The most striking characteristic of Lincoln's character was his honesty. Some men are naturally secretive: Lincoln was naturally open as sunshine. The exact fact, truth in the hidden parts, openness, these were the innermost fibre of his being. Machiavelli laid out the diplomat's career on the line of deceit, and concealing the cards. Lincoln would have made a poor diplomat,—he spread all his cards out on the table. He won from his opponent, Stephen A. Douglas, the tribute, "Lincoln was the fairest and most honest man I ever knew." If there ever lived an absolutely honest lawyer, Lincoln was the man. In his work before the jury Lincoln never misrepresented his opponent's position, never twisted the testimony of the witness, never made biassed statements to win a verdict. Once a young lawyer who was opposing Lincoln made a poor plea for his client, and overlooked in his argument before the jury two most important considerations. Lincoln was restless, and greatly disturbed. He seemed to think that the lawyer's client had been badly used, and that his attorney had not given him a fair chance, or guarded his rights. When Lincoln arose, therefore, he began by saying that the opposing counsel had overlooked the most important point. He then stated his opponent's position far more strongly than his lawyer had, and made the best possible statement for his opponent, to the astonishment and indignation of his own client, whom he was defending. Then Lincoln turned to answer these arguments,—with the result that for the first time the two litigants understood the exact facts of both sides, and at Lincoln's request settled the case, withdrawing it from the court.

This love of the exact truth and of fair play and of essential justice shone from the man's face, dominated his arguments, explained his view-point, revealed his character. The nickname, "Honest Old Abe," tells the whole story. Lincoln's final judgment partook of the nature of a final decree and law. At length his pronouncements became like a divine fiat. Take the truth out of Lincoln's character, and it would be like taking the warmth out of a sunbeam. He was truth, he thought truth, loved the truth, surrendered himself to the truth. Under that influence he refused to play politics, or fence for position with Douglas. Once Lincoln won a case so easily that he returned one-half of the retainer's fee, because he felt that he had not earned it.

Here, therefore, is found the secret of Lincoln's unbounded popularity. The common people know their friends, and—what with Lincoln's gentleness, his justice, his boundless kindness, his sympathy with the poor and the unfortunate, and his honesty—he became the most beloved man in the Illinois circuit.

Wonderful, too, his literary achievements. His great passages read like the Bible, and have almost the moral authority thereof. If preachers ever wear the old Bible out, Lincoln's Second Inaugural, and his speech at Gettysburg, and certain other passages, will furnish texts for another hundred years. One thing is certain,—if Chinese students in their universities two thousand years from now translate any oration out of the English language, as we now translate the speeches of Demosthenes, these Chinese students will translate Lincoln's speech at Gettysburg, and his Second Inaugural Address. Contrary to the usual idea, it may be confidently affirmed that Lincoln was a well equipped man, and had the best possible training for literary style. During the plastic years of memory, Lincoln had three books to study, and two of these are the finest models for style in all literature,—King James' Version of the Bible, and Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress." These are the world's great literary masterpieces, these are the wells of English, pure and undefiled. Upon these two books Robert Burns was reared. To the fact that his mother made him commit to memory forty chapters of the Bible before he was seven years old, John Ruskin attributed his mastery in English style. Second rate men know something about everything. Lincoln was a first rate man who knew everything about some one thing. If you want to make a versatile man, turn a boy loose in a library. If you want a boy to have the note of distinction upon his pages, lock him out of a library, and send him into solitude, with the English Bible, with John Bunyan, and with AEsop's Fables, and let him take these three books into his intellect, as he takes meat and bread into the rich blood of the physical system.

Literary style is the shadow that the soul flings across the page. Style is simply the intellect rushing into exhibition and verbal form. Therefore style is the balance of faculty, symmetry of development. A man is healthy when he does not know that he has a single organ in his body, and a page has style when you do not know where to find the note of distinction. There is a world of difference between "style," and "a style." Abraham Lincoln's Second Inaugural has style. Carlyle's French Revolution has a style. A perfect Kentucky horse has style. A knee-sprung horse has a style. Down the track comes this perfect horse, eyes flashing, head up, neck arched, feet dancing, not a flaw, not a blemish, upon leg or body. Looking at the glorious creature you exclaim, "That horse has style!" For a horse's style is born of perfect health, perfect lungs and perfect legs, one power balancing another, and all united to produce an absolutely perfect horse. Now comes a horse that represents a collection of ringbones, and glanders, and poll-evil. The one horse limping in front has "a style." Thomas Carlyle's sentences are knee-sprung in front and his phrases are spavined behind, and, therefore, Carlyle has "a style" but not "style." You would know one of his sentences if you saw its skeleton lying in the desert on the road to Khartoum. But on the other hand, Lincoln has "style,"—that indescribable bloom and beauty, born of balance, development and symmetrical growth. Samuel Johnson bulged on the side of Latinity. Daniel Webster is an example of the magnificent, illustrating gorgeousness, opulence, and tropic splendour. Lincoln's sentences are like the Bible and Bunyan,—they are plate-glass windows through which you look to see the jewelled thought beyond.

Lincoln tells us how he made his style. One day he heard a man use the word "demonstrate." For days he cudgelled his brains to find out just what it was to demonstrate a statement. He tells us that when he was about eight years old, he began to be irritated when men used long words that he could not understand. He began the habit of thinking over in the dark before he went to sleep any story he had heard, any statement that had been made, and he tried to substitute for the long hard words little short simple words, that a boy could understand. During those early years, he learned that the rich, racy, homey words are steeped and perfumed with beautiful associations. He knew that words are fossil poetry. What would one not give for the old cloak that Paul had from Troas, a piece of the marble by Phidias, the old threshold worn by the feet of Socrates, an old missal illuminated by Bellini, an old note-book in which Shakespeare wrote the first outline of Hamlet! And the old, sweet, home words with which a mother soothes her babe, with which a lover woos his bride, the old words of God, and home and native land, are the words that are rich in association and in power to move the heart. A bird lines its nest with feathers plucked from its own breast, and the heart steeps the dear, simple speech of home life in sacred associations. So Lincoln cut out all the long Latin words, and substituted the short Saxon ones. Schooled in the two great master books that are the precious life spirit of earth's greatest souls treasured up, he developed his style.

Nor must we overlook the fact that the apparent narrowness of his culture represents a real concentration that made for richness and depth. If one must choose, take the upper Rhine that is a river deep and pure and sweet, and strong for bearing the fleets of war and peace because it is confined between banks and narrowed. But when the Rhine comes down to the flats and approaches the sea and casts off all restraints, and tries to include everything, it turns into a swamp, a morass, losing its power for commerce, and becoming a source of disease and death. Lincoln's culture was limited to the English, and to a mastery of the Constitution—the principles of fundamental justice, to one country—the Republic, to one topic—the Union, and to one reform—Slavery. Beyond all doubt, this concentration of study during the critical years of his career made up a much better preparation than if he had gone to a college, studied half a dozen languages, and fifty or sixty different subjects, and come out well smattered, but poorly educated. It may be doubted whether Lincoln would have been much better off had he been able to read Latin and Greek, and speak French and German. Many people can say "It is a little yellow dog" in Greek, and German, and French, and Italian, and English, but after all it is only a little yellow dog. What educates is the idea, and not the half dozen names of a thing without an idea.

The important thing about a cistern is water, and not many mouths to the pump. Having spent many years learning to express one idea in five ways, one might be glad to trade the five ways of expression for five ideas to be expressed in one way. Edward Everett, once President of Harvard University, could talk in five languages, and at Gettysburg spoke for two hours. Lincoln could speak in one language, and did so for two minutes. But the next morning Mr. Everett wrote to the President: "I should be glad if I could flatter myself that I came as near to the central idea of the occasion in two hours as you did in two minutes." Lincoln's one language shames our knowledge of four languages, his three books shame our libraries, and our four years of college culture.

Nor must we overlook the influence upon Lincoln's style of the parables of Jesus and the fables of AEsop. There are two invariable signs of genius in a boy,—one is the serious note, and the other is the picture-making note. All the great things represent serious thinking. The greatest artist of the last century was the most serious one,—Watt, with his Love and Life, and Love and Death, and Mammon, and Hope. The great poems have been the serious poems, the In Memoriam, and the Intimations of Immortality, the Hamlet and the Lear. The great orators have been the serious orators.

The next sign of genius is the picture-making faculty. Men of talent evolve arguments, men of genius create emblems, parables and pictures. Minds oftentimes called profound use long abstractions, and are called deep thinkers, because nobody can understand them. But along comes a man of genius, and he squeezes the juice out of the abstract argument, and flings the rind away, and tells you what it is like.

Measured in terms of genius, the parables of Jesus are the greatest literary achievements in history. AEsop's fables teach by pictures. "Pilgrim's Progress" is pictorial.

Lincoln was exceedingly fortunate in his generation in that the three great books of pictures were in his hands during the imaginative epoch. Of course he was born with the talent for parable, because genius is one-half nature and the other half nurture. It was this natural gift and the training that taught him how when he had completed an argument and mastered the principle, to say, Now what is this great principle like, and how can I condense it into a picture and put it in a happy phrase that will sing itself across the land? This picture-making gift inspired him to quote the keen wisdom of that expression of Jesus, "The house divided against itself cannot stand." This skill in parables gave him the expression, "Better not swap horses in the middle of the stream," that gave him his second election. This vision power gave him that sentence equal to anything in Shakespeare, when Vicksburg fell, "Once more the Father of Waters goes unvexed to the sea." This faculty enabled him to sweep into one illustration a thousand arguments, so that the people could never forget the mother principle that explained the facts.

Nor may we forget what the great cause did for him. The era of the war was a great era, because God heaved society as the winds heave the waves, and men were swept forward with irresistible power upon the great movement of liberty. Great movements make great epochs and great men. A great ideal of God and righteousness and liberty lifts Savonarola and Florence to new levels; a great cathedral inspires Michael Angelo's great dome; a Divine Saviour and His transfiguration exalt Raphael; Paradise explains Dante; listening to the sevenfold Hallelujah chorus of God arouses the sweep and majesty of Milton's epic; the woes of three million slaves made eloquence possible for Phillips and Beecher. The saving of a Union, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men were created equal, represented a cause into which Lincoln could fling himself. The thought of meanly losing or nobly saving the last, best hope of earth, exalted, transformed, and armed the men, making feeblings strong, and strong men to be giants.

Eloquence and heroism wane during the commercial era. No man can be eloquent upon the duty on hides, or salt, or the digging of mud out of a river. But dumb lips will break into glorious speech at the thought of freeing millions of slaves, and saving free institutions, and handing liberty forward to other lands, and to generations yet unborn. The era of Fort Sumter and Gettysburg, when liberty and slavery were in their death grapple, was an era so great that the ordinary issues of avarice, self-interest, fame, luxury, became contemptible, and men were exalted to the point where they spake, and suffered, and marched, and died, more like gods than men. The great battles to be fought, the great armies to be moved, the great navies to be directed, the great orators and editors with whom he counselled, the many slaves for whom he became a voice, the great days on which he felt that he was making history, the great future into which he hoped to send the great liberties unimpaired and purified, the great God over all,—lent greatness to Abraham Lincoln, clothed him with pathos, with sorrow, with dignity and majesty, as with garments.

Like every giant, he was gentle. The truly great are always sensitive and sympathetic. In proportion as the mountain goes upward in size does it gain in power to return the strong man's shout, or the sigh of the lost child, echoing and reechoing the cry of need. Sympathy is the soul journeying abroad, to bind up the wounds of him who has fallen among thieves. Sympathy cannot feast in a palace while the poor famish. Selfishness can stop its ears with wax lest it hear the groan of the poor, but sympathy is knitted in with its kind. Lincoln worked as hard to help men as slave masters did to recover a fugitive to bondage. It has been beautifully said that he did kind deeds stealthily, as if he were afraid of being found out. He became a shield above the fallen; he stood between the soldier, condemned for the sleep of exhaustion, and the hangman's noose. He refused to attend a cabinet meeting because he was trying to find a reason for reprieving a soldier. "It is butchery day," he said one Friday morning, and he denied himself to a committee because he did not think that hanging would help the boy who was condemned to die. "They said he was homely," said a poor woman, going away from the White House with a reprieve for her son; "he is the handsomest man I ever saw." It is this sympathy that runs through his letter to that mother, whose five sons had died gloriously on the field of battle. For he squeezed the purple clusters of the heart, and let the crimson tide flow down upon the page, as he prayed that the mother might carry through the years "only the cherished memory of the loved and the lost, and the solemn pride that must be yours to have laid so costly a sacrifice upon the altar of freedom."

More striking still, Lincoln's trust in God and His overruling providence. Mr. Herndon in his biography and Dr. Abbott in an editorial and an oration at Cooper Institute emphasize the agnosticism of Lincoln. The one says that in his youth he wrote an article against Christianity, and the other that he was not a technical Christian. Dr. Abbott thinks all this so important that he places the agnosticism of Lincoln at the forefront. But too much has been made of the schoolboy article of Lincoln on doubt and infidelity. In his youth Gladstone was a Tory, but he outgrew it. In the outset Paul was against Christianity. Tennyson and Wordsworth in their teens wrote puerile verse, just as Lincoln in his teens wrote a foolish paper. But it is cruelly unfair not to allow Abraham Lincoln the full benefit of what he came to be, and not to take the man at his best. It is unfair to say that a man is what he is at his worst and lowest point; a man is what he is at his best and highest point. Stephen A. Douglas said Lincoln was the most honest man he ever knew. Well, if Lincoln was an honest man in his character, he must have been honest in talking about his religion and his faith in God. Was Abraham Lincoln an agnostic in that hour when he spoke his farewell words to his neighbours in Springfield, about starting on the memorable journey to his inauguration? He said: "I feel that I cannot succeed without the same divine aid that sustained Washington, and on the same Almighty Being I place my reliance for support; and I hope you, my friends, will all pray that I may receive that divine assistance without which I cannot succeed, but with which success is certain." Was Abraham Lincoln without faith, and did he play to the gallery, when he set apart a day of fasting and prayer after the defeat at Bull Run? Having said that Abraham Lincoln was an honest man, why not remember it, when these critics read his First Inaugural, in which he declares that "intelligence, patriotism, Christianity, and a firm reliance on Him who has never yet forsaken this favoured land, are still competent to adjust in the best way all our present difficulty." When Abraham Lincoln wrote the mother, Mrs. Bixby, "I pray that the heavenly Father may assuage the anguish of your bereavement," he meant that he believed in God, in a God who answered prayer, in a God who cared for the mother living, and the five brave boys dead. "The Almighty has His own purposes," said Lincoln, in the Second Inaugural, an address that is steeped in religion, that exhales trust in God. Take God out of that Second Inaugural, and it would be like taking health out of the body, wisdom out of the book, sweetness out of the song, culture out of the intellect, life out of the body. You cannot in one breath say that Lincoln was an agnostic, and then in the next one say that Lincoln was an honest man. I care not one whit what Mr. Herndon says. I care everything about what Abraham Lincoln says about himself in his greatest speeches, in his noblest hours, when he gave his countrymen his latest, deepest, profoundest thoughts.

In trying to explain the character of Lincoln we therefore make our final appeal unto God, for God alone is equal to the making of this great man. When long time has passed, the name of Lincoln will probably be mentioned with Moses, Julius Caesar, Paul, Shakespeare. Men will read a few of his paragraphs as a kind of Bible of Patriotism. Washington's name will not be less, but Lincoln's will certainly be more and more, and then still more. God and Sorrow made the man great.

And this is his life story. In the darkest hour of the Republic, when liberty and slavery were struggling to see which should rule the old homestead, it became evident that slavery would turn the garden into a desert, and the house into a ruin. And seeking a deliverer and a saviour, the great God, in His own purpose, passed by the palace with its silken delights. He took a little babe in His arms, and called to His side His favourite angel, the angel of Sorrow. Stooping, he whispered, "Oh, Sorrow, thou well-beloved teacher, take thou this little child of Mine and make him great. Take him to yonder cabin in the wilderness; make his home a poor man's house; plant his narrow path thick with thorns, cut his little feet with sharp and cruel rocks; as he climbs the hills of difficulty, make each footprint red with his own life-blood; load his little back with burdens; give to him days of toil and nights of study and sleeplessness; wrest from his arms whatever he loves; make his heart, through sorrow, as sensitive to the sigh of a slave as a thread of silk in a window is sensitive to the slightest wind that blows; and when you have digged lines of pain in his cheeks, and made his face more marred than the face of any man of his time, bring him back to me, and with him I will free three million slaves." That is how God made Abraham Lincoln great.

And then,—we slew him. For that is the way our ignorant, sinful earth has always rewarded its greatest souls. Ours is a world where we crucify the Saviour in Jerusalem, where we poison Socrates in Athens, where we exile Dante in Italy, and burn Savonarola in Florence, and starve Cervantes in Madrid, and jail Bunyan in Bedford,—for the greatest manhood is always rewarded with martyrdom. And what better thing for Abraham Lincoln than assassination, because he has emancipated three million slaves and saved the Union, as the last, best hope of earth?

But, lo, who are these in bright array, looking over the battlements of heaven, while the forces of liberty and slavery in other forms struggle together on these earthly plains beneath? These with radiant faces unstained by tears, that seem never to have known the mark of pain or sorrow? Ah! these are they who have come out of great tribulation, anguish and martyrdom; Paul from the stones; Homer from his blindness; Socrates from his cup of poison; Milton from his heart-break; Savonarola from his fagots, and Lincoln from his long martyrdom—the least part of which was the shot that freed his spirit in the hour of triumph and joy.



Index

Abolition Societies in the South, 25

Abominations, tariff of, 50, 163

AEsop's Fables, 290, 297,316

"Adam Bede," 148

Adams, Charles F., 54, 243

Adams, John, 83, 121

Alabama, secession, 189

Alabama, the, 225, 238, 245

Albemarle, the, 245

Albert, Prince Consort, 226

Aldersen, Judge, 107

Alva, Duke of, 15, 264

American Tract Society, 296

Ames, Fisher, 213

Andersonville, 269, 270

Anne, Queen, 18

Anti-Slavery epoch, importance of, 6, 7, 13

Arab slave-hunters, 30

Athens, 14, 41, 212

Atlanta and Sherman, 249

Austin, James T., 81

Bach, John S., 301

Bacon, Lord, 110

Bailey, Kentucky editor, 140

Bancroft, George, 104, 282

Bates, Edward, 184

Beauregard, P. G. T., 192, 244

Beecher, Henry Ward, 49, 69, 91, 181, 204; Chapter IX, The Appeal to England, 212-241; reasons for European trip of, 214-216; no official embassy, 217; interview of, with Lincoln, 218; breakfast to, in London, 219; speech at Manchester, 227-230; at Glasgow and Edinburgh, 231, 232; in Liverpool, 232, 234; in London, 235; triumph at home, 235, 239; raises Sumter flag, 241; and Lincoln, 212, 218, 304-305

Beecher, Lyman, 138

Bell, John, 184

Bishop of New Jersey, 296

Bowen, Henry C., 181

Breckenridge, J. C., 184

Bremer, Frederika, 144

Bright, John, 222, 225

Brown, John, Chapter VI, 136-159; in Springfield, 149; North Elba, 150; Iowa, 150; Kansas, 151-154; Virginia, 154; Harper's Ferry, 155; trial and death, 155-158; his fanaticism overruled, 159

Brown-Sequard, Dr., 114

Bryant, Wm. C., 182

Buchanan, Com. Franklin, 245

Buchanan, James, 189

Buckle, Thomas, 204

Bunyan, John, 325

Burns, Anthony, 84-87

Burns, Robert, 310

Burnside, Gen. A. E., 252

Byron, Lord, 84

Calhoun, John C., 12; early career, 46, 47; nullification, 51; government and sovereignty, 52; mistakes of, 59; influence on non-slaveholding South, 196; political doctrine of, in church affairs, 204-205

Carlisle, Lord, 144

Carlyle, Thomas, 100, 107, 236-238, 311-312

Carpet-baggers, 259

Cervantes, 325

Channing, Wm. E., 74, 75, 81, 104

Charles I, 23, 42

Charles II, 23

Chase, Salmon P., 141

Christian Commission, 272

Clay, Henry, 52, 61, 289

Cobden, Richard, 222, 238

Columbus, Christopher, 291

Columbus, Ky., 253

Congregationalism and State sovereignty, 204-205

Constitution, the, 206

Convention of 1776, 23

Cooper, Peter, 182

Cotton, 26-29, 49, 222-224

Cushing, Lieut. W. B., 245

Dante, 95, 251, 290, 318, 325

Darwin, Charles, 291, 301

Davis, Jefferson, Stephens' opinion of, 203; early career, 206; as Confederate president, 206

De Bau on slave trade, 20

Declaration of Independence, 25

Demetrius, 87

Democracy, advance of, 5

Demosthenes, 14, 213

Dickens, Charles, novels of reform, 139; praises "Uncle Tom's Cabin," 143; predicts Confederate success, 238

Donelson, Fort, 246

Douglass, Frederick, 34

Douglas, Stephen A., as orator, 69; early career, 165-166; supports Polk, 167; proposes "squatter sovereignty," 169; loses prestige, 170-172; challenged to debate by Lincoln, 173; compared with Lincoln, 174-177; the great debate, 178-181; nominated for presidency, 184; supports Union, 185; death, 185; and Northern Democrats in 1861, 193

Dutch revolt, 264

Dwight, President Yale College, 46

Dyer, Oliver, 48

Edwards, Jonathan, 21

Eliot, George, 146, 148

England, 26, 49; source of American principles, 218; as to wars, 220; why favourable to South, 221-224; non-voters of, favoured North, 225; Beecher in, 218-221, 227-235, 239-241

English Anti-Slavery Society, 227

Emerson, Ralph W., 68, 96, 236, 285

Everett, Edward, 69, 106, 315

Ewell, Gen. Richard S., 245

Faneuil Hall, 81, 85

Farragut, Admiral David, 196, 246-247

Fillmore, Millard, 101

Florida, secession, 189

Floyd, John B., 189

Foote, Admiral Andrew H., 246

Fort Fisher, 247

Forts Donelson and Henry, 246

Fort Sumter, 191, 208, 241

Franklin, Benjamin, 34

Fremont, Gen. J. C., 215, 246

Fugitive Slave legislation, 36, 87, 214

Fulton Street prayer-meeting, 162

Garrison, Wm. Lloyd and W. Phillips, Chapter III, 68-94; the pen for abolition, 68; early career, 69; begins agitation with Lundy, 70; starts Liberator, 1831, 71; accused of Turner uprising, 72; organized American Anti-Slavery Society, 74; mobbed in Boston, 76; satisfied with Lincoln's emancipation, 93

Geneva Arbitration, 225

George III, 24

Gladstone, W. E., 225

Gordon, Gen. J. B., 271, 285-286

Government contracts, 282-283

Grant, Gen. Ulysses S., 246, 248; early career, 252; rapid promotion, 253; Columbus, Donelson and Vicksburg, 254; military genius, 255; final campaign, 250; Appomattox, 257-258; President, 259; political and financial problems, 259-260; unwise speculation, 261; authorship, 261; character and death, 261-262

Great men, era of, 292-293

Great Rebellion, the, 11-13; war of the, 265

Greeley, Horace, 54, 182, 183; Chapter V, 117-135; early career, 122-126; founds N. Y. Tribune, 126; extremist as reformer, 129; "On to Richmond," 129; evokes Lincoln letter, 130; peace commissioner, 131; draft riots, 131; bails Davis, 132; Democratic presidential candidate, 133; dies, 134-135; and Lincoln, 299, 305

Greenback craze, 260

Greene, Mrs. Nathanael, 27

Grinnell, James B., 150

Grote, George, 107

Halleck, Gen. H. W., 253

Hampden, John, 42, 83

Hancock, John, 83

Hastings, Warren, 213

Hay, John, 218

Hayne, Robert Y., 41, 51, 56, 163

Hayti, 69

Heine, Heinrich, 144

Helper, Hinton Rowan, 197

Helps, Arthur, 144

Henry, Fort, 246

Henry, Patrick, 68, 191, 213

Hessian troops, 268

Higginson, T. W., 85

Hill, Frederic T., 242

Hill, Gen. A. P., 245

Hill, Gen. D. H., 245

Holland, 15, 41, 264

Homer, 326

Hooker, Gen. Joseph, 251

Howe, Dr. Samuel G., 104

"Imitation of Christ, The," 143

"Impending Crisis, The," 197

Irving, Washington, 74

Jackson, Andrew, 293

Jackson, Thomas J. (Stonewall), 200-202, 244, 245, 268

Jamestown, Va., 17

Japanese sanitation in war, 272

Jefferson, Thomas, 20, 24, 25, 53, 191

Jeffrey, Lord, 107

Jesus, parables of, 315; martyrdom of, 325

Johnson, Samuel, 312

Johnston, Gen. A. S., 244

Johnston, Gen. J. E., 242

Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 88, 169, 172

Kearsarge, the, 246

Kemble, Fanny, 32

Kenesaw Mountain, 242

Kentucky, 196

Kingsley, Charles, 144

Laud, Archbishop, 42

Lawless, Judge, 79

Lee, Robert E., honour to Virginia, 194; early career, 199; as strategist, 244; final campaign against Grant, 256; Appomattox, 257-258; quoted, 285-286

Liberator, the, 71-73

Lincoln, Abraham, new force, 163; challenges Douglas to debate, 173; compared with Douglas, 174-176; "divided-house speech," 177; the great debate, 177-180; Cooper Institute speech, 181-183; presidential nomination, 183; election and inauguration, 186-187; inaugural address, 190; calls for 75,000 troops, 193; applauds Beecher, 212; interview with Beecher, 218; quoted, 286-287; the Martyred President, Chapter XII, 288-326; Americanism, 288-289; three books, 290; career, in brief, 296-298; opposes Seward, Stanton and Greeley, 299; ancestry, 300-303; opposes Phillips, Greeley and Beecher, 304-306; honesty, 307-308; literary style, 309-315; concentrated culture, 314-315; with Everett at Gettysburg, 315; made great by great events, 317-318; characteristics, 319-320; religious faith, 321-323; death, 325

Lincoln and Douglas, the Great Debate, Chapter VII, 159-186

London, 16, 18, 235

Log Cabin, the, 125

Longfellow, H. W., 104, 273

Longstreet, Gen. James, 244

Loring, U. S. Commissioner, 84

Louisiana, secession, 189

Lovejoy, Rev. E. P., murder of, 78-80

Lowell, James R., 94, 99-102, 282, 284

Lundy, Benjamin, 69-70

Luther, Martin, 115

Macaulay, T. B., 107, 280

McClellan, Gen. G. B., 250-252

Machiavelli, 307

McKinley, William, 289

Mammonism, 6

Mann, Horace, 63, 106

Mansfield, Lord, 24

Marshall, Thomas, 46

Martineau, Harriet, 113

Mason, James M., 225

Medill, Joseph, 179

Merrimac, the, 245

Mexican War, 167, 252

Michael Angelo, 318

Milton, John, 16, 93, 318, 326

Mississippi, secession, 189

Missouri Compromise, 169

Mobile Bay, 247

Monitor, the, 245

Morton, Governor of Indiana, 273

Moses, 36

Motley, John L., 75, 96

Napoleon, 242

National Era, the, 143

Negro, as faithful servant, as soldier, 259-260; as voter, 281

New Orleans taken, 247

Newspapers, in 1861-1865, 118, 119

Newton, Isaac, 291

New Yorker, the, 125

New York Tribune, 126-128

Northern officers of Southern birth, 196

Northern resources, 274-279

Nullification, 51, 54

Nurses, 272-274

Otis, James, 83

Palestine, 41

Panic of 1857, 160-161

Parke, Judge, 107

Parker, Theodore, 84, 85

Parliament House of Peace, 110

Paul, the Apostle, 326

Penn, William, 22

People at Home during the war, Chapter XI, 263-287

Philip of Macedon, 15, 213

Philip of Spain, 15

Phillips, Wendell, 63; Chapter III, 68-94; early career, 75; aroused by mobbing of Garrison, 76; Lovejoy's murder, 78; Faneuil Hall meeting, 81-83; Burns' rescue party, 85, 86; agitation against Fugitive Slave Law, 87, 88; Phillips' lecturing, 89; oratory, 90; defiance of mobs, 91-92; influence, 93; Lowell's poem, 94; quoted, 285

"Pilgrim's Progress, The," 143

Plymouth Church, 91, 163, 181, 204, 218, 235

Plymouth Rock, 17

Popular sovereignty, 170

Porter, Admiral D. D., 247

Port Hudson, 247

Portuguese slave-traders, 19

Postal affairs, during Revolution, 120; in Jackson's time, 121

Presbyterianism and Federal government, 205

Prescott, Wm. H., 96, 106

Prison-ship martyrs, 264

Prison sufferings, 269-271

Pym, John, 42

Quincy, Josiah, 53, 83, 213

Randolph, John, 32

Raphael, 318

Religious sentiment increased, 284

Revival of religion in 1857, 161-162

Rhodes, J. F., 60, 162, 202

"Romola," 146

Ruskin, John, 310

Russo-Japanese War, 210

Sand, George, 144

Sanitary Commission, Christian Commission, 272

Savonarola, 325-326

Scheffer, Ary, and Christ the Emancipator, 296

Scott, Winfield, 196

Secession, first threatened by Massachusetts, 52, 53; reasons for, Chapter VIII, 188-211; of South Carolina and other States, 189; why not accepted by North, 207-209; early rebellions of, 294-295

Semmes, Com. Raphael, 245

Seward, Wm. H., 128, 183, 184, 217, 299

Shaftesbury, Lord, 144, 145

Shays' rebellion, 293

Shenandoah Valley, 250

Sheridan, Gen. Philip, 248, 250

Sherman, Gen. W. T., 242, 248-249

Slavery, American, Chapter I, 11-39; Calhoun's view of, 55; controlled government in 1860, 188; attacked by North Carolinian, 196; destroyed vigour of South, 210; to be paid for by war, 287

Slave-trade begins, 17

Slidell, John, 225

Smith, Sidney, 107

Socrates, 263, 301

South Carolina, and the tariff, 50; nullification doctrine of, 51; attacked Sumter, 191

Southern destitution, 267

Southern officers of Northern birth, 195

Southern resources, 279, 280

Southern women, 266-268, 281

Spanish slave-traders, 19

"Squatter sovereignty," 169

Stanton, Edwin M., 235, 240, 299

Stead, William, 99

Stephens, Alexander H., 201; opposes secession, 202; Confederate vice-president, 203; opinion of Davis, 203

Story, Joseph, 75, 104

Stowe, Calvin E., 139

Stowe, Charles E., 139

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, Chapter VI, 136-148; daughter of Lyman Beecher, 138; married, lived in Cincinnati, 139; wrote death of "Uncle Tom," 141; "Uncle Tom's Cabin," 143-148

Stowe, Lyman Beecher, 139

Stradivarius, 301

Sumner, Charles, 54, 75; Chapter IV, 95-116; succeeds Webster in United States Senate, 102; early career, 104-110; oration on war, 107-109; boldly attacks slavery, 110-113; beaten by Brooks, 113; characterization, 114-116

Surgeons, 272-274

Taney, Roger B., 186

Tariff, the, 48-50

Texas, secession, 189

Thackeray, W. M., 148

Thomas, Gen. G. H., 196, 248

Times, the London, 230

Tombs, Robert, 137

Trent, the, 225

Tribune Almanac, 128

Tribune, The New York, 126-128

Tribune reporter and John Brown, 153

Turner, Nat, 34

"Uncle Tom," death of, 141

"Uncle Tom's Cabin," 143-148

"Vanity Fair," 148

Van Zandt, frees slaves, 140

Vaughan, Judge, 107

Vicksburg, 247

Victoria, Queen, 146, 226

War, good and evil influence of the, 281-285

Washburne, E. B., 179

Washington, George, 24, 191; contrast with Lincoln, 288-289

Watt, James, 110, 291

Webster and Calhoun, Chapter II, 40-67

Webster, Daniel, 12; early career, 44, 45; answers Hayne, 56-58; answers Calhoun, 60, 61; 7th of March speech, 61-63; Lincoln approves, 64;

Webster dies, 66; as orator, 69, 164, 292; banner of, 295

Wellington, 242

Whiskey rebellion, 293

Whitefield, George, 21

Whitney, Eli, 27-29, 45

Whittier, John G., 63, 69, 96, 106, 285

Winchester and Sheridan, 250

Winslow, Admiral John A., 246

Winthrop, Robert, 273

Wirtz, Henry, 270

Wise, Governor of Virginia, 155-156

Worden, Admiral John L., 245

Wordsworth, Wm., 107

Xenophon, 264



FOOTNOTES:

[1] "Harriet Beecher Stowe: The Story of Her Life." By Charles E. Stowe and Lyman Beecher Stowe. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.

[2] "On the Trail of Grant and Lee," by Frederic Trevor Hill: New York and London, D. Appleton & Co.

THE END