On the same day Sheridan reached Dinwiddie, and the next morning he encountered the confederates near the Court House. Here were W. H. F. Lee's Cavalry, Picket's and Bushrod Johnson's divisions of Infantry, and Wise's brigade. Sheridan made the attack. His men, on account of the marshy ground, had to dismount. The confederates fought desperately, but Sheridan's men contested every inch of ground, and at night fell back to Dinwiddie Court House and bivouacked. The 5th Corps came up during the night to attack the confederates in the rear; but at daylight it was found that they had fallen back to Five Forks. Here was found the cavalry of W. H. F. Lee and Fitzhugh Lee, with Ross', Picket's, Wise's and Johnson's divisions of infantry. On the morning of the 1st of April, Sheridan advanced the 5th Corps toward Five Forks. That afternoon it fell upon Picket's rear, and now began the decisive battle. The roar was deafening. Night was coming on, and Sheridan was anxious to carry out Grant's order and "end the matter if possible to do so." He gave the order, "Charge bayonets!" In five minutes Picket's outer line was in possession of the federals. Crawford's division struck them in the flank, and, with McKenzie's brigade, routed and sent the confederates flying. The 5th Corps rallied and captured the enemy's entire force in their front. General Sheridan says in report:



"The enemy were driven from their strong line of works, completely routed, the Fifth Corps doubling up their left flank in confusion, and the cavalry of General Merritt dashing on to the White Oak Road, capturing their artillery, turning it upon them, and riding into their broken ranks, so demoralized them that they made no serious stand after their line was carried, but took flight in disorder."

The writer well remembers the eagerness of the Phalanx brigade of Colonel Shaw, composed of the 109th, 116th and 7th Regiments, as they waited orders near Hatcher's Run. The sound of distant guns fell upon their ears; Colonel Shaw was impatient; all seemed to feel the end was near, and wanted to lend a hand in the consummation. Oh, what suspense! The brigade lay upon their arms in a state of great agitation, all that night, waiting for orders to advance upon the foe. Who can tell the thoughts of those brave black soldiers as thus they lay upon the rumbling earth. Fathers, mothers, sisters, wives and children, yet slaves, behind the enemy's guns: precious property they are, and guarded like dearest treasure and even life itself, by an army of slave-holders—Lee's men, who, with the desperation of demons, vainly attempted to check the advance of the men of the North, who, with their lives, defended the Union. The black brigade wanted to strike one more blow for freedom—for the freedom of their wives and children—to make one more charge, and the confederate banner should go down; one more charge, and the light of Liberty's stars should blazon over the ramparts of the confederate forts. At length, with the dawning of day, came the order; then the black brigade went forward, but to find the enemy gone and their works deserted.

The confederate lines were broken, and Sheridan's troopers, McKenzie and Merritt, with their cavalry, although it was night, had followed up the fleeing foe, capturing them by thousands. The brigade pushed on along the captured works. The federal batteries, from every mound and hill, were showering shot and shell into the enemy's inner works; while the gleaming bayonets of the thousands of infantry could be seen as far as the eye could reach, their proud banners kissing the stifling air, and the bugles sounding the "forward march," leaving in their rear smoking camps and blazing dwellings. What a Sunday morning was that, with its thunders of terrific war, instead of the mellow chimes of church bells and the repose of peace.

It was late in the afternoon, and huge, black clouds of smoke rolled up out of the city of Petersburg, and then a loud report, told that the confederates had evacuated it. Away to the left, the huzzas of Colonel Doubleday's Phalanx brigade (2nd) were heard. Now came a race to reach the city, between the 7th and 8th Phalanx regiments. No matter which was first, they were among the troops which took possession of the city, and gladdened the hearts of the negro population, as they marched through the streets singing their battle song:

"We will hang Jeff Davis on a sour apple-tree as we go marching on."

It was a glorious victory, bringing freedom to thousands of slaves, though it cost as many lives and millions of treasure. It was the beginning of the end. The confederates deserted their army by thousands. The South Side Railroad was in the hands of the federals, and starvation threatened the enemy. Lee, says a historian, was no longer himself: he rode wildly through his camps hither, and thither, trying to save his shattered and routed soldiers from annihilation.

The defeat at Five Forks settled the fate of the Army of North Virginia. Grant had almost the entire federal army actively engaged; he stopped the exchange of prisoners, invited President Lincoln, then at City Point, to come out and see the army advance, which he did. He met Grant in the city of Petersburg, amid the exultations of the troops and the joyous demonstrations of the negro population. General Lee made no stop at Richmond; he had informed Jefferson Davis that he must give up the city. The latter, with his aids and all the money he could collect,—not the confederate paper, but the gold of the United States,—stampeded.

General Weitzel, with Kautz's division of the 24th Corps and Thomas' and Ashborne's division of the 25th Corps, on the north side of the James river, lay quietly upon their arms during the fight on the south side. Grant kept Weitzel informed as to the results of the attack, and warned him to be on the alert and take every advantage offered, to press the confederates. General Longstreet's forces had been in Weitzel's front, but were partly withdrawn to defend Petersburg; therefore the latter kept unceasing vigil upon the fortifications before him.

Sunday evening the bands were ordered out to play, and it was late into the night when their melodious strains ceased to float through the air. It was a night long to be remembered, the hearts of the black soldiers of the 25th Corps, gladdened by the reports of the victories of the troops before Petersburg, were jubilant, and with vigilant watch each looked for morning. They were impatient for the light, and ere it dawned they were ready for the onset which they believed must come with it. The enemy whom they supposed were preparing to give them battle, was silently stealing away to the enchanting strains of the Federal musicians. It was near the morning hours when a sudden report startled the sleeping soldiers; an explosion, another, and yet another followed in rapid succession.

General Weitzel soon became satisfied that the enemy was moving, the continuous sound of distant cannonading away to the south, told that the combat still raged. From the signal tower bright lights were discernable at Richmond. The city appeared to be on fire; a confederate picket was captured, but he knew nothing; he had got astray from his comrades and command. A deserter came in with intelligence that the city was being evacuated, and half an hour later a negro drove into camp and gave information that the enemy was flying.

The ground in front was thickly set with torpedoes, and the troops dared not move. Day came and Colonel Draper's black brigade of the 25th Corps went forward. The road was lumbered with all manner and sort of military gear and munitions of war. Keeping clear of the red flags which marked the torpedoes, the troops pushed on; they soon reached the defences of the city to find them untenanted; the negro had told the truth and the Phalanx brigade entered the city welcomed by thousands of happy kinsfolks. Badeau says:

"The sun was an hour up, when suddenly there rose in the streets the cry of 'Yankees! Yankees!' and the mass of plunderers and rioters, cursing, screaming, trampling on each other, alarmed by an enemy not yet in sight, madly strove to extricate themselves and make an opening for the troops. Soon about forty men of the Fourth Massachusetts Cavalry rode into the crowd, and, trotting straight to the public square, planted their guidons on the Capitol. Lieutenant De Peyster, of Weitzel's staff, a New Yorker eighteen years of age, was the first to raise the national colors, and then, in the morning light of the 3d of April, the flag of the United States once more floated over Richmond.

"The command of Weitzel followed—a long blue line—with gun-barrels gleaming, and bands playing 'Hail Columbia' and 'John Brown's Soul Goes Marching On.' One regiment was black.[33] The magistrates formally surrendered the city to Weitzel at the Capitol, which stands on a hill in the centre of the town, and overlooks the whole country for miles. The national commander at once set about restoring order and extinguishing the flames. Guards were established, plundering was stopped, the negroes were organized into a fire corps, and by night the force of the conflagration was subdued, the rioting was at an end, and the conquered city was rescued by the efforts of its captors from the evils which its own authorities had allowed, and its own population had perpetrated."



Lee and his famishing host were fleeing towards Danville, hotly pursued by the Federal Army. Resting there until the 5th they resumed the march, fighting and running, until, at Appomattox they gave up and surrendered. Major Alexandria S. Johnson of the 116th Phalanx Regiment thus relates the story in part which the Phalanx brigade took in the memorable movement of the two armies to Appomattox. He says:

"As a participant in these events I will speak merely of what came under my own observation. The One Hundred and Sixteenth (colored) Infantry, in which I commanded a company, belonged to the Third Brigade, Second Division of the Twenty-fifth Army Corps, and during the winter of 1864-65 held the lines on Chapin's farm, the left resting on Fort Burnham. The division was commanded by Major-General Birney. The winter was passed in endeavoring to get the troops in as high a state of discipline as possible by constant drill and watchful training. When the spring opened we had the satisfaction of feeling that they were the equal, as soldiers, of most of the white troops. They were a contented body, being well fed and clothed, and they took delight in their various duties. The news of the capture of Savannah by Sherman and the defeat of Hood at Nashville had a cheering effect upon the whole command, and we looked forward with confidence that the end was drawing near.

"On the night of the 26th of March our division silently left the lines on Chapin's farm, and marching to the rear some three miles went into bivouac. On the night of the 27th we crossed the James on muffled pontoons, and after a weary march arrived at Hatcher's Run at daybreak of the 28th. Crossing the original lines of breastworks we built new breastworks some two hundred yards in advance and bivouacked in the pine woods awaiting events. Sheridan at this time was operating on the Confederate right flank. The news of his decisive victory at Five Forks and of the complete turning of the enemy's flank was the immediate cause of a verbal order, given to company commanders by our colonel on the afternoon of April 1st, to advance on the lines in our front at dawn on the following day. That night the Union artillery opened along the whole line. Hissing and bursting shells from Appomattox river to Hatcher's Run filled in a scene never to be forgotten by those who witnessed it. It was as if demons incarnate were holding a jubilee. As far as the eye could reach there was one blaze of fiery shot. The world has seldom seen its like. Where our brigade was to operate was a dense wilderness of pines with matted underbrush, but in the morning it looked as though a sirocco had kissed it.

"With the dawn of day the brigade was in line of battle. Not a breath of air was stirring. A misty vapor shed its gloom and hung like a pall among the tree-tops. The silk covers were taken from our flags, but their folds hung lazily along the staff when the command, 'Forward! guide centre! march!' was given. At first slashed timber and brush obstructed our way, but as the obstruction began to cease an obstacle in the shape of a long line of abattis met our gaze. The dusky line broke through the abattis, however, as if the stakes had been so many reeds, and charged over the breastworks and into the Confederate camp. The rush must have been a surprise, as the enemy offered little resistance. In front of one of the tents a Federal sergeant (white) lay dead, his right arm extended to the full length, and firmly clenched in his hand was a piece of fancy soap. A bullet had entered his forehead, the blood from the wound was trickling down his face, but the hue of health was still on his cheek. How he came to be there is to me a mystery, as that part of the line was forced by colored troops. Swinging by the right flank we kept our way along the Boydton road. A Confederate light battery in position alongside of a cottage, which stood in a hollow, shelled the column as it advanced, and so accurate had the gunners got the range that almost every shell did damage. A couple of shells burst together above my company. The flash blinded me for a few seconds. I heard a scream of pain and just then was ordered to lie down. Not twenty yards from me was a wounded soldier. His leg was shattered badly. He prayed and sang hymns alternately, but his voice gradually grew weaker until it ended in death. One of our batteries was brought into position, and engaging the Confederate battery, the latter was silenced, when the column again resumed the march, arriving in front of Petersburg about noon.

"It was the intention of General Birney to carry by assault the main fort which commanded the city, and he deployed the division in line of battle for that purpose, but General Ord, coming up in time, ordered him to retire his division out of range and await further orders. We went into bivouac for the night, and at early dawn of the 3d we entered the city, the Confederates having evacuated the forts during the night. The field music played "John Brown's Body," and a tiny Union flag in the hands of a girl of ten years waved us a welcome. Resting an hour in the city the division started in pursuit of the Confederates. For a mile or two outside of the city the road was strewn with plug tobacco. Blood could be seen also at intervals in patches along the road. We bivouacked some fifteen miles from the city. A few of our officers took supper in a house close to our camping ground. Our fare was "corn pone," scraps of bacon, sorghum molasses, and a solution of something called coffee, for which we each gave our host, a middle-aged Virginian, one dollar. The colored troops being encamped on his farm his indignation was stirred and he exclaimed, while the tears trickled down his cheeks, 'Poor old Virginia! poor old Virginia! that I should have lived to see this day!'

"At dawn of the 4th the column resumed the pursuit. It is needless for me to tell in detail how our cavalry destroyed and burned over five hundred Confederate wagons on the 5th and 6th, and how Ewell's command was defeated and captured at Sailor's creek on the 6th. Our brigade having arrived at Farmville on the afternoon of the 6th and encamped for the night, some of the citizens poured forth pitiful tales to our officers. They told how our cavalry had entered their houses and ripped open their feather beds, how the rude troopers had broken open bureaus and chests in search of valuables, and how they had carried away with them what they could find. Nothing of interest took place until the 8th, which was noted for the forced march made by the brigade, starting at daybreak and going into bivouac at twelve midnight. The morning of the 9th broke calm and serene. It was a lovely morning, the sun had not yet gotten above the horizon when the brigade was on the march again, but it went only a short distance when it was halted. To the right of the road, in a clearing, was a portion of the Twenty-fourth Corps, with arms stacked and the men cooking breakfast. Sides of bacon at intervals hung from their bayonets. Although the woods were full of our cavalry and three divisions of our infantry were in close proximity, all was as quiet as a Sabbath morning. One of our batteries, some six hundred yards to the right, broke the stillness by fitfully throwing a shell once in a while, but to a looker-on all seemed inaction. Such was the situation at Appomattox at sunrise on the morning of the 9th.

"Our brigade, after resting some thirty minutes, resumed the march. It soon filed to the right. In a few minutes the command was given—'Right shoulder, shift arms! double quick, march!' Onward we went, the objective point being the Lynchburg pike. Dismounted cavalry retreating from the front broke through the column, saying as they passed us, 'Give it to them, boys! they are too many for us!' In a few minutes the head of the column reached the pike, when it halted and faced to the front. The command—'Unsling knapsacks!'—was given, and then we knew we were stripping for a fight. Skirmishers were deployed on our front, and as we advanced the Confederate skirmishers retired before us. After advancing some eight hundred yards the brigade was ordered to halt and form in line of battle. It formed into column of companies. Some eight hundred yards away was the Army of Northern Virginia, with its three lines of battle awaiting us.

"We had not been at a halt more than twenty minutes when the news of Lee's surrender reached us. Our brigade celebrated the event by firing volleys of musketry in the air. Officers hugged each other with joy. About four hundred yards to the rear was a portion of the Twenty-fourth Corps, which had been marching to our support. The men in that long line threw their caps upwards until they looked like a flock of crows. From wood and dale came the sound of cheers from thousands of throats. Appomattox will never hear the like again. The brigade moved forward a short distance and went into camp some three hundred yards from the Confederate camp. In the afternoon I strolled over the ground we had traversed in the morning. I came across the body of a dead Confederate soldier, covered with a blanket. Some one had taken the shoes from his feet. Uncovering him I found that a shot had pierced his right breast. His white cotton shirt was matted with blood. A small bag was attached to the button-hole of his jacket. Undoing the bag I found it contained sixty ounces of corn meal. He was not over twenty-six years of age, and was of fair complexion. Who knows but he was the last soldier who fell belonging to the Army of Northern Virginia?"

It was Palm Sunday, celebrated by many of the followers of Christ as the day of his triumphal entrance into Jerusalem, a day of great rejoicing among Christians, known in our annual calendar as the 9th day of April, 1865. The morning broke clear and bright in the neighborhood of Appomattox Court House, and there was every evidence of spring. The birds chirped in the trees half clad with the early foliage, which trembled in the soft breeze. Along the roadside yet untrod by the hostile feet of man or steed, the tiny floweret buds had begun to open to the warmth of genial nature, and the larger roses, red and white, cast their fragrance to the lingering winds. Here the half clad, sore footed soldiers of the Army of Northern Virginia, were trembling with dread impatience for the onset,—the inevitable—which would decide their fate and their prospect of reaching the mountains just beyond. In front of them the federal cavalry awaited their coming.

It was yet grey in the morning when General Lee sent word to his Lieutenant Gordon to cut his "way through at all hazards." With the impetuosity of a cyclone, his shattered corps rushed upon the dismounted cavalry in their front, the Federal line quivered, and bent to the gale. On and on they came, pressing closer and closer upon the cavalry. The struggle was becoming desperate, it was the last hope of the confederates they must go through the lines, or perish in the attempt. Again the confederate yell rose above the din of the battle's roar, and soon the cavalry fell back. Where was their leader Sheridan? He came, galloping at break-neck speed, his men cheering him as he rode to the front. He had been to the rear some five miles away. He saw at a glance the daring object of the foe, and ordered his men to fall back slowly. The confederates followed up the wavering line with brightened hopes, but hopes that were to be dissipated; soon the bristling bayonets, and glistening musket barrels of the Army of the James gleamed in their front; then the pressure ceased, and Sheridan's bugle sounded the order to mount, and his troopers dashed themselves against the enemy's left flank. Then, one bearing a white flag—a flag of truce, rode to the front of the confederate lines. Capt. J. D. Cook of General Mile's staff went forward to meet him. It was Colonel Taylor of General Lee's staff; he bore a note from Lee, asking a suspension of hostilities, and an interview with General Grant. Now let us go back to the night of the 6th, and trace the flying columns to this point. Badeau says:

"That night once more the rebels evacuated their works, this time in front of Meade, and when morning dawned were far on their way, as they fondly thought, to Lynchburg, and Lee defiantly informed his pursuer that the emergency for the surrender had not yet arrived. But he reckoned without his host. He was stretching, with the terrific haste that precedes despair, to Appomattox for supplies. He need hardly have hastened to that spot, destined to be so fatal to himself and his cause. Grant's legions were making more haste than he. The marvelous marching, not only of Sheridan, but of the men of the Fifth and Twenty-Fourth Corps, was doing as much as a battle to bring the rebellion to a close. Twenty-eight, thirty-two, thirty-five miles a day in succession these infantry soldiers marched, all day and all night. From daylight until daylight again, after more than a week of labor and fatigue almost unexampled, they pushed on to intercept their ancient adversary, while the remainder of the Army of the Potomac was at his heels.

"Finally Lee, still defiant, and refusing to treat with any view of surrender, came up to his goal, but found the national cavalry had reached the point before him, and that the supplies were gone. Still he determined to push his way through, and with no suspicion that men on foot could have marched from Rice's Station to his front in thirty hours, he made his last charge, and discovered a force of infantry greater than his own before him, besides cavalry, while two corps of the Army of the Potomac were close in his rear. He had run straight into the national lines. He was enclosed, walled in, on every side, with imminent instant destruction impending over him. He instantly offered to submit to Grant, and in the agony of alarm, lest the blow should fall, he applied to Meade and Sheridan also for a cessation of hostilities. Thus in three directions at once he was appealing to be allowed to yield. At the same moment he had messengers out to Sheridan, Meade, and Grant. The emergency, whose existence he had denied, had arrived. He was out-marched, out-fought, out-witted, out-generaled—defeated in every possible way. He and his army, every man, numbering 27,516, surrendered. He and his army, every man, was fed by the conqueror."

From the date of Lee's surrender, the confederates, from Virginia to the Mississippi, began to lay down their arms. Howell Cobb surrendered at Macon, Ga., on the 21st; Johnston surrendered to General Sherman on the 26th, in North Carolina; Dick Taylor, east of the Mississippi, on the 4th of May, and on the 26th Kirby Smith surrendered his forces west of the Mississippi. Jeff. Davis had been captured, disguised as a woman, and thus the cause, which originated in treason, based on the enslavement of a race, and which derived its only chance of success from men who were false to their oaths, collapsed. The mightiest blow given the confederacy was struck by the immortal Proclamation of Emancipation, giving freedom to four millions of slaves; more than two hundred thousand of whom, with dash and gallantry excelled by no other race, tore down the traitor's banner from their deemed impregnable breastworks and planted in its stead the national flag. That emblem, whose crimson folds, re-baptised in the blood of liberty's martyrs, invited all men, of all races, who would be free, to gather beneath the effulgent glare of its heaven-lighted stars, regardless of color, creed or condition. The Phalanx nobly bore their part all through the long night of war, and at last they occupied Charleston,—the traitors' nest,—Petersburg,—their eastern Gibraltar,—and Richmond—their Capitol. They marched proudly through the streets of these once impregnable fortresses, in all of which many of the soldiers of the Phalanx had been slaves. Oh! what a realization of the power of right over might. What a picture for the historian's immortal pen to paint of the freemen of America, whose sufferings were long, whose struggle was gigantic, and whose achievement was a glorious personal and political freedom!

At the close of the war, the government, anticipating trouble in Texas, ordered General Steele to the command of the Rio Grande, under these instructions:

"WASHINGTON, May 21st, 1865.

"MAJ. GEN. F. STEELE, Commanding Rio Grande Expedition.

"By assignment of the President, Gen. Sheridan takes general command west of the Arkansas. It is the intention to prosecute a vigorous campaign in that country, until the whole of Texas is re-occupied by people acknowledging allegiance to the Government of the United States. Sheridan will probably act offensively from the Red river. But it is highly important that we should have a strong foothold upon the Rio Grande. You have been selected to take that part of the command. In addition to the force you take from Mobile Bay, you will have the 25th Corps and the few troops already in Southern Texas.

"Any directions you may receive from Gen. Sheridan, you will obey. But in the absence of instructions from him you will proceed without delay to the mouth of the Rio Grande and occupy as high up that river as your force and means of supplying will admit of.

"Your landing will probably have to be made at Brazos, but you will learn more fully upon that matter on your arrival. We will have to observe a strict neutrality towards Mexico, in the French and English sense of the word. Your own good sense and knowledge of international law, and experience of policy pursued towards us in this war teaches you what will be proper.

"Signed, U. S. GRANT, Lieutenant-General.

"Official: Signed, GEO. K. LEET, A. A. G."

In the meantime General Grant sent the following dispatches to Generals Halleck and Weitzel:

"WASHINGTON, May 18th, 1865, 12.40 P. M.,

"MAJOR-GENERAL H. W. HALLECK, Richmond Va.

"Please direct Major-General Weitzel commanding 25th Army Corps to get his corps in readiness for embarkation at City Point immediately upon the arrival of ocean transportation. He will take with him forty (40) days rations for twenty thousand men, one-half of his land transportation and one-fourth of his mules with the requisite amount of forage for his animals. All surplus transportation and other public property he may have he will turn over to the depots at City Point.

"By command of Lieutenant-General Grant.

"Signed, JOHN A. RAWLINS,

"Brigadier-General and Chief of Staff.

"Official. Signed, GEORGE K. LEET, A. A. G."

* * * * *

"WASHINGTON, May 21st, 1865.

"MAJOR-GENERAL G. WEITZEL, Commanding 25th A. C.

"As soon as your corps is embarked you will proceed with it to Mobile Bay, Ala., and report to Major-General Steele for further orders.

"In addition to rations, ammunition, and other articles which you have received directions to take with you, you should take a fair quantity of intrenching tools.

"Signed, U. S. GRANT, Lieutenant-General.

"Official, Signed, GEORGE K. LEET, A. A. G."

On the 24th of May the 25th Corps began embarking for Texas by way of Mobile Bay. The troops, however, occupied Texas but a short time, the confederate forces there surrendering upon the same terms as those of General Lee. All fears having been dissipated, the troops were slowly mustered out of the United States service. The men returned to their wonted fields of labor to provide for their long-neglected families, upon a new career of peace and happiness, rising, Phoenix like, from the ashes of slavery to join the Phalanx of industry in upbuilding the greatness of their country, which they had aided in saving from desolation and ruin.

Such is the history of the negro in the wars of the United States. Coming to its shores in the condition of slavery, it required more than two centuries for the entire race to reach the estate of freedom. But the imperishable records of their deeds show that however humble and despised they have been in all political and social relations they have never been wanting in patriotism at periods of public peril. Their devotion has been not only unappreciated, but it has failed to receive a fitting commemoration in pages of national history. It has been the purpose of the writer of this volume to relate herein the patriotic career of the negro race in this country in an authentic and connected form. In the time to come the race will take care of itself. Slavery is ended, and now they are striking off link by link the chains of ignorance which the servitude of some and the humility of all imposed upon them. If the past is the story of an oppressed race, the future will reveal that of one uprisen to great opportunities, which they will improve from generation to generation, and guard with the same vigilance that they will the liberties and boundaries of the land.

FOOTNOTES:

[31] The reader will bear in mind that there were several changes in the command of these troops during the campaign, on account of promotions, but the troops remained in the Department and Army of the James. See Roster, for changes.

[32] THE PHALANX AT NEW MARKET HEIGHTS.[A]

"On the 29th of September, 1864, Gen. Grant ordered Gen. Butler to cross the James River, at Two Points, and attack the enemy's line of work, in the centre of which was Fort Harrison; on the left, at New Market Heights, was a very strong work, the key of the enemy's flank on the north side of the river. It was a redoubt built on the top of a hill of some considerable elevation, then running down into a marsh. In that marsh was a brook—then rising again to a plain, which gently rolled toward the river. On that plain, when the flash of dawn was breaking, Butler placed a column of the black Phalanx," [which consisted of the 5th, 36th, 38th and 2nd Cavalry Regts.], "numbering three thousand, in close column, by division, right in front with guns at 'right shoulder shift.' The center of the line was given to the eighteenth corps composed of white troops, under Gen. Ord, and they drove the enemy from a very strong work, capturing several pieces of cannon.

"Gen. Butler had been severely criticised by officers of the regular army for organizing twenty-five regiments of negroes. 'Why.' said they, 'they will not fight' In contradiction of this assertion Butler made up his mind to prove the worth and value of the black Phalanx. Notwithstanding their gallantry at Petersburg and on the Fredericksburg road, the metal of the 25th corps of the Army of the James was to be tried; so Butler took command of the Phalanx himself with a determination to set at rest forever the question of the fighting capacity of a portion of his command. Addressing the Phalanx, he said, pointing to the works on the enemy's flank, 'those works must be taken by the weight of your column; not a shot must be fired. In order to prevent them from firing he had the caps taken from the nipples of their guns. 'When you charge.' he said, 'your cry will be 'Remember Fort Pillow.'

"'Twas in the early grey of the morning, ere the sun had risen. The order 'forward' set the column in motion, and it went forward as if on parade—down the hill, across the marsh, and as the column got into the brook they came within range of the enemy's fire, which was vigorously opened upon them. The column broke a little, as it forded the brook, it wavered! What a moment of intense anxiety? But they formed again, as they reached the firm ground, marching on steadily with close ranks under the enemy's fire until the head of the column reached the first line of abatis, some one hundred and fifty yards from the enemy's work. Then the axemen ran to the front to cut away the heavy obstacles of defense while one thousand men of the enemy with their artillery concentrated poured from the redoubt a heavy fire upon the head of the column of fours. The axemen went down under that murderous fire; other strong black hands grasped the axes in their stead and the abatis was cut away. Again, at double-quick, the column went forward to within fifty yards of the fort, to meet there another line of abatis. The column halted and there a very fire of hell was poured upon them. The abatis resisted and held the head of the column which literally melted away under the rain of shot and shell; the flags of the leading regiments went down, but a brave black hand seized the colors. They were soon up again and waved their starry light over the storm of battle. Again the axemen fell, but strong hands and willing hearts seized the heavy sharpened trees and dragged them away, and the column rushed forward and with a shout that rang out above the roar of artillery went over the redoubt like a flash, and the enemy did not stop running within four miles, leaving the Phalanx in possession of their deemed impregnable work, cannons and small arms. The autocrats of the regular army could croak no longer about the negro soldiers not fighting.

"This gallantry of the Phalanx won for them and the negro race the admiration of the man who supported Jeff Davis and the slave power in the Charleston convention in 1860. Ten years after this splendid victory of the Phalanx, in support of their civil rights, General Butler then a member of congress, made an eloquent appeal in behalf of the equal civil rights of the negro race. In it he referred to the gallant charge of the Phalanx. He said: "It became my painful duty to follow in the track of that charging column, and there, in a space not wider than the clerk's desk and three hundred yards long, lay the dead bodies of five hundred and forty-three of my colored comrades, fallen in defense of their country, who had offered up their lives to uphold its flag and its honor, as a willing sacrifice: and as I rode along among them, guiding my horse this way and that way, lest he should profane with his hoofs what seemed to me the sacred dead, and as I looked on their bronzed faces upturned in the shining sun, as if in mute appeal against the wrongs of the country for which they had given their lives, whose flag had only been to them a flag of stripes, on which no star of glory had ever shone for them—feeling I had wronged them in the past and believing what was the future of my country to them—among my dead comrades there, I swore to myself a solemn oath—'May my right hand forget its cunning and my tongue cleave to the roof my mouth, if I ever fail to defend the rights of those men who have given their blood for me and my country that day and for their race forever, and God helping me, I will keep that oath."

* * * * *

"NEW MARKET HEIGHTS.[B]

"'Freedom their battle cry, freedom or leave to die.'—Boker.

At New Market Heights, there Afric's lineage stood, And poured out copiously its best blood; Of them I would sing, my lyre's restrung, And allures not diffidently to the song, Paternal muse with thy patriot valor reign Supreme, and the brightness of ages regain, In the deep recess of the past Lower me, to where the battle's blast Has been given to oblivion, the sigh Of dying patriots let greet me nigh. And my thoughts waft on memory's wing, To where their charging shouts yet ring.

If mine the task indulgent muse vouchsafed, Whilst I commune 'mongst bones that paved, And flesh that bridged the chasm o'er, Where Butler numbered five hundred and more of Afric's sons, who for liberty fell. In the corridors of a stockaded hell. I'll essay their deeds of valor done, By which the nation its victory won.

'Twas early in the grey September morn, Ere the suns fulgent light had shown, Whilst departed patriots looked out from above, Emitting their twinkling silvery light of love, Upon the silent bivouac of freedom's sons, Weary and resting upon their bayonetless guns; Quite near the bank of the James, Just above where their own fathers' names, Were first enrolled as ignoble slaves. The Second Brigade, valiant men and braves, Saw a meteor like rocket burst high, High up in the dewey morning sky. Then came the summons prepare to away, Butler leads to New Market heights at day. Beat the long roll, sound the alarm, Break the monotone and the dead calm, And the bugle's clarion notes aroused, awoke, The host that waited ere day broke; Infantry, cavalry prepared to make away, Butler leads to New Market heights at day.

From rank to rank the summons ran, Bayonets rattle and clank of sabres began. With whetted steel the sturdy axe-men, Capless riflemen, horseless cavalry men. Formed on that plain in battle array, Butler leads to New Market heights at day.

When the flash of dawn was breaking, Their leader rode in front, and speaking, Gave the charging shout 'Remember Fort Pillow,' And their banners brightened in the mellow Light of heaven; 'Forward,' they marched away, Following Butler to New Market heights that day. Went down the hill across the marsh,— Into the brook—there halted—ah! how harsh The rebels' fire opened upon them, artillery Hail swept the run, and the infantry Broke, the column wavered tho' not in dismay, Following Butler to New Market heights that day.

Again the shattered columns form and again advance To firmer ground, tho' the redoubt hurl'd like an avalanche In quick succession, bursting bombs and canister shot, But with closed ranks the column, fearing not Unheedful of the iron hail bent its way, Following Butler to New Market heights that day.

Now the head of the column of fours go down Under the murderous fire and the hissing song Of the enemy's shells, now the axe men spring To the abatis high and long, now their axes ring Out on the morning air, they were swept away. Following Butler to New Market heights that day.

The flags are where, do they kiss the morning light, Do they wave in the battle's gale, are their stars bright, Illumining the path of the brave? riddled and torn, With the dead they lay. Soon again they shone, In the first gleam of the rising-sun's ray, Following Butler to New Market heights that day.

Upon the brigade each felt that all was placed, Their race and country's future honored or disgraced, Hence with Spartan courage they the charge renewed, And in hot haste the Nation's enemy pursued, And sweat and blood from pore and wound inveigh, Following Butler to New Market heights that day.

'Forward, forward!' rung the command, the flags are up again, The axe-men grin, and with a shout go over the slain, To a second line of abatis. The welkin's aglow. The advancing brigade shouts, 'Remember Fort Pillow!' And with a will and spirit they clear the way, Following Butler to New Market heights that day.

Down the dismounted cavalrymen fall by ranks, The Infantry an adamantine wall on the flanks, Close up briskly on right and left receive The enflading fire from the brazen crest, breathe They not a word in complaint, freedom's impulse obey, Following Butler to New Market heights that day.

Mow the black axe-men tear from the sod the huge logs Which science and treason placed deep in the bogs, Skill gave way to freedom's might in the dastardly fight, And the black brigade, with capless rifles and starry light, Go through the gap to the Rebel's hell in gallant array, Following Butler to New Market heights that day.

Volley after volley poured, cannon after cannon roared, Like reapers in a field a thousand artillerists mowed In the gap, the brigade's advancing files of four, Yet on through the flood of death still the brigade pour. Their battle cry, Remember Fort Pillow, the enemy dismay, Following Butler to New Market heights that day.

Hark! above the raging carnage swells the shout, 'No quarter to Niggers,' with hope of a rout, But the brigade was not deterred, they retaliate The defiant yells, Remember Fort Pillow, the fate Of its garrison how it fell, on through the fray, Following Butler to New Market heights that day.

On for the redoubt over the rampart they go, Not a rifle was fired, not a shot at the foe, By the weight of the column the redoubt is theirs, And the enemy routed, the chivalry scattered everywhere Victorious shouts the empyrean ring in repay, Following Butler to New Market heights that day.

In the track of the brigade lay the loyal dead, Afric's hecatomb, her lineage's pyre to liberty wed, Their upturned countenances to the burning sun, Were appeals to Mars for their race's freedom won, Five hundred lives on the patriotic alter lay, Following Butler to New Market heights that day.

No marble shaft or granate pile mark the spot Where they fell—their bones lay harvested from sun-rot, In the Nation's cities of the dead. Hannibal led No braver than they through Alpine snow, nor wed To freedom were Greece's phalanx more, who o'er gory clay Followed Butler to New Market heights that day.

[A] (Author in the N. Y. Globe.)

[B] (Author in "Voice of a New Race.")

[33] See report of 29th Regiment Connecticut Colored Volunteers in appendix.



CHAPTER XII.

ROLL OF HONOR.

The following enlisted men of the Black Phalanx received medals of honor from the United States Government for heroic conduct on the field of battle:

Sergeant-Major C. A. FLEETWOOD, 4th Regiment.

Color-Sergeant ALFRED B. HILTON, 4th Regiment.

Private CHARLES VEAL, 4th Regiment.

1st Sergeant JAMES BROWNSON, 5th Regiment.

Sergeant-Major MILTON M. HOLLAND, 5th Regiment.

1st Sergeant, ROBERT PINN, 5th Regiment.

1st Sergeant POWHATAN BEATY, 5th Regiment.

1st Sergeant ALEX. KELLEY, 6th Regiment.

Sergeant SAMUEL GILCHRIST, 36th Regiment.

Sergeant WILLIAM DAVIS, 36th Regiment.

Corporal MILES JAMES, 36th Regiment.

Private JAMES GARDNER, 36th Regiment.

1st Sergeant EDWARD RATCLIFF, 38th Regiment.

Private WILLIAM BARNES, 38th Regiment.



CHAPTER XIII.

ROSTER OF THE BLACK PHALANX

CAVALRY.

1st Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Seip.—Organized at Camp Hamilton, Va., December, 1863. Battles: Bermuda Hundreds, Smithfield, Wilson's Landing, Fort Pocahontas, Cabin Point, Powhatan. Mustered out February, 1866.

2nd Regiment, Colonel G. W. Cole.—Organized at Ft. Monroe, December, 1863. Battles: Suffolk, Drewry's Bluff, May 10, 16th and 20th, 1864. Point of Rocks, Deep Bottom, Chapin Farm, Richmond. Mustered out February, 1866.

3d Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel J. B. Cook.—Organized at Vicksburg, October 9th, 1863. Battles: Haines Bluff, Shipwith's Landing, Miss., Memphis, Tenn., Bayou Boeuf, Yazoo Expedition, Rolling Fork, Vicksburg, Jackson, Fort Adams, Franklin, Roache's Plantation, Yazoo City. Mustered out January, 1866.

4th Regiment, (1st Corps d'Afrique), Lieutenant-Colonel N. C. Mitchell.—Organized September, 1863, at New Orleans, La. Battle: Clinton. Mustered out March, 1866.

5th Regiment, Colonel L. Henry Carpenter.—Organized at Camp Nelson, Ky., October, 1864. Battles: Saltville, Hopkinsville, Harrodsburg, Simpsonville. Mustered out March, 1866.

5th Regiment, Massachusetts, Colonel S. E. Chamberlin.—Organized at Readville, Mass., May, 1864. Battle: Petersburg. Mustered out October, 1865.

6th Regiment, Colonel James F. Wade.—Organized at Camp Nelson, Ky., Nov., 1864. Battles: Saltville, Marion, Smithfield. Mustered out April, 1866.

HEAVY ARTILLERY.

1st Regiment, Colonel John E. McGowan.—Organized at Knoxville, Tenn., February, 1864. Battle: Decatur.

3rd Regiment, Colonel Ignatz G. Kappner.—Organized at Memphis, Tenn., and Fort Pickering, Tenn., June, 1863, as 1st Regiment Tennessee Heavy Artillery. Its designation was changed to 2nd Regiment and to 3rd, April, 1864. Mustered out April, 1864.

4th Regiment, Major Wm. N. Lansing.—Organized at Columbus, Ky., June, 1863, as 2nd Regiment Tennessee. Its designation was changed March, 1864, to the 3rd Regiment, and to the 4th, April, 1864. Battles: Fort Donelson. Mustered out February, 1866.

5th Regiment, Colonel Herman Leib.—Organized at Vicksburg, Miss., August, 1863, as the 9th Regiment Louisiana Volunteers. Its designation was changed to 1st Regiment, Mississippi, September, 1863, and to the 4th, March, 1864. Battles: Milliken's Bend, June 6th, 7th and 25th, 1863, Vicksburg. Mustered out May, 1866.

6th Regiment, Colonel Hubert A. McCaleb.—Organized at Natchez, Miss., September, 1863, as 2nd Regiment, Miss. Its designation was changed to the 5th Regiment, March, 1864, and to the 6th, April, 1864. Battles: Vidalia, Concordia Bayou, Black River. Mustered out May, 1866.

For 7th Regiment see 11th Infantry.

8th Regiment, Colonel Henry W. Barry.—Organized at Paducah, Ky., April, 1864. Battle: Fort Anderson. Mustered out February, 1866.

9th Regiment, Major Edward Grosskoff.—Organized at Clarksville, Nashville, Tenn., October, 1864; broken up May, 1865; officers and enlisted men transferred to other organizations.

10th Regiment, Colonel C. A. Hartwell, (regular army).—Organized at New Orleans, La., November, 1862, as 1st Regiment Louisiana. Its designation was changed to 1st Regiment Corps d'Afrique, November, 1863, and to the 7th Regiment United States, April, 1864; to the 10th, May, 1864. The 77th Regiment Infantry was consolidated with it October, 1865. Mustered out February, 1867. Battle: Pass-Manchae.

11th Regiment, Colonel J. Hale Sypher.—Organized at Providence, R. I., August, 1863, as the 14th Regiment, R. I. Its designation was changed to the 8th Regiment United States, April, 1864, and to the 11th, May, 1864. Battle: Indian Village. Mustered out October, 1865.

12th Regiment, Colonel Norman S. Andrews.—Organized at Camp Nelson, Ky., July, 1864. Battles: Big Springs, Fort Jones. Mustered out, April, 1866.

13th Regiment, Colonel Jacob T. Foster.—Organized at Camp Nelson, Ky., June, 1865. Mustered out November, 1865.

14th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Walter S. Poor.—Organized at New Berne and Marblehead, N. C., March, 1864, as the 1st North Carolina. Its designation was changed to the 14th, March, 1865. Mustered out December, 1865.

LIGHT ARTILLERY.

2nd Regiment.—Organized at Nashville, Tenn., April, 1864. Mustered out January, 1866.

Battery A, Captain F. P. Meigs.

Battery B, Captain Francis C. Choate.—Organized at Fort Monroe. Va. January, 1864. Battles: Wilson's Wharf, City Point. Mustered out March, 1866.

Battery C, Captain Robert Ranney.—Organized at Hebron's Plantation, Miss., November, 1863, as the 1st Louisiana Battery. Its designation was changed to Battery A, 2d Regiment, March, 1864, and to Battery C April, 1864. Mustered out December, 1865.

Battery D, Captain W. H. Pratt.—Organized at Black River Bridge, Miss., December, 1863, as the 2d Louisiana Battery. Its designation was changed to Battery B, 2d Regiment United States, March, 1864, and to Battery D April, 1864.

Battery E, Captain Edwin Bancroft.—Organized at Helena, Ark., December, 1863, as the 3d Louisiana Battery. Its designation was changed to Battery C, 2d Regiment United States, March, 1864, and to Battery E April. 1864. Battles: Island No. 76, Big Creek.

Battery F, Captain Carl A. Lamberg.—Organized at Memphis, Tenn., as the Memphis Light Battery, November, 1863. Its designation was changed to Battery D, 2d United States Regiment, March, 1864, and to Battery F, April, 1864. Consolidated with the 3d United States Heavy Artillery, December, 1865. Battles: Fort Pillow, Brice's Cross Roads. Mustered out April, 1866.

Battery G, Captain Jeremiah S. Clark.—Organized at Hilton Head, S. C., May, 1864. Mustered out August, 1865.

Battery H, Captain John Driscoll.—Organized at Pine Bluff, Ark., June, 1864, as the 1st Arkansas Colored Battery. Changed to Battery H, 2d United States, December, 1864. Mustered out September, 1865.

Battery I, Captain Louis B. Smith.—Organized at Memphis, Tenn., April, 1864. Mustered out January, 1866.

Independent Battery, Captain H. Ford Douglass. Organized at Leavenworth, Kan., December, 1864. Mustered out July, 1865.

INFANTRY.

1st Regiment,[34] Colonel John H. Holman.—Organized at District of Columbia, May, 1863. Battles: Wilson's Wharf, Petersburg, Chapin's Farm, Fair Oaks, Fillmore, Town Creek, Wilmington, Warsaw. Mustered out, September 1865.

2d Regiment, Colonel B. F. Townsend.—-Organized at Arlington, Va., June, 1863. Battles: Fort Taylor, Cedar Keys, Natural Bridge. Mustered out January, 1866.

3d Regiment, Colonel F. W. Bardwell.—Organized at Philadelphia, Penn., August, 1863. Battles: Fort Wagner, Bryant's Plantation, Marion County, Jacksonville. Mustered out October, 1865.

4th Regiment, Colonel S. A. Duncan.—Organized at Baltimore, Md., July, 1863. Battles: Bermuda Hundreds, Petersburg, Dutch Gap, Chapin's Farm, Sugar-Loaf Hill. Mustered out May, 1866.

5th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel John B. Cook. Organized at Camp Delaware, Ohio, August, 1863. Battles: Sandy Swamp, New Kent Court House, City Point, Petersburg, Chapin's Farm, Fair Oaks, Raleigh. Mustered out, September 1865.

6th Regiment, Colonel John W. Ames, (regular army).—Organized at Camp William Penn, Pa., 1863. Battles: Williamsburg, Chapin's. Farm, Sugar-Loaf Hill, January 19th, February 11th, 1865. Mustered out September, 1865.

6th Regiment, Louisiana, Colonel Robert Des Anges.—Organized at New Orleans, La., July, 1863—sixty days. Mustered out August, 1863.

7th Regiment, Colonel James Shaw, Jr.—Organized at Baltimore, Md., September, 1863. Battles: Deep Bottom, Johns Island, James Island, Darbytown Road, Jacksonville, May 1st, 28th, 1864, Bermuda Hundreds, Chapin's Farm, Fort Burnham, Petersburg, Richmond. Mustered out October, 1866.

7th Regiment, Louisiana, Colonel M. Wilson Phanley.—Organized at New Orleans, La.—sixty days. Mustered out August, 1863.

8th Regiment, Colonel Charles W. Fribley.—Organized at Camp William Penn., Pa., September, 1863. Battles: Olustee, Chapin's Farm, Darbytown Road. Mustered out November, 1865.

9th Regiment, Colonel Thomas Bayley.—Organized at Camp Staunton, Md., November, 1863. Battles: Deep Bottom, Chapin's Farm, Darbytown Road, Fair Oaks. Mustered out November, 1866.

10th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel E. H. Powell.—Organized in Virginia, November, 1863. Battles: Wilson's Wharf, Plymouth, November 26th, 1863, April 18th, 1864, Petersburg. Mustered out May, 1866.

11th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel James M. Steele.—Organized (five companies) at Fort Smith, Ark., December, 1863. Battles: Fort Smith, Boggs Mills. Mustered out May, 1866.

11th Regiment consolidated with the 112th and 113th, old regiments, April, 1865, and designated the 113th. Mustered out May, 1866.

11th Regiment, Colonel William D. Turner.—Organized at La Grange, Lafayette, Memphis, Tenn., Corinth, Miss, June, 1863, as the 1st Regiment Alabama Siege Artillery, changed to 6th Regiment United States Heavy Artillery March, 1864, to 7th Regiment April, 1864, and to 11th Regiment January, 1865. Battles: Fort Pillow, Holly Springs. Mustered out January, 1866.

12th Regiment, Colonel Charles R. Thompson.—Organized in the State of Tennessee July, 1863. Battles: Nashville, Section 37, N. & N. W. R. R., Murfreesboro. Mustered out January, 1866.

13th Regiment, Colonel John A. Hollenstein.—Organized at Nashville, Tenn., November, 1863. Battles: Johnsonville, Nashville. Mustered out January, 1866.

14th Regiment, Colonel Henry C. Corbin.—Organized at Gallatin, Tenn., November, 1863. Battles: Dalton, Decatur, Nashville. Mustered out March, 1866.

15th Regiment, Colonel William Inness.—Organized at Nashville, Tenn., December, 1863. Battles: Nashville, Magnolia. Mustered out April, 1866.

16th Regiment, Colonel William B. Gaw. Organized at Nashville, Tenn., December, 1863. Battles: Chattanooga. Mustered out April, 1866.

17th Regiment, Colonel William R. Shafter.—Organized at Nashville, Tenn., December, 1863. Battles: Nashville, Decatur, Brawley Fork. Mustered out April, 1866.

18th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel J. J. Sears.—Organized in the State of Missouri February, 1864. Battles: Nashville, December 7th, 15th, and 16th, 1864, Sand Mountain. Mustered out February, 1866.

19th Regiment, Colonel Joseph G. Perkins.—Organized at Camp Staunton, Md., December, 1863. Battles: Petersburg, Bermuda Hundreds, November 30th, December 4th, 1864. Mustered out January, 1867.

20th Regiment, Colonel Nelson B. Bertram.—Organized at Piker's Island, N. Y., February, 1864. Mustered out October, 1865.

21st Regiment, Colonel Augustus G. Bennett. Organized at Hilton Head, S. C., Fernandina, Fla., June, 1863, as the 3d and 4th South Carolina. Consolidated March, 1864, and designated as the 21st U. S. Regiment. Mustered out April, 1866.

22d Regiment, Colonel Joseph B. Kiddoo. Organized at Philadelphia, Pa., January, 1864. Battles: Petersburg, New Market Heights, Dutch Gap, Chapin's Farm, September 29th, November 4th, 1864, Fair Oaks. Mustered out 1865.

23d Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Marshall L. Dempey. Organized at Camp Casey, Va., November, 1863. Battles: Petersburg, Bermuda Hundreds. Mustered out November, 1865.

24th Regiment, Colonel Orlando Brown.—Organized at Camp William Penn, Pa., January, 1865—one year. Company F mustered out September, 1865; remaining companies October, 1865.

25th Regiment, Colonel F. L. Hitchcock.—Organized at Philadelphia, Pa., January, 1864. Mustered out December, 1865.

26th Regiment, Colonel William B. Guernsey.—Organized at Piker's Island, N. Y., February, 1864. Battles: John's Island, July 5th and 7th, McKay's Point, Gregory's Farm.

27th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel John W. Dounellon.—Organized at Camp Delaware, Ohio, January, 1864. Battles: Petersburg, Hatcher's Run. Mustered out November, 1865.

28th Regiment, Colonel Charles S Russell, (regular army).—Organized at Indianapolis, Ind., December, 1863. Battles: Jones Bridge, Petersburg. Mustered out November, 1865.

29th Regiment, Colonel Clark E. Royce. Organized at Quincy, Ill., in the field, Virginia, April, October, 1864—one and three years. Battles: Petersburg, White Oak Road. Mustered out November, 1865.

29th Regiment, Connecticut, Lieutenant-Colonel David Torrence.—Organized at New Haven, Conn., March, 1864. Battles: Petersburg, Chapin's Farm, Darbytown Road, Fair Oaks, Mustered out October, 1865.

30th Regiment, Colonel Delevan Bates.—Organized at Camp Stanton, Md., February, 1864. Battles: Petersburg, Sugar Loaf Hill, Cox's Bridge. Mustered out December, 1865.

31st Regiment, Colonel Henry C. Ward.—Organized at Hart's Island, N. Y., in the field, Virginia, April, November, 1864. Battle: Petersburg. The 30th Connecticut consolidated with this regiment May, 1864. Mustered out November, 1865.

32d Regiment, Colonel George W. Baird.—Organized at Camp William Penn, Pa., February, 1864. Battles: Honey Hill, Deveaux Neck. Mustered out August, 1865.

33d Regiment, Colonel William F. Bennett.—Organized at Beaufort, S. C., January, 1863, as the 1st Regiment South Carolina Volunteers; changed to 33d Regiment U. S. February, 1864. Battles: Township, Mill Town Bluff, Hall Island, Jacksonville, John's Island. Mustered out January, 1866.

34th Regiment, Colonel William W. Marple.—Organized at Beaufort, Hilton Head, S. C., May, 1863. Battles: Ashepoo River, John's Island, Deveaux Neck. Mustered out February, 1866. Organization commenced as 2d Regiment, South Carolina; changed before completion to the 34th Regiment U. S.

35th Regiment, Colonel James C. Beecher.—Organized at New Berne, N. C., June, 1863, as the 1st North Carolina Regiment, changed to 35th U. S. Regiment February, 1864. Battles: Olustee, Black Creek, St. John's River, Honey Hill. Mustered out June, 1866.

36th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel William H. Hart.—Organized at Portsmouth, Va., as the 2d Regiment North Carolina, changed February, 1864. Battles: Indian Town, Point Lookout, Pierson's Farm. Petersburg, Chapin's Farm, Dutch Gap. Mustered out October, 1866.

37th Regiment, Colonel Nathan Goff.—Organized at Norfolk, Va., January, 1864, as the 3d North Carolina Regiment; changed to 37th U. S. Regiment, February, 1864. Battles: Plymouth, Chapin's Farm, Fair Oaks. Mustered out February, 1867.

38th Regiment, Colonel Robert W. Hall, (regular army).—Organized in Virginia January, 1864. Battles: Chapin's Farm, Deep Bottom. Mustered out January, 1867.

39th Regiment, Colonel Ozora P. Stevens.—Organized at Baltimore, Md., March, 1864. Battles: Petersburg, Federal Point, Bermuda Hundreds, Hatcher's Run. Mustered out December, 1865.

40th Regiment, Colonel F. W. Lester.—Organized at Nashville and Greenville, Tenn. Battle: South Tunnel. Mustered out April, 1866.

41st Regiment, (battalion), Lieutenant-Colonel Julius A. Weiss.—Organized at Philadelphia, Pa., September, 1864, composed of men enlisted, drafted for one, two, and three years. Consolidated into a battalion of four companies September, 1865, of one year men. Battles: Hatcher's Run, Fort Burnham, Petersburg, Appomattox Court House. Mustered out December, 1865.

42d Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel J. R. Putnam.—Organized at Chattanooga and Nashville, Tenn., April, 1864, composed of enlisted and drafted men for one and three years. Mustered out January, 1866.

43d Regiment, Colonel S. B. Yoeman. Organized at Philadelphia, Pa., March, 1864. Battles: Petersburg, Hatcher's Run. Mustered out 1865.

44th Regiment, Colonel Lewis Johnson.—Organized at Chattanooga, Tenn., Rome, Dalton, Ga., April, 1864. Battles: Nashville, December 2d, 21st, 1864. Mustered out April, 1866.

45th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel E. Mayer.—Organized at Philadelphia, Pa., June, 1864. Battles: Hatcher's Run, Petersburg. Mustered out November, 1865.

46th Regiment, Colonel C. Whittlesey.—Organized in Arkansas May, 1863, as the 1st Regiment Arkansas Volunteers; changed to 46th Regiment U. S., May, 1864. Battle: Mound Plantation. Mustered out January, 1866.

47th Regiment. Colonel Hiram Schofield.—Organized at Lake Providence, La., May, 1863, as the 8th Regiment Louisiana Volunteers; changed to 47th Regiment U. S., March, 1864. Battles: Lake Providence, Liverpool Heights, Yazoo City, Fort Blakely. Mustered out January, 1866.

48th Regiment, Colonel F. M. Crandal.—Organized at Lake Providence and Goodrich's Landing, La., May, 1863, as the 10th Regiment Louisiana Volunteers; changed to 48th Regiment U. S., March, 1864. Battles: Bayou Tensa, Vicksburg, Fort Blakely. Mustered out January, 1866.

49th Regiment, Colonel Van E. Young.—Organized at Miliken's Bend, La., May, 1863, as the 11th Regiment Louisiana Volunteers; changed to 49th Regiment U. S., March, 1864. Battles: Miliken's Bend, Waterproof. Mustered out March, 1866.

50th Regiment, Colonel Charles A. Gilchrist.—Organized at Vicksburg, Miss., July, 1863, as the 12th Regiment Louisiana Volunteers; changed to 50th Regiment U. S., March, 1864. Battle: Fort Blakely. Mustered out March, 1866.

51st Regiment, Colonel A. Watson Webber.—Organized at Miliken's Bend, La., and Vicksburg, Miss., May, 1863, as the 1st Regiment Mississippi Volunteers; changed to 51st Regiment U. S., March, 1864. Battles: Miliken's Bend, Ross Landing, Floyd, Fort Blakely. Mustered out June, 1866.

52d Regiment, Colonel George M. Ziegler.—Organized at Vicksburg, Miss., July 27th, 1863, as the 2d Regiment Mississippi Volunteers; changed to 52d Regiment U. S., March, 1864. Battles: Vicksburg, Coleman's Plantation, Bayou Bidell. Mustered out May, 1866.

53d Regiment, Colonel Orlando C. Risdon.—Organized at Warrentown, Miss., May, 1863, as the 3d Regiment Mississippi Volunteers; changed to 53d Regiment U. S., March, 1864. Battles: Haines' Bluff, Grand Gull, White River. Mustered out March, 1866.

54th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Fair.—Organized in Arkansas September, 1863, as the 2d Regiment Arkansas Volunteers; changed to 54th Regiment U. S., March, 1864. Battles: Cow Creek, Arkansas River, Sabine River, Fort Gibson, Cabin Creek. Mustered out August, 1866.

54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers, Colonel E. N. Hallowell.—Organized at Camp Meigs, Readville, Mass., March, 1863. Battles: James Island, Fort Wagner, Olustee, Honey Hill, Boykin's Mill, before Charleston. Mustered out August, 1865.

55th Regiment, Colonel N. B. Bartman.—Organized at Corinth, Miss., May, 1863, as the 1st Regiment Alabama Volunteers; changed to 55th Regiment U. S., 1864. Battles: Ripley, Brice's Cross Roads, Moscow, Waterford. Mustered out December, 1865.

55th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers, Colonel Alfred S. Hartwell.—Organized at Camp Meigs, Readville, Mass., May, 1863. Battles: James Island, May 21st, July 2d, 1864, February 10th, 1865, Honey Hill, Briggen Creek, St. Stephens, Deveaux Neck. Mustered out August, 1865.

56th Regiment, Colonel Charles Bentzoni, (regular army). Organized at St. Louis, Mo., August, 1863, as the 3d Regiment Arkansas Volunteers; changed to 56th Regiment U. S., March, 1854. Battles: Indian Bay, Meffleton Lodge, Wallace's Ferry. Mustered out September, 1866.

57th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Silas Hunter.—Organized at Duvall's Bluff, Little Rock. Helena, Ark., December, 1863, as the 4th Regiment Arkansas Volunteers, changed to 57th Regiment U. S., March, 1864. Battles: Little Rock, April 26th and May 28th, 1864, Camden. Mustered out October, 1866.

58th Regiment, Colonel Simon M. Preston.—Organized at Natchez, Miss., August, 1863, as the 6th Regiment Mississippi Volunteers; changed to 58th Regiment U. S., March, 1864. Battle: Natchez. Mustered out April, 1866.

59th Regiment, Colonel Edward Bonton.—Organized at La Grange, Tenn., June, 1863, as the 1st Regiment Tennessee Volunteers; changed to 59th Regiment U. S., March, 1864. Battles: Brice's Cross Roads, Tupelo. Mustered out January, 1866.

60th Regiment, Colonel John G. Hudson.—Organized at Keokuk, Iowa, and Benton Barracks, Mo., October, 1863, as the 1st Regiment Iowa Volunteers; changed to 60th Regiment U. S., March, 1864. Battle: Big Creek. Mustered out October, 1865.

61st Regiment Lieutenant-Colonel John Foley.—Organized at La Grange, Tenn., June, 1863, as the 2nd Regiment Tennessee Volunteers; changed to 61st Regiment U. S., March, 1864. Battles: Moscow Station, Tupelo, Waterford, Memphis, Castport. Mustered out December, 1865.

62nd Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel David Branson.—Organized at Benton Barracks, Mo., December, 1863, as the 1st Regiment Missouri Volunteers; changed to 62nd Regiment U. S., March, 1864. Battles: Glasgow, Palmetto Ranch. Mustered out March, 1866.

63rd Regiment, Major Wm. G. Sargent.—Organized at Memphis, and Island No. 10, Tenn., Vicksburg, Miss., and Goodrich's Landing, La., November, 1863, as the 9th Regiment Louisiana Volunteers; changed to 63rd Regiment U. S., March, 1864. Battles: Waterproof, Ashwood, Marengo. Mustered out January, 1866.

64th Regiment, Colonel Samuel Thomas.—Organized at Camp Holly Springs, Memphis, and Island No. 10, Tenn., December, 1863, as the 7th Regiment Louisiana Volunteers, changed to the 64th Regiment U. S., March, 1864. Battles; Ashwood Landing, Point Pleasant, Pine Bluff, David's Bend, June 2nd, 29th, 1864, Helena. Mustered out March, 1866.

65th Regiment, Colonel Alonzo J. Edgerton.—Organized at Benton Barracks, Mo., December, 1863, as the 2nd Regiment Missouri Volunteers; changed to 65th Regiment U. S. March, 1864. Mustered out January, 1867.

66th Regiment, Colonel Michael W. Smith. Organized at Vicksburg, Miss., December, 1863, as the 4th Regiment Mississippi Volunteers; changed to 66th Regiment U. S., March, 1864. Battles: Columbia, Goodrich's Landing, March 24th, and July 16th, 1864, Issequena County, July 10th and August 17th, 1864, Bayou Macon, Bayou Tensas, July 30th, and August 26th, 1864. Mustered out March, 1866.

67th Regiment, Colonel Alonzo J. Edgerton.—Organized at Benton Barracks, Mo., January, 1864, as the 3rd Regiment Missouri Volunteers; changed to 67th Regiment U. S., March 1864; consolidated with the 65th Regiment, July 12th, 1865. Battle: Mount Pleasant Landing.

68th Regiment, Major Oliver H. Holcomb.—Organized at Benton Barracks, Mo., March, 1864, as the 4th Regiment Missouri Volunteers; changed to 68th Regiment U. S., March, 1864. Battles: Tupelo, Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely. Mustered out February, 1866.

69th Regiment, Captain James T. Watson.—Organized at Pine Bluff, Duvall's, Bluff, Little Rock, and Helena, Ark., and Memphis, Tenn., December, 1864. Organization discontinued September, 1865, and the commissioned officers and enlisted men transferred to the 63d and 64th Regiments.

70th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Morris Yeomans.—Organized in part, April, 1864, at Natchez, Miss.; completed November, 1864, by the consolidation of the 71st Regiment. Mustered out March, 1866.

71st Regiment, Colonel Willard C. Earle.—Organized at Black River Bridge and Natchez, Miss., and Alexandria, La., March, 1864; consolidated with the 70th Regiment November, 1864.

72d Regiment, Colonel Alexander Duncan.—Organized at Covington, Ky., April, 1865; discontinued May, 1865; commissioned officers ordered before a board for examination, and enlisted men transferred to other regiments.

73d Regiment, Colonel Samuel M. Quincy.—Organized at New Orleans, La., September, 1862, as the 1st Native Guard Volunteers; changed to 1st Regiment Corps d'Afrique, and to 73d Regiment U. S., April, 1864; consolidated with the 96th Regiment U. S., September, 1865. Battles: Port Hudson, Jackson, Bayou Tunica, Steamer City Belle, Morganzia, Fort Blakely. Men mustered out at the expiration of time.

74th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel A. G. Hall.—Organized at New Orleans, La., October, 1862, as the 2d Regiment Louisiana Native Guard Volunteers; changed to 2d Regiment Corps d'Afrique, June, 1863, and to the 74th Regiment U. S., April, 1864. Battle: East Pascagoula. Mustered out October, 1865.

75th Regiment, Colonel Henry W. Fuller.—Organized at New Orleans, La., November, 1862, as the 3d Regiment Louisiana Native Guard Volunteers; changed to 3d Regiment Corps d'Afrique, June, 1863, and to the 75th Regiment U. S., April, 1864. Battles: Jackson, Port Hudson, Pleasant Hill, Waterloo. Mustered out November, 1865.

76th Regiment, Colonel Charles W. Drew.—Organized at New Orleans, La., February, 1863, as the 4th Regiment Louisiana Native Guard Volunteers; changed to 4th Regiment Corps d'Afrique, June, 1863, and to the 76th Regiment U. S., April, 1864. Battle: Fort Blakely. Mustered out December, 1865.

77th Regiment, Colonel Charles A. Hartwell.—Organized at Fort St. Philip, La., December, 1863, as the 5th Regiment Infantry Corps d'Afrique, by the transfer of 291 enlisted men from the 4th Corps Regiment Volunteers; changed to 77th Regiment U. S., April, 1864; consolidated with the 85th Regiment and with the 10th Regiment Heavy Artillery, October, 1865. Battle: Amite River.

78th Regiment, Colonel Charles L. Norton.—Organized at Port Hudson, La., September, 1863, as the 6th Regiment Corps d'Afrique; changed to 78th Regiment U. S., April, 1864. Battle: Port Hudson. Mustered out January, 1866.

79th Regiment, Colonel James C. Clark.—Organized at Port Hudson, La., August, 1863, as the 7th Regiment Corps d'Afrique; changed to 79th Regiment U. S., April, 1864. Broken up July, 1864. Battle: Port Hudson.

79th Regiment, Colonel James M. Williams.—Organized at Fort Scott, Kan., January, 1863, as the 1st Regiment Kansas Volunteers; changed to 79th Regiment U. S., December, 1864. Battles: Sherwood, Bush Creek, Cabin Creek, Honey Springs, Prairie d'Anne, Poison Springs, Jenkins Ferry, Joys Ford, Clarksville, Horse Head Creek, Roseville Creek, Timber Hill, Lawrence, Island Mound, Fort Gibson. Mustered out October, 1865.

80th Regiment, Colonel William S. Mudget.—Organized at Port Hudson, La., September, 1863, as the 8th Regiment Corps d'Afrique; changed to 80th Regiment U. S., April, 1864. Battle: Port Hudson. Mustered out March, 1867.

81st Regiment, Colonel John F. Appleton.—Organized at Port Hudson, La., September, 1863, as the 9th Regiment Corps d'Afrique; changed to 81st Regiment U. S., April, 1864. Battle: Port Hudson. Mustered out November, 1866.

82d Regiment, Colonel Ladislos L Zulasky.—Organized at Port Hudson, La., September, 1863, as the 10th Regiment Corps d'Afrique; changed to 82d Regiment U. S., April, 1864. Battles: Port Hudson, Barrancas, Mariana, Mitchell's Creek, Pine Barren Ford, Fort Blakely. Mustered out September, 1866.

83d Regiment, Colonel E. Martindale.—Organized at Port Hudson, La., August, 1863, as the 11th Regiment Corps d'Afrique; changed to 83d Regiment U. S., April, 1864. Broken up July, 1864, and enlisted men transferred to other regiments.

83d Regiment, Brevet Colonel J. H. Gillpatrick.—Organized at Forts Scott and Leavenworth, Kan., August, 1863, as the 2d Regiment Kansas Volunteers; changed to 83d Regiment U. S., December, 1864. Battles: Jenkins' Ferry, April 30th, May 4th, 1864, Prairie d'Anne, Sabine River, Fort Smith, Steamer Chippewa, Steamer Lotus, Rector's Farm.

84th Regiment, Colonel William H. Dickey.—Organized at Port Hudson, La., September, 1863, as the 12th Regiment Corps d'Afrique; changed to 84th Regiment U. S., April, 1864. Battle: Morganzia. Mustered out March, 1866.

85th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Henry C. Merriam.—Organized at New Orleans, La., March, 1864, as the 13th Regiment Corps d'Afrique; changed to 85th Regiment U. S., April, 1864; consolidated with the 77th Regiment U. S., May, 1864.

86th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel George E. Yarrington.—Organized at New Orleans, La., August, 1863, as the 14th Regiment Corps d'Afrique; changed to 86th Regiment U. S., April, 1864. Battle: Fort Blakely. Mustered out April, 1866.

87th Regiment, Major H. Tobey.—Organized at New Orleans, La., September, 1863, as the 16th Regiment Corps d'Afrique; changed to 87th Regiment U. S., April, 1864; consolidated with the 95th Regiment U. S., November, 1864, to form the 85th Regiment U. S.; subsequently changed to 87th Regiment U. S.

87th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel William W. Bliss.—Organized by the consolidation of the 87th and 95th Regiments U. S., November, 1864, and designated as the 87th Regiment U. S.; consolidated with the 84th Regiment U. S., August, 1865.

88th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel George E. Biles.—Organized at Port Hudson, La., 1863, as the 17th Regiment Corps d'Afrique; changed to 88th Regiment U. S., 1864. Broken up July, 1864, and the enlisted men transferred to other regiments.

88th Regiment, Colonel Edmund R. Wiley.—Organized at Memphis, Tenn., February, 1863; consolidated with the 3d Regiment U. S. Heavy Artillery, December, 1865.

89th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Robert F. Atkins.—Organized at Port Hudson, La., October, 1863, as the 18th Regiment Corps d'Afrique; changed to 89th Regiment U. S., April, 1864. Broken up July, 1864, and the enlisted men transferred to other regiments.

90th Regiment, Colonel Charles E. Bostwick.—Organized at Madisonville, La., February, 1864, as the 19th Regiment Corps d'Afrique; changed to 90th Regiment U. S., April, 1864. Broken up July, 1864, and enlisted men transferred to other regiments.

91st Regiment, Colonel Eliot Bridgeman.—Organized at Fort Pike, La., September, 1863, as the 20th Regiment Corps d'Afrique; changed to 91st Regiment U. S., July, 1864; consolidated with 74th Regiment U. S., July, 1864. Battle: Bayou St. Louis.

92nd Regiment, Colonel H. N. Frisbie.—Organized at New Orleans, La., September, 1863, as the 22nd Regiment Corps d'Afrique; changed to 92nd Regiment U. S., April, 1864. Battle: Red River Expedition. Mustered out Dec. 1865.

93rd Regiment, Colonel Simon Jones.—Organized at New Iberia, La., November, 1863, as the 25th Regiment Corps d'Afrique; changed to 93rd Regiment U. S., April, 1864. Broken up June 1865; enlisted men transferred to 81st and 82nd Regiments U. S. Battle: Ash Bayou.

95th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel A. F. Wrohwuski.—Organized at Camp Parapet, La., April, 1863, as the 1st Regiment Engineers Corps d'Afrique; divided to form the 3rd Regiment Engineers Corps d'Afrique; changed to 95th Regiment U. S.; consolidated with 87th Regiment November, 1864, to form 81st Regiment; changed to 87th Regiment. Battle: Port Hudson.

96th Regiment, Lieut.-Colonel O. L. F. E. Fariola.—Organized at New Orleans, La., August, 1863, as the 2nd Regiment Engineers Corps d'Afrique; changed to 96th U. S., April, 1864. Battle: Fort Gaines. Consolidated with 73rd Regiment September, 1865; mustered out January, 1866.

97th Regiment, Geo. D. Robinson.—Composed of men transferred from the 1st Regiment Engineers Corps d'Afrique. Organized at New Orleans, La., August, 1863, as the 3rd Regiment Engineers Corps d'Afrique; changed to 97th U. S., April, 1864. Battle: Pine Barren Creek. Mustered out April, 1866.

98th Regiment, Colonel Chas. L. Morton.—Organized at Camp Parapet, New Orleans, and Berwick City, La., September, 1863, as the 4th Regiment Engineers Corps d'Afrique; changed to 98th U. S., April, 1864; consolidated with the 78th Regiment August, 1865. Battles: Berwick, Natchez.

99th Regiment, Major Samuel Pollock.—Organized at New Orleans, La., August, 1863, as the 15th Regiment Infantry Corps d'Afrique; changed to 5th Regiment Engineers Corps d'Afrique February, 1864, and to the 99th U. S., April, 1864; consolidated into a battalion of five companies, December, 1865. Battles: Natural Bridge, Steamer 'Alliance.' Mustered out April, 1866.

100th Regiment, Colonel Reuben D. Massey, (regular army).—Organized in Kentucky, May, 1864. Battles: N. & N. W. R. R., Nashville. Mustered out December, 1865.

101st Regiment, Colonel Robert W. Barnard, (regular army).—Organized in Tennessee, September, 1864. Battles: Scottsboro, Boyd's Station, Madison Station. Mustered out January, 1866.

102d Regiment, Colonel Henry L. Chipman, (regular army).—Organized at Detroit, Mich., February, 1864, as the 1st Regiment Michigan Volunteers; changed to 102d Regiment U. S., May, 1864. Battles: Honey Hill, Deveaux Neck, Salkehatchie, Bradford's Spring, Swift's Creek. Mustered out September, 1865.

103d Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel John A. Bogert.—Organized at Hilton Head, S. C., March, 1865. Mustered out April, 1866.

104th Regiment, Colonel Douglas Frazar.—Organized at Beaufort, S. C., April, 1864. Mustered out February, 1866.

106th Regiment, Captain Frederick Holsman.—Organized at Decatur, Ala., March, 1864, as the 4th Regiment Alabama Infantry; changed to 106th Regiment U. S., May, 1864. Battles: Mud Creek, Athens. Consolidated with the 40th Regiment U. S., November, 1865.

107th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel David M. Sells.—Organized at Louisville, Ky., May, 1864. Mustered out November, 1866.

108th Regiment, Colonel John S. Bishop.—Organized at Louisville, Ky., June, 1864. Battle: Owensboro. Mustered out March, 1866.

109th Regiment, Colonel Orion A. Bartholomew.—Organized at Louisville, Ky., July, 1864. Mustered out February, 1866.

110th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Dedrick F. Tiedemaun.—Organized at Pulaski, Tenn., November, 1863, as the 2d Regiment Alabama Volunteers; changed to 110th Regiment U. S., June, 1864. Battles: Dallas, Athens. Mustered out February, 1866.

111th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel William H. Scroggs.—Organized at Pulaski, Prospect, and Lynnville, Tenn., and Sulphur Branch Trestle, Ala., January, 1864, as the 3d Regiment Alabama Volunteers; changed to 111th Regiment U. S., June, 1864. Battles: Pulaski, Sulphur Branch Trestle, Athens, Richland. Mustered out April, 1866.

112th Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel John G. Gustafson.—Organized at Little Rock, Ark., April, 1864; consolidated with the 11th and 113th Regiments U. S., April, 1865, to form the 113th Regiment U. S.

113th Regiment, (old), Lieutenant-Colonel Lanniston W. Whipple.—Organized at Little Rock, Ark., March, 1864, as the 6th Regiment Arkansas Volunteers; changed to 113th Regiment U. S., June, 1864; consolidated with the 11th and 112th Regiment U. S. to form the 113th, (new), April, 1865.

113th Regiment, (new), Colonel Lanniston W. Whipple.—Organized at Little Rock, Ark,, April, 1865, by the consolidation of the 11th, 112th, and 113th—old regiments. Mustered out April, 1866.

114th Regiment, Colonel Thomas D. Sedgwick.—Organized at Camp Nelson, Ky., July, 1864. Mustered out April, 1867.

115th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel George T. Elder.—Organized at Bowling Green, Ky., July, 1864. Mustered out February, 1866.

116th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Kireker.—Organized at Camp Nelson, Ky., July, 1864. Mustered out February, 1866. Battle: Petersburg.

117th Regiment, Colonel Lewis G. Brown.—Organized at Covington, Ky., July, 1864. Battle: Ghent. Mustered out August, 1867.

118th Regiment, Colonel John C. Moon. Organized at Baltimore, Md., October, 1864. Battles: Fort Brady, Henderson. Mustered out February, 1866.

119th Regiment, Colonel Charles G. Bartlett, (regular army).—Organized at Camp Nelson, Ky. Battles: Glasgow, Taylorsville. Mustered out February, 1866.

120th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel John Glenn.—Organized at Henderson, Ky., November, 1864. Discontinued June, 1865, and enlisted men transferred to other regiments.

121st Regiment, Colonel Hubert A. McCaleb.—Organized at Nashville, Tenn., October, 1864. Discontinued June, 1865, and enlisted men transferred to other regiments.

122d Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel David M. Layman.—Organized at Louisville, Ky., December, 1864; consolidated into a battalion of three companies January, 1866. Mustered out February, 1866.

123d Regiment, Colonel Samuel A. Porter.—Organized at Louisville, Ky., December, 1864. Mustered out October, 1865.

124th Regiment, Colonel Frederick H. Bierbower.—Organized at Camp Nelson, Ky., January, 1865. Mustered out October, 1865.

125th Regiment, Colonel William R. Gerhart.—Organized at Louisville, Ky., February. 1865. Mustered out October, 1867.

127th Regiment, (Battalion), Lieutenant-Colonel James Givin.—Organized at Philadelphia, Pa., August, 1864; consolidated into a battalion of three companies September, 1865. Battle: Deep Bottom. Mustered out October, 1865.

128th Regiment, Colonel Charles H. Howard.—Organized at Hilton Head, S. C., April, 1865. Mustered out October, 1866.

136th Regiment, Colonel Richard Root.—Organized at Atlanta, Ga., July, 1865. Mustered out January, 1866.

137th Regiment, Colonel Martin R. Archer.—Organized at Selina, Ala., April, 1865. Mustered into the United States service at Macon, Ga., June, 1865. Mustered out January, 1866.

138th Regiment, Colonel F. W. Benteen.—Organized at Atlanta, Ga., July, 1865. Mustered out July, 1866.

INDEPENDENT COMPANY A.

First Lieutenant, E. M. Harris.—Organized at Camp William Penn, Pa., (one hundred days,) July, 1864. Mustered out November, 1864.

Company A, (unassigned), Captain George L. Barnes.—Organized at Alexandria, Va., (one year), September, 1864. Mustered out July, 1865.

NINTH ARMY CORPS.

4th Division,[35] Brigadier-General Edward Ferrero.

First Brigade, Colonel Joshua K. Sigfried.—27th Regiment, 30th Regiment, 39th Regiment, 43d Regiment.

Second Brigade, Colonel Henry G. Thomas.—19th Regiment, 29th Regiment, 23d Regiment, 28th Regiment, 31st Regiment.

EIGHTEENTH ARMY CORPS.

3d Division, (June 15th to July 31st, 1864.)—Brigadier-General E. W. Hinks, June 1st to July 1st; Colonel John H. Holman, July 1st to 27th; Colonel S. A. Duncan, July 27th to 29th; Brigadier-General Joseph B. Carr, since July 29th.

First Brigade, Colonel John H. Holman; Colonel Jeptha Garrard since July 2d.—1st Regiment, 10th Regiment,[36] 37th Regiment,[37] 1st Cavalry, 5th Massachusetts Cavalry.[B]

Second Brigade, Colonel S. A. Duncan.—4th Regiment, 5th Regiment, 6th Regiment, 22d Regiment, 2d Cavalry.[38]

The following regiments composed the Provisional Detachment of the Army of the Tennessee, 23rd Army Corps, commanded by Major-General James B. Steadman, in 1864:

First Brigade, Colonel T. J. Morgan.—14th Regiment, 15th Regiment, 17th Regiment, 18th Regiment, (battalion), 44th Regiment.

Second Brigade, Colonel Charles R. Thompson.—12th Regiment, 13th Regiment, 100th Regiment. Post of Nashville, Battery A, 2nd Artillery.

TENTH ARMY CORPS.

Army of the Ohio, Major-General A. H. Terry.—3d Division, Brigadier-General C. J. Paine.

First Brigade, Brevet Brigadier-General D. Bates.—1st Regiment, 30th Regiment, 107th Regiment.

Second Brigade, Brevet Brigadier-General S. Duncan.—4th Regiment, 6th Regiment, 37th Regiment.

Third Brigade, Colonel J. H. Holman—5th Regiment, (Mass.,) 27th Regiment, 37th Regiment.

TENTH ARMY CORPS.[39]

3d Division, Brigadier-General William Birney.

First Brigade, Colonel James Shaw, Jr.—7th Regiment, 9th Regiment, 16th Regiment, 29th Regiment.

Second Brigade, Colonel Ulysses Doubleday.—8th Regiment, 41st Regiment, 45th Regiment, 127th Regiment.

EIGHTEENTH ARMY CORPS.

3d Division, Brigadier-General Charles J. Paine.

First Brigade, Colonel Elias Wright.—1st Regiment, 22d Regiment, 37th Regiment.

Second Brigade, Colonel Alonzo G. Draper.—5th Regiment, 36th Regiment, 38th Regiment.

Third Brigade, Colonel John W. Ames.—4th Regiment, 6th Regiment, 10th Regiment.

Provisional Brigade, Colonel E. Martindale.—107th Regiment, 117th Regiment, 118th Regiment.

Second Regiment Cavalry.

TWENTY-FIFTH ARMY CORPS.

Organized in the field December, 1864; commander, Major-General Godfrey Weitzel.

1st Division. Brigadier-General Chas. J. Paine.

First Brigade, Colonel J. H. Holman.—1st Regiment, 27th Regiment, 30th Regiment.

Second Brigade, Brevet Brigadier-General Samuel A. Duncan.—4th Regiment, 6th Regiment, 39th Regiment.

Third Brigade, Colonel Elias Wright, 10th Regiment.—5th Regiment, 10th Regiment, 37th Regiment, 107th Regiment.

2nd Division. Brigadier-General Wm. Birney.

First Brigade, Colonel James Shaw, 7th Regiment.—7th Regiment, 109th Regiment, 116th Regiment.

Second Brigade, Colonel Ulysses Doubleday, 45th Regiment.—8th Regiment, 45th Regiment, 127th Regiment.

Third Brigade, Colonel Chas. S. Russell, 28th Regiment.—28th Regiment, 29th Regiment, 31st Regiment, 117th Regiment.

3rd Division. Brigadier-General C. A. Heckman.

First Brigade, Brevet Brigadier-General A. G. Draper.—22nd Regiment, 36th Regiment, 38th Regiment, 118th Regiment.

Second Brigade, Colonel E. Martindale, 81st Regiment.—9th Regiment, 29th Conn. Regiment, 41st Regiment.

Third Brigade, Colonel H. G. Thomas, 10th Regiment.—19th Regiment, 23rd Regiment, 43rd Regiment.

Cavalry Brigade, Brevet Brigadier-General B. C. Ludlow.—1st Cavalry, 2nd Cavalry, Light Battery B, 2nd Artillery.

Artillery Brigade.[40] Battery D, 1st U. S. Artillery, Battery M, 1st U. S. Artillery, Battery E, 3rd U. S. Artillery, Battery D, 4th U. S. Artillery, Battery C, 3rd R. I. Artillery, 4th New Jersey Battery, 5th New Jersey Battery, Battery E, 1st Pa. Artillery.

REGIMENTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF THE SOUTH, APRIL, 1864.

1st Mich., 3rd, 7th, 8th, 9th, 21st, 26th U. S., 29th Conn., 32nd, 33rd, 34th, 35th U. S., 54th Mass., 55th Mass. Regiments.

REGIMENTS WITH GENERAL STURGIS IN JUNE, 1864.

59th, 61st, 68th Regt's., Battery I, 2nd Reg't., Artillery (light.)

FOOTNOTES:

[34] Dr. Wright, a prominent secessionist at Norfolk, Va., swore to shoot the first white man that he caught drilling negroes. Lieutenant A. S. Sanborn, of this regiment, while marching a squad to headquarters through the main street of the city was shot and killed by this Dr. Wright, for which he was hanged.

[35] There was with this division eleven batteries, four regiments of cavalry of white troops.

[36] Detached in July.

[37] Detached June 28th to Department Headquarters.

[38] Assigned June 22d, 1864.

[39] Organized in November, 1864.

[40] All white in the Artillery Brigade.



CHAPTER XIV.

THE CONFEDERATE SERVICE.

The leaders at the South in preparing for hostilities showed the people of the North, and the authorities at Washington, that they intended to carry on the war with no want of spirit; that every energy, every nerve, was to be taxed to its utmost tension, and that not only every white man, but, if necessary, every black man should be made to contribute to the success of the cause for which the war was inaugurated. Consequently, with the enrollment of the whites began the employment of the blacks.

Prejudice against the negro at the North was so strong that it required the arm of public authority to protect him from assault, though he declared in favor of the Union. Not so at the South, for as early as April, 1861, the free negroes of New Orleans, La., held a public meeting and began the organization of a battalion, with officers of their own race, with the approval of the State government, which commissioned their negro officers. When the Louisiana militia was reviewed, the Native Guards (negro) made up, in part, the first division of the State troops. Elated at the success of being first to place negroes in the field together with white troops, the commanding general sent the news over the wires to the jubilant confederacy: