Also, as an aid to your memory, you are to copy each list, underscoring the key-syllable each time you encounter it.

(The lists are practical, not meticulously academic. In many instances they contain words derived, not from a single original, but from cognates. No list is exhaustive.)

(carry on, do, drive): (1) agent, agitate, agile, act, actor, actuate, exact, enact, reaction, counteract, transact, mitigate, navigate, prodigal, assay, essay; (2) agenda, pedagogue, synagogue, actuary, redact, castigate, litigation, exigency, ambiguous, variegated, cogent, cogitate.

_Sentences_ (inflect forms if necessary; for example, use the past tense, participle, or infinitive of a verb instead of its present tense): It was _ into law. The legislators had been _ by honest motives, but the popular _ was immediate. The _ of the mining company refused to let us proceed with the _. Nothing could _ the offense. The father was _, the son _. The student handed in his _ at the _ time designated. Though _ enough on land, he could not _ a ship. The _ by missing his cue so _ the manager that his good work thereafter could not _ the ill impression.

(burn): (1 and 2 combined) burn, burnish, brunette, brunt, bruin, brand, brandish, brandy, brown.

_Sentences_: He plucked a _ from the _. The _ hair of the _ was so glossy it seemed _. He _ his sword and bore the _ of the conflict. After drinking so much _ he saw snakes in his imagination, he staggered off into the woods and met Old _ in reality.

(fall): (1) cadence, decadent, case, casual, casualty, occasion, accident, incident, mischance, cheat; (2) casuistry, coincide, occidental, deciduous.

_Sentences_: The period was a _ one. He, gave but _ attention to the _ of the music. On this _ an _ befell him. To the general it was a mere _ that his _ were heavy. As a result of this _ he was accused of trying to _ them.

(go): (1) cede, recede, secede, concede, intercede, procedure, precedent, succeed, exceed, success, recess, concession, procession, intercession, abscess, ancestor, cease, decease; (2) antecedent, precedence, cessation, accessory, predecessor.

_Sentences_: He _ the existence of a _ that justified such _. The delegate _ his authority when he consented to _ the territory. He would not _ from his position or _ for mercy. At _ the pupils _ in forming a _. His _ was suffering from an _ at the time the Southern states _. His agony _ only with his _.

<Ceive, ceit, cept, cip, cap(t)> (take): (1) receive, deceive, perceive, deceit, conceit, receipt, reception, perception, inception, conception, interception, accept, except, precept, municipal, participate, anticipate, capable, capture, captivate, case (chest, covering), casement, incase, cash, cashier, chase, catch, prince, forceps, occupy; (2) receptacle, recipient, incipient, precipitate, accipiter, capacious, incapacitate.

_Sentences_: Though she _ the officers, she did not prevent the _ of the fugitive. He _ that the man was very _. The mayor skilfully _ the alderman and proposed that _ bonds be issued. The sight of the money _ him and he quickly gave me a _. He uttered musty _, which were not always given a friendly _. From the _ of the movement he plotted to _ the leadership in it. The _ took part in the _, but failed to _ any of the game.

(cut, kill): (1) decide, suicide, homicide, concise, precise, decisive, incision, scissors, chisel, cement; (2) patricide, fratricide, infanticide, regicide, germicide, excision, circumcision, incisors, cesura.

_Sentences_: He could not _ whether to make the _ with a _ or a pair of _. There was _ evidence that he was the _. In a few _ sentences he explained why his friend could never have been a _. The prim old lady had very _ manners of speech.

(run): (1) current, currency, incur, concur, occurrence, cursory, excursion, course, discourse, intercourse, recourse; (2) curriculum, precursor, discursive, recurrent, concourse, courier, succor, corridor.

Sentences: He in the request that payment be made in . The was so strong that the by steamer had to be abandoned. In the of his remarks he had to various shifts and evasions. By his with one faction, though it was but , he the enmity of the other. It was a disgraceful .

(speak, say): (1) dedicate, vindicate, indication, predicament, predict, addict, verdict, indict, dictionary, dictation, jurisdiction, vindictive, contradiction, benediction, ditto, condition; (2) abdicate, adjudicate, juridical, diction, dictum, dictator, dictaphone, dictograph, edict, interdict, valedictory, malediction, ditty, indite, ipse dixit, on dit.

_Sentences_: The man _ to drugs was _ for _ treatment of his wife, and the _ were that the _ would be against him. He said, on the contrary, that his character would be _. The attorney for the defense _ that the judge would rule that the matter did not lie within his _. This would leave the prosecution in a _. But the prosecution issued a strong _ of this theory, and said _ were favorable for proving the man guilty.

(lead): (1) induce, reduce, traduce, seduce, introduce, reproduce, education, deduct, product, production, reduction, conduct, conductor, abduct, subdue; (2) educe, adduce, superinduce, conducive, ducat, duct, ductile, induction, aqueduct, viaduct, conduit, duke, duchy.

Sentences: We the company to the fare. They ten cents from the wages of each man, an average of four per cent. They us when they say we have wilfully lessened . The highwaymen the . If you have an , you can an idea in other words.

(wander): (1) error, erroneous, erratic, errand; (2) errata, knight errant, arrant knave, aberration.

Sentences: That fellow came on a special to tell us we had made an . And his statement was at that!

<Fact, fic(e), fy, fect, feat, feit> (make, do): (1) fact, factory, faction, manufacture, satisfaction, suffice, sacrifice, office, difficult, pacific, terrific, significant, fortification, magnificent, artificial, beneficial, verify, simplify, stupefy, certify, dignify, glorify, falsify, beautify, justify, infect, perfect, effect, affection, defective, feat, defeat, feature, feasible, forfeit, surfeit, counterfeit, affair, fashion; (2) factor, factotum, malefaction, benefaction, putrefaction, facile, facsimile, faculty, certificate, edifice, efficacy, prolific, deficient, proficient, artifice, artificer, beneficiary, versification, unification, exemplification, deify, petrify, rectify, amplify, fructify, liquefy, disaffect, refection, comfit, pontiff, ipso facto, de facto, ex post facto, au fait, fait accompli.

_Sentences_: The opposing _ by incredible _ had found it _ to take over the _ of the goods. By this _ it _ what goodwill the owner of the _ had for it, but it won the _ of the public. The owner, though seemingly _ at first, soon _ a scheme to make the success of the enterprise more _. By an _ lowering of the price of his own goods and by _ that those of his rivals were _, he hoped to _ the public mind with unjust suspicions. But all this did not _. In truth the _ of it was the hastening of his own _ and a _ heightening of the public _ toward his rivals. His directors, seeing that his policy had failed to _ itself, met in his _ and urged him to take a more _ attitude.

(bear, carry): (1) transfer, prefer, proffer, suffer, confer, offer, referee, deference, inference, indifferent, ferry, fertile; (2) referendum, Lucifer, circumference, vociferate, auriferous, coniferous, pestiferous.

_Sentences_: With real _ to their wishes he _ to _ the goods by _. The _ of the sporting writers was that the _ was _ to his duties. After _ apart, the farmers _ the use of their most _ acres for this experiment. To be mortal is to _.

(trust, believe, have faith): (1) fidelity, confide, confident, diffident, infidel, perfidious, bona fide, defiance, affiance; (2) fiduciary, affidavit, fiance, auto da fe, Santa Fe.

_Sentences_: He was _ that the man was an _. He had _ in a _ rascal. He had been _ for years and had proved his _. Though we are somewhat _ in making it, you may be sure it is a _ offer. His attitude toward his father is one of gross _.

(walk, go): (1) grade, gradual, graduate, degrade, digress, Congress, aggressive, progressive, degree; (2) gradation, Centigrade, ingress, egress, transgression, retrogression, ingredient.

_Sentences_: His failure to _ from college made him feel _ especially as his cronies all received their _. The engine lost speed _ as it climbed the long _. I _ to remark that some members of _ are more _ than _.

(have, hold): (1) habit, habitation, inhabitant, exhibit, prohibition, ability, debit, debt; (2) habituate, habiliment, habeas corpus, cohabit, dishabille, inhibit.

Sentences: The of the island an to live without permanent . It was his to glance first at the side of his ledger, as he was much worried about his . Most women favor .

<Hale, heal, hol, whole> (sound): (1) hale, hallow, Hallowe'en, heal, health, unhealthy, healthful, holy, holiday, hollyhock, whole, wholesome; (2) halibut, halidom.

_Sentences_: Though he lived in a _ climate, he was _. The food was _, the man _ and hearty. He did not think of a _ as _. We had _ in our garden almost until _. He wept at hearing the _ name of his mother. For a _ month the wound refused to _.

(go): (1) exit, transit, transition, initial, initiative, ambition, circuit, perishable; (2) itinerant, transitory, obituary, sedition, circumambient.

_Sentences_: The _ was broken. It was his _ shipment of _ goods, and they suffered a good deal in _. His _ was to be regarded as a man of great _. His _ was less effective than his entrance.

(throw): (1) eject, reject, subject, project, objection, injection, dejected, conjecture, jet, jetty; (2) abject, traject, adjective, projectile, interjection, ejaculate, jetsam, jettison.

Sentences: With mien he watched the waves lash the . His scheme was to much ridicule and then , and he himself was from the room. From a pipe that from the corner of the building came a of dirty water. He could only what their was. The brought immediate relief.

(law, right): (1) judge, judicious, judicial, prejudice, jurist, jurisdiction, just, justice, justify; (2) judicature, adjudicate, juridical, jurisprudence, justiciary, de jure.

_Sentences_: The eminent _ said the matter did not lie within his _. Though _ in most matters, he admitted to _ in this. The _ said he would comment in an unofficial rather than a _ way. She could not _ her suspicions. He was not only _ himself, but devoted to _.

(join): (1) junction, juncture, injunction, disjunctive, conjugal, adjust; (2) adjunct, conjunction, subjunctive, conjugate.

Sentences: A force had entered their relationships. At this he gave the that disturbances should cease. The tramp halted at the to eat his lunch and his knapsack.

(swear): (1 and 2 combined) juror, jury, abjure, adjure, conjurer, perjury.

Sentences: They their loyalty. He them to remember their duty as . The held the guilty of .

(read, choose, pick up): (1) elegant, illegible, college, negligent, diligent, eligible, elect, select, intellect, recollect, neglect, lecturer, collection, coil, cull; (2) legend, legion, legacy, legate, delegate, sacrilegious, dialect, lectern, colleague, lexicon.

_Sentences_: In _ he listened to the _ and took an occasional note in an _ hand. She _ an _ costume. They _ the only man who was _. He did not _ to take up the _. He was _ rather than _. Her mind was too _ to _ all the circumstances.

(bind): (1 and 2 combined) ligament, ligature, obligation, ally, alliance, allegiance, league, lien, liable, liaison, alloy.

_Sentences_: It was a pleasure that knew no _. To belong to the _ carries _. In studying anatomy you learn all about _ and _. The two nations were in _. We may be sure of their _. We will take a _ upon your property. As a _ officer he was _ for the equipment which our _ reported lost.

(light): (1) lucid, translucent, luminous, illuminate, luminary, luster, illustrate, illustrious; (2) lucent, Lucifer, lucubration, elucidate, pellucid, relume, limn.

_Sentences_: The _ author spoke very _. He gave us a _ explanation of a very abstruse subject. The material was _ even to the rays of the feeblest of the heavenly _. He _ his theory by the following anecdote. This deed added _ to his fame.

(order): (1 and 2 combined) mandate, mandamus, mandatory, demand, remand, countermand, commandment.

_Sentences_: The superior court issued a writ of _. The case was _ to the lower court. His instructions were not discretionary, but _. At your _ the _ has been issued. The _ promptly _ the orders of the offending officer.

(send): (1) permit, submit, commit, remit, transmit, mission, missile, missionary, remiss, omission, commission, admission, dismissal, promise, surmise, compromise, mass, message; (2) emit, intermittent, missive, commissary, emissary, manumission, inadmissible, premise, demise.

Sentences: The could only why so many of his people had not attended . The contained a that no one would be held . The request was that he would please . He to his without a protest. A was appointed to investigate whether the territory should be granted as a state. His was such as to him to tarry if he chose.

(move): (1) move, movement, removal, remote, promote, promotion, motion, motive, emotion, commotion, motor, locomotive, mob, mobilize, automobile, moment; (2) immovable, motivate, locomotor ataxia, mobility, immobile, momentum.

Sentences: The next was his, and his was profound. The of the from across the alley enabled the to surge in a threatening toward the rear of the building. At this the was great. The officer whose had seemed so was now enabled to strong forces for the campaign. The began a slow forward. His exact was not known.

(suffer): (1) passion, passive, impassive, impassioned, compassion, pathos, pathetic, impatient, apathy, sympathy, antipathy; (2) passible, impassible, dispassionate, pathology, telepathy, hydropathy, homeopathy, allopathy, osteopathy, neuropathic, pathogenesis.

_Sentences_: With an _ countenance he spoke of the _ of our Lord. The _ of the story moved her to _. He allowed his _ no further expression than through that one _ shrug. With a _ smile he settled back into dull _. His plea was _.

(foot): (1) pedal, pedestrian, pedestal, expedite, expediency, expedition, quadruped, impediment, biped, tripod, chiropodist, octopus, pew; (2) centiped, pedicle, pedometer, velocipede, sesquipedalian, antipodes, podium, polypod, polyp, Piedmont.

_Sentences_: A _ suggested that we could _ matters by each mounting a _. The loss of the _ was a serious _ to the rider of the bicycle. The _ had me place my foot on an artist's _. The purpose of this nautical _ was to capture a live _. The _ of having so large a _ for the statue had not occurred to us. A _ scarcely recognizable as human occupied my _.

(drive): (1) dispel, compel, propeller, repellent, repulse, repulsive, impulse, compulsory, expulsion, appeal; (2) appellate, interpellate.

Sentences: After the of the attack the, mists along the lowlands were . His manner was , even . The revolutions of the soon the boatmen to shove farther off. After his he for a rehearing of his case. The act was , but he felt an toward it anyhow.

(hang, weigh): (1) pending, impending, independent, pendulum, perpendicular, expenditure, pension, suspense, expense, pensive, compensate, ponder, ponderous, preponderant, pansy, poise, pound; (2) pendant, stipend, appendix, compendium, propensity, recompense, indispensable, dispensation, dispensary, avoirdupois.

_Sentences_: The veterans felt great _ while action regarding their _ was _. We shall _ you. An arm of it stood in a position _ to the _ mass. He knew that fate was _, and he watched the _ swing back and forth slowly. He gave a _ argument in favor of the _ of the money. There is _, that's for thoughts. Let us _ the question whether the _ is needful. She was a woman of rare social _. Penny-wise, _ foolish.

(seek): (1 and 2 combined) petition, petulant, impetus, impetuous, perpetuate, repeat, compete, competent, appetite, centripetal.

Sentences: A great force keeps the planets circling about the sun. The complaints of a woman led him to the prize. The sexual leads men to the race. The was pronounced upon authority to be ill drawn up. With wrath he the assertion. The became noticeably weaker.

(fold): (1) ply, reply, imply, plight, suppliant, explicit, implicit, implicate, supplicate, duplicate, duplicity, complicate, complicity, accomplice, application, plait, display, plot, employee, exploit, simple, supple; (2) pliant, pliable, replica, explication, inexplicable, multiplication, deploy, triple, quadruple, plexus, duplex.

_Sentences_: We _ the thief's _ with questions. He _ that others were _ with him. The king _ to the _ that such _ must never be _ in the realm thereafter. It would be a _ matter to _ the order. The manager had _ confidence in his _. She admired his courage in this _, perceived his _ in the crime, and deplored his participation in the _. They _ him for an _ promise that mercy would be shown. She was in a _, for she had not had time to arrange her hair in its usual broad _. He was _ of body. The _ was refused.

(place): (1) expose, compose, purpose, posture, position, composure, impostor, postpone, post office, positive, deposit, disposition, imposition, deponent, opponent, exponent, component; (2) depose, impost, composite, apposite, repository, preposition, interposition, juxtaposition, decomposition.

_Sentences_: The _ said he would _ the manner in which the cashier had made away with the _. The true _ of the _ was now known, yet he retained his _. For you to make yourself an _ of these wild theories is an _ on your friends. The closing hour at the _ is _ thirty minutes on account of the rush of Christmas mail. He was _ that his _ had _ the letter. One of the _ elements in his _ was gloom.

(seize): (1) prize, apprise, surprise, comprise, enterprise, imprison, comprehend, apprehension; (a) reprisal, misprision, reprehend, prehensile, apprentice, impregnable, reprieve.

Sentences: He had no as to what the would . His was so great that he could scarcely the fact that the was his. The judge them of the likelihood that they would be .

(prove): (1 and 2 combined) probe, probation, probate, probity, approbation, reprobate, improbable.

Sentences: The young was placed on . The will was brought into the court. It is that such as his will win the of evil-doers.

(break): (1 and 2 combined) rupture, abrupt, interrupt, disrupt, eruption, incorruptible, irruption, bankrupt, rout, route, routine.

Sentences: The volcano was in . Though , he remained . The of the barbarians these reforms. The organization was after having already been put to . The he had chosen led to a in their relationships. It was work.

(seat): (1) sedulous, sedentary, supersede, subside, preside, reside, residue, possess, assessment, session, seige; (2) sediment, insidious, assiduous, subsidy, obsession, see (noun), assize.

_Sentences_: The _ was so small that he scarcely noticed he _ it. The officer was _ in making the _ upon every tax-payer fair. During the _ Congress remained in _. He _ in the city and has a _ occupation. When the officer who _ is firm, such commotions will quickly _. He _ the disgraced commander.

(follow): (1) sequel, sequence, consequence, subsequent, consecutive, execute, prosecute, persecute, sue, ensue, suitor, suitable, pursuit, rescue, second; (2) obsequies, obsequious, sequester, inconsequential, non sequitur, executor, suite.

_Sentences_: On the _ day they continued the _. In the _ chapter of the _ the heroine is _. The _ of events is hard to follow. The _ was that her brother began to _ her _. The district attorney _ six _ offenders, but thought it useless to bring any _ offender to trial. It was a _ occasion.

<Shear, share, shore> (cut, separate): (1 and 2 combined) shear, sheer, shred, share, shard, scar, score, (sea)shore, shorn, shroud, shire, sheriff.

_Sentences_: The _ had on his face a _ made by a _ thrown at him. In that _ an old custom for every one to _ in the _ the sheep. There was, instead of the usual _ a cliff that rose from the sea. All _ as the freshman was, he had hardly a _ of his former dignity. The _ was very one-sided. A _ of mist was about him.

(sign): (1) sign, signal, signify, signature, consign, design, assign, designate, resignation, insignificant; (2) ensign, signatory, insignia.

_Sentences_: He _ his approval of the _. The disturbance caused by his _ was _. He _ no reason for _ those particular men. As he could not write his own _, I _ the document for him. It was a _ defeat.

(loosen): (r) solve, resolve, dissolve, solution, dissolute, resolute, absolute; (2) solvent, absolution, indissoluble, assoil.

_Sentences_: On account of his _ course he had given his parents many a problem to _. He _ the powder in a cupful of water and _ to give it to the patient. This _ of the difficulty did not win the _ approval of his employer. The obstacles were many, but he was _.

<Spec(t), spic(e) (look): (1) spectator, spectacle, suspect, aspect, prospect, expect, respectable, disrespect, inspection, speculate, special, especial, species, specify, specimen, spice, suspicion, conspicuous, despise, despite, spite; (2) specter, spectrum, spectroscope, prospector, prospectus, introspection, retrospect, circumspectly, conspectus, perspective, specie, specification, specious, despicable, auspices, perspicacity, frontispiece, respite.

_Sentences_: His _ was conducted in such a manner as to show the utmost _. In _ she noticed an odor of _. From his _ you would have taken him to be a _ of wild animal. The _ was better than we had _ it to be. Though you have no _ fondness for children, you will enjoy the _ of them playing together. The _ did not _ what underhand tactics some of the players were resorting to. In _ of all this, we made a _ showing. The _ is one you cannot _. _ this _ of matters, she did not _ the cause of her _, but let him _ what it might be.

(breathe, breath): (1 and 2 combined) spirit, spiritual, perspire, transpire, respire, aspire, conspiracy, inspiration, expiration, esprit de corps.

Sentences: At the of a few days it that a had actually been formed. The of the division was such that every man to meet the enemy forthwith. He was a man of much and marked powers of . As he lay there, he merely and ; he had no thought whatsoever of things .

(stand): (1) stand, stage, statue, stall, stationary, state, reinstate, station, forestall, instant, instance, distance, constant, withstand, understand, circumstance, estate, establish, substance, obstacle, obstinate, destiny, destination, destitute, substitute, superstition, desist, persist, resist, insist, assist, exist, consistent, stead, rest, restore, restaurant, contrast; (2) stature, statute, stadium, stability, instable, static, statistics, ecstasy, stamen, stamina, standard, stanza, stanchion, capstan, extant, constabulary, apostate, transubstantiation, status quo, armistice, solstice, interstice, institute, restitution, constituent, subsistence, pre-existence, presto.

Sentences: The of the motion was that the student who had been expelled should be . He in his resolution to go on the . She could not the pleas of people. He her to alight at the . In an you shall what the was that drove me to tempt thus. We had gone but a little when I perceived by the hungry working of his jaws that his was the in the next block. No could cause him to . She was in a at the bazaar.

(place): (1 and 2 combined) stead, steadfast, instead, homestead, farmstead, roadstead, bestead.

_Sentences:_ _ of resting in a harbor, the ships were tossed about in an open _. Little did it _ him to cling to the old _. A _ nestled by the highway. To be known as _ now stood him in good _.

<Strict, string, strain> (bind): (1) district, restrict, strictly, stringent, strain, restrain, constrain; (2) stricture, constriction, boa constrictor, astringent, strait, stress.

Sentences: We them by means of regulations. He them to this course by his mere example. He attended to his duties. You should not your pleasures in this way. The of long effort was telling on him.

<Tact, tang, tain, ting, teg> (touch): (1) tact, contact, intact, intangible, attain, taint, stain, tinge, contingent, integrity, entire, tint; (2) tactile, tactual, tangent, distain, attaint, attainder, integer, disintegrate, contagion, contaminate, contiguous.

_Sentences_: His appointment is _ upon his removing this _ from his name. His _ is such that no _ with evil could leave any _ upon him. The contents were _. With _ he hopes to _ the _ approval of his auditors. It was a dark _. The reason is _.

(cut): (1 and 2 combined) detail, curtail, entail, retail, tailor, tally.

Sentences: He held the property in . He kept the reckoning straight by means of cut in a shingle. He resolved to expenses by visiting the less often. We need not go into . The profit lies in the difference between wholesale and prices.

(hold—for related ten group see above under Two Admonitions): (1 and 2 combined) detain, abstain, contain, obtain, maintain, entertain, pertain, appertain, sustain, retain.

_Sentences_: Village life and things _ thereto I shall willingly _ from. I _ that precepts of this kind in no sense _ to public morals. If the gentleman can _ the consent of his second, the chair will _ the motion as he restates it. Though your forces may _ heavy losses, they must _ their position and _ the enemy.

(end, bound): (1 and 2 combined) term, terminus, terminal, terminate, determine, indeterminate, interminable, exterminate.

Sentences: At the of the railroad stands a beautiful station. The manner in which we may the agreement remains . He that rather than yield he would make the negotiations . During the second they all the rodents about the school.

(twist): (1) torture, tortoise, retort, contort, distortion, extortionate, torch, (apple) tart, truss, nasturtium; (2) tort, tortuous, torsion, Dry Tortugas.

_Sentences_: By the light of the _ he saw a _ fowl by the fireside and a _ in the cupboard. The _ of his countenance was due to the _ he was undergoing. _ his face into a very knowing look, he _ that a man with a _ in his buttonhole and _ shell glasses on his nose had leered at the girls as he passed.

(draw): (1) tract, tractor, intractable, abstracted, retract, protract, detract, distract, attractive, contractor, trace, trail, train, trait, portray, retreat; (2) traction, tractate, distraught, extraction, subtraction.

Sentences: In an manner he drove the across a large of ground. He his gaze at the girl. The was now willing to his statement that in the house as it stood there was no of departure from the specifications. Down the weary of the pioneer dashes the palatial modern . To be was one of his . The artist her as in a state. The of his forces but little from his fame.

(come): (1) convene, convenient, avenue, revenue, prevent, event, inventor, adventure, convention, circumvent; (2) venire, venue, parvenu, advent, adventitious, convent, preventive, eventuate, intervention.

_Sentences_: The legislature _ in order to pass a measure regarding the public _. At the _ the wily old politician was able to _ his enemies. The _ saw no means of _ this infringement of his patent right. In that _ we are likely to have an _. Through the long, shaded _ they strolled together.

(turn): (1) avert, divert, convert, invert, pervert, advertize, inadvertent, verse, aversion, adverse, adversity, adversary, version, anniversary, versatile, divers, diversity, conversation, perverse, universe, university, traverse, subversive, divorce; (2) vertebra, vertigo, controvert, revert, averse, versus, versification, animadversion, vice versa, controversy, tergiversation, obverse, transverse, reversion, vortex.

Sentences: Though he carried a large of goods, he was to them. He had forgotten that it was his wedding . The was on subjects. They a broad area where nothing had been done to the danger that threatened them. With stubbornness he held to his of the story. He held that the reading of is of masculine qualities. His professors at the soon him to new social and economic theories. Her husband was such a creature that she resolved to secure a . Americans are the most people in the . The anecdote his himself. Her answer not only was , it revealed her . He had undergone grave in his time.

(conquer): (1 and 2 combined) evince, convince, province, invincible, evict, convict, conviction, victorious.

Sentences: He was that the campaign against the rebels in the could not be . He a lively interest in my theory that the fugitive could not be . He felt an repugnance to the man, and this in spite of his that the man was guilty.

(call, voice): (1) vocal, vocation, advocate, irrevocable, vociferous, provoke, revoke, evoke, convoke; (2) vocable, vocabulary, avocation, equivocal, invoke, avouch, vouchsafe.

Sentences: He was a of the measure, but no sooner was the order issued than he wished it . In the assembly he the enthusiasm of his followers. That he should give utterance to this thought me; but the words, once spoken, were .

(roll, turn): (1) involve, devolve, revolver, evolution, revolutionary, revolt, voluble, volume, vault; (2) circumvolve, convolution, convolvulus.

_Sentences_: It _ upon me to put down the _. In this _ the heroine is _ and the hero handy with a _. He was _ in a _ uprising. He had laid the papers away in a _. The _ of civilization is a tedious story.

SECOND GENERAL EXERCISE

Copy both sections (the first consists of fairly familiar terms, the second of less familiar terms) of each of the following word-groups. Find the key-syllable, underscore it in each word, observe any modifications in its form. Decide for yourself what its meaning is; then verify or correct your conclusion by reference to the dictionary. Study the influence of the key-syllable upon the meaning of each separate word; find the word's original signification, its present signification. Add to each word-group as many cognate words as you can (1) think of for yourself, (2) find in the dictionary by looking under the key-syllable. Fill the blanks in the sentences after each word-group with terms chosen from the first section of words in that group.

(1) Animosity, unanimous, magnanimity; (2) animate, animadvert, equanimity.

_Sentences_: It was the _ opinion that to so noble a foe _ should be shown. The spiteful man continued to display his _.

(1) Annual, annuity, anniversary, perennial, centennial, solemn; (2) superannuate, biennial, millennium.

Sentences: The amateur gardener made the discovery that the plant was a . The celebration of the great man's birth took a and imposing form in our city. By a happy coincidence the increase in his came on wedding .

(1) Audit, auditor, auditorium, audience, inaudible, obey; (2) aurist, auricular, auscultation.

Sentences: His voice may not have been , but it certainly did not fill the . Not one in all that vast but was willing to his slightest suggestion. He was not willing that they should his accounts.

(1) Automatic, automobile, autocrat, autobiography; (2) autograph, autonomy.

Sentences: The dictated to his secretary the third chapter of his . The habit of changing gear properly in an becomes almost .

(1) Cant, descant, incantation, chant, enchant, chanticleer, accent, incentive; (2) canto, canticle, cantata, recant, chantry, chanson, precentor.

Sentences: He upon this topic in a queer, foreign . Such utterances are mere sanctimonious ; I had rather listen to the of a voodoo conjurer. The little girl from the city was with the crowing of . The of the choir somehow gave him the to try again.

(1) Cent, per cent, century, centennial; (2) centenary, centime, centurion, centimeter, centigrade.

Sentences: For nearly a this family has been living on a small of its income. I wouldn't give a for honors; I want my reward now.

(1) Chronic, chronological, chronicle; (2) chronometer, synchronize, anachronism.

_Sentences_: It is a _ record of changing activities and _ ills. This page is a _ of athletic news.

(1) Corps, corpse, corporal, corpulent, corporation, incorporate; (2) corpus, habeas corpus, corporeal, corpuscle, Corpus Christi.

Sentences: The gentleman said he did not believe in punishment. The hospital carried the into the office of a great . He resolved to this idea into the reforms he was introducing.

(1 and 2 combined) Creed, credulous, credential, credit, accredit, discredit, incredible.

_Sentences_: He was not so _ as to suppose that his _ would be accepted and his statements _ without some investigation. It is to his _ that he refused to be bound by his former religious _. That such _ has been heaped upon him is _.

(1) Crescent, increase, decrease, concrete, recruit, accrue, crew; (2) crescendo, excrescence, accretion, increment.

_Sentences_: The _ now had _ evidence that military life was not altogether pleasant. In the olden days on the sea deaths from scurvy might bring about a dangerous _ in the size of the _. His courage _ with the profits that _ to him. The _ moon rode in the sky.

(1) Cure, secure, procure, sinecure, curious, inaccurate; (2) curate, curator.

_Sentences_: Occupying the position for a while will _ of the notion that it is a _. He was _ to know so a bookkeeper had managed to _ so high a salary. He _ the equipment required.

(1 and 2 combined) Indignity, indignation, undignified, condign, deign, dainty.

Sentences: We must not be too about visiting punishment upon those responsible for this . He did not to express his . It was an act.

(1) Durable, endure, during, duration, obdurate; (2) durance, duress, indurate, perdurable.

_Sentences_: _ the whole interview she remained _. It is a _ cloth; it will _ all sorts of weather. The session was one of prolonged _.

(1) Finite, infinite, define, definite, confine, final, in fine, unfinished; (2) definitive, infinitesimal.

Sentences: One cannot the . He himself to purely topics. it was a offer and the one he expected to make. The bridge is still .

(1) Flexibility, inflexible, deflect, inflection, reflection, reflex; (2) circumflex, genuflection.

Sentences: The influence of this act was great. I did not like the of his voice. After some he decided to remain . He was not to be from his purpose. I could but admire the of her tones.

(1) Fluent, affluent, influence, influenza, superfluous, fluid, influx, flush (rush of water), fluctuate; (2) confluent, mellifluous, flux, reflux, effluvium, flume.

_Sentences_: When you _ the basin, an _ of water fills it again. He is an _ man and a _ writer. When I had _, the doctor gave me a disgusting _ to drink. The wind must have an _ in making the waves _ as they do. Any more would be _.

(1) Fort, forte, effort, comfort, fortitude, fortify, fortress; (2) aqua fortis, pianoforte.

_Sentences_: The defenders of the _ held out with great _. Though a _ or two stood at important passes, the border was not really _. His _ was not public speaking. It was only by an _ that he could _ them.

(1) Fraction, infraction, fracture, fragility, fragment, suffrage, frail, infringe; (2) diffract, refractory, frangible.

_Sentences_: It was in the course of his _ of the rules that he suffered the _ of his collar-bone. He told the committee of ladies that he was as fond of _ as of _. It is hardly a proof of _ that he is so willing to _ upon the rights of others. The _ scaffolding bent and swung as he trod it.

(1 and 2 combined) Fugitive, fugue, refuge, subterfuge, centrifugal.

_Sentences_: Closing his eyes as if to listen better to the _ was a little _ of his. The upward movement of the missile was arrested by the _ attraction of the earth. The _ took _ in an abandoned barn.

(1) Refund, confound, foundry, confuse, suffuse, profuse, refuse, diffuse; (2) fusion, effusion, transfuse.

Sentences: With cheeks and utterance he made a apology. The amount we lost through the defective work at your should be to us. Such a blow might but not him. He the appointment.

(1) Belligerent, gesture, suggest, congested, digestion, register, jest; (2) gerund, congeries.

_Sentences_: As he stopped before the cash _ he gave a _ which showed that his _ was none too good. His look was _, but he lightly made a _. Amid the _ traffic she stopped to _ that pink would be more becoming than lavender.

(1) Relate, translate, legislate, elation, dilated, dilatory; (2) collate, correlate, prelate, oblation, superlative, ablative.

Sentences: With eyes he the passage for me. The was very in agreeing upon the measure to be passed. He the story with pride and .

(1) Locate, locality, locomotive, dislocate; (2) locale, allocate, collocation.

Sentences: In trying to the mine as near the fissure as possible he fell and his hip. It was only in that entire .

(1) Soliloquy, loquacious, loquacity, colloquial, eloquent, obloquy, circumlocution, elocution; (2) magniloquent, grandiloquent, ventriloquism, interlocutor, locutory, allocution. (For related log and Ology words see above under Prying Into a Word's Relationships.)

_Sentences_: _ always, he indulged at this time in a great deal of _. Though it was mere _, yet there was something _ about it. Amid all this _ he managed to rid himself of a good deal of _ regarding Standish. Hamlet's _ on suicide is a famous passage.

(1) Allude, elude, delude, ludicrous, illusory, collusion; (2) prelude, postlude, interlude.

Sentences: Such evidence is , and belief in it is . He to a possible between them. The more credulous ones he , and the skeptical he manages to .

(1) Metrical, thermometer, barometer, pedometer, diametrically, geometry; (2) millimeter, chronometer, hydrometer, trigonometry, pentameter.

Sentences: He was careful to consult both the and the . He always wore a on these trips. The two were opposed to each other. The poet has great skill. is an exact science.

(1) Monotone, monotonous, monoplane, monopoly, monocle, monarchy, monogram, monomania; (2) monosyllable, monochrome, monogamy, monorail, monograph, monolith, monody, monologue, monad, monastery, monk.

_Sentences_: His eye held a _, his gold ring bore a _ seal, and his voice was a stilted _. One thing I hate about a _ is the _ reference to everything as his majesty's. He had a _ of the trade in his town. He is suffering, not from madness, but from _.

(1) Mortal, immortality, mortify, postmortem, mortgage, morgue; (2) mortmain, moribund, A la mort.

Sentences: After a hasty examination, the body was taken to the . She was at this reminder of the on her father's property. The shall put on .

(1 and 2 combined) Mutual, mutation, permutation, commute, transmute, immutable, moult.

_Sentences_: As he _ that morning he reflected upon the _ and combinations of fortune. We suffer the _ of this worldly life, but ourselves are not _. God's love is _, and our love for each other should be _. Birds when they _ are weakened in body and depressed in spirit.

(1) Native, prenatal, innate, nature, unnatural, naturalize, nation, pregnant, puny; (2) denatured, nativity, cognate, agnate, nascent, renascence, nee.

_Sentences_: It was some _ influence, he thought, that gave him his _ physique. It was a _ reply, but its heartlessness was _. He was not _ to the country, but _. _ in his _ was the love of his own _.

(1) Note, notion, notable, notice, notorious, cognizant, incognito, recognize, noble, ignoble, ennoble, ignore, ignorance, ignoramus, reconnoiter, quaint, acquaintance; (2) notary, notation, connotation, cognition, prognosticate, reconnaissance, connoisseur.

Sentences: In complete of the enemy's position, he decided that he would it. himself, he was of what was going on about him. You must the conduct of such an . His with this gentleman him. He but would not this fellow. The is a one. He could but how his brother had become.

(1) Panacea, panoply, panorama, pantomime, pan-American, pandemonium; (2) pantheist, pantheon.

Sentences: Arrayed in all the of savages, they acted the scene out in . From this point the of the country-side unrolled itself before him. It is no for human ills; any supposition that it is will lead to . It is a movement.

(1) Peter, petrify, petrol, stormy petrel, petroleum, saltpeter, pier; (2) petrology, parsley, samphire.

_Sentences_: As he walked along the _, he observed the flight of the _. The English name for gasoline is _. _ is used in the manufacture of gunpowder. He was almost _ at hearing of this enormous stock of _. The crowing of the cock caused _ to weep bitterly.

(1 and 2 combined) Petty, petite, petit jury, petit larceny, petticoat, pettifogger.

Sentences: Charged with , he was tried by the . The contemptible hid behind the of his wife. She was a winsome maiden, dainty and . It is a fault.

(1 and 2 combined) Philosophy, philanthropy, Philadelphia, bibliophile, Anglophile.

_Sentences_: His _ was generous, but his _ was not profound. That queer old _ hangs to the library like a caterpillar. It was the love of humankind that caused Penn to name the city _. Most Americans are not _.

(1 and 2 combined) Cosmopolitan, metropolitan, politics, policy, police.

_Sentences_: Those who engage in _ lack, as a rule, a _ outlook. It is merely _ intolerance of towns and villages. The _ of the mayor was to increase the _ force.

(1 and 2 combined) Potential, potency, potentate, impotent, omnipotent, plenipotentiary.

Sentences: So far from being , we possess a difficult to estimate. The sent an ambassador . A solution of the problem is this. God.

(1) Impute, compute, dispute, ill repute, reputation, disreputable; (2) putative, indisputable.

Sentences: She could not the cost. There was some as to the cause of his . Let them to me what motives they will. Though somewhat , he was extremely solicitous about his .

(1) Abrogate, arrogate, interrogate, arrogant, derogatory, prerogative; (2) surrogate, rogation, prorogue.

Sentences: In an manner he these to himself. To authority is to give opportunity for remarks to one's reputation. He skilfully the witness.

(1) Salmon, sally, assail, assault, insult, consult, result, exultation, desultory; (2) salient, salacious, resilient.

_Sentences_: After the _ the firing was _. The defenders _ out and _ us, but the _ of this effort only added to our _. We sat there watching the _ leap over the waterfall and _ about our arrangements for taking them. To accept the remark as an _ is to acknowledge the speaker as an equal.

(1) Science, conscience, unconscious, prescience, omniscience, nice; (2) sciolist, adscititious, plebiscite.

Sentences: By his understanding of the issues he was able to gain a reputation for . We thought he possessed , but he seemed of his erudition. Except under the sharp necessities of , he was ruled by a thoroughly tender.

(1) Sect, section, non-sectarian, dissect, insect, intersection, sickle, vivisection, segment; (2) bisect, trisect, insection, sector, secant.

_Sentences_: He stood at the _ of the roads, leaning on the shank of a sharp _. The foreman of the _ gang is a member of our _. The boy was _ an _ with a butcher knife he had previously used to cut for himself a large _ of the Sunday cake. It is a _ movement. He defended the _ of animals.

(1) Sense, consent, assent, resent, sentimental, dissension, sensation, sensibility, sentence, scent, nonsense; (2) sentient, consensus, presentiment.

_Sentences_: A woman of her _ would shrink from a _ of this sort. He _ in a single, crisp _. To be _ is to be guilty of _. He had the good _ to _ to this course. He _ such _ and the causes that produced them. A hound hunts by _.

(1) Despond, respond, correspond, corespondent, sponsor; (2) sponsion, spouse, espouse.

_Sentences_: She _ that her husband had been _ with the _. The _ of the movement could as yet see no reason to _.

(1 and 2 combined) Structure, instructor, construct, obstruct, instrument, destructive, misconstrue.

_Sentences_: The student _ the intentions of his _. He resolved to _ every effort to complete the _. The _ was one that might easily be turned to _ work. They _ a grandstand overlooking the racetrack.

(1) Terrace, territory, subterranean, inter, terrier; (2) terrene, tureen, terrestrial, terra cotta, Mediterranean, terra firma, parterre.

_Sentences_: The _ was tearing a great hole in the _ in order to _ a bone. He found rich _ deposits. The discoverers laid claim to the entire _.

(1) Thesis, parenthesis, antithesis, anathema, theme, epithet, treasure; (2) hypothesis, synthesis, metathesis.

_Sentences_: To set two ideas in _ to each other makes both more vivid. By way of _ he informed me that the subject was _ to his father. On this _ he can summon a host of picturesque _. The _ is one you will find it hard to establish. He was seeking Captain Kidd's buried _.

(1 and 2 combined) Tumor, tumidity, tumult, tumulus, contumacy.

_Sentences_: The _ of his joints was due to rheumatism. His _ led to a _ of opposition. So excited was he at the discovery of the _ that he did not permit the _ on his hand to restrain him from beginning the excavation.

(1 and 2 combined) Turbid, disturb, perturbation, turbulence, trouble, imperturbable.

Sentences: His manner gave no hint of the within him. The sweep of the stream caused her not the slightest . Do not yourself with the thought that you are putting me to any .

(1 and 2 combined) Pervade, invade, evasion, vade mecum.

Sentences: He promised that there would be no of payments. Byron's Childe Harold was my during my travels in Switzerland and Italy. The fragrance of heliotrope the room. You must not my privacy like this.

(1) Avail, prevail, prevalent, equivalent, valiant, validity, invalid, invalidate; (2) valetudinarian, valediction, valence.

Sentences: The of the agreement has been thoroughly established. Our cause is just, and must . It is to admitting that the terms are now . It was a act and the concessions previously wrested from us. The impression is that mere ingenuity will not .

(1) Virtue, virile, virgin, virtually; (2) virago, virtuoso, triumvir.

Sentences: It was a new arrangement. It is soil. To be and daring is every boy's dream. is its own reward.

(1) Revive, survival, convivial, vivid, vivify, vivacious, vivisection; (2) vive (le roi), qui vive, bon vivant, tableau vivant.

_Sentences_: He has a _ manner, a _ spirit. The _ of the opposition to the _ of animals is very marked. You cannot _ a dead cause or scarcely _ memories of it. The _ coloring of her cheeks was a sure sign of health, or of skill.

THIRD GENERAL EXERCISE

Find the key-syllable (in a few instances the key-syllables) of each of the following words. How does it affect the meaning of the word? Does it appear, perhaps in disguised form, in any of the words immediately preceding or following? Can you bring to mind other words that embody it?

Innovation Commonwealth Welfare Wayfarer Adjournment Rival Derivation Arrive Denunciation Denomination Ignominy Synonym Patronymic Parliament Dormitory Demented Presumptuous Indent Dandelion Trident Indenture Contemporary Disseminate Annoy Odium Desolate Impugn Efflorescent Arbor vitae Consider Constellation Disaster Suburb Address Dirigible Dirge Indirectly Desperate Inoperative Benevolent Voluntary Offend Enumerate Dilapidate Request Exquisite Exonerate Approximate Insinuate Resurgence Insurrection Rapture Exasperate Complacent Dimension Commensurate Preclude Cloister Turnpike Travesty Atone Incarnate Charnal Etiquette Rejuvenate Eradicate Quiet Requiem Acquiesce Ambidextrous Inoculate Divulge Proper Appropriate Omnivorous Voracious Devour Escritoire Mordant Remorse Miser Hilarious Exhilarate Rudiment Erudite Mark Marquis Libel Libretto Vague Vagabond Extravagant Souse Saucer Oyster Ostracize

FOURTH GENERAL EXERCISE

With a few exceptions like the Hale-heal group above under Verbal Families, most verbal families of straight English or of Germanic- Scandinavian-English descent are easily recognizable as families. Witness the Good family and the Stead family. The families in which kinship may be overlooked are likely to be of Latin or Greek ancestry, though perhaps with a subsequent infusion of blood from some other foreign language, as French. Hitherto our approach to verbal families has been through the descendants, or through that quality in their blood which holds them together. But we shall also profit from knowing something of the founders of these families—from having some acquaintance with them as individuals. Below (in separate lists) the more prominent of Latin and of Greek progenitors are named, their meaning is given, and two or three of their living representatives (not always direct descendants) are designated. Starred [*] words are those whose progeny has not been in good part assembled in the preceding pages; for these words you should assemble all the living representatives you can. (Inflectional forms are given only where they are needed for tracing English derivatives.)

<Latin Ancestors of English Words>

Latin word Meaning English representatives

Ago, actum do, rouse agile, transact *Alius other alias, inalienable *Alter other alteration, adultery *Altus high altitude, exalt *Ambulo walk perambulator, preamble *Amicus friend amicable, enemy *Amo, amatum love inamorata, amateur, inimical *Anima life animal, inanimate Animus mind animosity, unanimous Annus year annuity, biennial *Aqua water aquarium, aqueduct Audio, auditum hear audience, audit *Bellum war rebel, belligerent *Bene well benefit, benevolence *Bonus good bonanza, bona fide *Brevis short abbreviate, unabridged Cado, casum fall cadence, casual Caedo, cecidi, caesum cut, kill suicide, incision Cano, cantum sing recant, chanticleer Capio, captum take, hold capacious, incipient *Caput, capitis head cape (Cape Cod), decapitate, chapter, biceps Cedo, cessum go concede, accessory Centum hundred per cent, centigrade *Civis citizen civic, uncivilized *Clamo shout acclaim, declamation *Claudo, clausum close, shut conclude, recluse, cloister, sluice Cognosco (see Nosco) *Coquo, coxi, coctum cook decoction, precocious *Cor, cordis heart core, discord, courage Corpus body corpse, incorporate Credo, credituin believe creed, discreditable Cresco, cretum grow crescendo, concrete, accrue *Crux, crucis cross crucifix, excruciating Cura care curate, sinecure Curro, cursum run occur, concourse *Derigo, directum direct dirge, dirigible, address *Dexter right, right hand ambidextrous, dexterity Dico speak, say abdicate, verdict *Dies day diary, quotidian Dignus worthy, fitting dignity, condign Do, datum give condone, data *Doceo, doctum teach document, doctor *Dominus lord dominion, danger *Domus house domicile, majordomo *Dormio sleep dormant, dormouse Duco lead traduce, deduction *Duo two dubious, duet Durus hard durable, obdurate Eo, itum go exit, initial Error, erratum wander erroneous, aberration Facio, feci, factum make, do manufacture, affect, sufficient, verify Fero, latum carry transfer, relate Fido trust, believe confide, perfidious Finis end confine, infinity Flecto, flexum bend reflection, inflexible Fluo, fluxum flow influence, reflux Fortis strong fortress, comfort Frango, fractum break infringe, refraction *Frater brother fraternity, fratricide Fugio, fugitum flee centrifugal, fugitive Fundo, fusum pour refund, profuse, fusion Gero, gestum carry belligerent, gesture, digestion Gradior, gressus walk degrade, progress *Gratia favor, pleasure, ingratiate, congratulate, good-will disgrace *Grex, gregis flock segregate, egregious Habeo, habitum have, hold habituate, prohibit Itum (see Eo) Jacio, jeci, jactum throw, hurl reject, interjection Jungo, junctum join conjugal, enjoin, juncture Juro swear abjure, perjury Jus, juris law, right justice, jurisprudence Judex (from jusdico) judge judgment, prejudice *Juvenis young rejuvenate, juvenilia Latum (see Fero) *Laudo, laudatum praise allow, laudatory Lego, lectum read, choose elegant, lecture, dialect *Lex, legis law privilege, illegitimate, legislature *Liber book libel, library *Liber free liberty, deliberate Ligo bind obligation, allegiance, alliance *Linquo, lictum leave delinquent, relict, derelict *Litera letter illiterate, obliterate Locus place collocation, dislocate Loquor, locutus speak soliloquy, elocution Ludo, lusum play prelude, illusory /Lux, lucis light lucid, luminary Lumen, luminis / *Magnus great magnate, magnificent *Malus bad, evil malaria, malnutrition Mando order mandatory, commandment Manus hand manual, manufacture *Mare sea maritime, submarine *Mater mother maternal, alma mater *Medius middle mediocre, intermediate *Mens mind mental, demented *Miror wonder mirror, admirable Mitto, missum send commit, emissary *Mordeo, morsum bite mordant, morsel, remorse Mors, mortis death mortal, mortify Moveo, motum move remove, locomotive *Multus many multiform, multiplex Muto, mutatum change transmute, immutable, moult Nascor, natus be born renascence, cognate *Nihil nothing nihilism, annihilate *Nomen, nominis name denomination, renown *Norma rule abnormal, enormous /Nosco, notum cognosco cognitum know / notation, incognito *Novus new novelty, renovate *Nuntio announce denounce, renunciation *Opus, operis work magnum opus, inoperative *Pater father patrician, patrimony Patior, passus suffer impatient, passion Pello, pulsum drive propeller, repulse Pendeo, pensum hang pendulum, appendix Pendo, pensum weigh compendium, expense Pes, pedis foot expedite, biped Peto seek impetus, compete *Plaudo, plausum clap, applaud explode, plausible *Plecto, plexum braid perplex, complexion *Pleo, pletum fill complement, expletive *Plus, pluris more surplus, plural Plico, plicatum fold reply, implicate Pono, positum place opponent, deposit Porto carry report, porter Potens, potentis powerful impotent, potential Prendo, prehensum seize comprehend, apprise *Primus, primatis first primary, primate Probo, probatum prove improbable, reprobate *Pugno fight impugn, repugnant Puto think impute, disreputable *Quaero, quaesitum seek require, inquest, exquisite *Rapio, raptum seize enraptured, surreptitious *Rego, rectum rule, lead region, erect *Rideo, risum laugh deride, risible Rogo, rogatum ask prorogue, abrogate Rumpo, ruptum break disrupt, eruption Salio, saltum leap salient, insult *Sanguis blood sang froid, ensanguined Scio, scitum know prescience, plebiscite Scribo, scriptum write prescribe, manuscript, escritoire Seco, sectum cut secant, dissect Sedeo, sessum sit supersede, obsession Sentio, sensum feel presentiment, consensus Sequor, secutus follow sequence, persecute, ensue Signum sign insignia, designate *Solus alone solitude, desolate Solvo, solutum loosen solvent, dissolute *Somnus sleep somnambulist, insomnia *Sono sound consonant, resonance *Sors, sortis lot sort, assortment Specio, spectum look despicable, suspect Spiro, spiratum breathe perspire, conspiracy *Spondeo, sponsum promise respond, espouse Sto, steti, statum stand constant, establish Sisto, stiti, statum cause to stand consistent, superstition Stringo, strictum bind stringent, restrict Struo, structum build construe, destruction Tango, tactum touch intangible, tact Tempus, temporis time temporize, contemporary Tendo, tensum stretch distend, intense Teneo, tentuin hold tenure, detention *Tendo try tentative, attempt Terminus end, boundary terminal, exterminate Terra earth territory, inter Torqueo, tortum twist distort, tortuous Traho, tractum draw extract, subtraction Tumeo, tumidum swell tumor, contumacy Turba tumult, crowd turbulent, disturb *Unus one unify, triune, onion *Urbs city urbane, suburban Vado, vasum go pervade, invasion Valeo, validum be strong prevail, invalid Venio, ventum come intervene, adventure Verto, versum turn divert, adverse *Verus true verdict, veracity *Via way obviate, impervious, trivial Video, visum see provide, revise Vinco, victum conquer province, convict Vir man triumvir, virtue Vivo, victum live vivacious, vivisect Voco, vocatum call revoke, avocation *Volo wish malevolent, voluntary Volvo, volutum turn revolver, evolution Vox voice equivocal, vociferate



Prefix Meaning English embodiments

*A, ab from, away avert, abnegation, abstract *Ad to adduce, adjacent, affect, accede *Ante before antediluvian, anteroom *Bi two biped, bicycle *Circum around circumambient, circumference *Cum, com, with, together combine, consort, coadjutor con, co *Contra against contradict, contrast *De from, negative deplete, decry, demerit, declaim down, intensive *Di, dis asunder, away from, divert, disbelief negative *E, ex from, out of evict, excavate *Extra beyond extraordinary, extravagant *In in, into, not innate, instil, insignificant *Inter among, between intercollegiate, interchange *Intro, into, within introduce, intramural intra *Non negative nonage, nondescript *Ob against, before (facing), toward obloquy, obstacle, offer *Per through, extremely persecute, perfervid, pursue, pilgrim, pellucid *Post after postpone, postscript *Pre before prepay, preoccupy *Pro before proceed, proffer *Re back, again return, resound *Retro back, backward retroactive, retrospective *Se apart, aside seclude, secession *Semi half semiannual, semicivilized *Sub under, less than, subscribe, suffer, subnormal, inferior subcommittee *Super above, extremely superfluous, supercritical, soprano *Trans across, through transfer, transparent *Ultra beyond, extremely ultramundane, ultraconservative

<Greek Ancestors of English Words> (Scientific terms in English are largely derived from the Greek)

Greek word Meaning English representatives

*Aner, andros, man, stamen androgynous, philander, anthropos philanthropy *Archos chief, primitive archaic, architect *Astron star asterisk, disaster Autos self autograph, automatic, authentic *Barvs heavy baritone, barites *Biblos book Bible, bibliomania *Bios life biology, autobiography, amphibious *Cheir hand chiropody, chirurgical, surgeon *Chilioi a thousand kilogram, kilowatt *Chroma color chromo, achromatic Chronos time chronic, anachronism *Cosmos world, order cosmopolitan, microcosm *Crypto hide cryptogam, cryptology *Cyclos wheel, circle encyclopedia, cyclone *Deca ten decasyllable, decalogue *Demos people democracy, epidemic *Derma skin epidermis, taxidermist *Dis, di twice, doubly dichromatic, digraph *Didonai, dosis give dose, apodosis, anecdote *Dynamis power dynamite, dynasty *Eidos form, thing seen idol, kaleidoscope, anthropoid *Ethnos race, nation ethnic, ethnology Eu well euphemism, eulogy *Gamos marriage cryptogam, bigamy *Ge earth geography, geometry Genos family, race gentle, engender Gramma writing monogram, grammar Grapho write telegraph, lithograph *Haima blood hematite, hemorrhage, anemia *Heteros other heterodox, heterogeneous *Homos same homonym, homeopathy *Hydor water hydraulics, hydrophobia, hydrant *Isos equal isosceles, isotherm *Lithos stone monolith, chrysolite Logos word, study theology, dialogue Metron measure barometer, diameter *Micros small microscope, microbe Monos one, alone monoplane, monotone *Morphe form metamorphosis, amorphous *Neos new, young neolithic, neophyte *Neuron nerve neuralgia, neurotic Nomos law, science, astronomy, gastronomy, economy management *Onoma name anonymous, patronymic *Opsis view, sight synopsis, thanatopsis, optician *Orthos right orthopedic, orthodox *Osteon bone osteopathy, periosteum *Pais, paidos child paideutics, pedagogue, encyclopedia Pas, pan all diapason, panacea, pantheism Pathos suffering allopathy, pathology Petros rock petroleum, saltpeter *Phaino show, be visible diaphanous, phenomenon, epiphany, fantastic Philos loving bibliophile, Philadelphia *Phobos fear hydrophobia, Anglophobe Phone sound telephone, symphony *Phos light phosphorous, photograph *Physis nature physiognomy, physiology *Plasma form cataplasm, protoplasm *Pneuma air, breath pneumatic, pneumonia Polis city policy, metropolitan *Polys many polyandry, polychrome, polysyllable Pous, pados foot octopus, chiropodist *Protos first protoplasm, prototype *Pseudes false pseudonym, pseudo-classic *Psyche breath, soul, psychology, psychopathy mind *Pyr fire pyrography, pyrotechnics *Scopos watcher scope, microscope *Sophia wisdom philosophy, sophomore *Techne art technicality, architect *Tele far, far off telepathy, telescope {*Temno cut } {*Tomos that which is } epitome, anatomy, tome { cut off } *Theos god theosophy, pantheism *Therme heat isotherm, thermodynamics {Tithenai place } epithet, hypothesis, {Thesis a placing, } anathema { arrangement } *Treis three trichord, trigonometry *Zoon animal zoology, protozoa, zodiac



Prefix Meaning English embodiments

*A, an no, not aseptic, anarchy *Amphi about, around, ambidextrous, amphitheater (Latin ambi) both *Ana up, again anatomy, Anabaptist *Anti against, opposite antidote, antiphonal, antagonist *Cata down catalepsy, cataclysm *Dia through, across diameter, dialogue *Epi upon epidemic, epithet, epode, ephemeral *Hyper over, extremely hypercritical, hyperbola *Hypo under, in smaller hypodermic, hypophosphate measure *Meta after, over metaphysics, metaphor *Para beside paraphrase, paraphernalia *Peri around, about periscope, peristyle *Pro before proboscis, prophet *Syn together, with synthesis, synopsis, sympathy



VI

WORDS IN PAIRS

Our first task in this volume was the study of words in combination. Our second was the study of individual words in two of their aspects—first, as they are seen in isolation, next as they are seen in verbal families. Now our third task confronts us. It is the study of words as they are associated, not in actual blood kinship, but in meaning.

Such an association in meaning may involve only two words (pairs) or larger groups. In this chapter we shall confine ourselves to the study of pairs.

Of the relationship between pairs there are three types. In the first the words are hostile to each other. In the second they may easily be confused with each other. In the third they are parallel with each other. We shall examine the three types successively.

But we must make an explanation first. Although we shall, in this and the following chapters, have frequent occasion to give the meanings of individual words, we shall give them without regard to dictionary methods. We shall not attempt formal, water-tight, or exhaustive definitions; our purpose is to convey, in the simplest and most human manner possible, brief general explanations of what the words stand for.



Pairs of the first type are made up of words by nature opposite to each other, or else thought of as opposite because they are so often contrasted. Here is a familiar, everyday list:

east, west straight, crooked myself, others large, small pretty, ugly major, minor laugh, cry walk, ride light, darkness top, bottom hard, soft friend, enemy sweet, sour clean, dirty temporal, spiritual meat, drink merry, sad means, extremes land, water private, public Jew, Gentile man, woman noisy, quiet independent, dependent old, new general, particular sublime, ridiculous age, youth wholesale, retail give, receive sick, well savage, civilized pride, humility brain, brawn wealth, poverty constructive, destructive soul, body positive, negative

None of these words needs explaining. If you think of one of them, you will think of its opposite; at least its opposite will be lurking in the back of your mind. As proof of this fact you have only to glance at the following list, from which the second member of each pair is omitted:

hot— black— boy— in— off— over— love— wrong— strong— wet— first— day— long— fast— good— hope— least— asleep— buy— left— alive— winter— war— succeed— creditor— fat— internal— wise— drunk—

Many words of a more difficult kind are thus pitted against each other, and we learn them, not singly, but in pairs. At least we should. As good verbal hunters we should be alert to the chance of killing two birds with one stone.

Allopath and homeopath, for example, are difficult opposites. We know of the existence of the two classes of medical practitioners; we know that they use different methods; but beyond this our knowledge is likely to be hazy. Let us set out, then, to learn the two words. The best way is to learn them together. Allopathy means other suffering, homeopathy like suffering. An allopath uses remedies which create within the patient a condition that squarely conflicts with the further progress of the disease. A homeopath prescribes medicines (in small doses) which produce within the patient the same condition that the disease would produce; he "beats the disease to it," so to speak—takes the job himself and leaves the disease nothing to do. The allopath travels around a race-track in the opposite direction from the disease, and thwarts it through a head-on collision. The homeopath travels around the race-track in the same direction as the disease, and thwarts it by pulling at the reins. If we consider the two words together and get these ideas in mind, we shall have no further trouble with allopaths and homeopaths—except, perhaps, when they have rendered their services and presented their bills.

Objective and subjective are also a troublesome pair. A thing is objective if it is an actual object or being, if it exists in itself rather than in our surmises. A thing is subjective if it is the creature of a state of mind, if it has its existence in the thought or imagination of some person or other. Thus if I meet a bear in the wilds, that bear is objective; whatever may be the state of my thoughts, he is there—and it would be to my advantage to reckon with this fact. But if a child who is sent off to bed alone says there is a bear in the room, the bear is subjective; it is not a living monster that will devour anybody, but a creature called into the mind of the child through dread.

EXERCISE - Opposites

Study the following words in pairs. Consult the dictionary for actual meanings. Then test your knowledge by embodying each word of each pair in a sentence, or in an illustration like those of the race-track and the bear in the preceding paragraphs.

superior, inferior concord, discord export, import domestic, foreign fact, fiction prose, poetry verbal, oral literal, figurative predecessor, successor genuine, artificial positive, negative practical, theoretical optimism, pessimism finite, infinite longitude, latitude evolution, revolution oriental, occidental pathos, bathos sacred, profane military, civil clergy, laity capital, labor ingress, egress element, compound horizontal, perpendicular competition, cooeperation predestination, freewill universal, particular extrinsic, intrinsic inflation, deflation dorsal, ventral acid, alkali synonym, antonym prologue, epilogue nadir, zenith amateur, connoisseur anterior, posterior stoic, epicure ordinal, cardinal centripetal, centrifugal stalagmite, stalactite orthodox, heterodox homogeneous, heterogeneous monogamy, polygamy induction, deduction egoism, altruism Unitarian, Trinitarian concentric, eccentric herbivorous, carnivorous deciduous, perennial esoteric, exoteric endogen, exogen vertebrate, invertebrate catalectic, acatalectic

<Words Often Confused>

Pairs of the second type are made up of words which are often confused by careless writers and speakers, and which should be accurately discriminated.

Sometimes the words are actually akin to each other. Continuous- continual and enormity-enormousness are examples. Sometimes they merely look or sound much alike. Mean-demean and affect- effect are examples. Sometimes the things they designate are more or less related, so that the ideas behind the words rather than the words themselves are responsible for the confusion. Contagious-infectious and knowledge-wisdom are examples. Let us distinguish between the two members of each of the pairs named.

A thing is continuous if it suffers no interruption whatever, continual if it is broken at regular intervals but as regularly renewed. Thus "a continuous stretch of forest"; "the continual drip of water from the eaves."

Enormity pertains to the moral and sometimes the social, enormousness to the physical. Thus "the enormity of the crime," "the enormity of this social offense"; "the enormousness of prehistoric animals."

Demean is often used reproachfully because of its supposed relation to mean. But it has nothing to do with mean. The word with which to connect it is demeanor (conduct). Thus "We observed how he demeaned himself" implies no adverse criticism of either the man or his deportment. Both may be debased to be sure, but they may be exemplary.

To affect means to feign or to have an influence upon, to effect to bring to pass. Thus "He affects a fondness for classical music," "The little orphan's story affected those who heard it"; "We effected a compromise." Affect is never properly used as a noun. Effect as a noun means result, consequence, or practical operation. Thus "The shot took instant effect"; "He put this idea into effect."

A disease is contagious when the only way to catch it is through direct contact with a person already having it, or through contact with articles such a person has used. A disease is infectious when it is presumably caused, not by contact with a person, but through widespread general conditions, as of climate or sanitation.

Our knowledge is our acquaintance with a fact, or the sum total of our information. Our wisdom is our intellectual and spiritual discernment, to which our knowledge is one of the contributors. Knowledge comprises the materials; wisdom the ability to use them to practical advantage and to worthy or noble purpose. Knowledge is mental possession; wisdom is mental and moral power.

EXERCISE - Confused

1. Consult the dictionary for the distinction between the members of each of the following pairs. In each blank of the illustrative sentences insert the word appropriate in meaning.

to receive knowledge. to impart knowledge.

He from laughter. He steadfastly from evil courses.

<Abstinence, temperance.> Though he always displayed , he did not carry it to the point of .

I shall most of the suggestions, but must the one made by Mr. Wheeler.

. When the package was at the local post office, Bayard refused to it.

. The dull _ of his head. A sharp _ below shoulder-blade. I have known the _ of cold hands. "My heart _, and a drowsy numbness _ My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk."

. With firmness and he set about reconciling the factions. Her enabled her to perceive that something was amiss.

. The magnetized iron filings . The cold iron to the boy's tongue.

<Adherence, adhesion>. The of the heated particles to each other was instantaneous. Amid these trials their to the cause was unshaken.

<Admission, admittance>. His to the room was forced. He obtained into a fraternal order.

. When he that he had a weapon, he practically that he had slain the man.

. He was to going. Their answer was .

. In this emergency he sought . He asked my as to the best place to hang the picture.

<Aggravate, irritate>. To let these mishaps you is to your suffering.

. It is an to suppose that I made any to you.

<Allusion, reference>. It was more than a possible ; it was an unmistakable .

. Though we call him a(n) , he is in skill by no means the you might think him.

<Ambiguous, equivocal>. You are unintentionally . These words are deliberately .

. Since we the enemy to advance, would it not be wise to him?

. He was handsome in . The of the sky was ominous.

<Apprehend, comprehend>. "Lovers and madmen have such seething brains, Such shaping fantasies, that More than cool reason ever ."

. The of the worshipers. The of the soldiers.

. The who was decorating the walls called to an who was mixing mortar.

. We easily made the of the slope, and from the summit witnessed the balloon .

He gave his when I proposed that we wait for the others to complete the to this point.

I it to you as a fault rather than it to you as an honor.

<Assembly, assemblage.> It was an informal . The considered the matters it had been called to discuss.

When told that the measure would advance his interests, he ; but he would not to it.

The injury was slight, but he it with unsparing malice. ", O Lord, thy slaughtered saints."

<Avocation, vocation.> The lawyer, besides his regular , had the collecting of birds' eggs as his .

Though not of the seriousness of his malady, he was of the pain it caused him.

<Balance, remainder.> Darrell added the of the coins, but not even they brought about the he sought between assets and obligations.

Though socially, he was not what you would term a man.

His in this time of trial was exemplary. She praised the of the children at the party.

He possibly had , but not an active .

Her social manner was . The influence of sunlight.

his personal friends, many people he had not even met stood his sickbed.

At this threat the face of the heroine . With a pail of cheap paint he the dingy wall.

<Blessing, benediction.> After telling his parishioners to be mindful of their , the clergyman pronounced the .

Daily attacks on exposed redoubts marked the progress of the . The fleet lay there in silent of the port.

The incident proved that his was not founded in real .

When you come, the official documents with you. me the scales you will find in the granary yonder.

A man with shoulders stood in the , open doorway.

After they had solemnly _ their comrade, they _ the treasure. They also _ their comrade's dog.

2. Consult the dictionary for the distinction between the members of each of the following pairs. Determine whether the words are correctly used in the illustrative sentences. (Some are; some are not.)

Can I stay at home this afternoon, papa? Because of the floods, the train beyond doubt may not get through.

<Character, reputation.> His character among them was very good. A man's reputation can never be taken from him.

<Childish, childlike.> Your conduct is peevish; it is childishly so. Her innocence was childlike.

He was always citing snatches of Tennyson. We might quote Hamlet's soliloquy on suicide as an example of Shakespeare's ability to go to the heart of deep questions.

He claimed that Jefferson was our third President. He asserted that bears sleep through the winter.

At the masquerade ball we each wore special clothing. The mariner who had swum from the wreck to the desert shore had not a shred of costume.

Comfort after labor. The case of owning a home.

<Commercial, mercantile.> Petty commercial transactions. A mercantile treaty.

This pavilion was the common play-house for the children of the neighborhood. Ward and Aker held this property as their mutual possession.

<Complement, compliment.> This addition is the complement of our quota. He paid his dancing partner a compliment.

<Complement, supplement.> His downrightness is the complement of his uprightness. As a supplement to his wages he received an occasional bonus.

He put in the completing touches. He had finished the task.

<Composure, equanimity.> His composure was not to be shaken. After this inner tumult came equanimity.

<Comprehensible, comprehensive.> Numbers of such magnitude are scarcely comprehensible. That men by the million should die for a cause is a thing not really comprehensive.

<Compulsion, obligation.> Who does not feel within him a compulsion to help the weak? It was through obligation, through having slave-drivers stand over them, that these wretched folk built the pyramids.

<Congratulate, felicitate.> I congratulated my friend on his appointment to the commission. I also felicitated the stranger on his appointment.

<Consecutive, successive.> Three consecutive convictions proved the ability of the prosecuting attorney. The quiet passing of successive summer days.

<Contemptible, contemptuous.> Its size was insignificant, even contemptible. He won the prize by a contemptuous trick.

<Continuation, continuance.> The investigator was surprised to find the tradition of such long continuation. We waited impatiently for the continuance of the story in the next issue.

<Corporal, corporeal.> I am more and more amazed at the perfection of man's corporal frame. His corporeal vigor was unusual.

A man may correct many of his false judgments on current affairs by studying history. The mistake is ours; it shall be rectified.

The cozy fit of a garment. A snug place by the fire.

We crawled forward at dawn to surprise their outposts. In his humility he fairly crept on the earth.

<Credible, creditable.> I do not doubt it; it is entirely credible. The success of the antidote seemed scarcely creditable.

Though he is the official and credited ambassador, his assertions are not accredited.

I cured the dog's wounds. The physician declared he could heal leprosy.

"A custom more honor'd in the breach than the observance." Is it your custom to watch the clock while you eat? The habit in that region was to rise at cockcrow.

A decided battle. A decisive fault in manners.

<Definite, definitive.> We still await a definite edition of this author's works. His answer was so definitive that we no longer doubted what he meant.

Clive added India to the British demesne. The king went riding through his personal domain.

<Deprecate, depreciate.> The German mark has deprecated in value. He depreciated the praise they were lavishing upon him.

They tied themselves together with a rope in order to make their dissent safer. The dissent to a lower plane of conversation was what he most desired.

<Discovery, invention.> The discovery of the wireless telegraph is Marconi's chief claim to remembrance. The invention of a water passage between Tierra del Fuego and the mainland was the work of Magellan.

<Discriminate, distinguish.> He could not discriminate individuals at that distance. Any man can distinguish right from wrong.

<Disinterested, uninterested.> His course was entirely generous and disinterested. Most visitors to art galleries have an uninterested manner.

<Disposal, disposition.> This disposal of the matter is authoritative, final. His disposition of his forces was well-considered.

<Dissatisfied, discontented.> Though the colonists were dissatisfied for the moment, they could hardly be called discontented.

<Distinct, distinctive.> The distinct quality of his character was aggressiveness. There were four separate and distinctive calls.

<Dramatic, theatrical.> An affected, dramatic manner. A truly theatrical situation.

A dry plain. An arid place to sleep in.

The man stood dumb with surprise. Always be kind to mute animals.

Our joy is durable. Oak is a lasting wood.

3. Consult the dictionary for the distinction between the members of each of the following pairs. Frame sentences to illustrate the correct use of the words. (Some of the words in this list, as well as some in other parts of the chapter, are considered in larger groups in the chapters following.)

earth, world efficiency, efficacy egoism, egotism eldest, oldest elemental, elementary elude, evade emigrate, immigrate enough, sufficient envy, jealousy equable, equitable equal, equivalent essential, necessary esteem, respect euphemism, euphuism evidence, proof exact, precise exchange, interchange excuse, pardon exempt, immune expect, suppose expedite, facilitate

facsimile, copy familiar, intimate fancy, imagination farther, further feeling, sentiment feminine, effeminate fervent, fervid fewer, less fluid, liquid first (or last) two, two first (or last) food, feed foreign, alien force, strength forgive, pardon

gayety, cheerfulness genius, talent gentle, tame genuine, authentic glance, glimpse grateful, thankful grieve, mourn

hanged, hung happen, transpire happiness, pleasure healthy, healthful hear, listen heathen, pagan honorable, honorary horrible, horrid human, humane

illegible, unreadable image, effigy imaginary, imaginative impending, approaching imperious, imperial imply, infer in, into inability, disability ingenious, ingenuous intelligent, intellectual insinuation, innuendo instinct, intuition involve, implicate irony, sarcasm irretrievable, irreparable

judicious, judicial just, equitable justify, warrant

lack, want languor, lassitude later, latter lawful, legal lax, slack leave, let lend, loan liable, likely libel, slander lie, lay like, love linger, loiter look, see loose, lose luxurious, luxuriant

majority, plurality marine, maritime martial, military moderate, temperate mood, humor moral, ethical moral, religious mutual, reciprocal myth, legend

natal, native nautical, naval near, close necessaries, necessities needy, needful noted, notorious novice, tyro

observance, observation observe, perceive obsolete, archaic omnipresent, ubiquitous on, upon oppose, resist opposite, contrary oppress, depress

palliate, extenuate passionate, impassioned pathos, pity patron, customer peculiar, unusual perspicuity, perspicacity permeate, pervade permit, allow perseverance, persistence pertain, appertain pictorial, picturesque pitiable, pitiful pity, sympathy pleasant, pleasing politician, statesman practicable, practical precipitous, precipitate precision, preciseness prejudice, bias prelude, overture pride, vanity principal, principle process, procedure procure, secure professor, teacher progress, progression propitious, auspicious proposal, proposition tradition, legend truth, veracity

quiet, quiescent

raise, rear raise, rise ransom, redeem rare, scarce reason, understanding reasonable, rational recollect, remember regal, royal reliable, trustworthy requirement, requisite restive, restless reverse, inverse ride, drive rime (or rhyme), rhythm

sacred, holy salutation, salute scanty, sparse scholar, student science, art scrupulous, conscientious serf, slave shift, expedient sick, ill silent, taciturn sit, set skilled, skilful slender, slim smart, clever sociable, social solicitude, anxiety stay, stop stimulus, stimulation strut, swagger suppress, repress

termination, terminus theory, hypothesis tolerate, permit torment, torture tradition, legend truth, veracity

unbelief, disbelief unique, unusual

varied, various variety, diversity venal, venial vengeance, revenge verse, stanza vindictive, revengeful visit, visitation visitant, visitor

wander, stray warn, caution will, volition wit, humor witness, see womanish, womanlike worth, value



Pairs of the third type are made up of words parallel in meaning. This class somewhat overlaps the second; many terms that are frequently confused are parallels, and parallelism is of course a cause of confusion.

Parallels are words that show likeness in meaning. Likeness, not sameness. Yet at one time actual sameness may have existed, and in many instances did. Nowadays this sameness has been lost, and the words have become differentiated. As a rule they still are closely related in thought; sometimes, however, the divergence between them is wide.

Why did words having the same meaning find lodgment in the language in the first place? The law of linguistic economy forbids any such happening, and only through sheer good fortune did English come to possess duplications. The original Anglo-Saxon did not contain them. But the Roman Catholic clergy brought to England the language of religion and of scholarship, Latin. Later the Normans, whose speech as a branch of French was an offshoot of Latin, came to the island as conquerors. For a time, therefore, three languages existed side by side in the country—Anglo- Saxon among the common folk, Latin among the clergy, and Norman-French at the court and among the nobility. The coalescing of the three (or of the two if we count Latin in its direct and indirect contributions as one) was inevitable. But other (mostly cognate) languages also had a part in the speech that was ultimately evolved. The Anglo-Saxon element was augmented by words from Dutch, Scandinavian, and the

Germanic tongues in general; and Latin was reinforced by Greek. Thus to imply, as is sometimes done, that modern English is simply a blend of Anglo-Saxon and Latin elements is misleading. Native and classic are the better terms to use, provided both are used broadly. Native must include not only Anglo-Saxon but the other Germanic elements as well, and classic must include French and Greek as well as Latin.

The welding of these languages made available two—in some instances more than two—words for a single object or idea. What became of these duplicates? Sometimes one of the words was dropped as needless. Oftentimes, however, both were retained—with such modifications in meaning that thereafter they designated, not the same object or idea, but different forms or aspects of it. Thus they became parallels, and the new language waxed rich with discriminations which neither of the component tongues had possessed.

Scott in Ivanhoe gives the basis upon which the unification of the languages proceeded. The jester Wamba in conversation with the swineherd Gurth explains how the Anglo-Saxon term took on the homelier, rougher, more workaday uses and left the more refined and fastidious uses for the Norman-French. A domestic animal, says Wamba, was cared for by the conquered people, and in consequence bore while living a "good Saxon" name—swine, ox, or calf; but it was served at the tables of the conquerors, and therefore when ready for consumption bore a "good Norman-French" name—pork, beef, or veal. "When the brute [a sow] lives, and is in charge of a Saxon slave, she goes by her Saxon name; but becomes Norman and is called pork, when she is carried into the castle hall to feast among the nobles.... He [a calf] is Saxon when he requires tendance, and takes a Norman name [Monsieur de Veau] when he becomes matter of enjoyment."

Let us see how Scott's contention fares if we extend his list of terms relative to animal life. As throughout the rest of this chapter, with the single and necessary exception of List B, the first word in each pair is native, the second classic:



sheep, mutton deer, venison horse, equine cow, bovine bull, taurine sheep, ovine wolf, lupine hog, porcine bear, ursine fox, vulpine cat, feline dog, canine fish, piscatorial mouse, vermin rat, rodent mankind, humanity man, masculine woman, feminine childish, infantile boyish, puerile

A glance at this list will show that, at least as regards animal life, the native word is likely to be the more familiar and unpretentious. But we must not leap to the conclusion that, taking the language as a whole, the simple, easy word is sure to be native, the abstruse word classic. In the following list one word in each pair is simpler, oftentimes much simpler, than the other; yet both are of classic origin. (In some instances the two are doublets; that is, they spring from the same stem.)



boil, effervesce plenty, abundance force, coerce clear, transparent sound, reverberate echo, reverberate toil, labor false, perfidious prove, verify join, unite join, annex try, endeavor carry, convey save, preserve save, rescue safe, secure poor, pauper poor, penurious poor, impecunious native, indigenous strange, extraneous excuse, palliate excusable, venial cannon, ordnance corpse, cadaverous parish, parochial fool, stultify fool, idiot rule, govern governor, gubernatorial wages, salary nice, exquisite haughty, arrogant letter, epistle pursue, prosecute use, utility use, utilize rival, competitor male, masculine female, feminine beauty, esthetics beauty, pulchritude beautify, embellish poison, venom vote, franchise vote, suffrage taste, gust tasteful, gustatory tasteless, insipid flower, floral count, compute cowardly, pusillanimous tent, pavilion money, finance monetary, pecuniary trace, vestige face, countenance turn, revolve bottle, vial grease, lubricant oily, unctuous revive, resuscitate faultless, impeccable scourge, flagellate power, puissance barber, tonsorial bishop, episcopal carry, portable fruitful, prolific punish, punitive scar, cicatrix hostile, inimical choice, option cry, vociferate ease, facility peaceful, pacific beast, animal chasten, castigate round, rotunda imprison, incarcerate bowels, viscera boil, ebullient city, municipal color, chromatics nervous, neurotic pleasing, delectable accidental, fortuitous change, mutation lazy, indolent fragrance, aroma pay, compensate face, physiognomy joy, rapture charitable, eleemosynary blame, blaspheme priest, presbyter coy, quiet prudent, provident pupil, disciple story, narrative pause, interval despise, abhor doctor, physician fate, destiny country, rustic aged, senile increase, increment gentle, genteel clear, apparent eagle, aquiline motion, momentum nourishment, nutrition pure, unadulterated closeness, proximity number, notation ancestors, progenitors confirm, corroborate convert, proselyte benediction, benison treasury, thesaurus egotism, megalomania

Sometimes the native word is less familiar than the classic:



seethe, boil loam, soil fare, travel abide, remain bestow, present bestow, deposit din, noise quern, mill learner, scholar shamefaced, modest hue, color tarnish, stain ween, expect leech, physician shield, protect steadfast, firm withstand, resist straightway, immediately dwelling, residence heft, gravity delve, excavate forthright, direct tidings, report bower, chamber rune, letter borough, city baleful, destructive gainsay, contradict cleave, divide hearten, encourage hoard, treasure

Again, the native word is sometimes less emphatic than the classic:



fly, soar old, venerable flood, cataclysm steep, precipitous wonder, astonishment speed, velocity sparkle, scintillate stir, commotion stir, agitate strike, collide learned, erudite small, diminutive scare, terrify burn, combustion fire, conflagration fall, collapse uproot, eradicate skin, excoriate hate, abominate work, labor bright, brilliant hungry, famished eat, devour twisted, contorted thin, emaciated sad, lugubrious mirth, hilarity