

[731] Northwest Airlines v. Minnesota, 322 U.S. 292 (1944).

[732] He also invoked New York Central and H.R.R. Co. v. Miller, 202 U.S. 584 (1906), where although 12 to 64 per cent of the rolling stock of the railroad was outside of New York throughout the tax year, New York was nevertheless allowed to tax it all because no part was in any other State throughout the year. The case is atypical, a constitutional sport; cf. Union Refrigerator Transit Co. v. Kentucky, 199 U.S. 194 (1905).

[733] 322 U.S. at 301-302.

[734] "The apportionment theory is a mongrel one, a cross between desire not to interfere with State taxation and desire at the same time not utterly to crush out interstate commerce. It is a practical, but rather illogical, device to prevent duplication of tax burdens on vehicles in transit. It is established in our decisions and has been found more or less workable with more or less arbitrary formulae of apportionment. Nothing either in theory or in practice commends it for transfer to air commerce."—Ibid. 306.

[735] Ibid. 308.

[736] Pullman's Palace Car Co. v. Pennsylvania, 141 U.S. 18 (1891).

[737] 322 U.S. 309.

[738] 235 U.S. 610 (1915).

[739] Ibid. 622.

[740] Hendrick v. Maryland, 235 U.S. 610 (1915).

[741] Kane v. New Jersey, 242 U.S. 160 (1916).

[742] Morf v. Bingaman, 298 U.S. 407 (1936).

[743] Ingels v. Morf, 300 U.S. 290 (1937).

[744] Clark v. Poor, 274 U.S. 554 (1927); Hicklin v. Coney, 290 U.S. 109 (1933).

[745] Interstate Busses Corp. v. Blodgett, 276 U.S. 245 (1928); Continental Baking Co. v. Woodring, 286 U.S. 352 (1932).

[746] Aero Mayflower Transit Co. v. Georgia Pub. Serv. Commission, 295 U.S. 285 (1935).

[747] Interstate Transit v. Lindsey, 283 U.S. 183 (1931). Cf. Sprout v. South Bend, 277 U.S. 163 (1928).

[748] See Dixie Ohio Express Co. v. State Rev. Comm., 306 U.S. 72 (1939); also Clark v. Paul Gray, Inc., 306 U.S. 583 (1939); Aero Mayflower Transit Co. v. Board of R.R. Commrs., 332 U.S. 495, 503-504 (1947). Here was sustained a State statute imposing a flat tax of $10 annually upon each vehicle operated by a motor carrier over the State's highways, and a fee of one half of one per cent of the carrier's gross operating revenue from its operations within the State, with an annual minimum of $15 per vehicle, in consideration of the use of the highways and in addition to all other motor vehicle license fees and taxes. This was held, as applied to a carrier engaged solely in interstate commerce, not to burden such commerce unconstitutionally, although the proceeds went into the State's general fund subject to appropriation for other than highway purposes. (Opinion by Rutledge, J., all concurring.) While a "State may not discriminate against or exclude such interstate traffic generally in the use of its highways, * * * [it is not] required to furnish those facilities to it free of charge or indeed on equal terms with other traffic not inflicting similar destructive effects. * * * Interstate traffic equally with intrastate may be required to pay a fair share of the cost and maintenance reasonably related to the use made of the highways." Ibid., headnote 6.

[749] 339 U.S. 542 (1950).

[750] Ibid. 561.

[751] Justice Roberts for the Court in Great Northern R. Co. v. Washington, 300 U.S. 154, 159-161 (1937).

[752] Charlotte, C. & A.R. Co. v. Gibbes, 142 U.S. 386 (1892); New York ex rel. New York Electric Lines Co. v. Squire, 145 U.S. 175, 191 (1892).

[753] Atlantic & P. Teleg. Co. v. Philadelphia, 190 U.S. 160 (1903); Mackay Teleg. & Cable Co. v. Little Rock, 250 U.S. 94, 99 (1919).

[754] Western U. Teleg. Co. v. New Hope, 187 U.S. 419, 425 (1903); Pure Oil Co. v. Minnesota, 248 U.S. 158, 162 (1918).

[755] New Mexico ex rel. McLean v. Denver & R.G.R. Co., 203 U.S. 38, 55 (1906). Cf. Red "C" Oil Mfg. Co. v. Board of Agriculture, 222 U.S. 380, 393 (1912); Western U. Teleg. Co. v. New Hope, 187 U.S. 419 (1903).

[756] Brimmer v. Rebman, 138 U.S. 78, 83 (1891); Postal Teleg. & Cable Co. v. Taylor, 192 U.S. 64 (1904); Pure Oil Co. v. Minnesota, 248 U.S. 158, 162 (1918).

[757] Atlantic & P. Teleg. Co. v. Philadelphia, 190 U.S. 160, 164 (1903); Postal Teleg. Cable Co. v. Taylor, 192 U.S. 64, 69 (1904); Foote & Co. v. Stanley, 232 U.S. 494, 503, 504 (1914).

[758] Foote & Co. v. Stanley, 232 U.S. 494, 505 (1914); Lugo v. Suazo, 59 F. (2d) 386 (1932).

[759] Western U. Teleg. Co. v. New Hope, 187 U.S. 419, 425 (1903); Foote & Co. v. Stanley, 232 U.S. 494, 507 (1914).

[760] Postal Teleg. Cable Co. v. New Hope, 192 U.S. 55 (1904); Foote & Co. v. Stanley, 232 U.S. 494, 508 (1914).

[761] 10 Stat. 112. Sustained in Pennsylvania v. Wheeling & Belmont Bridge Co., 18 How. 421 (1856).

[762] Pennsylvania v. Wheeling & Belmont Bridge Co., 13 How. 518 (1852).

[763] Transportation Co. v. Parkersburg, 107 U.S. 691, 701 (1883).

[764] 322 U.S. 533 (1944).

[765] 59 Stat. 33 (1945).

[766] 328 U.S. 408 (1946).

[767] Ibid. 429-430, 434-435.

[768] See pp. 163-172.

[769] 9 Wheat. 1 (1824).

[770] Ibid. 203.

[771] 12 Wheat. 419 (1827).

[772] Ibid. 443-444.

[773] Cf. 12 Wheat. at 439-440.

[774] 11 Pet. 102 (1837).

[775] Smith v. Turner (Passenger Cases), 7 How. 283 (1849).

[776] Henderson v. New York, 92 U.S. 259 (1876).

[777] Ibid. 272.

[778] Chy Lung v. Freeman, 92 U.S. 275 (1876).

[779] Compagnie Francaise de Navigation v. Bd. of Health, 186 U.S. 380, 398, (1902). See also Morgan's L. & T.R.S.S. Co. v. Bd. of Health, 118 U.S. 455 (1886); Louisiana v. Texas, 176 U.S. 1, 21 (1900).

[780] 211 U.S. 31, 36-37 (1908).

[781] As to concessions by the Court to the practical necessities of enforcement, see also Bayside Fish Flour Co. v. Gentry, 297 U.S. 422 (1936); and Whitfield v. Ohio, 297 U.S. 431 (1936).

[782] 325 U.S. 761, 766-767.

[783] Ibid. 767; citing: Minnesota Rate Cases, 230 U.S. 352, 399, 400 (1913); South Carolina Highway Dept. v. Barnwell Bros., 303 U.S. 177, 187 (1938), et seq.; California v. Thompson, 313 U.S. 109, 113, 114 (1941) and cases cited; Parker v. Brown, 317 U.S. 341, 359, 360 (1943).

[784] 325 U.S. at 767; citing: Cooley v. Board of Wardens, 12 How. at 319 (1851); South Carolina Highway Dept. v. Barnwell Bros., 303 U.S. at 185; California v. Thompson, 313 U.S. at 113; Duckworth v. Arkansas, 314 U.S. 390, 394 (1941); Parker v. Brown, 317 U.S. at 362, 363.

[785] 325 U.S. at 767; citing: South Carolina Highway Dept. v. Barnwell Bros., 303 U.S. at 188 and cases cited; Lone Star Gas Co. v. Texas, 304 U.S. 224, 238 (1938); Milk Board v. Eisenberg Co., 306 U.S. 346, 351 (1939); Maurer v. Hamilton, 309 U.S. 598, 603 (1940); California v. Thompson, 313 U.S. 113, 114 and cases cited.

[786] 325 U.S. at 767, 768; citing: Cooley v. Board of Wardens, 12 How. at 319 (1851); Leisy v. Hardin, 135 U.S. 100, 108, 109 (1890); Minnesota Rate Cases, 230 U.S. at 399, 400 (1913); Edwards v. California, 314 U.S. 160, 176 (1941).

[787] 325 U.S. at 768; citing: Brown v. Maryland, 12 Wheat. 419, 447 (1827); Minnesota Rate Cases, 230 U.S. at 399, 400; Pennsylvania v. West Virginia, 262 U.S. 553, 596 (1923); Baldwin v. Seelig, 294 U.S. 511, 522 (1935); South Carolina Highway Dept. v. Barnwell Bros., 303 U.S. at 185 (1938).

[788] 325 U.S. at 768; citing: Welton v. Missouri, 91 U.S. 275, 282 (1876); Hall v. DeCuir, 95 U.S. 485, 490 (1878); Brown v. Houston, 114 U.S. 622, 631 (1885); Bowman v. Chicago & N.W.R. Co., 125 U.S. 465, 481, 482 (1888); Leisy v. Hardin, 135 U.S. at 109; In re Rahrer, 140 U.S. 545, 559, 560 (1891); Brennan v. Titusville, 153 U.S. 289, 302 (1894); Covington & C. Bridge Co. v. Kentucky, 154 U.S. 204, 212 (1894); Graves v. New York ex rel. O'Keefe, 306 U.S. 466, 479 (1939); Dowling, Interstate Commerce and State Power, 27 Va. Law Rev. 1 (1940).

[789] 325 U.S. at 769; citing: Parker v. Brown. 317 U.S. at 362 (1943); Terminal Railroad Assn. v. Brotherhood, 318 U.S. 1, 8 (1943); see Di Santo v. Pennsylvania, 273 U.S. 34, 44 (1927) (and compare California v. Thompson, 313 U.S. 109 (1941)); Illinois Gas Co. v. Public Service Co., 314 U.S. 498, 504, 505 (1942).

[790] 325 U.S. at 769; citing: Cooley v. Board of Wardens, 12 How. 299 (1851); Kansas City Southern R. Co. v. Kaw Valley District, 233 U.S. 75, 79 (1914); South Covington R. Co. v. Covington, 235 U.S. 537, 546 (1915); Missouri, K. & T.R. Co. v. Texas, 245 U.S. 484, 488 (1918); St. Louis & S.F.R. Co. v. Public Service Comm'n., 254 U.S. 535, 537 (1921): Foster-Fountain Packing Co. v. Haydel, 278 U.S. 1, 10 (1928); Gwin, White & Prince v. Henneford, 305 U.S. 434, 441 (1939); McCarroll v. Dixie Lines, 309 U.S. 176 (1940).

[791] 325 U.S. at 769; citing: In re Rahrer, 140 U.S. at 561, 562 (1891); Adams Express Co. v. Kentucky, 238 U.S. 190, 198 (1915); Rosenberger v. Pacific Express Co., 241 U.S. 48, 50, 51 (1916); Clark Distilling Co. v. Western Maryland R. Co., 242 U.S. 311, 325, 326 (1917); Whitfield v. Ohio, 297 U.S. 431, 438-440 (1936); Kentucky Whip & Collar Co. v. Illinois Central R. Co., 299 U.S. 334, 350, 351 (1937); Hooven & Allison Co. v. Evatt, 324 U.S. 652, 679 (1945).

[792] 325 U.S. at 769, 770; citing: Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. v. United States, 175 U.S. 211, 230 (1899); Louisville & Nashville R. Co. v. Mottley, 219 U.S. 467 (1911); Houston, E. & W.T.R. Co. v. United States, 234 U.S. 342 (1914); American Express Co. v. Caldwell, 244 U.S. 617, 626 (1917); Illinois Central R. Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n., 245 U.S. 493, 506 (1918); New York v. United States, 257 U.S. 591, 601 (1922); Louisiana Public Service Comm'n. v. Texas & N.O.R. Co., 284 U.S. 125, 130 (1931); Pennsylvania R. Co. v. Illinois Brick Co., 297 U.S. 447, 459, (1936).

[793] 325 U.S. at 770; citing: Gwin, White & Prince v. Henneford, 305 U.S. 434, 441 (1939).

[794] 325 U.S. at 770; citing: Terminal Railroad Assn. v. Brotherhood, 318 U.S. 1, 8 (1943); Southern R. Co. v. King, 217 U.S. 524 (1910).

[795] Peik v. Chicago & N.W.R. Co., 94 U.S. 164 (1877).

[796] Wabash, St. L. & P.R. Co. v. Illinois, 118 U.S. 557 (1886).

[797] 24 Stat. 379 (1887).

[798] Wisconsin Railroad Com. v. Chicago, B. & Q.R.R. Co., 257 U.S. 563 (1922).

[799] Gladson v. Minnesota, 166 U.S. 427 (1897); followed in Lake Shore & M.S.R. Co. v. Ohio ex rel. Lawrence, 173 U.S. 285 (1899), in which an Ohio statute requiring that "each company shall cause three, each way, of its regular trains carrying passengers, * * * Sundays excepted, to stop at a station, city or village, containing three thousand inhabitants, for a time sufficient to receive and let off passengers; * * *" was sustained.

[800] Illinois Central R.R. Co. v. Illinois, 163 U.S. 142, 153 (1896).

[801] Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R.R. Co. v. Wisconsin R.R. Com., 237 U.S. 220, 226 (1915); St. Louis & San Francisco R. Co. v. Public Service Com., 254 U.S. 535, 536-537 (1921).

[802] St. Louis & San Francisco R. Co. v. Public Service Com., 261 U.S. 369, 371 (1923).

[803] Wisconsin, Minnesota & Pacific R.R. v. Jacobson, 179 U.S. 287 (1900).

[804] Missouri P.R. Co. v. Larabee Flour Mills Co., 211 U.S. 612 (1909).

[805] McNeill v. Southern R. Co., 202 U.S. 543 (1906).

[806] St. Louis S.W.R. Co. v. Arkansas, 217 U.S. 136 (1910).

[807] See e.g. The Court's language in Hannibal & St. L.R. Co. v. Husen, 95 U.S. 465, 470 (1878); New York, N.H. & H.R. Co. v. New York, 165 U.S. 628, 631 (1897); Lake Shore & M.S.R. Co. v. Ohio ex rel. Lawrence, 173 U.S. 285, 292 (1899); Hennington v. Georgia, 163 U.S. 299 (1896); Simpson v. Shepard (Minnesota Rate Cases), 230 U.S. 352, 402-410 (1913).

[808] Smith v. Alabama, 124 U.S. 465 (1888); see also Nashville, C. & St. L.R. Co. v. Alabama, 128 U.S. 96 (1888); McCall v. California, 136 U.S. 104 (1890); Missouri, K. & T.R. Co. v. Haber, 109 U.S. 613, 633 (1898).

[809] New York, N.H. & H.R. Co. v. New York, 165 U.S. 628 (1807). See also Chicago, M. & St. P.R. Co. v. Solan, 169 U.S. 133, 137 (1898).

[810] Erb v. Morasch, 177 U.S. 584 (1900).

[811] Erie R.R. Co. v. Public Utility Commrs., 254 U.S. 394 (1921).

[812] Atchison, T. & S.F.R. Co. v. R.R. Comm., 283 U.S. 380 (1931).

[813] Chicago, R.I. & P.R. Co. v. Arkansas, 219 U.S. 453 (1911).

[814] Ibid, 453, 466. See also St. Louis, I.M. & S. Co. v. Arkansas, 240 U.S. 518 (1916); Missouri P.R. Co. v. Norwood, 283 U.S. 249 (1931).

[815] Terminal Railroad Assn. v. Brotherhood, 318 U.S. 1 (1943).

[816] 163 U.S. 299 (1896). In South Covington R. Co. v. Covington, 235 U.S. 537 (1915), the Court sustained a municipal ordinance which prohibits the company from allowing passengers to ride on the rear or front platforms without suitable barriers, and requires that the cars be kept clean and ventilated and fumigated. However, provisions of the ordinance that cars shall never be permitted to fall below a certain temperature and regulating the number of passengers to be carried in the cars were held to be unreasonable and violative of the commerce clause. There was no unconstitutional interference with interstate commerce by a municipal ordinance which directed a railway company to remove its tracks from a busy street intersection. Denver & R.G.R. Co. v. Denver, 250 U.S. 241 (1919).

[817] Chicago, M. & St. P.R. Co. v. Solan, 169 U.S. 133 (1898); Richmond & A.R. Co. v. Patterson Tobacco Co., 169 U.S. 311 (1898).

[818] 325 U.S. 761, 779-780 (1945).

[819] Kansas City Southern R. Co. v. Kaw Valley Drainage Dist., 233 U.S. 75, 79 (1914).

[820] 244 U.S. 310 (1917).

[821] Cf. Southern R. Co. v. King, 217 U.S. 524 (1910), where the crossings were fewer and the burden to interstate commerce was shown not to be unduly heavy.

[822] 302 U.S. 1, 15 (1937).

[823] 325 U.S. 761, 771-776.

[824] 328 U.S. 373, 380, 386 (1946).

[825] Hendrick v. Maryland, 235 U.S. 610 (1915); Kane v. New Jersey, 242 U.S. 160 (1916).

[826] Sproles v. Binford, 286 U.S. 374 (1932). See also Morris v. Duby, 274 U.S. 135 (1927).

[827] South Carolina State Highway Dept. v. Barnwell Bros. Inc., 303 U.S. 177 (1938).

[828] 289 U.S. 92 (1933).

[829] 309 U.S. 598 (1940).

[830] 306 U.S. 79 (1939).

[831] Eichholz v. Public Service Com. of Missouri, 306 U.S. 268 (1939), citing Cooley v. Board of Wardens, 12 How. 299 (1851).

[832] Railway Express Agency v. New York, 336 U.S. 106 (1949).

[833] Ibid. 111. For a more extreme application of this idea by a narrowly divided Court, in a quite special situation, see Buck et al. v. California, 342 U.S. 99 (1952).

[834] Continental Baking Co. v. Woodring, 286 U.S. 352 (1932); Stephenson v. Binford, 287 U.S. 251 (1932); Hicklin v. Coney, 290 U.S. 169 (1933).

[835] Michigan Pub. Utilities Com. v. Duke, 266 U.S. 570 (1925). See also Smith v. Cahoon, 283 U.S. 553 (1931); and Continental Baking Co. v. Woodring, 286 U.S. 352 (1932).

[836] Buck v. Kuykendall, 267 U.S. 307 (1925). See also, Bush & Sons Co. v. Maloy, 267 U.S. 317 (1925); Interstate Busses Corp. v. Holyoke Street R. Co., 273 U.S. 45 (1927).

[837] 273 U.S. 34 (1927). See also McCall v. California, 136 U.S. 104 (1890). In the former case, agents soliciting patronage for steamship lines were involved; in the latter, an agent soliciting patronage for a particular railway line.

[838] California v. Thompson, 313 U.S. 109, 115-116 (1941).

[839] 9 Wheat. 1 (1824).

[840] 2 Pet. 245, 252 (1829).

[841] 12 How. 299 (1851).

[842] Foster v. Davenport, 22 How. 244 (1859); Sinnot v. Davenport, 22 How. 227 (1859). See also Lord v. Steamship Co., 102 U.S. 541 (1881).

[843] Foster v. Master & Wardens of Port of New Orleans, 94 U.S. 246 (1877).

[844] Ibid. 247.

[845] Northern Transp. Co. v. Chicago, 99 U.S. 635, 643 (1879); Willamette Iron Bridge Co. v. Hatch, 125 U.S. 1 (1888); Illinois v. Economy Power Light Co., 234 U.S. 497 (1914).

[846] Economy Light and Power Co. v. United States, 256 U.S. 113 (1921).

[847] Harman v. Chicago, 147 U.S. 396, 412 (1893).

[848] 302 U.S. 1 (1937).

[849] Ibid. 10.

[850] 333 U.S. 28 (1948).

[851] Hall v. De Cuir, 95 U.S. 485 (1878).

[852] 2 Pet. 245 (1829).

[853] Pound v. Turck, 95 U.S. 459 (1878); Lindsay & Phelps Co. v. Mullen, 176 U.S. 126 (1900).

[854] 3 Wall. 713 (1866).

[855] Ibid. 729. See also, Escanaba & L.M. Transp. Co. v. Chicago, 107 U.S. 678 (1883); and Cardwell v. American River Bridge Co., 113 U.S. 205 (1885).

[856] 119 U.S. 543 (1886).

[857] Ibid. 548-549.

[858] Packet Co. v. Keokuk, 95 U.S. 80 (1877); Ouachita Packet Co. v. Aiken, 121 U.S. 444 (1887).

[859] Prosser v. Northern P.R. Co., 152 U.S. 59 (1894). See also Sands v. Manistee R. Imp. Co., 123 U.S. 288 (1887); Gring v. Ives, 222 U.S. 365 (1912).

[860] Cases cited in note 7 above;[Transcriber's Note: Reference is to Footnote 858, above.] Parkersburg & O. Transp. Co. v. Parkersburg, 107 U.S. 691 (1883).

[861] Gloucester Ferry Co. v. Pennsylvania, 114 U.S. 196, 215 (1885); Conway v. Taylor, 1 Black 603 (1862); Wiggins Ferry Co. v. East St. Louis, 107 U.S. 365 (1883).

[862] Mayor and Board of Aldermen of Vidalia v. McNeely, 274 U.S. 676 (1927). See also Helson v. Kentucky, 279 U.S. 245, 249 (1929).

[863] Covington & C. Bridge Co. v. Kentucky, 154 U.S. 204 (1894).

[864] Port Richmond and Bergen Point Ferry Co. v. Bd. of Chosen Freeholders, 234 U.S. 317 (1914).

[865] New York Central & H.R.R. Co. v. Bd. of Chosen Freeholders, 227 U.S. 248 (1913).

[866] Wilmington Transp. Co. v. R.R. Com., 236 U.S. 151 (1915).

[867] Western U. Teleg. Co. v. Pendleton, 122 U.S. 347 (1887).

[868] Western U. Teleg. Co. v. Foster, 247 U.S. 105 (1918).

[869] Western U. Teleg. Co. v. Crovo, 220 U.S. 364 (1911).

[870] Western U. Teleg. Co. v. Commercial Milling Co., 218 U.S. 406 (1910).

[871] Western U. Teleg. Co. v. Brown, 234 U.S. 542 (1914).

[872] Essex v. New England Teleg. Co., 239 U.S. 313 (1915).

[873] Pensacola Teleg. Co. v. Western U. Teleg. Co., 96 U.S. 1 (1878).

[874] Western Union Teleg. Co. v. Richmond, 224 U.S. 160 (1912). See also Postal Teleg. Cable Co. v. Richmond, 249 U.S. 252 (1919).

[875] Northwestern Bell Teleph. Co. v. Nebraska State R. Com., 297 U.S. 471 (1936).

[876] Bell Tel. Co. v. Pennsylvania Public Util. Com., 309 U.S. 30 (1940).

[877] Missouri ex rel. Barrett v. Kansas Natural Gas Co., 265 U.S. 298 (1924).

[878] Public Utilities Com. v. Attleboro Steam & Electric Co., 273 U.S. 83 (1927).

[879] Pennsylvania Natural Gas Co. v. Public Serv. Com., 252 U.S. 23 (1920); Public Utilities Com. v. Landon, 249 U.S. 236 (1919).

[880] Panhandle Eastern Pipe Lines Co. v. Public Serv. Com., 332 U.S. 507 (1947).

[881] Panhandle Co. v. Michigan Comm'n., 341 U.S. 329 (1951).

[882] Peoples Natural Gas Co. v. Public Serv. Com., 270 U.S. 550 (1926).

[883] East Ohio Gas Co. v. Tax Com. of Ohio, 283 U.S. 465 (1931).

[884] Western Distributing Co. v. Public Serv. Com. of Kansas, 285 U.S. 119 (1932).

[885] Arkansas Louisiana Gas Co. v. Dept. of Public Utilities, 304 U.S. 61 (1938).

[886] Lone Star Gas Co. v. Texas, 304 U.S. 224 (1938).

[887] Cities Service Co. v. Peerless Co., 340 U.S. 179 (1950).

[888] Union Brokerage Co. v. Jensen, 322 U.S. 202 (1944). See also International Harvester Co. v. Kentucky, 234 U.S. 579 (1914); Sioux Remedy Co. v. Cope, 235 U.S. 197 (1914); Interstate Amusement Co. v. Albert, 239 U.S. 560 (1916).

[889] 322 U.S. at 207-209.

[890] Sioux Remedy Co. v. Cope, 235 U.S. 197 (1914).

[891] International Milling Co. v. Columbia T. Co., 292 U.S. 511 (1934).

[892] Natural Gas Pipeline Co. v. Slattery, 302 U.S. 300 (1937).

[893] Engel v. O'Malley, 219 U.S. 128 (1911).

[894] Merrick v. Halsey & Co., 242 U.S. 568 (1917). See also Hall v. Geiger-Jones Co., 242 U.S. 539 (1917); Caldwell v. Sioux Falls Stock Yards Co., 242 U.S. 559 (1917).

[895] Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co. v. Illinois ex rel. McLaughlin, 298 U.S. 155 (1936), citing Cargill Co. v. Minnesota, 180 U.S. 452, 470 (1901); Simpson v. Shepard (Minnesota Rate Case), 230 U.S. 352, 410 (1913); Hall v. Geiger-Jones Co., 242 U.S. 539, 557 (1917); Federal Compress & Warehouse Co. v. McLean, 291 U.S. 17 (1934).

[896] Davis v. Cleveland, C.C. & St. L. Co., 217 U.S. 157 (1910).

[897] Martin v. West, 222 U.S. 191 (1911).

[898] The "Winnebago," 205 U.S. 354, 362 (1907).

[899] Justice Hughes for the Court in Minnesota Rate Cases (Simpson v. Shepard), 230 U.S. 352, 406 (1913).

[900] Ibid. 408.

[901] Railroad Co. v. Husen, 95 U.S. 465 (1878).

[902] Kimmish v. Ball, 129 U.S. 217 (1889).

[903] Smith v. St. Louis & S.W.R. Co., 181 U.S. 248 (1901).

[904] Ibid. 255. Morgan's S.S. Co. v. Louisiana Bd. of Health, 118 U.S. 455 (1886) is cited.

[905] Hebe Co. v. Shaw, 248 U.S. 297 (1919).

[906] Hygrade Provision Co. v. Sherman, 266 U.S. 497 (1925).

[907] Mintz v. Baldwin, 289 U.S. 346 (1933).

[908] Pacific States Box & Basket Co. v. White, 296 U.S. 176 (1935).

[909] Bayside Fish Flour Co. v. Gentry, 297 U.S. 422 (1936).

[910] Highland Farms Dairy, Inc. v. Agnew, 300 U.S. 608 (1937).

[911] Bourjois, Inc. v. Chapman, 301 U.S. 183 (1937).

[912] Clason v. Indiana, 306 U.S. 439 (1939).

[913] Milk Control Bd. v. Eisenberg Farm Products, 306 U.S. 346 (1939).

[914] Patapsco Guano Co. v. North Carolina, 171 U.S. 345 (1898).

[915] Savage v. Jones, 225 U.S. 501 (1912); followed in Corn Products Refining Co. v. Eddy, 249 U.S. 427 (1919).

[916] Pure Oil Co. v. Minnesota, 248 U.S. 158 (1918).

[917] Mutual Film Corp. v. Hodges, 236 U.S. 248 (1915).

[918] Minnesota v. Barber, 136 U.S. 313 (1890); see also Brimmer v. Rebman, 138 U.S. 78 (1891).

[919] 136 U.S. at 322. See also pp. 328-329.

[920] Voight v. Wright, 141 U.S. 62 (1891).

[921] Hale v. Bimco Trading Co., 306 U.S. 375 (1939).

[922] Dean Milk Co. v. Madison, 340 U.S. 349 (1951).

[923] 12 Wheat. 419 (1827).

[924] Ibid. 449.

[925] Woodruff v. Parham, 8 Wall. 123 (1869). There were later some departures from the rule, apparently due to inattention, in cases involving oil. See Standard Oil v. Graves, 249 U.S. 389 (1919); Askren v. Continental Oil Co., 252 U.S. 444 (1920); Bowman v. Continental Oil Co., 256 U.S. 642 (1921) and Texas Co. v. Brown, 258 U.S. 466 (1922). These cases were "qualified," and in fact disavowed in Sonneborn Bros. v. Cureton, 262 U.S. 506, 520 (1923). Cf. the contemporary case of Wagner v. Covington, 251 U.S. 95 (1912) where the true rule is followed.

[926] Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U.S. 623 (1887).

[927] Kidd v. Pearson, 128 U.S. 1 (1888).

[928] 125 U.S. 465 (1888).

[929] Leisy & Co. v. Hardin, 135 U.S. 100 (1890).

[930] 26 Stat. 313 (1890); sustained in In re Rahrer, 140 U.S. 545 (1891).

[931] Rhodes v. Iowa, 170 U.S. 412 (1898).

[932] 37 Stat. 699 (1913); sustained in Clark Distilling Co. v. Western Md. Ry. Co., 242 U.S. 311 (1917).

[933] Austin v. Tennessee, 179 U.S. 343 (1900).

[934] 155 U.S. 461 (1894).

[935] 135 U.S. 100 (1890).

[936] 155 U.S. at 474.

[937] Schollenberger v. Pennsylvania, 171 U.S. 1 (1898).

[938] Collins v. New Hampshire, 171 U.S. 30 (1898).

[939] See note 1 above. [Transcriber's Note: Reference is to Footnote 933, above.]

[940] State Board v. Young's Market Co., 299 U.S. 59 (1936); Finch & Co. v. McKittrick, 305 U.S. 395 (1939); Brewing Co. v. Liquor Comm'n., 305 U.S. 391 (1939); Ziffrin, Inc. v. Reeves, 308 U.S. 132 (1939).

[941] Duckworth v. Arkansas, 314 U.S. 390 (1941); followed in Carter v. Virginia, 321 U.S. 131 (1944). Justice Jackson would have preferred to rest the decision on the Twenty-first Amendment instead of "what I regard as an unwise extension of State power over interstate commerce," 314 U.S. at 397; and appears to have converted Justice Frankfurter. See latter's opinion in 321 U.S. at 139-143.

[942] 297 U.S. 431 (1936).

[943] 45 Stat 1084 (1929).

[944] 297 U.S. at 440. See also Justice Cardozo's remarks in Baldwin v. Seelig, 294 U.S. 511, 526-527 (1935).

[945] Cf. Plumley v. Massachusetts, 155 U.S. 461 (1894); Savage v. Jones, 225 U.S. 501 (1912); Corn Products Refining Co. v. Eddy, 249 U.S. 427 (1919).

[946] Elkison v. Deliesseline, 8 Fed. Cas. No. 4366 (1823).

[947] For interesting particulars see 2 Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History, 84-87.

[948] 1 Op. Atty. Gen. 659.

[949] 2 Op. Atty. Gen. 426.

[950] 11 Pet. 102 (1837).

[951] Smith v. Turner (Passenger Cases), 7 How. 283 (1849).

[952] Crandall v. Nevada, 6 Wall. 35 (1868).

[953] 314 U.S. 160 (1941).

[954] Ibid. 172.

[955] Ibid. 173. Justice Cardozo's words, quoted by Justice Byrnes, occur in Baldwin v. Seelig, 294 U.S. 511, 523 (1935). Justice Byrnes' answer to another argument of the State, based on historical conceptions of the word "indigent," was, "poverty and immorality are not synonymous."

[956] See especially Justice Douglas' forceful opinion. 314 U.S. 177-181.

[957] 161 U.S. 519 (1896).

[958] Hudson County Water Co. v. McCarter, 209 U.S. 349 (1908).

[959] 221 U.S. 229 (1911).

[960] Ibid. 255-256.

[961] 262 U.S. 553 (1923).

[962] 237 U.S. 52 (1915).

[963] Ibid. 61.

[964] 258 U.S. 50, 61 (1922).

[965] 258 U.S. 50 (1922); 66 L. Ed. 458, Hd. 2.

[966] See pp. 193-195.

[967] 291 U.S. 502 (1934); followed in Hegeman Farms Corp. v. Baldwin, 293 U.S. 163 (1934).

[968] 294 U.S. 511 (1935).

[969] Milk Control Bd. v. Eisenberg Farm Products, 306 U.S. 346 (1939).

[970] Ibid. 352.

[971] Hood v. Du Mond, 336 U.S. 525, 535 (1949).

[972] Foster-Fountain Packing Co. v. Haydel, 278 U.S. 1 (1928).

[973] Ibid. 13.

[974] Toomer v. Witsell, 334 U.S. 385 (1948). Other features of the South Carolina act were found to violate article IV, section 2. See p. 690.

[975] Bayside Fish Flour Co. v. Gentry, 297 U.S. 422 (1936).

[976] Ibid. 426, citing Silz v. Hesterberg, 211 U.S. 31, 39 (1908).

[977] 34 Stat. 584 (1906).

[978] Chicago, I. & L.R. Co. v. United States, 219 U.S. 486 (1911).

[979] Southern R. Co. v. Reid, 222 U.S. 424 (1912); Southern R. Co. v. Burlington Lumber Co., 225 U.S. 99 (1912).

[980] Chicago, R.I. & P.R. Co. v. Hardwick Farmers Elevator Co., 226 U.S. 426 (1913).

[981] St. Louis, I.M. & S.R. Co. v. Edwards, 227 U.S. 265 (1913).

[982] Yazoo & M.V.R. Co. v. Greenwood Grocery Co., 227 U.S. 1 (1913). In this case the severity of the regulation furnished additional reason for its disallowance.

[983] 226 U.S. 491 (1913). For the Court's reiteration of the formula governing such cases, see ibid. 505-506. See also Barrett v. New York, 232 U.S. 14 (1914); Chicago, R.I. & P.R. Co. v. Cramer, 232 U.S. 490 (1914); Atchison, T. & S.F.R. Co. v. Harold, 241 U.S. 371 (1916); Missouri P.R. Co. v. Porter, 273 U.S. 341 (1927). A year before the enactment of the Carmack Amendment the Court had held that the imposition by a State upon the initial or any connecting carrier of the duty of tracing the freight and informing the shipper in writing when, where, how, and by which carrier the freight was lost, damaged, or destroyed, and of giving the names of the parties and their official position, by whom the truth of the facts set out in the information could be established, was, when applied to interstate commerce, a violation of the commerce clause. Central of Georgia R. Co. v. Murphey, 196 U.S. 194, 202 (1905). The Court's opinion definitely invited Congress to deal with the subject, as it does in the Carmack Amendment.

[984] 35 Stat. 65 (1908); 36 Stat. 291 (1910).

[985] 34 Stat. 1415 (1907).

[986] 27 Stat. 531 (1893); 32 Stat. 943 (1903).

[987] Mondou v. New York, N.H. & H.R. Co. (Second Employers' Liability Cases), 223 U.S. 1 (1912); Southern R. Co. v. Railroad Com., 236 U.S. 439 (1915).

[988] Erie R. Co. v. New York, 233 U.S. 671 (1914).

[989] 26 Stat. 414 (1890).

[990] Crossman v. Lurman, 192 U.S. 189 (1904).

[991] 34 Stat. 768 (1906); Savage v. Jones, 225 U.S. 501 (1912), citing Missouri, Kansas & Texas Ry. Co. v. Haber, 169 U.S. 613 (1898); Reid v. Colorado, 187 U.S. 137 (1902); Asbell v. Kansas, 209 U.S. 251 (1908); Southern Ry. Co. v. Reid, 222 U.S. 424, 442 (1912).

[992] McDermott v. Wisconsin, 228 U.S. 115 (1913).

[993] Ibid. 137.

[994] Armour & Co. v. North Dakota, 240 U.S. 510 (1916).

[995] 37 Stat. 315 (1912); 39 Stat. 1165 (1917).

[996] Oregon-Washington R. & Nav. Co. v. Washington, 270 U.S. 87 (1926).

[997] 44 Stat. 250 (1926).

[998] Mintz v. Baldwin, 289 U.S. 346 (1933).

[999] 32 Stat. 791 (1903); 33 Stat. 1264 (1905).

[1000] Townsend v. Yeomans, 301 U.S. 441 (1937).

[1001] 49 Stat. 731 (1935).

[1002] Allen-Bradley Local v. Employment Relations Board, 315 U.S. 740 (1942).

[1003] 49 Stat. 449 (1935).

[1004] Quoting Napier v. Atlantic Coast Line R. Co., 272 U.S. 605, 611 (1926).

[1005] Parker v. Brown, 317 U.S. 341 (1943).

[1006] 50 Stat. 246 (1937).

[1007] 317 U.S. at 368.

[1008] Ibid. 362.

[1009] Union Brokerage Co. v. Jensen, 322 U.S. 202 (1944).

[1010] Ibid. 211.

[1011] Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Co. v. Public Serv. Com. of Indiana, 332 U.S. 507 (1947); Rice v. Chicago Board of Trade, 331 U.S. 247 (1947).

[1012] 52 Stat. 821 (1938).

[1013] 49 Stat. 1491 (1936).

[1014] 49 Stat. 543 (1935); 54 Stat. 919-920 (1940).

[1015] California v. Zook, 336 U.S. 725 (1949).

[1016] 52 Stat. 821 (1938).

[1017] Illinois Gas Co. v. Public Service Co., 314 U.S. 498 (1942).

[1018] 26 U.S.C.A. Sec. 2320-2327.

[1019] Cloverleaf Co. v. Patterson, 315 U.S. 148 (1942). Four Justices, speaking by Chief Justice Stone dissented, on the basis of Mintz v. Baldwin, 289 U.S. 346 (1933); Kelly v. Washington ex rel. Foss Co., 302 U.S. 1 (1937); and Welch Co. v. New Hampshire, 306 U.S. 79 (1939).

[1020] 39 Stat. 486 (1916); amended by 46 Stat. 1463 (1931).

[1021] Rice v. Santa Fe Elevator Corp., 331 U.S. 218 (1947).

[1022] See note 1 above. [Transcriber's Note: Reference is to Footnote 1016, above.]

[1023] Interstate Natural Gas Co. v. Federal Power Com., 331 U.S. 682 (1947).

[1024] 49 U.S.C.A. 5.

[1025] Schwabacher v. United States, 334 U.S. 182 (1948).

[1026] Seaboard Air Line R. Co. v. Daniel, 333 U.S. 118 (1948).

[1027] Hill v. Florida, 325 U.S. 538 (1945).

[1028] 49 Stat. 449 (1935).

[1029] 325 U.S. at 542.

[1030] Auto Workers v. Wisconsin Board, 336 U.S. 245 (1949).

[1031] 49 Stat. 449 (1935); 61 Stat. 136 (1947).

[1032] Algoma Plywood & Veneer Co. v. Wisconsin Bd., 336 U.S. 301 (1949).

[1033] Automobile Workers v. O'Brien, 339 U.S. 454 (1950); Bus Employees v. Wisconsin Board, 340 U.S. 383 (1951).

[1034] United States v. Kagama, 118 U.S. 375, 384 (1886); Cf. United States v. Holliday, 3 Wall. 407 (1866).

[1035] 16 Stat. 544, 566; R.S. 2079.

[1036] See United States v. Sandoval, 231 U.S. 28 (1914).

[1037] See Perrin v. United States, 232 U.S. 478 (1914); Johnson v. Gearlds, 234 U.S. 422 (1914); Dick v. United States, 208 U.S. 340 (1908).

[1038] United States v. Nice, 241 U.S. 591 (1916), overruling Re Heff, 197 U.S. 488, 509 (1905).

[1039] United States v. Sandoval, 231 U.S. 28 (1914).

[1040] United States v. Holliday, 3 Wall. 407, 419 (1866).

[1041] Ex parte Webb, 225 U.S. 663 (1912).

[1042] Boyd v. Nebraska, 143 U.S. 135, 162 (1892).

[1043] 10 How. 393 (1857).

[1044] Ibid. 417, 419.

[1045] Mackenzie v. Hare, 239 U.S. 299, 311 (1915).

[1046] 66 Stat. 163; Public Law 414, 82d Cong., 2d Sess. (1952).

[1047] Ibid. tit. III, Sec. 301. The first category comprises, it should be noted, those who are citizens by the opening clause of Amendment XIV, which embodies Chief Justice Marshall's holding in Gassies v. Ballon, that a citizen of the United States, residing in any State of the Union, is a citizen of that State. 6 Pet. 761, 762 (1832).

[1048] 66 Stat. 163; tit. III, Sec. 302-307. These categories illustrate collective naturalization. "Instances of collective naturalization by treaty or by statute are numerous." Boyd v. Nebraska, 143 U.S. 135, 162 (1892). See also Elk v. Wilkins, 112 U.S. 94 (1884).

[1049] 57 Stat. 600.

[1050] 66 Stat. 163, tit. III, Sec. 311.

[1051] Ibid. Sec. 313 (a) (4-6).

[1052] Ibid. Sec. 313 (c).

[1053] 66 Stat. 163, Sec. 337 (a). In United States v. Schwimmer, 279 U.S. 644 (1929); and United States v. Macintosh, 283 U.S. 605 (1931) it was held, by a divided Court, that clauses (3) and (4) of the oath, as previously prescribed, required the candidate for naturalization to be ready and willing to bear arms for the United States, but these holdings were overruled in Girouard v. United States, 328 U.S. 61 (1946).

[1054] 66 Stat. 163, Sec. 340 (a); see also Johannessen v. United States, 225 U.S. 227 (1912).

[1055] Ibid. Sec. 340 (c). For cancellation proceedings under the Nationality Act of 1910 (54 Stat. 1158, Sec. 338); see Schneiderman v. United States, 320 U.S. 118 (1943); Baumgartner v. United States 322 U.S. 665 (1944), where district court decisions ordering cancellation were reversed on the ground that the Government had not discharged the burden of proof resting upon it. Knauer v. United States, 328 U.S. 654 (1946) represents a less rigid view.

[1056] Osborn v. Bank of the United States, 9 Wheat. 738, 827 (1824).

[1057] 328 U.S. 654 (1946).

[1058] Ibid. 658.

[1059] Johannessen v. United States, 225 U.S. 227 (1912) and Knauer v. United States, 328 U.S. 654, 673 (1946).

[1060] 66 Stat. 163, tit. III, Sec. 352 (a).

[1061] Perkins v. Elg, 307 U.S. 325, 329, 334 (1939). Naturalization has a retroactive effect and removes all liability to forfeiture of land held while an alien (Osterman v. Baldwin, 6 Wall. 116, 122 (1867)); the subsequent naturalization of an alien who takes land by grant or by location on public land relates back and obviates every consequence of his alien disability (Manuel v. Wulff, 152 U.S. 505, 511 (1894); Doe ex dem. Governeur's Heirs v. Robertson, 11 Wheat. 332, 350 (1826)). A certificate of naturalization, while conclusive as a judgment of citizenship, cannot be introduced in a distinct proceeding as evidence of residence, age or good character of the person naturalized (Mutual Ben. L. Ins. Co. v. Tisdale, 91 U.S. 238 (1876)).

[1062] Chirac v. Chirac, 2 Wheat. 259, 269 (1817).

[1063] Holmgren v. United States, 217 U.S. 509 (1910), where it was also held that Congress may provide for the punishment of false swearing in such proceedings in State court. Ibid. 520.

[1064] Spragins v. Houghton, 3 Ill. 377 (1840); Stewart v. Foster, 2 Binney's (Pa.) 110 (1809).

[1065] Shanks v. Dupont, 3 Pet. 242, 240 (1830).

[1066] 15 Stat. 223; 8 U.S.C.A. Sec. 800.

[1067] MacKenzie v. Hare, 239 U.S. 299, 309, 311-312 (1915). In this case, a now obsolete statute (34 Stat. 1228), known as the Citizenship Act of 1907, which divested the citizenship of a woman marrying an alien, was upheld as constitutional. Under the Act of June 27, 1952, these conditions comprise the following: (1) Obtaining naturalization in a foreign State; (2) Taking an oath of allegiance to a foreign State; (3) Serving in the armed forces of a foreign State without authorization and with consequent acquisition of foreign nationality; (4) Assuming public office under the government of a foreign State, for which only nationals of that State are eligible; (5) Voting in an election or participating in a plebiscite in a foreign State; (6) Formal renunciation of citizenship before an American foreign service officer abroad; (7) Conviction and discharge from the armed services for desertion in time of war; (8) Conviction of treason or an attempt at forceful overthrow of the United States; (9) Formal renunciation of citizenship within the United States in time of war, subject to approval by the Attorney General; (10) Fleeing or remaining outside the United States in time of war or proclaimed emergency in order to evade military training; (11) Residence by a naturalized citizen, subject to certain exceptions, for two to three years in the country of his birth or in which he formerly was a national or for five years in any other foreign State, and (12) Minor children, of naturalized citizens losing citizenship by such foreign residence, also lose their United States citizenship if they acquire the nationality of a foreign State; but not until they attain the age of 25 without having acquired permanent residence in the United States. 66 Stat. 163; Tit. III Sec. 349-357.

[1068] Chinese Exclusion Case, 130 U.S. 581, 603, 604 (1889); See also Fong Yue Ting v. United States, 149 U.S. 698, 705 (1893); Japanese Immigrant Case, 189 U.S. 86 (1903); Turner v. Williams, 194 U.S. 279 (1904); Bugajewitz v. Adams, 228 U.S. 585 (1913); Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52 (1941).

[1069] 66 Stat. 163; Tit. II, Sec. 212.

[1070] Ibid. Sec. 212 (a) (28) (F).

[1071] 54 Stat. 670.

[1072] Hines v. Davidowitz, 312 U.S. 52, 69-70.

[1073] 66 Stat. 163; Tit. II, Sec. 261-266.

[1074] 338 U.S. 537 (1950).

[1075] 59 Stat. 659.

[1076] 338 U.S. at 543.

[1077] Carlson v. Landon, 342 U.S. 524 (1952).

[1078] 54 Stat. 670.

[1079] Harisiades v. Shaughnessy, 342 U.S. 580, 587 (1952).

[1080] 8 U.S.C, Sec. 156 C was the provision in question.

[1081] United States v. Spector, 343 U.S. 169 (1952).

[1082] Keller v. United States, 213 U.S. 138 (1909).

[1083] Ibid. 149-150. For the requirements of due process of law in the deportation of alien, see p. 852 (Amendment V).

[1084] Adams v. Storey, 1 Fed. Cas. No. 66 (1817).

[1085] 2 Stat. 19 (1800).

[1086] Story's Commentaries, II, 1113 (Cooley's ed. 1873).

[1087] 186 U.S. 181 (1902).

[1088] Continental Illinois Nat. Bank & Trust Co. v. Chicago, R.I. & P.R. Co., 294 U.S. 648, 670 (1935).

[1089] United States v. Bekins, 304 U.S. 27 (1938), distinguishing Ashton v. Cameron County Water Improv. Dist., 298 U.S. 513 (1936).

[1090] In re Reiman, Fed. Cas. No. 11,673 (1874), cited with approval in Continental Illinois Nat. Bank & Trust Co. v. Chicago, R.I. & P.R. Co., 294 U.S. 648, 672 (1935).

[1091] Continental Illinois Nat. Bank & Trust Co. v. Chicago, R.I. & P.R. Co., 294 U.S. 648 (1935).

[1092] Wright v. Mountain Trust Bank, 300 U.S. 440 (1937); Adair v. Bank of America Assn., 303 U.S. 350 (1938).

[1093] Wright v. Union Central Insurance Co., 304 U.S. 502 (1938).

[1094] 294 U.S. 648 (1935).

[1095] Ibid. 671.

[1096] Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford, 295 U.S. 555, 589, 602 (1935).

[1097] Ashton v. Cameron County Water Improvement District, 298 U.S. 513 (1936). But see United States v. Bekins, 304 U.S. 27 (1938).

[1098] Chicago Title & Trust Co. v. 4136 Wilcox Bldg. Corp., 302 U.S. 120 (1937).

[1099] Re Klein, 1 How. 277 (1843); Hanover Nat. Bank v. Moyses, 186 U.S. 181 (1902).

[1100] United States v. Bekins, 304 U.S. 27 (1938).

[1101] Stellwagen v. Clum, 245 U.S. 605 (1918); Hanover Nat. Bank v. Moyses, 186 U.S. 181, 190 (1902).

[1102] Hanover Nat. Bank v. Moyses, 186 U.S. 181, 184 (1902).

[1103] Sturges v. Crowninshield, 4 Wheat. 122, 199 (1819); Ogden v. Saunders, 12 Wheat. 212, 368 (1827).

[1104] Tua v. Carriere, 117 U.S. 201 (1886); Butler v. Goreley, 146 U.S. 303, 314 (1892).

[1105] Sturges v. Crowninshield, 4 Wheat. 122 (1819).

[1106] Ogden v. Saunders, 12 Wheat. 212, 358 (1827); Denny v. Bennett, 128 U.S. 489, 498 (1888); Brown v. Smart, 145 U.S. 454 (1892).

[1107] Re Watts, 190 U.S. 1, 27 (1903); International Shoe Co. v. Pinkus, 278 U.S. 261, 264 (1929).

[1108] International Shoe Co. v. Pinkus, 278 U.S. 261, 265 (1929).

[1109] Kalb v. Feuerstein, 308 U.S. 433 (1940).

[1110] Stellwagen v. Clum, 245 U.S. 605, 615 (1918).

[1111] Reitz v. Mealey, 314 U.S. 33 (1941).

[1112] New York v. Irving Trust Co., 288 U.S. 329 (1933).

[1113] McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316 (1819).

[1114] Veazie Bank v. Fenno, 8 Wall. 533 (1869).

[1115] Ibid. 548.

[1116] Merchants Nat. Bank v. United States, 101 U.S. 1 (1880).

[1117] Nortz v. United States, 294 U.S. 317 (1935).

[1118] Legal Tender Cases, 12 Wall. 457, 549 (1871); Juilliard v. Greenman, 110 U.S. 421, 449 (1884).

[1119] Legal Tender Cases, 12 Wall. 457 (1871).

[1120] Norman v. Baltimore & O.R. Co., 294 U.S. 240 (1935).

[1121] Ling Su Fan v. United States, 218 U.S. 302 (1910).

[1122] United States v. Marigold, 9 How. 560, 568 (1850).

[1123] Fox v. Ohio, 5 How. 410 (1847).

[1124] United States v. Marigold, 9 How. 560, 568 (1850).

[1125] Ibid.

[1126] Baender v. Barnett, 255 U.S. 224 (1921).

[1127] Knox v. Lee (Legal Tender Cases), 12 Wall. 457, 536 (1871).

[1128] McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316, 407 (1819); Osborn v. Bank of United States, 9 Wheat. 738, 861 (1824); Farmers' & Mechanics' Nat. Bank v. Dearing, 91 U.S.C. 29, 33 (1875); Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co., 255 U.S. 180, 208 (1921).

[1129] Legal Tender Cases, 12 Wall. 457, 540-547 (1871).

[1130] Perry v. United States, 294 U.S. 330, 353 (1935).

[1131] Ibid. 361.

[1132] United States v. Railroad Bridge Co., Fed. Cas. No. 16,114 (1855).

[1133] Searight v. Stokes, 3 How. 151, 166 (1845).

[1134] 91 U.S. 367 (1876).

[1135] Ex parte Jackson, 96 U.S. 727, 732 (1878).

[1136] Searight v. Stokes, 3 How. 151, 169 (1845).

[1137] Re Debs, 158 U.S. 564, 599 (1895).

[1138] 2 Cong. Globe 4, 10 (1835).

[1139] Ibid. 298. On this point his reasoning would appear to be vindicated by such decisions, as Bowman v. Chicago & N.W.R. Co., 125 U.S. 465 (1888) and Leisy v. Hardin, 135 U.S. 100 (1890) denying the right of the States to prevent the importation of alcoholic beverages from other States.

[1140] 96 U.S. 727 (1878).

[1141] Ibid. 732.

[1142] Public Clearing House v. Coyne, 194 U.S. 497 (1904), followed in Donaldson v. Read Magazine, 333 U.S. 178 (1948).

[1143] 194 U.S. at 506.

[1144] Lewis Publishing Co. v. Morgan, 229 U.S. 288, 316 (1913).

[1145] 255 U.S. 407 (1921).

[1146] Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc., 327 U.S. 146, 155 (1946).

[1147] 49 Stat. 803, 812, 813 (1935), 15 U.S.C. 79d, 79e (1946).

[1148] Electric Bond & Share Co. v. Securities and Exchange Comm'n., 303 U.S. 419 (1938).

[1149] Ibid. 442.

[1150] Pensacola Teleg. Co. v. Western U. Teleg. Co., 90 U.S. 1 (1878).

[1151] Illinois C.R. Co. v. Illinois ex rel. Butler, 163 U.S. 142 (1896).

[1152] Gladson v. Minnesota, 166 U.S. 427 (1897).

[1153] Price v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 113 U.S. 218 (1885); Martin v. Pittsburgh & L.E.R. Co., 203 U.S. 284 (1906).

[1154] Railway Mail Assn. v. Corsi, 326 U.S. 88 (1945).

[1155] United States v. Kirby, 7 Wall. 482 (1869).

[1156] Johnson v. Maryland, 254 U.S. 51 (1920).

[1157] Pennock v. Dialogue, 2 Pet. 1, 17, 18 (1829).

[1158] Wheaton v. Peters, 8 Pet. 591, 656, 658 (1834).

[1159] Kendall v. Winsor, 21 How. 322, 328 (1859); Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp., 340 U.S. 147 (1950).

[1160] Evans v. Jordan, 9 Cr. 199 (1815); Bloomer v. McQuewan, 14 How. 539, 548 (1852); Bloomer v. Millinger, 1 Wall. 340, 350 (1864); Eunson v. Dodge, 18 Wall. 414, 416 (1873).

[1161] Brown v. Duchesne, 19 How. 183, 195 (1857).

[1162] Seymour v. Osborne, 11 Wall. 516, 549 (1871). Cf. Union Paper Collar Co. v. Van Dusen, 23 Wall. 530, 563 (1875); Reckendorfer v. Faber, 92 U.S. 347, 356 (1876).

[1163] Smith v. Nichols, 21 Wall. 112, 118 (1875).

[1164] Rubber-Tip Pencil Co. v. Howard, 20 Wall. 498, 507 (1874); Clark Thread Co. v. Willimantic Linen Co., 140 U.S. 481, 489 (1891).

[1165] Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Co., 333 U.S. 127, 130 (1948). Cf. Dow Chemical Co. v. Halliburton Co., 324 U.S. 320 (1945); Cuno Corp. v. Automatic Devices Corp., 314 U.S. 84, 89 (1941).

[1166] Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp., 325 U.S. 327 (1945); Marconi Wireless Teleg. Co. v. United States, 320 U.S. 1 (1943).

[1167] Keystone Mfg. Co. v. Adams, 151 U.S. 139 (1894); Diamond Rubber Co. v. Consolidated Tire Co., 220 U.S. 428 (1911).

[1168] Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp., 340 U.S. 147 (1950). An interesting concurring opinion was filed by Justice Douglas for himself and Justice Black: "It is not enough," says Justice Douglas, "that an article is new and useful. The Constitution never sanctioned the patenting of gadgets. Patents serve a higher end—the advancement of science. An invention need not be as startling as an atomic bomb to be patentable. But it has to be of such quality and distinction that masters of the scientific field in which it falls will recognize it as an advance." Ibid. 154-155. He then quotes the following from an opinion of Justice Bradley's given 70 years ago:

"It was never the object of those laws to grant a monopoly for every trifling device, every shadow of a shade of an idea, which would naturally and spontaneously occur to any skilled mechanic or operator in the ordinary progress of manufactures. Such an indiscriminate creation of exclusive privileges tends rather to obstruct than to stimulate invention. It creates a class of speculative schemers who make it their business to watch the advancing wave of improvement, and gather its foam in the form of patented monopolies, which enable them to lay a heavy tax upon the industry of the country, without contributing anything to the real advancement of the arts. It embarrasses the honest pursuit of business with fears and apprehensions of concealed liens and unknown liabilities to lawsuits and vexatious accountings for profits made in good faith. (Atlantic Works v. Brady, 107 U.S. 192, 200 (1882))." Ibid. 155.

The opinion concludes: "The attempts through the years to get a broader, looser conception of patents than the Constitution contemplates have been persistent. The Patent Office, like most administrative agencies, has looked with favor on the opportunity which the exercise of discretion affords to expand its own jurisdiction. And so it has placed a host of gadgets under the armour of patents—gadgets that obviously have had no place in the constitutional scheme of advancing scientific knowledge. A few that have reached this Court show the pressure to extend monopoly to the simplest of devices:

"Hotchkiss v. Greenwood, 11 How. 248 (1850): Doorknob made of clay rather than metal or wood, where different shaped doorknobs had previously been made of clay.

"Rubber-Tip Pencil Co. v. Howard, 20 Wall. 498 (1874): Rubber caps put on wood pencils to serve as erasers.

"Union Paper Collar Co. v. Van Dusen, 23 Wall. 530 (1875): Making collars of parchment paper where linen paper and linen had previously been used.

"Brown v. Piper, 91 U.S. 37 (1875): A method for preserving fish by freezing them in a container operating in the same manner as an ice cream freezer.

"Reckendorfer v. Faber, 92 U.S. 347 (1876): Inserting a piece of rubber in a slot in the end of a wood pencil to serve as an eraser.

"Dalton v. Jennings, 93 U.S. 271 (1876): Fine thread placed across open squares in a regular hairnet to keep hair in place more effectively.

"Double-Pointed Tack Co. v. Two Rivers Mfg. Co., 109 U.S. 117 (1883): Putting a metal washer on a wire staple.

"Miller v. Foree, 116 U.S. 22 (1885): A stamp for impressing initials in the side of a plug of tobacco.

"Preston v. Manard, 116 U.S. 661 (1886): A hose reel of large diameter so that water may flow through hose while it is wound on the reel.

"Hendy v. Miners' Iron Works, 127 U.S. 370 (1888): Putting rollers on a machine to make it moveable.

"St. Germain v. Brunswick, 135 U.S. 227 (1890): Revolving cue rack.

"Shenfield v. Nashawannuck Mfg. Co., 137 U.S. 56 (1890): Using flat cord instead of round cord for the loop at the end of suspenders.

"Florsheim v. Schilling, 137 U.S. 64 (1890): Putting elastic gussets in corsets.

"Cluett v. Claflin, 140 U.S. 180 (1891): A shirt bosom or dickie sewn onto the front of a shirt.

"Adams v. Bellaire Stamping Co., 141 U.S. 539 (1891): A lantern lid fastened to the lantern by a hinge on one side and a catch on the other.

"Patent Clothing Co. v. Glover, 141 U.S. 560 (1891): Bridging a strip of cloth across the fly of pantaloons to reinforce them against tearing.

"Pope Mfg. Co. v. Gormully Mfg. Co., 144 U.S. 238 (1892): Placing rubber hand grips on bicycle handlebars.

"Knapp v. Morss, 150 U.S. 221 (1893): Applying the principle of the umbrella to a skirt form.

"Morgan Envelope Co. v. Albany Perforated Wrapping Paper Co., 152 U.S. 425 (1894): An oval rather than cylindrical toilet paper roll, to facilitate tearing off strips.

"Dunham v. Dennison Mfg. Co., 154 U.S. 103 (1894): An envelope flap which could be fastened to the envelope in such a fashion that the envelope could be opened without tearing.

"The patent involved in the present case belongs to this list of incredible patents which the Patent Office has spawned. The fact that a patent as flimsy and as spurious as this one has to be brought all the way to this Court to be declared invalid dramatically illustrates how far our patent system frequently departs from the constitutional standards which are supposed to govern." Ibid. 156-158.

[1169] "Inventive genius"—Justice Hunt in Reckendorfer v. Faber, 92 U.S. 347, 357 (1875); "Genius or invention"—Chief Justice Fuller in Smith v. Whitman Saddle Co., 148 U.S. 674, 681 (1893); "Intuitive genius"—Justice Brown in Potts v. Creager, 155 U.S. 597, 607 (1895); "Inventive genius"—Justice Stone in Concrete Appliances Co. v. Gomery, 269 U.S. 177, 185 (1925); "Inventive genius"—Justice Roberts in Mantle Lamp Co. v. Aluminum Co., 301 U.S. 544, 546 (1937); Justice Douglas in Cuno Corp. v. Automatic Devices Corp., 314 U.S. 84, 91 (1941); "the flash of creative genius, not merely the skill of the calling." See also Note 2 above. [Transcriber's Note: Reference is to Footnote 1163, above.]

[1170] See Note 7 above. [Transcriber's Note: Reference is to Footnote 1168, above.]

[1171] Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp., 340 U.S. 147 (1950); Mahn v. Harwood, 112 U.S. 354, 358 (1884).

[1172] Evans v. Eaton, 3 Wheat. 454, 512 (1818).

[1173] United States v. Duell, 172 U.S. 576, 586-589 (1899). See also Butterworth v. Hoe, 112 U.S. 50 (1884).

[1174] Wheaton v. Peters, 8 Pet. 591, 660 (1834); Holmes v. Hurst, 174 U.S. 82 (1899). Cf. E. Burke Inlow, The Patent Clause (1950) Chaps. III and IV, for evidence of a judicial recognition of an inventor's inchoate right to have his invention patented.

[1175] Wheaton v. Peters, 8 Pet. 591, 662 (1834); Evans v. Jordan, 9 Cr. 199 (1815).

[1176] Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros. 222 U.S. 55 (1911).

[1177] Baker v. Selden, 101 U.S. 99, 105 (1880).

[1178] Stevens v. Gladding, 17 How. 447 (1855).

[1179] Ager v. Murray, 105 U.S. 126 (1882).

[1180] James v. Campbell, 104 U.S. 356, 358 (1882). See also United States v. Burns, 12 Wall. 246, 252 (1871); Cammeyer v. Newton, 94 U.S. 225, 234 (1877); Hollister v. Benedict Manufacturing Co., 113 U.S. 59, 67 (1885); United States v. Palmer, 128 U.S. 262, 271 (1888); Belknap v. Schild, 161 U.S. 10, 16 (1896).

[1181] McClurg v. Kingsland, 1 How. 202, 206 (1843).

[1182] Bloomer v. McQuewan, 14 How. 539, 553 (1852).

[1183] See Motion Picture Co. v. Universal Film Co., 243 U.S. 502 (1917); Morton Salt Co. v. Suppiger Co., 314 U.S. 488 (1942); United States v. Masonite Corp., 316 U.S. 265 (1942); and United States v. New Wrinkle, Inc., 342 U.S. 371 (1952), where the Justices divide 6 to 3 as to the significance for the case of certain leading precedents. See also Inlow, The Patent Clause, Chap. V.

[1184] Patterson v. Kentucky, 97 U.S. 501 (1879).

[1185] Allen v. Riley, 203 U.S. 347 (1906): Woods & Sons v. Carl, 203 U.S. 358 (1906); Ozan Lumber Co. v. Union County Bank, 207 U.S. 251 (1907).

[1186] Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal, 280 U.S. 123 (1932)—overruling Long v. Rockwood, 277 U.S. 142 (1928).

[1187] 100 U.S. 82 (1879).

[1188] Ibid. 94.

[1189] Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony, 111 U.S. 53 (1884).

[1190] Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co., 188 U.S. 239, 252 (1903).

[1191] Kent, Commentaries, 1-2, (12th ed. 1873).

[1192] XIX Journals of the Continental Congress 315, 361 (1912). XX Id. 762, XXI id. 1136-1137, 1158.

[1193] Article IX.

[1194] Madison, Journal of the Constitutional Convention, II, 82 (Hunt's ed. 1908).

[1195] Ibid. 185-186, 372.

[1196] United States v. Smith, 5 Wheat. 153, 160, 162 (1820). See also The Marianna Flora, 11 Wheat. 1, 40-41 (1826); United States v. Brig Malek Abhel, 2 How. 210, 232 (1844).

[1197] 317 U.S. 1, 27 (1942).

[1198] Ibid. 28.

[1199] United States v. Arjona, 120 U.S. 479, 487, 488 (1887).

[1200] United States v. Flores, 3 F. Supp. 134 (1932).

[1201] 289 U.S. 137, 149-150 (1933).

[1202] United States v. Furlong, 5 Wheat. 184, 200 (1920).

[1203] The Federalist No. 23.

[1204] Penhallow v. Doane, 3 Dall. 54 (1795).

[1205] 4 Wheat. 316 (1819).

[1206] Ibid. 407. Emphasis supplied.

[1207] Ex parte Milligan, 4 Wall. 2, 139 (1866) (dissenting opinion); see also Miller v. United States, 11 Wall. 268, 305 (1871); and United States v. Macintosh, 283 U.S. 605, 622 (1931).

[1208] 58 Cong. Globe, 37th Cong., 1st sess., App. 1 (1861).

[1209] Hamilton v. Dillin, 21 Wall. 73, 86 (1875).

[1210] Northern P.R. Co. v. North Dakota, 250 U.S. 135, 149 (1919).

[1211] Home Bldg. & Loan Assoc. v. Blaisdell, 290 U.S. 398 (1934).

[1212] Northern P.R. Co. v. North Dakota, 250 U.S. 135, 149 (1919).

[1213] 299 U.S. 304 (1936).

[1214] Ibid. 316, 318.

[1215] 334 U.S. 742 (1948).

[1216] Ibid. 757-758.

[1217] Ibid. 755.

[1218] II Madison Journal of the Constitutional Convention 82 (Hunt's ed. 1908).

[1219] Ibid. 188.

[1220] 11 Annals of Congress 11 (1801).

[1221] Works of Alexander Hamilton, VII, 746 (Hamilton's ed. 1851). Cf. Bas v. Tingy, 4 Dall. 37 (1800).

[1222] 2 Stat. 129, 130 (1802). Emphasis supplied.

[1223] The Prize Cases, 2 Bl. 635, 668 (1863).

[1224] Ibid. 683, 688.

[1225] 12 Wall. 700 (1872).

[1226] Ibid. 702.

[1227] I Blackstone, Commentaries 263, (Wendell's ed. 1857).

[1228] II Story, Commentaries, Sec. 1187 (4th ed. 1873).

[1229] 25 Op. Atty. Gen. 105, 108 (1904).

[1230] 40 Op. Atty. Gen. 555 (1948).

[1231] 61 Stat. 405 (1947).

[1232] H.J. Res. 298, 80th Cong., 2d sess. (1948).

[1233] Selective Draft Law Cases, 245 U.S. 366, 380 (1918); Cox v. Wood, 247 U.S. 3 (1918).

[1234] 245 U.S. at 385.

[1235] Ibid. 386-388. The measure was upheld by a State court, Kneedler v. Lane, 45 Pa. 238 (1863).

[1236] Selective Draft Law Cases, 245 U.S. 366, 381, 382 (1918)

[1237] Butler v. Perry, 240 U.S. 328, 333 (1916).

[1238] 245 U.S. 366 (1918).

[1239] Ibid. 390.

[1240] United States v. Williams, 302 U.S. 46 (1937). See also In re Grimley, 137 U.S. 147, 153 (1890); In re Morrissey, 137 U.S. 157 (1890).

[1241] Wissner v. Wissner, 338 U.S. 655, 660 (1950).

[1242] McKinley v. United States, 249 U.S. 397 (1919).

[1243] Dynes v. Hoover, 20 How. 65, 79 (1858).

[1244] Ex parte Milligan, 4 Wall. 2, 123, 138-139 (1866). Ex parte Quirin, 317 U.S. 1, 40 (1942).

[1245] Wade v. Hunter, 336 U.S. 684, 687 (1949).

[1246] Dynes v. Hoover, 20 How. 65, 82 (1858).

[1247] Swaim v. United States, 165 U.S. 553 (1897); Carter v. Roberts, 177 U.S. 496 (1900); Hiatt v. Brown, 339 U.S. 103 (1950).

[1248] Mullan v. United States, 212 U.S. 516 (1909); Smith v. Whitney, 116 U.S. 167, 177 (1886); Hiatt v. Brown, 339 U.S. 103 (1950).

[1249] Clark, Emergency Legislation Passed Prior to December 1917, 211 (1918).

[1250] Ibid. 214

[1251] Ibid. 250, 332, 380, 438, 497.

[1252] Ibid. 420, 466, 535, 595, 636, 823. Many of these were soon suspended or repealed. Ibid. 458, 553, 601, 733.

[1253] Ibid. 482, 543, 963, 969.

[1254] Ibid. 916.

[1255] Ibid. 280.

[1256] Hepburn v. Griswold, 8 Wall. 603, 617 (1870).

[1257] Ibid. 626.

[1258] Knox v. Lee (Legal Tender Cases), 12 Wall. 457, 540 (1871).

[1259] 40 Stat. 276 (1917).

[1260] Ibid. 272.

[1261] Ibid. 411.

[1262] Ibid. 451 (1918).

[1263] Ibid. 904.

[1264] 55 Stat. 236 (1941).

[1265] 56 Stat. 176 (1942).

[1266] Ibid. 23.

[1267] 57 Stat. 163 (1943).

[1268] Lichter v. United States, 334 U.S. 742, 754-756, 765, 766 (1948). See also United States v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 315 U.S. 289, 305 (1942); Clallam County v. United States, 263 U.S. 341 (1923); Sloan Shipyards v. United States Fleet Corp., 258 U.S. 549 (1922).

[1269] Lichter v. United States, 334 U.S. 742, 779 (1948).

[1270] 245 U.S. 366, 389 (1918).

[1271] Yakus v. United States, 321 U.S. 414, 424 (1944).

[1272] 21 Wall. 73 (1875).

[1273] Ibid. 96-97. Cf. United States v. Chemical Foundation, 272 U.S. 1 (1926).

[1274] 320 U.S. 81 (1943).

[1275] Ibid. 91-92, 104.

[1276] Ibid. 104.

[1277] 334 U.S. 742 (1948).

[1278] Ibid. 778-779.

[1279] Ibid. 782-783.

[1280] Story Commentaries on the Constitution, II, Sec. 1185 (4th ed., 1873).

[1281] 297 U.S. 288 (1936).

[1282] 39 Stat. 166 (1916).

[1283] 297 U.S. 288, 327-328 (1936).

[1284] 60 Stat. 755 (1946).

[1285] Stewart v. Kahn, 11 Wall. 493, 507 (1871). See also Mayfield v. Richards, 115 U.S. 137 (1885).

[1286] 251 U.S. 146, 163 (1919). See also Ruppert v. Caffey, 251 U.S. 264 (1920).

[1287] Block v. Hirsh, 256 U.S. 135 (1921).

[1288] Chastleton Corp. v. Sinclair, 264 U.S. 543 (1924).

[1289] 333 U.S. 138 (1948). See also Fleming v. Mohawk Wrecking & Lumber Co., 331 U.S. 111 (1947).

[1290] 333 U.S. 138, 143-144 (1948).

[1291] Ludecke v. Watkins, 335 U.S. 160, 170 (1948).

[1292] 100 U.S. 158 (1880).

[1293] Ibid. 170.

[1294] 4 Wall. 2 (1866).

[1295] Ibid. 127.

[1296] Ibid. 132, 138.

[1297] 327 U.S. 304 (1946).

[1298] 8 Cr. 110 (1814). See also Conrad v. Waples, 96 U.S. 279, 284 (1878).

[1299] Miller v. United States, 11 Wall. 268 (1871).

[1300] Stoehr v. Wallace, 255 U.S. 239 (1921); Central Union Trust Co. v. Garvan, 254 U.S. 554 (1921); United States v. Chemical Foundation, 272 U.S. 1 (1926); Silesian-American Corp. v. Clark, 332 U.S. 469 (1947); Cities Service Co. v. McGrath, 342 U.S. 330 (1952).

[1301] The "Siren," 13 Wall. 389 (1871).

[1302] The "Hampton," 5 Wall. 372, 376 (1867).

[1303] The "Paquete Habana," 175 U.S. 677, 700, 711 (1900).

[1304] Block v. Hirsh, 256 U.S. 135, 156, 157 (1921).

[1305] Bowles v. Willingham, 321 U.S. 503, 519 (1944).

[1306] Ibid. 521.

[1307] 255 U.S. 81 (1921).

[1308] Ibid. 89.

[1309] Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919); Debs v. United States, 249 U.S. 211 (1919); Sugarman v. United States, 249 U.S. 182 (1919); Frohwerk v. United States, 249 U.S. 204 (1919); Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919).

[1310] 40 Stat. 217 (1917); amended by 40 Stat. 553 (1918).

[1311] 249 U.S. 47 (1919).

[1312] Ibid. 52.

[1313] Gilbert v. Minnesota, 254 U.S. 325 (1920).

[1314] Hirabayashi v. United States, 320 U.S. 81 (1943).

[1315] Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944).

[1316] Ex parte Endo, 323 U.S. 283 (1944).

[1317] 1 Stat. 577 (1798).

[1318] Writings of James Madison, VI, 360-361 (Hunt's ed., 1906).

[1319] 40 Stat. 531 (1918).

[1320] 335 U.S. 160 (1948).

[1321] Mitchell v. Harmony, 13 How. 115, 134 (1852).

[1322] 13 Wall. 623, 627 (1871).

[1323] 120 U.S. 227 (1887).

[1324] Ibid. 239.

[1325] H.R. Rep. No. 262, 43d Cong., 1st sess., 39-40 (1874).

[1326] United States v. Commodities Trading Corp., 339 U.S. 121 (1950); United States v. Toronto Nav. Co., 338 U.S. 396 (1949); Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States, 338 U.S. 1 (1949); United States v. Cors, 337 U.S. 325 (1949); United States v. John J. Felin & Co., 334 U.S. 624 (1948); United States v. Petty Motor Co., 327 U.S. 372 (1946); United States v. General Motors Corp., 323 U.S. 373 (1945).

[1327] Moore v. Houston, 3 S. & R. (Pa.) 169 (1817), affirmed in Houston v. Moore, 5 Wheat. 1 (1820).

[1328] Texas v. White, 7 Wall. 700 (1869); Tyler v. Defrees, 11 Wall. 331 (1871).

[1329] 1 Stat. 424 (1795).

[1330] Martin v. Mott, 12 Wheat. 19, 32 (1827).

[1331] Houston v. Moore, 5 Wheat. 1 (1820); Martin v. Mott, 12 Wheat. 19 (1827).

[1332] Houston v. Moore, 5 Wheat. 1, 16 (1820).

[1333] 39 Stat. 166, 197 (1916).—By the act of June 28, 1947 (61 Stat. 191, 192) the age of enlistment in the National Guard was lowered to 17 years.

[1334] United States v. Hammond, 1 Cr. C.C. 15 (1801).

[1335] 2 Stat. 103 (1801).

[1336] 2 Stat. 195 (1802).

[1337] 20 Stat. 102 (1878).

[1338] Metropolitan R. Co. v. District of Columbia, 132 U.S. 1, 9 (1889).

[1339] District of Columbia v. Bailey, 171 U.S. 161 (1898).

[1340] Shoemaker v. United States, 147 U.S. 282, 299 (1893).

[1341] Morris v. United States, 174 U.S. 196 (1899).

[1342] United States ex rel. Greathouse v. Dern, 289 U.S. 352, 354 (1933); Smoot Sand & Gravel Corp. v. Washington Airport, 283 U.S. 348 (1931); Maryland v. West Virginia, 217 U.S. 577 (1910); Marine R. & Coal Co. v. United States, 257 U.S. 47 (1921); Morris v. United States, 174 U.S. 196 (1899).

[1343] Phillips v. Payne, 92 U.S. 130 (1876).

[1344] 1 Stat. 139 (1790).

[1345] United States v. Simms, 1 Cr. 252, 256 (1803).

[1346] 2 Stat. 103, 104 (1801). See Tayloe v. Thomson, 5 Pet. 358, 368 (1831); Ex parte Watkins, 7 Pet. 568 (1833); Stelle v. Carroll, 12 Pet. 201, 205 (1838); Van Ness v. Bank of United States, 13 Pet. 17 (1839); United States v. Eliason, 16 Pet. 291, 301 (1842).

[1347] Reily v. Lamar, 2 Cr. 344, 356 (1805).

[1348] Korn v. Mutual Assur. Soc., 6 Cr. 192, 199 (1810).

[1349] Mutual Assur. Soc. v. Watts, 1 Wheat. 279 (1816).

[1350] Hepburn v. Ellzey, 2 Cr. 445, 452 (1805); see also Sere v. Pitot, 6 Cr. 332, 336 (1810); New Orleans v. Winter, 1 Wheat. 91, 94 (1816). The District has been held to be a "State" within the terms of a treaty regulating the inheritance of property within the "States of the Union." De Geofroy v. Riggs, 133 U.S. 258 (1890).

[1351] Barney v. Baltimore, 6 Wall. 280 (1868); Hooe v. Jamieson, 166 U.S. 395 (1897); Hooe v. Werner, 166 U.S. 399 (1897).

[1352] National Mut. Ins. Co. v. Tidewater Transfer Co., Inc., 337 U.S. 582 (1949).

[1353] Ibid. 588-600 (opinion of Justice Jackson, with whom Justices Black and Burton concurred).

[1354] Ibid. 604 (opinion of Justice Rutledge, with whom Justice Murphy concurred).

[1355] Callan v. Wilson, 127 U.S. 540 (1888); Capital Traction Co. v. Hof, 174 U.S. 1 (1899).

[1356] United States v. Moreland, 258 U.S. 433 (1922).

[1357] Wight v. Davidson, 181 U.S. 371, 384 (1901); Cf. Adkins v. Children's Hospital, 261 U.S. 525 (1923) overruled by West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, 300 U.S. 379 (1937).

[1358] Kendall v. United States ex rel. Stokes, 12 Pet. 524, 619 (1838); Shoemaker v. United States, 147 U.S. 282, 300 (1893); Atlantic Cleaners & Dyers v. United States, 286 U.S. 427, 435 (1932); O'Donoghue v. United States 289 U.S. 516, 518 (1933).

[1359] 6 Wheat. 264 (1821).

[1360] Ibid. 428.

[1361] Loughborough v. Blake, 5 Wheat. 317 (1820).

[1362] Gibbons v. District of Columbia, 116 U.S. 404, 408 (1886); Welch v. Cook, 97 U.S. 541 (1879).

[1363] Loughborough v. Blake, 5 Wheat. 317, 320 (1820); Heald v. District of Columbia, 259 U.S. 114 (1922).

[1364] Thompson v. Roe ex dem. Carroll, 22 How. 422, 435 (1860); Stoutenburgh v. Hennick, 129 U.S. 141, 147 (1889).

[1365] Willard v. Presbury, 14 Wall. 676, 680 (1870); Briscoe v. Rudolph, 221 U.S. 547 (1911).

[1366] Washington Market Co. v. District of Columbia, 172 U.S. 361, 367 (1899).

[1367] Mattingly v. District of Columbia, 97 U.S. 687, 690 (1878).

[1368] 129 U.S. 141, 148 (1889).

[1369] Keller v. Potomac Electric Power Co., 261 U.S. 428 (1923).

[1370] O'Donoghue v. United States, 289 U.S. 516 (1933).

[1371] Embry v. Palmer, 107 U.S. 3 (1883).