"What can she want here?" thought the master. Everybody knew "M'liss," as she was called, throughout the length and height of Red Mountain. Everybody knew her as an incorrigible girl. Her fierce, ungovernable disposition, her mad freaks and lawless character were in their way as proverbial as the story of her father's weaknesses, and as philosophically accepted by the townsfolk. She wrangled with and fought the schoolboys with keener invective and quite as powerful arm. She followed the trails with a woodman's craft, and the master had met her before, miles away, shoeless, stockingless, and bareheaded, on the mountain road. The miners' camps along the stream supplied her with subsistence during these voluntary pilgrimages, in freely offered alms. Not but that a larger protection had been previously extended to M'liss. The Rev. Joshua McSnagley, "stated" preacher, had placed her in the hotel as servant, by way of preliminary refinement, and had introduced her to his scholars at Sunday school. But she threw plates occasionally at the landlord, and quickly retorted to the cheap witticisms of the guests, and created in the Sabbath school a sensation that was so inimical to the orthodox dulness and placidity of that institution, that, with a decent regard for the starched frocks and unblemished morals of the two pink-and-white-faced children of the first families, the reverend gentleman had her ignominiously expelled. Such were the antecedents, and such the character of M'liss, as she stood before the master. It was shown in the ragged dress, the unkempt hair, and bleeding feet, and asked his pity. It flashed from her black, fearless eyes, and commanded his respect.

"I come here to-night," she said rapidly and boldly, keeping her hard glance on his, "because I knew you was alone. I wouldn't come here when them gals was here. I hate 'em and they hates me. That's why. You keep school, don't you? I want to be teached!"

If to the shabbiness of her apparel and uncomeliness of her tangled hair and dirty face she had added the humility of tears, the master would have extended to her the usual moiety of pity, and nothing more. But with the natural, tho illogical instincts of his species, her boldness awakened in him something of that respect which all original natures pay unconsciously to one another in any grade. And he gazed at her the more fixedly as she went on still rapidly, her hand on that door-latch and her eyes on his:

"My name's M'liss—M'liss Smith! You can bet your life on that. My father's Old Smith—Old Bummer Smith—that's what's the matter with him. M'liss Smith—and I'm coming to school!"

"Well?" said the master.

Accustomed to be thwarted and opposed, often wantonly and cruelly, for no other purpose than to excite the violent impulses of her nature, the master's phlegm evidently took her by surprize. She stopt; she began to twist a lock of her hair between her fingers; and the rigid line of upper lip, drawn over the wicked little teeth, relaxed and quivered slightly. Then her eyes dropt, and something like a blush struggled up to her cheek, and tried to assert itself through the splashes of redder soil, and the sunburn of years. Suddenly she threw herself forward, calling on God to strike her dead, and fell quite weak and helpless, with her face on the master's desk, crying and sobbing as if her heart would break.



HENRY JAMES

Born in 1843; son of the elder Henry James; educated in Europe; studied law at Harvard; began to write for periodicals in 1866; has lived mostly in England since 1869; "A Passionate Pilgrim" published in 1875, "The American" in 1877, "French Poets and Novelists" in 1878, "Daisy Miller" in 1878, "Life of Hawthorne" in 1879, "Portrait of a Lady" in 1881, "A Little Tour in France" in 1884, "The Bostonians" in 1886, "What Maisie Knew" in 1897, "The Awkward Age" in 1899, "The Sacred Fount" in 1901.



I

AMONG THE MALVERN HILLS[66]

Between the fair boundaries of the counties of Hereford and Worcester rise in a long undulation the sloping pastures of the Malvern Hills. Consulting a big red book on the castles and manors of England, we found Lockley Park to be seated near the base of this grassy range, tho in which county I forget. In the pages of this genial volume Lockley Park and its appurtenances made a very handsome figure. We took up our abode at a certain little wayside inn, at which in the days of leisure the coach must have stopt for lunch, and burnished pewters of rustic ale been tenderly exalted to "outsides" athirst with breezy progression. Here we stopt, for sheer admiration of its steep thatched roof, its latticed windows, and its homely porch. We allowed a couple of days to elapse in vague undirected strolls and sweet sentimental observance of the land, before we prepared to execute the especial purpose of our journey. This admirable region is a compendium of the general physiognomy of England. The noble friendliness of the scenery, its subtle old friendliness, the magical familiarity of multitudinous details, appealed to us at every step and at every glance. Deep in our souls a natural affection answered. The whole land, in the full, warm rains of the last of April, had burst into sudden perfect spring. The dark walls of the hedge-rows had turned into blooming screens; the sodden verdure of lawn and meadow was streaked with a ranker freshness. We went forth without loss of time for a long walk on the hills. Reaching their summits, you find half England unrolled at your feet. A dozen broad counties, within the vast range of your vision, commingle their green exhalations. Closely beneath us lay the dark, rich flats of hedgy Worcestershire and the copse-checkered slopes of rolling Hereford, white with the blossom of apples. At widely opposite points of the large expanse two great cathedral towers rise sharply, taking the light, from the settled shadow of the circling towns—the light, the ineffable English light! "Out of England," cried Searle, "it's but a garish world!"

[Footnote 66: From "A Passionate Pilgrim and Other Tales." Copyright, 1875. Houghton, Mifflin Company.]

The whole vast sweep of our surrounding prospect lay answering in a myriad fleeting shades the cloudy process of the tremendous sky. The English heaven is a fit antithesis to the complex English earth. We possess in America the infinite beauty of the blue; England possesses the splendor of combined and animated clouds. Over against us, from our station on the hills, we saw them piled and dissolved, compacted and shifted, blotting the azure with sullen rain-spots, stretching, breeze-fretted, into dappled fields of gray, bursting into a storm of light or melting into a drizzle of silver. We made our way along the rounded summits of these well-grazed heights—mild, breezy inland downs—and descended through long-drawn slopes of fields, green to cottage doors, to where a rural village beckoned us from its seat among the meadows. Close beside it, I admit, the railway shoots fiercely from its tunnel in the hills; and yet there broods upon this charming hamlet an old-time quietude and privacy, which seems to make it a violation of confidence to tell its name so far away. We struck through a narrow lane, a green lane, dim with its height of hedges; it led us to a superb old farm-house, now jostled by the multiplied lanes and roads which have curtailed its ancient appanage. It stands in stubborn picturesqueness, at the receipt of sad-eyed contemplation and the sufferance of "sketches." I doubt whether out of Nuremberg—or Pompeii!—you may find so forcible an image of the domiciliary genius of the past. It is cruelly complete; its bended beams and joists, beneath the burden of its gables, seem to ache and groan with memories and regrets. The short, low windows, where lead and glass combine in equal proportions to hint to the wondering stranger of the medieval gloom within, still prefer their darksome office to the grace of modern day.

Such an old house fills an American with an indefinable feeling of respect. So propt and patched and tinkered with clumsy tenderness, clustered so richly about its central English sturdiness, its oaken vertebrations, so humanized with ages of use and touches of beneficent affection, it seemed to offer to our grateful eyes a small, rude synthesis of the great English social order. Passing out upon the highroad, we came to the common browsing-patch, the "village green" of the tales of our youth. Nothing was wanting; the shaggy, mouse-colored donkey, nosing the turf with his mild and huge proboscis, the geese, the old woman—the old woman, in person, with her red cloak and black bonnet, frilled about the face and double-frilled beside her decent, placid cheeks—the towering plowman with his white smock-frock, puckered on chest and back, his short corduroys, his mighty calves, his big, red, rural face. We greeted these things as children greet the loved pictures in a story book, lost and mourned and found again. It was marvelous how well we knew them. Beside the road we saw a plow-boy straddle, whistling on a stile. Gainsborough might have painted him. Beyond the stile, across the level velvet of a meadow, a footpath lay, like a thread of darker woof. We followed it from field to field and from stile to stile. It was the way to church. At the church we finally arrived, lost in its rook-haunted churchyard, hidden from the work-day world by the broad stillness of pastures—a gray, gray tower, a huge black yew, a cluster of village graves, with crooked headstones, in grassy, low relief. The whole scene was deeply ecclesiastical. My companion was overcome.

"You must bury me here," he cried. "It's the first church I have seen in my life. How it makes a Sunday where it stands!"

The next day we saw a church of statelier proportions. We walked over to Worcester, through such a mist of local color that I felt like one of Smollett's pedestrian heroes, faring tavern-ward for a night of adventures. As we neared the provincial city we saw the steepled mass of the cathedral, long and high, rise far into the cloud-freckled blue. And as we came nearer still, we stopt on the bridge and viewed the solid minster reflected in the yellow Severn. And going farther yet we entered the town—where surely Miss Austen's heroines, in chariots and curricles, must often have come a-shopping for swan's-down boas and high lace mittens; we lounged about the gentle close and gazed insatiably at that most soul-soothing sight, the waning, wasting afternoon light, the visible ether which feels the voices of the chimes, far aloft on the broad perpendicular field of the cathedral tower; saw it linger and nestle and abide, as it loves to do on all bold architectural spaces, converting them graciously into registers and witnesses of nature; tasted, too, as deeply of the peculiar stillness of this clerical precinct; saw a rosy English lad come forth and lock the door of the old foundation school, which marries its hoary basement to the soaring Gothic of the church, and carry his big responsible key into one of the quiet canonical houses; and then stood musing together on the effect on one's mind of having in one's boyhood haunted such cathedral shades as a King's scholar, and yet kept ruddy with much cricket in misty meadows by the Severn. On the third morning we betook ourselves to Lockley Park, having learned that the greater part of it was open to visitors, and that, indeed, on application, the house was occasionally shown.

Within its broad enclosure many a declining spur of the great hills melted into parklike slopes and dells. A long avenue wound and circled from the outermost gate through an untrimmed woodland, whence you glanced at further slopes and glades and copses and bosky recesses—at everything except the limits of the place. It was as free and wild and untended as the villa of an Italian prince; and I have never seen the stern English fact of property put on such an air of innocence. The weather had just become perfect; it was one of the dozen exquisite days of the English year—days stamped with a refinement of purity unknown in more liberal climes. It was as if the mellow brightness, as tender as that of the primroses which starred the dark waysides like petals wind-scattered over beds of moss, had been meted out to us by the cubic foot—tempered, refined, recorded!



II

TURGENEFF'S WORLD[67]

We hold to the good old belief that the presumption, in life, is in favor of the brighter side, and we deem it, in art, an indispensable condition of our interest in a deprest observer that he should have at least tried his best to be cheerful. The truth, we take it, lies for the pathetic in poetry and romance very much where it lies for the "immoral." Morbid pathos is reflective pathos; ingenious pathos, pathos not freshly born of the occasion; noxious immorality is superficial immorality, immorality without natural roots in the subject. We value most the "realists" who have an ideal of delicacy and the elegiasts who have an ideal of joy.

[Footnote 67: From "French Poets and Novelists," published by Macmillan & Company, of London.]

"Picturesque gloom, possibly," a thick and thin admirer of M. Turgeneff's may say to us, "at least you will admit that it is picturesque." This we heartily concede, and, recalled to a sense of our author's brilliant diversity and ingenuity, we bring our restrictions to a close. To the broadly generous side of his imagination it is impossible to pay exaggerated homage, or, indeed, for that matter, to its simple intensity and fecundity. No romancer has created a greater number of the figures that breathe and move and speak, in their habits as they might have lived; none, on the whole, seems to us to have had such a masterly touch in portraiture, none has mingled so much ideal beauty with so much unsparing reality. His sadness has its element of error, but it has also its larger element of wisdom. Life is, in fact, a battle. On this point optimists and pessimists agree. Evil is insolent and strong; beauty enchanting but rare; goodness very apt to be weak; folly very apt to be defiant; wickedness to carry the day; imbeciles to be in great places, people of sense in small, and mankind generally, unhappy. But the world as it stands is no illusion, no fantasm, no evil dream of a night; we wake up to it again for ever and ever; we can neither forget it nor deny it nor dispense with it. We can welcome experience as it comes, and give it what it demands, in exchange for something which it is idle to pause to call much or little so long as it contributes to swell the volume of consciousness. In this there is mingled pain and delight, but over the mysterious mixture there hovers a visible rule, that bids us learn to will and seek to understand.

So much as this we seem to decipher between the lines of M. Turgeneff's minutely written chronicle. He himself has sought to understand as zealously as his most eminent competitors. He gives, at least, no meager account of life, and he has done liberal justice to its infinite variety. This is his great merit; his great defect, roughly stated, is a tendency to the abuse of irony. He remains, nevertheless, to our sense, a very welcome mediator between the world and our curiosity. If we had space, we should like to set forth that he is by no means our ideal story-teller—this honorable genius possessing, attributively, a rarer skill than the finest required for producing an artful rechauffe of the actual. But even for better romancers we must wait for a better world. Whether the world in its higher state of perfection will occasionally offer color to scandal, we hesitate to pronounce; but we are prone to conceive of the ultimate novelist as a personage altogether purged of sarcasm. The imaginative force now expended in this direction he will devote to describing cities of gold and heavens of sapphire. But, for the present, we gratefully accept M. Turgeneff, and reflect that his manner suits the most frequent mood of the greater number of readers. If he were a dogmatic optimist we suspect that, as things go, we should long ago have ceased to miss him from our library. The personal optimism of most of us no romancer can confirm or dissipate, and our personal troubles, generally, place fictions of all kinds in an impertinent light. To our usual working mood the world is apt to seem M. Turgeneff's hard world, and when, at moments, the strain and the pressure deepen, the ironical element figures not a little in our form of address to those short-sighted friends who have whispered that it is an easy one.

END OF VOL. X



INDEX TO THE TEN VOLUMES

[Roman numerals indicate volumes, Arabic numerals indicate pages]

Adams, Henry; biographical note on, X, 219; Jefferson's retirement, 219.

Adams, John; biographical note on, IX, 87; articles by—on his nomination of Washington to be commander-in-chief, 87; an estimate of Franklin, 90.

Adams, John Quincy; biographical note on, IX, 133; articles by—of his mother, 133; the moral taint inherent in slavery, 135.

Addison, Joseph; biographical note on, III, 236; articles by—in Westminster Abbey, 236; Will Honeycomb and his marriage, 240; on pride of birth, 246; Sir Roger and his home, 251.

Aldrich, Thomas Bailey; biographical note on, X, 195; articles by—a sunrise in Stillwater, 195; the fight at Slatter's Hill, 198; on returning from Europe, 204.

Andersen, Hans Christian; biographical note on, VIII, 231; the Emperor's new clothes, 231.

Aquinas, St. Thomas; biographical note on, VII, 12; a definition of happiness, 12.

Aristotle; biographical note on, I, 149; articles by—what things are pleasant, 149; the lite most desirable, 155; ideal husbands and wives, 158; happiness as an end of human action, 165.

Arnold, Matthew; biographical note on, VI, 208; on the motive for culture, 208.

Ascham, Roger; biographical note on, III, 40; article by—on gentle methods in teaching, 40.

Aucassin and Nicolette; note on the authorship of the work bearing that name, VII, 30; a passage from the book, 30.

Audubon, John James; biographical note on, IX, 144; where the mocking-bird dwells, 144.

Augustine, Aurelius St.; biographical note on, VII, 3; on imperial power for good and bad men 3.

Bacon, Francis; biographical note on, III, 53; essays by—of travel, 53; of riches, 56; of youth and age, 60; of revenge, 63; of marriage and single life, 65; of envy, 67; of goodness and goodness of nature, 74; of studies, 77; of regiment of health, 79.

Balzac, Honore de; biographical note on, VII, 210; articles by—the death of Pere Goriot, 210; Birotteau's early married life, 215.

Bancroft, George; biographical note on, IX, 217; the fate of Evangeline's countrymen, 217.

Beaconsfield, Lord; biographical note on, VI, 31; on Jerusalem by moonlight, 31.

Bellay, Joachim du; biographical note on, VII, 87; why old French was not as rich as Greek and Latin, 87.

Blackstone, Sir William; biographical note on, IV, 169; on professional soldiers in free countries, 169.

Boccaccio, Giovanni; biographical note on, VIII, 167; the patient Griselda, 167.

Boethius, Anicius; biographical note on, VII, 6; on the highest happiness, 6.

Bolingbroke, Lord; biographical note on, IV, 32; articles by—of the shortness of human life, 32; rules for the study of history, 36.

Boswell, James; biographical note on V, 3; articles by—Boswell's introduction to Dr. Johnson, 3; Johnson's audience with George III, 8; the meeting of Johnson and John Wilkes, 15; Johnson's wedding-day, 21.

Bradford, William; biographical note on, IX, 11; his account of the landing of the Pilgrims, 11.

Bronte, Charlotte; biographical note on, VI, 119; of the author of "Vanity Fair," 119.

Brown, John; biographical note on, VI, 56; of Rab and the game chicken, 56.

Browne, Sir Thomas; biographical note on, III, 114; articles by—of charity in judgments, 114; nothing strictly immortal, 116.

Bryant, William Cullen; biographical note on, IX, 194; an October day in Florence, 194.

Buckle, Henry Thomas; biographical note on, VI, 198; articles by—the isolation of Spain, 198; George III and the elder Pitt, 204.

Bunyan, John; biographical note on, III, 165; articles by—a dream of the Celestial City, 165; the death of Valiant-for-truth and of Stand-fast, 169; ancient Vanity Fair, 172.

Burke, Edmund; biographical note on, IV, 194; articles by—the principles of good taste, 194; a letter to a noble lord, 207; on the death of his son, 212; Marie Antoinette, 214.

Burnet, Gilbert; biographical note on, III, 195; on Charles II, 195.

Bury, Richard de; biographical note on, III, 3; in praise of books, 3.

Byrd, William; biographical note on, IX, 38; at the home of Colonel Spotswood, 38.

Byron, Lord; biographical note on, V, 134; articles by—his mother's treatment of him, 134; to his wife after the separation, 138; to Sir Walter Scott, 140; of art and nature as poetical subjects, 143.

Caesar, Julius; biographical note on, II, 61; articles by—the building of the bridge across the Rhine, 61; the invasion of Britain, 64; overcoming the Nervii, 71; the Battle of Pharsalia and the death of Pompey, 78.

Calvin, John; biographical note on, VII, 84; of freedom for the will, 84.

Carlyle, Thomas; biographical note on, V, 179; articles by—Charlotte Corday, 179; the blessedness of work, 187; Cromwell, 190; in praise of those who toil, 201; the certainty of justice, 202; the greatness of Scott, 206; Boswell and his book, 214; might Burns have been saved, 223.

Casanova, Jacques (Chevalier de Seingalt); biographical note on, VIII, 200; an interview with Frederick the Great, 200.

Cato, the Censor; biographical note on, II, 3; on work on a Roman Farm, 3.

Caxton, William; biographical note on, III, 22; on true nobility and chivalry, 22.

Cellini, Benvenuto; biographical note on, VIII, 182; the casting of his Perseus and Medusa, 182.

Cervantes, Miguel de; biographical note on, VIII, 218; articles by—the beginnings of Don Quixote's Career, 218; how Don Quixote died, 224.

Channing, William E.; biographical note on, IX, 139; of greatness in Napoleon, 139.

Chateaubriand, Viscomte de; biographical note on, VII, 182; in an American forest, 182.

Chaucer, Geoffrey; biographical note on, III, 17; on acquiring and using riches, 17.

Chesterfield, Lord; biographical note on, IV, 66; articles by—on good manners, dress and the world, 66; of attentions to ladies, 71.

Cicero; biographical note on, II, 8; articles by—the blessings of old age, 8; on the death of his daughter Tullia, 34; of brave and elevated spirits, 37; of Scipio's death and of friendship, 43.

Clarendon, Lord; biographical note on, III, 144; on Charles I, 144.

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor; biographical note on, V, 70; articles by—does fortune favor fools? 70; the destiny of the United States, 76.

Comines, Philipe de; biographical note on, VII, 46; the character of Louis XI, 46.

Cooper, James Fenimore; biographical note on, IX, 170; articles by—his father's arrival at Otsego Lake, 170; running the gantlet, 178; Leather-stocking's farewell, 185.

Cowley, Abraham; biographical note on, III, 156; articles by—of obscurity, 156; of procrastination, 159.

Cowper, William; biographical note on, IV, 217; articles by—on keeping one's self employed, 217; Johnson's treatment of Milton, 219; the publication of his books, 221.

Curtis, George William; biographical note on, X, 183; our cousin the curate, 183.

Dana, Charles A.; biographical note on, X, 146; Greeley as a man of genius, 146.

Dana, Richard Henry (the younger); biographical note on, X, 93; a fierce gale under a clear sky, 93.

D'Angouleme, Marguerite; biographical note on, VII, 53; of husbands who are unfaithful, 53.

Dante Alighieri; biographical note on, VIII, 152; articles by—that long descent makes no man noble, 152; of Beatrice and her death, 157.

Darwin, Charles; biographical note on, VI, 47; articles by—on variations in mammals, birds and fishes, 47; on the genesis of his great book, 51.

Daudet, Alphonse; biographical note on, VIII, 55; articles by—a great man's widow, 55; his first dress coat, 61.

Defoe, Daniel; biographical note on, III, 201; the shipwreck of Crusoe, 201; the rescue of Man Friday, 204; the time of the great plague, 211.

De Quincey, Thomas; biographical note on, V, 115; articles by—dreams of an opium eater, 115; Joan of Arc, 123; Charles Lamb, 128.

Descartes, Rene; biographical note on, VII, 107; of material things and of the existence of God, 107.

Dickens, Charles; biographical note on, VI, 86; articles by—Sydney Carton's death, 86; Bob Sawyer's party, 88; Dick Swiveler and the Marchioness, 97; a happy return of the day, 105.

Dryden, John; biographical note on, III, 181; of Elizabethan dramatists, 181.

Dumas, Alexander; biographical note on, VII, 241; the shoulder, the belt and the handkerchief, 241.

Edwards, Jonathan; biographical note on, IX, 44; on liberty and moral agencies, 44.

Eliot, George; biographical note on, VI, 167; the Hall Farm, 167.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo; biographical note on, IX, 223; articles by—Thoreau's broken task, 223; the intellectual honesty of Montaigne, 229; his visit to Carlyle at Craigenputtock, 231.

Epictetus; biographical note on, I, 223; articles by—on freedom, 223; on friendship, 229; the philosopher and the crowd, 235.

Erasmus, Desiderius; biographical note on, VIII, 209; specimens of his wit and wisdom, 209.

Fielding, Henry; biographical note on, IV, 75; articles by—Tom the hero enters the stage, 75; Partridge sees Garrick at the play, 83; Mr. Adams in a political light, 89.

Flaubert, Gustave; biographical note on, VIII, 22; Yonville and its people, 22.

Fox, George; biographical note on, III, 161; an interview with Oliver Cromwell, 161.

Foxe, John; biographical note on, III, 45; on the death of Anne Boleyn, 45.

Franklin, Benjamin; biographical note on, IX, 51; articles by—his first entry into Philadelphia, 51; warnings Braddock did not heed, 55; how to draw lightning from the clouds, 59; the way to wealth, 61; a dialog with the gout, 68; a proposal to Madame Helvetius, 76.

Freeman, Edward A.; biographical note on, VI, 214; the death of William the Conqueror, 214.

Froissart, Jean; biographical note on, VII, 39; the battle of Crecy, 39.

Froude, James Anthony; biographical note on, VI, 122; articles by—of history as a science, 122; the character of Henry VIII, 132; Caesar's mission, 136.

Fuller, Margaret; biographical note on, X, 52; articles by—her visit to George Sand, 52; two glimpses of Carlyle, 54.

Fuller, Thomas; biographical note on, III, 149; on the qualities of the good school-master, 149.

Gautier, Theophile; biographical note on, VIII, 14; Pharaoh's entry into Thebes, 14.

Gibbon, Edward; biographical note on, IV, 226; articles by—the romance of his youth, 226; the inception and completion of his "Decline and Fall," 229; the fall of Zenobia, 230; Alaric's entry into Rome, 237; the death of Hosein, 242; the causes of the destruction of the city of Rome, 246.

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von; biographical note on, VIII, 95; articles by—on first reading Shakespeare, 95; the coronation of Joseph II, 99.

Goldsmith, Oliver; biographical note on, IV, 177; articles by—the ambitions of the vicar's family, 177; sagacity in insects, 182; a Chinaman's view of London, 188.

Gray, Thomas; biographical note on, IV, 141; articles by—Warwick Castle, 141; to his friend Mason on the death of Mason's mother, 143; on his own writings, 144; his friendship for Bonstetten, 146.

Greeley, Horace; biographical note on, X, 58; the fatality of self-seeking in editors and authors, 58.

Green, John Richard; biographical note on, VI, 242; on George Washington, 242.

Grote, George; biographical note on, V, 165; articles by—the mutilation of the Hermae, 165; if Alexander had lived, 172.

Guizot, Francois; biographical note on, VII, 189; Shakespeare as an example of civilization, 189.

Hamilton, Alexander; biographical note on, IX, 123; articles by—of the failure of the Confederation, 123; his reasons for not declining Burr's challenge, 129.

Harrison, Frederick; biographical note on, VI, 230; the great books of the world, 230.

Harte, Bret; biographical note on, X, 224; articles by—Peggy Moffat's inheritance, 224; John Chinaman, 236; M'liss goes to school, 240.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel; biographical note on, IX, 235; articles by—occupants of an old manse, 235; Arthur Dimmesdale on the scaffold, 242; of life at Brook Farm, 248; the death of Judge Pyncheon, 252.

Hay, John; biographical note on, X, 211; Lincoln's early fame, 211.

Hazlitt, William; biographical note on, V, 111; on Hamlet, 111.

Heine, Heinrich; biographical note on, VIII, 139; reminiscences of Napoleon, 139.

Herodotus; biographical note on, I, 3; articles by—Solon's words of wisdom to Croesus, 3; Babylon and its capture by Cyrus, 9; the pyramid of Cheops, 18; the story of Periander's son, 20.

Holmes, Oliver Wendell; biographical note on, X, 31; articles by—of doctors, lawyers and ministers, 31; of the genius of Emerson, 36; the house in which the professor lived, 42; of women who put on airs, 49.

Howell, James; biographical note on, III, 106; articles by—the Bucentaur in Venice, 106; the city of Rome in 1621, 109.

Howells, William Dean; biographical note on, X, 207; to Albany by the night boat, 207.

Hugo, Victor; biographical note on, VII, 228; articles by—the Battle of Waterloo, 228; the beginnings and expansions of Paris, 235.

Humboldt, Alexander von; biographical note on, VIII, 130; an essay on man, 130.

Hume, David; biographical note on, IV, 110; articles by—on the character of Queen Elizabeth, 110; the defeat of the Armada, 113; the first principles of government, 118.

Huxley, Thomas Henry; biographical note on, VI, 219; a piece of chalk, 219.

Ibsen, Henrik; biographical note on, VIII, 245; the thought child, 245.

Irving, Washington; biographical note on, IX, 147; articles by—the last of the Dutch governors of New York, 147; the awakening of Rip Van Winkle, 151; at Abbotsford with Scott, 161.

James, Henry; biographical note on, X, 246; articles by—among the Malvern Hills, 246; Turgeneff's world, 252.

Jefferson, Thomas; biographical note on, IX, 98; articles by—when the Bastile fell, 98; the futility of disputes, 106; of blacks and whites in the South, 108; his account of Logan's famous speech, 114.

Johnson, Samuel; biographical note on, IV, 94; articles by—on publishing his "Dictionary," 94; Pope and Dryden compared, 97; his letter to Chesterfield on the completion of his "Dictionary," 101; on the advantage of living in a garret, 104.

Joinville, Jean de; biographical note on, VII, 27; Greek fire in battle described, 27.

Jonson, Ben; biographical note on, III, 87; of Shakespeare and other wits, 87.

Kempis, Thomas a; biographical note on VII, 16; of eternal life and of striving for it, 16.

Kinglake, Alexander W.; biographical note on, VI, 42; articles by—on mocking at the Sphinx, 42; on the beginnings of the Crimean war 44.

Knox, John; biographical note on, III, 36; his account of his interview with Mary Queen of Scots, 36.

Lamartine, Alphonse de; biographical note on, VII, 195; of Mirabeau's origin and place in history, 195.

Lamb, Charles; biographical note on, V, 93; articles by—dream children, 93; poor relations, 99; the origin of roast pig, 102; that we should rise with the lark, 107.

Landor, Walter Savage; biographical note on, V, 87; articles by—the death of Hofer, 87; Napoleon and Pericles, 91.

La Rochefoucauld, Duc de; biographical note on, VII, 112; selections from the "Maxims," 112.

Le Sage, Alain Rene; biographical note on, VII, 129; articles by—in the service of Dr. Sangrado, 129; as an archbishop's favorite, 135.

Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim; biographical note on, VIII, 86; articles by—poetry and painting compared, 86; of suffering in restraint, 89.

Livy; biographical note on, II, 105; articles by—Horatius Cocles at the bridge, 105; Hannibal's crossing of the Alps, 108; Hannibal and Scipio at Zama, 117.

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth; biographical note on, X, 3; musings in Pere Lachaise, 3.

Lowell, James Russell; biographical note on, X, 125; articles by—the poet as prophet, 125; the first of the moderns, 129; of faults found in Shakespeare, 133; Americans as successors of the Dutch, 138.

Lucian; biographical note on, I, 237; articles by—a descent to the unknown, 237; among the philosophers, 243; of liars and lying, 253.

Luther, Martin; biographical note on, VIII, 79; some of his table talk and sayings, 79.

Lytton, Edward Bulwer; biographical note on, VI, 21; his description of the descent of Vesuvius on Pompeii, 21.

Macaulay, Lord; biographical note on, V, 233; articles by—Puritan and Royalist, 233; Cromwell's army, 238; the opening of the trial of Warren Hastings, 242; the gift of Athens to man, 248; the pathos of Byron's life, 251.

Machiavelli, Niccolo; biographical note on, VIII, 178; ought princes to keep their promises, 178.

Malory, Sir Thomas; biographical note on, III, 26; article by—on the finding of a sword for Arthur, 26.

Mandeville, Sir John; biographical note on, III, 8; articles by—the route from England to Constantinople, 8; at the court of the great Chan, 11.

Marcus Aurelius; biographical note on, II, 248; his debt to others, 248.

Mather, Cotton; biographical note on, IX, 33; in praise of John Eliot, 33.

Maupassant, Guy de; biographical note on, VIII, 69; Madame Jeanne's last days, 69.

Merivale, Charles; biographical note on, VI, 37; on the personality of Augustus, 37.

Milton, John; biographical note on, III, 121; articles by—on his own literary ambitions, 121; a complete education defined, 126; on reading in his youth, 129; in defense of books, 131; a noble and puissant nation, 135; of fugitive and cloistered virtue, 141.

Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley; biographical note on, IV, 58; articles by—on happiness in the matrimonial state, 58; inoculation for the smallpox, 63.

Montaigne, Michel de; biographical note on, VII, 90; articles by—a word to his readers, 90; of society and solitude, 92; of his own library, 94; that the soul discharges her passions among false objects where true ones are wanting, 99; that men are not to judge of our happiness until after death, 102.

Montesquieu, Baron de; biographical note on, VII, 150; articles by—of the causes which destroyed Rome, 150; of the relation of laws to different human beings, 156.

More, Sir Thomas; biographical note on, III, 29; on life in Utopia, 29.

Morley, John; biographical note on, VI, 244; on Voltaire as an author and man of action, 244.

Morris, Gouverneur; biographical note on, IX, 117; articles by—the opening of the French States-General, 117; the execution of Louis XVI, 120.

Motley, John Lothrop; biographical note on, X, 68; articles by—Charles V and Phillip II in Brussels, 63; the arrival of the Spanish Armada, 74; "The Spanish Fury," 84.

Musset, Alfred de; biographical note on, VIII, 8; Titian's son after a night at play, 8.

Newman, John Henry; biographical note on, VI, 3; articles by—on the beginnings of tractarianism, 3; on his submission to the Catholic Church, 7; of Athens as a true university, 13.

Paine, Thomas; biographical note on, IX, 94; in favor of the separation of the colonies from Great Britain, 94.

Parkman, Francis; biographical note on, X, 157; articles by—Champlain's battle with the Iroquois, 157; the death of LaSalle, 161; the coming of Frontenae to Canada, 167; the death of Isaac Jogues, 171; why New France failed, 176; the return of the Coureurs-de-Bois, 179.

Parton, James; biographical note on, X, 150; Aaron Burr and Madame Jumel, 150.

Pascal, Blaise; biographical note on, VII, 118; of the prevalence of self-love, 118.

Pepys, Samuel; biographical note on, III, 185; on various doings of Mr. and Mrs. Pepys, 185; of England without Cromwell, 191.

Petrarch, Francis; biographical note on, VIII, 162; of good and evil fortune, 162.

Plato; biographical note on, I, 95; articles by—the image of the cave, 95; of good and evil, 103; Socrates in praise of love, 108; the praise of Socrates by Alcibiades, 121; the refusal of Socrates to escape from prison, 133; the death of Socrates, 143.

Pliny, the Elder; biographical note on, II, 162; articles by—the qualities of the dog, 162; three great artists of Greece, 165.

Pliny, the younger; biographical note on, II, 218; articles by—the Christians in his province, 218; to Tacitus on the eruption of Vesuvius, 222.

Plutarch; biographical note on, I, 190; articles by—Demosthenes and Cicero compared, 190; the assassination of Caesar, 197; Cleopatra's barge, 207; the death of Antony and Cleopatra, 211.

Poe, Edgar Allan; biographical note on, X, 11; articles by—the cask of Amontillado, 11; of Hawthorne and the short story, 19; of Willis, Bryant, Halleck and Macaulay, 25.

Polo, Marco; biographical note on, VIII, 147; a description of Japan, 147.

Polybius; biographical note on, I, 171; articles by—the battle of Cannae, 171; Hannibal's advance on Rome, 178; the defense of Syracuse by Archimedes, 183.

Pope, Alexander; biographical note on, IV, 41; articles by—an ancient English country seat, 41; his compliments to Lady Mary, 47; how to make an epic poem, 52.

Prescott, William H.; biographical note on, IX, 198; articles by—the fate of Egmont and Hoorne, 198; the genesis of "Don Quixote," 209.

Quintillian; biographical note on, II, 171; articles by—on the orator as a good man, 171.

Rabelais, Francois; biographical note on, VII, 58; articles by—Gargantua and his childhood, 58; Gargantua's education, 64; of the founding of an ideal abbey, 74.

Raleigh, Sir Walter; biographical note on, III, 49; on the mutability of human affairs, 49.

Renan, Joseph Ernest; biographical note on, VIII, 30; the Roman empire in robust youth, 30.

Rousseau, Jean Jacques; biographical note on, VII, 170; articles by—of Christ and Socrates, 170; of the management of children, 173.

Ruskin, John; biographical note on, VI, 140; articles by—of the history and sovereignty of Venice, 140; St. Marks at Venice, 151; of water, 159.

Saint-Simon, Duc de; biographical note on, VII, 141; articles by—the death of the Dauphin, 141; the public watching the king and madame, 145.

Sallust; biographical note on, II, 91; articles by—the genesis of Catiline, 91; the fate of the conspirators, 98.

Sand, George; biographical note on, VII, 250; Leila and the poet, 250.

Schiller, Friedrich von; biographical note on, VIII, 107; articles by—the battle of Lutzen, 107; Philip II and the Netherlands, 117.

Schlegel, August Wilhelm von; biographical note on, VIII, 124; on Shakespeare's "Macbeth," 124.

Scott, Sir Walter; biographical note on, V, 31; articles by—the arrival of the master of Ravenswood, 31; the death of Meg Merriles, 35; a vision of Rob Roy, 40; Queen Elizabeth and Amy Robsart at Kenilworth, 48; the illness and death of Lady Scott, 62.

Seneca; biographical note on, II, 128; articles by—the wise man, 128; consolation for the loss of friends, 134; to Nero on clemency, 141; the pilot, 149; a happy life, 153.

Sevigne, Madame de; biographical note on, VII, 123; articles by—great news from Paris, 123; an imposing funeral described, 125.

Sewall, Samuel; biographical note on, IX, 19; his account of how he courted Madame Winthrop, 19.

Shakespeare, William; biographical note on, III, 82; the speech of Brutus to his countrymen, 82; Shylock in defense of his race, 83; Hamlet to the players, 85.

Shelley, Percy Bysshe; biographical note on, V, 151; articles by—in defense of poetry, 151; the baths of Caracalla, 155; the ruins of Pompeii, 158.

Smith, Adam; biographical note on, IV, 163; articles by—of ambition misdirected, 163; the advantages of a division of labor, 166.

Smith, John; biographical note on, IX, 3; his story of Pocahontas, 3.

Southey, Robert; biographical note on, V, 80; Nelson's death at Trafalgar, 80.

Spencer, Herbert; biographical note on, VI, 173; articles by—the origin of professional occupations, 173; self-dependence and paternalism, 181; the ornamental and the useful in education, 186; reminiscences of his boyhood, 191; a tribute to E. L. Youmans, 195; why he never married, 197.

Stael, Madame de; biographical note on, VII, 178; of Napoleon Bonaparte, 178.

Steele, Sir Richard; biographical note on, IV, 3; articles by—of companions and flatterers, 3; the story-teller and his art, 7; Sir Roger and the widow, 10; the Coverley family portraits, 16; on certain symptoms of greatness, 21; how to be happy tho married, 26.

Sterne, Laurence; biographical note on, IV, 123; articles by—the starling in captivity, 123; to Moulines with Maria, 127; the death of LeFevre, 129; passages from the romance of my Uncle Toby and the widow, 131.

Stevenson, Robert Louis; biographical note on, VI, 247; articles by—Francis Villon's terrors, 247; the lantern bearers, 251.

Suetonius; biographical note on, II, 231; articles by—the last days of Augustus, 231; the good deeds of Nero, 236; the death of Nero, 241.

Swift, Jonathan; biographical note on, III, 216; on pretense in philosophers, 216; on the hospitality of the vulgar, 221; the art of lying in politics, 224; a meditation upon a broomstick, 228; Gulliver among the giants, 230.

Tacitus; biographical note on, II, 177; articles by—from Republican to Imperial Rome, 177; the funeral of Germanicus, 183; the death of Seneca, 189; the burning of Rome by order of Nero, 193; the burning of the capitol at Rome, 202; the siege of Cremona, 205; Agricola, 212.

Taine, Hippolite Adolphe; biographical note on, VIII, 38; articles by—on Thackeray as a satirist, 38; on the king's getting up for the day, 43.

Taylor, Jeremy; biographical note on, III, 153; on the benefits of adversity, 153.

Thackeray, William M.; biographical note on, VI, 62; articles by—the imperturbable Marlborough, 62; the ball before the battle of Waterloo, 65; the death of Colonel Newcome, 75; London in the time of the first George, 80.

Thiers, Louis Adolph; biographical note on, VII, 201; the burning of Moscow, 201.

Thoreau, Henry David; biographical note on, X, 99; articles by—the building of his house at Walden Pond, 99; how to make two small ends meet, 103; on reading the ancient classics, 115; of society and solitude, 120.

Thucydides; biographical note on, I, 25; articles by—the Athenians and Spartans contrasted, 25; the plague at Athens, 38; the sailing of the Athenian fleet for Sicily, 45; the completion of the Athenian defeat at Syracuse, 52.

Tocqueville, Alexis de; biographical note on, VIII, 3; on the tyranny of the American majority, 3.

Tolstoy, Count Leo; biographical note on, VIII, 252; Shakespeare not a great genius, 252.

Turgeneff, Ivan; biographical note on, VIII, 239; Bazarov's death, 239.

Vasari, Giorgio; biographical note on, VIII, 192; of Raphael and his early death, 192.

Vigny, Alfred de; biographical note on, VII, 222; Richelieu's way with his master, 222.

Ville-Hardouin, Geoffrey de; biographical note on, VII, 23; the sack of Constantinople, 23.

Voltaire, Francois Arouet; biographical note on, VII, 160; articles by—of Bacon's greatness, 160; England's regard for men of letters, 164.

Walpole, Horace; biographical note on, IV, 149; articles by—on Hogarth, 149; the war in America, 154; the death of George II, 155.

Walton, Izaak; biographical note on, III, 92; articles by—the antiquity of angling, 92; of the trout, 96; the death of George Herbert, 101.

Ward, Artemus; biographical note on, X, 191; Forrest as Othello, 191.

Washington, George; biographical note on, IX, 79; articles by—to his wife on taking command of the army, 79; of his army in Cambridge, 81; to the Marquis de Chastellux on his marriage, 84.

White, Gilbert; biographical note on, IV, 158; on the chimney swallow, 158.

Wordsworth, William; biographical note on, V, 23; a poet defined, 23.

Wyclif, John; biographical note on, III, 4; a passage from his translation of the Bible, 14.

Xenophon; biographical note on, I, 68; articles by—the character of Cyrus the younger, 68; the Greek army in the snows of Armenia, 75; the battle of Leuctra, 81; the army of the Spartans, 84; how to choose and manage saddle horses, 87.

Zola, Emile; biographical note on, VIII, 48; Napoleon III in time of war, 48.

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THE END