[Footnote 187: Called chancaca in Peru. In flavor it is very nearly equal to maple-sugar.]

The necessary preparations for the Napo journey have been given in a previous chapter (Chap. XI). We might add to the list a few cans of preserved milk from New York, for you will not see a drop between the Andes and the Atlantic. Fail not to take plenty of lienzo; you must have it to pay the Indians, and any surplus can be sold to advantage. A bale of thirty varas costs about five dollars. Rely not at all on game; a champion sharpshooter could not live by his rifle. Santa Rosa and Coca will be represented to you as small New Yorks; but you will do well if you can buy a chicken between them.

From Quito to Papallacta, two days and a half; riding beast, $2 silver, and $1 20 for each cargo of three arrobas. At Papallacta hire Indians for Archidona; each carries three arrobas, and wants $5 silver in advance. You take to your feet; time, nine days, including one day of rest at Baeza. At Archidona you take a new set of peons for Napo at twenty-five cents apiece; time, one day. From Napo down the river to Santa Rosa, one day. You give two and a half varas of lienzo to each Indian, and the same for the canoe. From Santa Rosa to Pebas, on the Maranon, fifteen days; cost of an Indian, twenty-five varas; ditto for a canoe. We advise you to stop at Coca and rig up a raft or craft of some kind; we ascribe our uninterrupted good health to the length and breadth of our accommodations. The Peruvian steamer from the west arrives at Pebas on the sixteenth of each month; fare to Tabatinga, $15 gold; time, four days; running time, eleven hours. Brazilian steamer leaves Tabatinga the twentieth of each month; fare to Manaos, $44 44 gold; time, five days; distance, one thousand miles. From Manaos to Para, $55 55 gold; time, six days; distance, one thousand miles. The Brazilian steamers make semi-monthly trips. We found two hotels in Para—the "Italiana," dear and poor; the "Diana," unpretending but comfortable. Charges at the latter for room and board, $2 a day. The best time for traveling on the Amazon is between July and December. The United States and Brazilian steamships on their homeward voyage call at Para the seventh of each month; fare to New York, $150 gold (the same as down the whole length of the Amazon); second class, $75; time, fourteen days; distance by way of St. Thomas, 1610 + 1400 miles. Steamer for Rio the ninth of each month; fare, $125; time, twelve days; distance, 2190 miles. Fare from Rio to New York, $200. Fare by sailing vessel from Para to New York, from $50 to $75; time, three weeks. A British steamer from Rio stops at Para and Lisbon.

A word about health. First, take one grain of common-sense daily; do as the natives do, keep out of the noon-day sun, and make haste slowly. Secondly, take with you quinine in two-grain pills, and begin to take them before leaving New York, as the great African traveler, Du Chaillu, recommended us. As preventive against the intermittent fevers on the lowlands and rivers, nothing is better than Dr. Copeland's celebrated pills—quinine, twelve grains; camphor, twelve grains; cayenne pepper, twelve grains. Mix with mucilage, and divide into twelve pills: take one every night or morning as required. On the Amazon carry guarana. Woolen socks are recommended by those who have had much experience of tropical fevers. Never bathe when the air is moist; avoid a chill; a native will not bathe till the sun is well up. Rub yourself with aguardiente (native rum) after a bath, and always when caught in a shower. Freely exercise in Quito to ward off liver complaints. Drink little water; coffee or chocolate is better, and tea is best. Avoid spirits with fruit, and fruit after dinner. The sickliest time in Guayaquil is at the breaking up of the rainy season.

As to dangers: First, from the people. Traveling is as safe in Ecuador as in New York, and safer than in Missouri. There are no Spanish banditti, though some places, as Chambo, near Riobamba, bear a bad name. It is not wise to tempt a penniless footpad by a show of gold; but no more so in Ecuador than any where. We have traveled from Guayaquil to Damascus, but have never had occasion to use a weapon in self-defense; and only once for offense, when we threatened to demolish an Arab sheik with an umbrella. Secondly, from brutes. Some travelers would have us infer that it is impossible to stir in South America without being "affectionately entwined by a serpent, or sprung upon by a jaguar, or bitten by a rattlesnake; jiggers in every sand-heap and scorpions under every stone" (Edinburgh Review, xliii, 310). Padre Vernazza speaks of meeting a serpent two yards in diameter! But you will be disappointed at the paucity of animal life. We were two months on the Andes (August and September) before we saw a live snake. They are plentiful in the wet season in cacao plantations; but the majority are harmless. Dr. Russel, who particularly studied the reptiles of India, found that out of forty-three species which he examined not more than seven had poisonous fangs; and Sir E. Tennent, after a long residence in Ceylon, declared he had never heard of the death of an European by the bite of a snake. It is true, however, that the number and proportion of the venomous species are greater in South America than in any other part of the world; but it is some consolation to know that, zoologically, they are inferior in rank to the harmless ones; "and certainly," adds Sidney Smith, "a snake that feels fourteen or fifteen stone stamping on his tail has little time for reflection, and may be allowed to be poisonous." If bitten, apply ammonia externally immediately, and take five drops in water internally; it is an almost certain antidote. The discomforts and dangers arising from the animal creation are no greater than one would meet in traveling overland from New York to New Orleans.

Finally, of one thing the tourist in South America may be assured—that dear to him, as it is to us, will be the remembrance of those romantic rides over the Cordilleras amid the wild magnificence of nature, the adventurous walk through the primeval forest, the exciting canoe-life on the Napo, and the long, monotonous sail on the waters of the Great River.



CHAPTER XXIV.

IN MEMORIAM.

"A life that all the Muses decked With gifts of grace that might express All comprehensive tenderness, All-subtilizing intellect."—TENNYSON.

On the east of the city of Quito is a beautiful and extensive plain, so level that it is literally a table-land. It is the classic ground of the astronomy of the eighteenth century: here the French and Spanish academicians made their celebrated measurement of a meridian of the earth. As you stand on the edge of this plain just without the city, you see the dazzling summit of Cayambi looking down from the north; on your left are the picturesque defiles of Pichincha; on your right the slopes of Antisana. Close by you, standing between the city and the plain, is a high white wall inclosing a little plot, like the city above, "four square." You are reminded by its shape, and also by its position relative to Quito and Pichincha, of that other sacred inclosure just outside the walls of Jerusalem and at the foot of Olivet, the Garden of Gethsemane. This is the Protestant Cemetery.



Through the efforts of our late representative—now also numbered with the dead—this place was assigned by the government for the interment of foreigners who do not die in the Romish faith. And there we buried our fellow-traveler, COLONEL PHINEAS STAUNTON, the artist of the expedition, and Vice-Chancellor of Ingham University, New York. On the 8th of September, 1867, we bore him through the streets of Quito to this quiet resting-place, without parade and in solemn silence—just as we believe his unobtrusive spirit would have desired, and just as his Savior was carried from the cross to the sepulchre. No splendid hearse or nodding plumes; no long procession, save the unheard tread of the angels; no requiem, save the unheard harps of the seraphs. We gave him a Protestant Christian burial, such as Quito never saw. In this corner of nature's vast cathedral, the secluded shrine of grandeur and beauty not found in Westminster Abbey, we left him. We parted with him on the mount which is to be the scene of his transfiguration.

It would be difficult for an artist to find a grave whose surroundings are so akin to his feelings. He lies in the lofty lap of the Andes, and snow-white pinnacles stand around him on every side, just as we imagine the mountains are around the city of God. We think we hear him saying, as Fanny Kemble Butler said of another burial-ground: "I will not rise to trouble any one if they will let me sleep here. I will only ask to be permitted, once in a while, to raise my head and look out upon this glorious scene." No dark and dismal fogs gather at evening about that spot. It lies nearer to heaven than any other Protestant cemetery in the world. "It is good (says Beecher) to have our mortal remains go upward for their burial, and catch the earliest sounds of that trumpet which shall raise the dead." And the day is coming when that precious vein of gold that now lies in the bosom of the mighty Andes shall leave its rocky bed and shine in seven-fold purity. Indeed, the artist is already in that higher studio among the mountains of Beulah.

A simple sculptured obelisk of sorrow stands over the dust of Colonel Staunton: his most fitting monument is his own life-work. He was the very painter Humboldt longed for in his writings—"the artist, who, studying in nature's great hot-house bounded by the tropics, should add a new and more magnificent kingdom of nature to art." Colonel Staunton, true and lovely in his own character, was ever seeking in nature for whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are pure, and now was about to add whatsoever things are grand. He was a Christian artist, in sympathy with such men as Raphael and Leonardo de Vinci. "The habitual choice of sacred subjects (says Ruskin) implies that the painter has a natural disposition to dwell on the highest thoughts of which humanity is capable." No shallow or false person could have conceived his Ascension. Only the highest qualities of the intellect and heart—a soul already half ascended—could have given such ethereal lightness to those "two men in white apparel." Only the pure in heart see God. As we revisit in imagination the spot where he sleeps so well, we behold, in the calm sublimity of the mountains that surround his grave, an image of the undisturbed repose of his spirit on the Rock of Ages.



APPENDICES.

APPENDIX A.

BAROMETRICAL MEASUREMENTS ACROSS SOUTH AMERICA.[188]

[Footnote 188: First published in the American Journal of Science for September, 1868, to which the reader is referred for other physical observations. The barometric anomaly, noticed particularly on the Lower Amazon, was also observed by Herndon, Castelnau, Chandlers, Spruce, and Wallace.]

+ + -+ + -+ + -+ -+ Locality. Altitude. Barometer. Boiling Regnault's Difference. Other Point. Equiv. Estimates. + + -+ + -+ + -+ -+ deg. Pacific 0 29.930 212.01 Bar. of Ocean Visse, 29.904; Boussingault, 29.867. Guayaquil 10 29.899 211.95 29.831 -.008 B.P. of Visse, 211.8 deg. Guaranda 8,840 21.976 Alt. of Visse, 8872; Hall, 8928. Arenal 14,250 18.123 Alt. of Visse, 13,917; Hall, 14,268. Mocha 10,900 20.393 Ambato 8,490 22.241 Alt. of Visse, 8541; Boussingault, 8787. Bar. of Jameson, 22.218. Tacunga 9,181 21.693 Alt. of Visse, 9180; Boussingault, 9384. Bar. of Jameson, 21.700. Tiupullo 11,662 19.858 Alt. of Visse, 11,702. Machachi 9,900 21.212 Alt. of Visse, 9823. Quito 9,520 21.530 195.8 21.485 -.045 Alt. of La Condamine, 9596; Humboldt, 9570; Caldas, 8947; Boussingault, 9567; Aguilar, 9496; Visse, 9307; Bureau des Longs., 9540; Tramblay's Ann., 9538; Jameson, 9513. Bar. of La Condamine, 21.404; Humboldt, 21.403; Aguilar, 21.465; Jameson, 21.566. B.P. of Visse, 195.6 deg.; Tramblay, 184.18 deg.. Panecillo 10,101 21.043 Alt. of Humboldt, 10,244; Aguilar, 10,135. Bar. of Jameson, 21.207. B.P. of Visse, 194.7 deg. Pichincha, 15,827 17.038 184.5 17.030 -.008 Alt. of top La Condamine, 15,606; Humboldt, 15,922; Boussingault, 15,676; Visse, 16,200; Hall, 15,380; Jameson, 15,704. Bar. of Visse, 16.942. Pichincha, 13,300 189.2 18.672 Alt. of crater Visse and Moreno, 18,600. Antisana 13,300 18.583 Alt. of H. Humboldt, 13,465; Boussingault, 13,356. Bar. of Aguirre, 18.573; Jameson, 18.630. On 16,000 16.782 Antisana Pinatura 10,410 20.791 Alt. of Boussingault, 10,348. Padregal 11,860 19.817 On 12,690 19.004 Cotopaxi Riobamba 9,200 21.705 Alt. of Visse, 9157; Boussingault, 9413. Cajabamba 10,918 20.512 Alt. of La Condamine, 11,000. Itulcachi 8,885 22.006 Tablon 10,516 20.800 Papallacta 10,511 20.803 193.8 20.598 -.205 Guila 8,622 22.206 Pachamama 7,920 22.751 Baeza 6,625 23.793 Cochachim- 4,252 25.832 bamba Curi-urcu 3,247 26.746 deg. Archidona 2,115 27.816 209.00 28.180 +.364 Napo 1,450 28.419 209.4 28.407 -.012 Santa Rosa 1,100 28.814 210.4 28.982 +.168 Coca 858 29.022 210.65 29.127 +.105 Mouth of 586 29.321 211.00 29.331 +.010 the River Aguarico Do. River 500 29.408 210.8 29.215 -.193 Curaray Do. River 385 29.526 211.4 29.566 +.040 Alt. at Napo Nauta, by Castelnau, 365. Pebas 345 29.510 211.1 29.390 -.120 Alt. of Herndon, 537. B.P. of Herndon, 211.1 deg.. Loreto 211.4 29.566 San 256 29.655 Antonio Tabatinga 255 29.656 211.5 29.625 -.041 Alt. of Spix and Martius, 670; Azevedo and Pinto, 150; Agassiz, 200. Tunantins 138? 29.770 Alt. of Azevedo and Pinto, 124. Ega 100? 29.813 211.9 29.862 +.049 Alt. of Herndon, 2052; Azevedo and Pinto, 120. B.P. of Herndon, 208.2 deg.. Manaos 199? 29.705 Alt. of Herndon, 1475; Castelnau, 293; Spix and Martius, 556; Azevedo and Pinto, 92. B.P. of Herndon, 209.3 deg.; Gibbon, 210.87 deg.; Wallace, 212 deg..5. Serpa 158? 29.752 Alt. of Azevedo and Pinto, 84. Obidos 114 29.802 Alt. of Azevedo and Pinto, 58; Agassiz, 45. Santarem 107 29.808 211.5 29.625 -.183 Alt. of Herndon, 846; Azevedo and Pinto, 50. B.P. of Herndon, 210.5 deg.. Mount 83 29.834 Alegre Gurupa 38 29.890 Alt. of Azevedo and Pinto, 42. Para 15 29.889 211.95 29.891 +.002 Alt. of Herndon, 320; Azevedo and Pinto, 35; Dewey, 35. Bar. of Herndon, 29.708; Dewey, 29.941; Orton (reduced to level of river), 29.914. B.P. of Herndon, 211.5 deg.. Atlantic -2 29.932 212.16 Bar. of Dewey Ocean 29.977. + + -+ + -+ + -+ -+



APPENDIX B.

VOCABULARIES FROM THE QUICHUA, ZAPARO, YAGUA, AND CAMPAS LANGUAGES.

[SPANISH PRONUNCIATION]

English. Quichua. Zaparo. Yagua.

Father, Yaya, Apochojo, Yen. Mother, Mama, Anno, Nihua. Son (said by father), Churi, Niato, Poen. Son (said by mother), Cari huahua, Tauqu, Poen. Daughter (said by father), Ushushi, Coniat or cuniato. Daughter (said by mother), Huarmi huahua, Itum. Own father, Quiquin yaya, Cuqu mano. Own mother, Quiquin mama, La cuano. Step-father, La yaya, Tama quira. Step-mother, La mama, Tama quira (mama?). Own son, Quiquin churi, Ia cuniana. Step-son, Quipai churi, Saquina cuniana. Elder son (said by father), Cura (or naupa) churi, Cuniapira. Elder son (said by mother), Cura (or naupa) huahua, Cuniapira. Younger son (said by mother), Sullca (or quipa) churi, Nunoe. Younger daughter (said by father), Sullca (or quipa) ushushi, Nunoe cuniato. Only son (said by father), Zapalla (or zapai) churi, Noqui cunian, Tiqui rai (huahua). Only son (said by mother), Zapalla (or zapai) cari huahua, Noqui tauco cunian, Tiqui rai (huahua). Grandson, Cari huahuay, Cuajenano. Granddaughter, Huarmi huahuay. Great-grandson, Cari villca, Cuajenano. Great-great-grandson, Cari chupullu. Grandfather, Hatun yaya, Quirraito piatzo, Yen. Grandmother, Hatun mama, Quitraito ocuaje. Great-grandfather, Machui yaya, Quirishepui. Great-grandmother, Paya (or apa) Para. mama, Great-great-grandfather, Apusqui (or Piatzo. apunche) yaya, Ancestors, Apusqui cuna, Idasipoa. Brother (said by male), Hauauqui, Cuquihuno, Rai taire. Brother (said by female), Turi, Cuauno, Rai puipuin. Sister (said by male), Pani, Cuirimato, Rai popo. Sister (said by female), Nana, Taqui, Rai taire tu. Elder brother, Curac huauqui, Irishia cuquino. Younger brother, Sullca huauqui, Noqui. Cousin (said by male), Chispa huauqui, Cuanerano, Primoine. Cousin (said by female), Chispa pani, Cuanerano, Primaine. Second cousin, Cailla chispa Cuanerano huauqui, (or cuarama, relation). Third cousin, Caru chispa Cuanerano (or huauqui, cuarama, relation). Uncle (father's brother), Yayapac huauqui Tauco. (or hachi),[189] Uncle (mother's brother), Mamapac (or caca) Cuanoro. turi, Aunt (father's sister), Ypa (on Maranon, Cuiquina. tiaine), Aunt (mother's sister), Mamapac nana, Cuano cuino. Father-in-Law, Cacay (of male); quihuachi (of female). Mother-in-law, Quihuac (of male); quihuachi (of female). Son-in-Law, Masha, Acamia, Quiria. Daughter-in-law, Kachun, Cuari rano. Brother-in-law, Masani Cuajinojono. (or catay), Sister-in-law, Ypa (or kachun pura). God-son, Churi cashcai (or chascai), (Not used). God-father, Shutichic (or shutishca) yaya, Na achiatano. God-mother, Shutichic (or shutishca) mama, Noaichozano. Relation, Aillu, Cuarama, (Same as brother). Husband, Cusa, Cuiran, Rai-huano. Wife, Huarmi, Cuirichan, Rai-huatura. Widower, Huaccha cari, Machicho. Widow, Huaccha huarmi, Machicho. Twins, Yshcai huachashca (or huachac). Sarro. Hand, Maqui, Cuichoac. Samutu. Foot, Chaqui, Cuinoca, Nimutu. Fingers, Maqui palca, Canasu, (No terms for Toes, Chaqui palca, Cuinoca canasu. fingers and toes). Thumb, (No separate terms Cumacana. for thumb and big toe). Nails, Silhu, Anahuacha. God, Apunchi-yaya (God our Father), Piatzo, Tupana. One, Shuc (or Shug), Noqui, Tiqui. Two, Ishcay, Ammasaniqui, Nanoijoi. Three, Quinsa, Imucu maraqui (above three they have no names, but show their fingers; do not count above ten). Momuhi. Four, Chuscu, Nanunjuia. Five, Pishca Tanaijo. (or pitchca), Six, Socta, Tiqui nihate. Seven, Canchis, Nanoujaiate. Eight, Pusac (or pusag), Momunhuaiate. Nine, Iscun, Nanauyuia-ate. Ten, Chunga, Nanjui. (Go no higher.) Eleven, Chunga shug. Twelve, Chunga ishcay, etc. Twenty, Ishcay-chunga. Twenty-one, Ishcay-chunga shug, etc. Thirty, Quinsa chunga. One hundred, Pachac (or patzag). One thousand, Guaranga. Ten thousand, (Would be chunga-guaranga; but they never go over 1000). Ordinal numbers, (Niqui is joined to the number: e.g., first is shug niqui: second, ishcay niqui).

[Footnote 189: Qu'ichua on Maranon, tiuiut.]

(The Conibos count by twos. Thus, one is avicho; two, raboi. Above two, so many twos, as four is raboi-raboi; and six, raboi-raboi-raboi. Ten is expressed by spreading both hands, and twenty by bringing fingers and toes together. Thus the Caribs. Decimal numeration is found among all the American aborigines, ancient and modern, juxtaposition usually designating multiplication.)

* * * * *

CAMPAS WORDS.

Mother, Ina. Nose, Aquiry. Leg, Aitse. Brother (said Mouth, Apa-anti. Belly, Amutse. by male), Incho. Hand, Naco. Wrist, Acu. Brother (said Foot, Aitse-cunida. Knee, Airitu. by female), Iga Lips, Achira. Ankle, Atunque. Sister (said by Teeth, Aiqui. Nails, Achite. by male), Incho. Hair, Quisti. Fly, Chimboque. Head, Aitu. Neck, Aquince. Musquito, Chitu. Eyes, Oqui. Arm, Acu. Armadillo Picha.

Curasson, Choichites. Rope, Piaminita. Turtle, Tuta. Twine, Quiritari. Monkey, Tsepe. Maize, Chinque. Cocoa, Quinbito. One, Paniro. Clay, Quipatei. Two, Pitini. Shirt, Papani. Three, Pariotohuay. Fire, Pamari. Four, Pariopatota. Hammock, Quio-ots. Five, Pariotohuaygae.

(My informant on numerals, a boy, though quite intelligent, could go no farther; but the tribe undoubtedly count ten.)



APPENDIX C.

COMMERCE OF THE AMAZON.

I.—VALUE OF PRODUCTS EXPORTED FROM DIFFERENT TOWNS ON THE AMAZON BY THE IMPERIAL STEAMERS IN 1867.[190]

[Footnote 190: This Table is taken from the Relatoria da Companhia de Navegacao e Commercio do Amazonas, and includes only the commerce by the Brazilian steamers and the staple products. The vast amount carried by sailing craft and by Peruvian steamers on the Maranon is unknown to us. The number of passengers transported by the steamers in 1867 was 13,886; receipts from passage, $75,744; from freight, $210,654. In the reduction, the milrey has been taken at 50 cts. U.S. currency, which was the rate very nearly in 1867. The alquiere (alq.)—.988 of a bushel; arr. = arroba of 32 lbs.]

+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ + Products. Cameta. Braves. Macapa. Gurupa. Porto Prainha. do Moz. + -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ + Brazil Nuts. .... $600 $400 $290 $10 $16 Cacao. $44,054 1,615 6,429 1,345 257 $1,677 Cattle. .... .... .... .... .... 1,575 Coffee. .... .... .... .... .... .... Copaiba. .... .... .... .... .... .... Cotton, raw. .... .... 100 90 .... .... Dried Meat. .... .... .... .... .... 145 Farina. .... .... .... .... .... .... Guarana. .... .... .... .... .... .... Hides. 138 800 3,302 858 271 152 Horses. .... 75 600 .... .... 375 India-rubber. 123,460 128,440 306,880 85,110 85,780 1,430 Piassaba. .... .... .... .... .... .... Pirarucu. .... 10 20 .... 200 1,805 Sasparilla. .... .... .... .... .... 60 Tallow. .... 12 212 .... .... 60 Tobacco. .... 50 .... 25 .... 25 Tonka Beans. .... .... .... 43 .... .... Turtles. .... .... .... .... .... .... Turtle-oil. .... .... .... .... .... .... + -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ +

- - - - - - Products. Mt. Santarum. Obidos. Villa Serpa. Manaos. Cudajaz. Alegre. Nova. - - - - - - Brazil Nuts. .... $1,334 $6,938 $2,564 $6,886 $15,010 $1,442 Cacao. $86 $69,111 172,421 28,907 34,462 38,802 1,945 Cattle. 600 550 25 .... .... .... .... Coffee. .... 56 33 7 .... 172 .... Copaiba. .... 18 1,422 4,383 8,651 5,175 132 Cotton, raw. .... .... .... .... 103 293 .... Dried Meat. .... 2,744 15,699 167 .... .... .... Farina. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... Guarana. .... 1,620 750 24,240 14,550 60 .... Hides. .... 2,426 4,087 5,787 6,290 2,103 .... Horses. 3,225 3,975 2,100 .... .... 300 .... India-rubber. .... 22,670 8,640 20,100 209,400 219,340 30,468 Piassaba. .... .... .... .... .... 7,612 .... Pirarucu. 525 18,902 31,525 40,827 21,025 79,055 8,273 Sasparilla. .... 2,376 1,392 108 372 33,708 207 Tallow. .... 200 1,484 1,368 4,164 16 .... Tobacco. .... .... .... 225 1,187 237 .... Tonka Beans. .... .... 120 1,070 5 9 .... Turtles. .... .... 70 .... 2 76 136 Turtle-oil. .... .... 100 .... 5 8,220 216 - - - - - -

+ + -+ -+ + + + Products. Coary. Ega. Fonte Touantina. S. Tabatluga. Boa. Paulo. + + -+ -+ + + + Brazil Nuts. $498 $325 .... .... .... .... Cacao. 5,192 4,907 $957 $365 $310 $227 Cattle. .... .... .... .... .... .... Coffee. .... .... .... .... .... 25 Copaiba. .... 1,559 123 .... .... .... Cotton, raw. .... .... 1 6 .... 232 Dried Meat. .... .... .... .... .... .... Farina. 80 37 15 105 10 .... Guarana. .... .... .... .... .... .... Hides. .... .... .... .... .... .... Horses. .... .... .... .... .... .... India-rubber. 7,644 6,808 5,460 2,252 9,155 15,054 Piassaba. .... .... .... .... .... .... Pirarucu. 5,944 6,205 7,572 6,768 2,018 920 Sasparilla. 943 5,163 4,876 5,209 2,334 3,703 Tallow. .... .... .... .... .... .... Tobacco. 48 300 .... .... 12 360 Tonka Beans. .... .... .... .... .... .... Turtles. 39 33 10 50 3 3 Turtle-oil. 2,382 3,123 1,693 1,646 298 335 + + -+ -+ + + +

- - Products. Quantity. Mean Total Price. Value. - - Brazil Nuts. 18,397 alq. $2.00 $35,794 Cacao. 314,327 arr. 3.00 942,981 Cattle. 110 25.00 2,750 Coffee. 79 arr. 3.70 292 Copaiba. 72,030 lbs. .30 2,160 Cotton, raw. 653 arr. 1.25 816 Dried Meat. 6,821 " 2.75 18,757 Farina. 90 alq. 2.50 247 Guarana. 1,374 arr. 30.00 41,220 Hides. 11,871 2.00 23,742 Horses. 142 75.00 10,650 India-rubber. 128,955 arr. 10.00 1,289,550 Piassaba. 7,612 " 1.00 7,612 Pirarucu. 94,316 " 2.50 235,790 Sasparilla. 5,119 " 11.80 60,442 Tallow. 1,893 " 4.00 7,572 Tobacco. 205 " 12.23 2,525 Tonka Beans. 260 " 4.80 1,248 Turtles. 331 1.80 596 Turtle-oil. 3,762 j'rs. 4.75 17,760 - -

II. ARTICLES EXPORTED FROM PARA TO THE UNITED STATES IN 1860.

Annatto lbs. 64,832 Balsam Copaiba " 89,670 Cacao " 145,888 Copper, old " 1,171 Hides, wet " 616,172 " dry " 4,503 Nuts, Brazil " 23,582 " " unshelled " 19,481 Piassaba lbs. 3,488 Rubber, fine " 2,394,656 " mixed " 69,120 " coarse " 420,000 Skins, Deer " 64,406 Tapioca " 118,080 Tonka Beans " 18,298

III. ARTICLES IMPORTED FROM THE UNITED STATES TO PARA IN 1860.

Axes dozens, 1,826 Candles boxes, 594 Chairs dozens, 333 Codfish drums, 1,943 Clocks number, 660 Combs dozens, 7,353 Domestics package, 2,370 Drugs " 435 Flour barrels, 16,755 Fire-crackers boxes, 1,800 Gunny-bags number, 13,000 Gunpowder kegs, 2,150 Hams tierces, 38 Hardware packages, 201 Hats, Palm-leaf cases, 506 Knives dozens, 2,195 Lard packages, 2,709 Lumber feet, 75,955 Nails kegs, 588 Matches cases, 174 Oars number, 592 Pepper bags, 190 Rosin barrels, 1,556 Rubber and other Shoes pairs, 3,398 Shooks (box) number, 16,428 Soap boxes, 6,891 Specie, in Gold dollars, 113,827 Straw Paper reams, 12,903 Soda-biscuit 12-lb. tins, 5,954 Saltpetre kegs, 95 Tea chests, 235 Tea boxes, 533 Tar and Pitch barrels, 329 Tobacco boxes, 257 Twine, Cotton pounds, 13,322 Tortoise-shell " 299-1/2

IV. DUTIES ON PRINCIPAL IMPORTS FROM UNITED STATES AT PARA.

Axes and Hatchets 30 reys per pound. Biscuit, Soda 400 " arroba. Brooms 600 " dozen. Chairs, cane-seat 1,000 " article. " rocking 3,000 " " " " extra 6,000 " " Cinnamon, Ceylon 500 " pound. Combs, rubber 600 " " " ivory 2,000 " " Cotton Goods 90 " sq. vara. " " colored twills 150 " " Candles 240 pound. Cigars 1,200 " " Cordage 50 " " Dirks, ordinary 6,000 " article. " extra 12,000 " " Flour 150 " arroba. Hats, Palm-leaf. 180 " article. Hams 70 " pound. Homoeopathic Medicine 300 " ounce. Knives 250 " article. Lard 1,500 Matting, India 240 " pound. Nails, to two inches 40 " " " over " 20 " " Padlocks, brass 250 " " " iron 180 " " Pearl Barley 400 " arroba. Pepper, India 70 " pound. Plows free. Pork 600 " arroba. Powder 200 " pound. Paper, Straw 30 " " Pilot Bread 150 " arroba. Roman Cement 50 " " Rosin 1,200 Sieves, iron wire 30 " pound. " brass 50 " " Shoes, Rubber 400 " " Store Trucks 900 " article. Shooks, boxes 400 " arroba. Soap, Yellow 30 " pound. Scales, simple 120 " " Tar and Pitch 200 " arroba. Tortoise-shell 2,500 " pound. Tea 450 " " Twine, Cotton 300 " " Trunks, 2 to 4 palms 2,700 " article. " over 4 " 3,600 " " Tobacco, chewing 4,800 " arroba. " cut 9,600 " arroba.

This Tariff went into operation February 23, 1861.



ADDENDA.

Orchilla, page 29.—This valuable lichen comes chiefly from Tumbez. It is not found on the rocks, like the orchilla of the Old World, but grows on various trees. The foliage of a tree disappears when the orchilla commences. The sea air is indispensable to its production, as it is found only near the coast.

Religious Intolerance, p. 91.—The expression "Protestant dogs" has since been publicly repeated by a priest in a sermon, who told the people to confess, or they would be treated in a similar way. It called forth a remonstrance from Mr. Hamilton, the British Minister, directed to the archbishop, declaring such conduct inhuman and unchristian. The Pope's Nuncio left Quito for good in July, 1869.

Fish in the Quito Valley, p. 107.—Dr. Gill informs me that the true name of this little fish is Cyclopium Humboldtii, Swainson. It belongs to the sub-family Trachelypterinae, under Siluridae.

Hummers' Nests, p. 108.—They are not always of a lengthened form, as the text would imply, but are sometimes quite shallow. They are invariably lined with the softest vegetable materials and covered with moss. The nests are not as compact as those of our Northern hummer, and, so far as we observed, are never shingled with flat lichens.

Humboldt in 1802, p. 156.—He spent five months in the valley of Quito.

Pebas Fossils, p. 282.—In a letter to the author, Mr. Darwin says: "Your discovery of marine shells high up the Amazon possesses extreme interest, not only in itself, but as one more most striking instance how rash it is to assert that any deposit is not a marine formation because it does not contain fossils. As for myself, I never believed for a moment in Agassiz's idea of the origin of the Amazonian formation." Agassiz "candidly confesses (Lyell's Principles, i., 468) that he failed to discover any of those proofs which we are accustomed to regard, even in temperate latitudes, as essential for the establishment of the former existence of glaciers where they are now no more. No glaciated pebbles, or far-transported angular blocks with polished and striated sides; no extensive surface of rock, smooth, and traversed by rectilinear furrows, were observed." The fossiliferous bed at Pebas is as plainly in situ as the Medina sandstone at Genesee Falls.

Tropical Flowers, p. 292.—"During twelve years spent amid the grandest tropical vegetation, I have seen nothing comparable to the effect produced on our landscapes by gorse, broom, heather, wild hyacinths, hawthorns, purple orchises, and buttercups."—Wallace's Malay Archipelago.

Coca-plant, p. 293.—The engraving conveys the impression that the leaves are parallel-veined; but the coca is a dicotyledon, with the under surface of the leaf strongly marked with veins, of which two, in addition to the midrib, run parallel with the margin.

Pedrero, Map.—This town on the Rio Negro is also written Pedreira.



INDEX.

Adobe dwellings, page 46.

Agassiz, Mount, 250. Prof., on the geology of the Amazonian valley, 280, 282, 347.

Agriculture on the Amazon, 243. Andes, 75.

Aground on the Amazon, 239.

Aguano, 201.

Aguardiente, 175.

Alcalde's house, 202.

Alligators, 35, 296.

Almeyrim Hills, 252.

Aloe, American, 100.

Alpargates, 70.

Altar, volcano of, 150.

Amazon River, annual rise, 274. birds on, 306. cetaceans, 299. climate, 273, 284. commerce, 277. current, 273. delta, 272. depth, 274. etymology, 278. expeditions, 277. first view of, 226. fishes, 295. foreign vessels on, 276. insects, 300. life within, 295. magnitude, 264, 272, 278. natural canals, 265. navigation, 276. reptiles, 296. scenery, 236. source, 264. tints, 272. tributaries, 266, 271. volume, 273. Valley, 280. creation of, 117. forest, 287. fruits, 289. geology, 281, 347. minerals, 286. slope, 280. soil, 286. trees, 289. zoology, 284.

Amazonian Indians, 316.

Ambato, 52, 153.

America, the continent of vegetation, 103.

America, South, geology of, 114.

Amphisboena, 194.

Amusements in Quito, 80.

Anacondas, 222.

Andean chain, 119.

Andes, as a geological boundary, 207. birds on the, 105, 146. equipped for the, 37. first sight of the, 33. heart of the, 48. last view of the, 214. of Ecuador, 121. reptiles on the, 107. rise of the, 115. sinking of the, 138. summit of the, 49, 134. valleys of the, 130. views from the, 45, 134, 141.

Anguteros Indians, 222.

Animal life, dearth of, 188.

Animals on the Napo, 207.

Antisana, volcano of, 144, 180. hacienda, 144.

Ants, battle with, 225. on the Amazon, 300. on the Napo, 194.

Apothecaries in Quito, 93.

Archidona, 191.

Architecture in Quito, 78.

Arenal, 49.

Armadillo, 310.

Army of Ecuador, 87.

Arrieros, 36.

Arrows, Indian, 321.

Arts in Quito, 78.

Ascending the Andes, 43, 96, 144.

Astronomy on the Andes, 97.

Atahuallpa, 56.

Atmosphere of Quito, 97.

Baeza, 187.

Balsas, 32.

Bamboos on the Napo, 220.

Banana, 34.

Banos, 149.

Barometric measurements, 337. anomaly, 241, 226. variations at Quito, 92.

Barra, 243.

Bartholomew, St., 54.

Bats, 205, 312.

Bears, 105.

Bed, Andean, 181.

Bees on the Amazon, 303. of Quito, 108. on the Napo, 207.

Beetles on the Amazon, 303. on the Napo, 206.

Bells of Quito, 89.

"Big-ear" Indians, 222.

Birds on the Amazon, 306. coloration of, in the tropics, 105. moulting of, 285. of South America, 105.

Blow-guns, 170.

Boa-constrictor, 223.

Bodegas, 35.

Botany of South America, 286.

Brazilian etiquette, 235, 246. frontier, 233. steamers, 234.

Brazilians, 323.

Brazil-nut trees, 290.

Bread-tree, 34.

Breves, 254.

Buildings, Andean, 46.

Bull-baits, 80.

Burial Customs, 91, 321. at Quito, 91.

Butter, 251.

Butterflies on the Amazon, 302. on the Napo, 206.

Buzzards, 29.

Caballococha, 232.

Cacao, 30, 290.

Cajabamba, 153.

Calabash-tree, 289.

Camino Real, 45.

Camellones, 43.

Camindo on the Napo, 226.

Campas Indians, 322.

Canelos, 172.

Canoe-life on the Napo, 213.

Canoe-paths, 265.

Canoes on the Napo, 200.

Capybara, 310.

Caraguairazo, 132.

Carnival, 81.

Carranqui, 157.

Cassiquiari Canal, 267.

Cathedral of Guayaquil, 26. of Quito, 66.

Cattle on the Andes, 145.

Caucho-tree, 288.

Cayambi, 143.

Cedar on the Amazon, 289.

Cemetery, Protestant, 91.

Century-plant, 100.

Cerro, 33.

Cetaceans in the Amazon, 299.

Chicha, 167, 210.

Chillo hacienda, 155.

Chimbo, Valley of, 46.

Chimborazo, 33, 44, 49, 127.

Chimneys, absence of, 44.

Chirimoya, 101.

Chuquipoyo, 51.

Chuquiragua, 100.

Cigana, 206, 308.

Cinchona, 47.

Cinnamon, American, 172.

Circumcision, 322.

Civility, Ecuadorian, 35, 71.

Civilization on the Amazon, 236.

Clay-eating, 229. formation of the Amazon, 225.

Climate of Guayaquil, 28. of Quito, 91. of the Amazon, 238, 251.

Coary, River, 242, 269.

Coca-chewing, 291, 348.

Coca village, 207.

Cochineal, 108.

Cock-fighting, 35, 80.

Cocoa-palm, 35.

Coffee, 31, 259, 290.

Colleges of Ecuador, 79.

Combativeness on the Andes, 95.

Commerce on the Amazon, 342.

Compressed heads, 171.

Compulsory commerce, 195.

Condor, 106, 131.

Cones of volcanoes, 122.

Conibos Indians, 321.

Cookery in Quito, 44, 84.

Copal-gum, 193.

Cordillera, 33, 126.

Cosanga River, 189.

Costumes of Amazonian Indians, 239, 241.

Cotocachi, village, 154. volcano, 142.

Cotopaxi, 55, 146. eruptions of, 125.

Cotton-mills, 77, 155.

Cow-tree, 288.

Craft on the Napo, 209.

Craters, deep, 133.

Crocodiles, 296.

Cudaja, 242.

Cuenca, 152.

Cunchebamba, 53.

Curaray River, 224.

Curassow, 308.

Curi-urcu, 191.

Currency of Para, 260. Quito, 75.

Cuzco ladies, 82.

Dangers in South America, 331.

Darwin on the geology of the Pampas, 282.

Darwin on the geology of the Amazon, 347.

Debt of Ecuador, 87.

Deer on the Napo, 226. fossil, 154.

Descent into Pichincha, 139.

Discipline on the Napo, 204.

Diseases on the Andes, 93, 331.

Dogs on the Andes, 95.

Dolphins, 299.

Dragon-flies, 302.

Dress in Quito, 69.

Drunkenness at Quito, 146.

Earthquake at Ibarra, 157. at Riobamba, 153. effect of, on climate, 91. experience of, 163. theories of, 161.

Eastern Cordillera, 179.

Eciton ants, 301.

Ecuador, army, 87. Congress, 86. debt, 87. extent, 85. flora and fauna, 103. government, 86. population, 85. religion, 89. repudiation, 86. revenue, 87. revolutions, 86. supreme court, 87. volcanoes, 122, 148.

Ecuadorian cooking, 44, 84.

Education on the Andes, 79.

Edwards, George, 195.

Ega, 239.

Eggs of the alligator, 297. of the turtle, 297.

El Dorado, 183.

Elephant at high altitudes, 155.

Equator, mean temperature, 262.

Expenses of travel, 327.

Farina, 235, 291.

Ferns, tree, 38.

Fever remedies, 331.

Fire-flies, 25.

Fish in the Napo, 226. in Quito Valley, 107, 347. in the tropics, 329.

Fishes ejected from volcanoes 107, 132, 143. of the Amazon, 295.

Fishing with barbasco, 169.

Flamingoes, 308.

Flowers on the Amazon, 292, 347. on the Andes, 50, 102, 136.

Fonte Boa, 239.

Forest on the Napo, 216, 219. trail, 182, 186. tropical, 36, 38, 287.

Fossil bones on the Andes, 154.

Fossils in the Amazon Valley, 282, 347.

Frogs in Quito Valley, 107. of the Amazon, 304.

Fruits of Quito, 101. on the Amazon, 289.

Galapagos Islands, 105, 124.

Gentians, 103.

Geology of South America, 114. of the Amazon Valley, 225, 347.

Glacial theory of Agassiz, 282, 347.

Glaciers, absence of, 131.

Glimpse of the Andes, 33.

Goitre, 94.

Gold on the Napo, 196.

Grapes on the Amazon, 234.

Grebe on the Andes, 146.

Guacamayo Mountain, 190.

Guamani, 144, 179.

Guapulo, 178.

Guarani race, 316.

Guarana, 290.

Guaranda, 46.

Guayaquil, city and people, 25. climate, 28. commerce, 29. history, 28. market, 30.

Guayas River, scenes on, 32.

Guayusa tea, 193.

Gurupa, 253.

Gypsy-birds, 223.

Hammocks, 202.

Hats of Guayaquil, 31.

Hatuntaqui, battle of, 56, 154.

Hauxwell, Mr., 227, 229.

Health in the tropics, 331. on the Andes, 93.

Heart of the Andes, 48.

High altitudes, experience at, 96, 142.

Himalayas, vegetation on, 50, 100.

Horns, blowing of, 209.

Horses, extinct species of, 154. for the Andes, 36.

Hospitality, Ecuadorian, 35, 71.

Hotels, Andean, 40, 53. in Guayaquil, 328. in Quito, 329.

Howling monkeys, 223, 313.

Huallaga River, 266.

Humboldt, 136, 156, 348.

Hummers in Quito, 107, 347. on the Amazon, 307.

Hybrids, 43.

Hypsometric zones, 50.

Ibarra, 157.

Ibis, 308.

Ida Pfeiffer, 53.

Iguana, 304.

Imbabura, 143, 154.

Immorality of priests, 89.

Incarial relics, 109, 112, 124.

Incas in Quito, 56.

Indian character, 153, 203, 243. dwellings, 78. peons, 36, 183. savages, 221. villages, 237.

Indians, Amazonian, 315. Andean, 69, 109, 111. as travelers, 186.

India-rubber-tree, 288.

In memoriam, 334.

Insect pests, 224.

Insects, Amazon, 206, 300. in Quito, 108.

Iquitos, 231.

Itulcachi, 178.

Jacamars, 308.

Jacanas, 308.

Jacapas, 308.

Jaguars, 311.

Japura River, 267, 320.

Javari River, 269, 320.

Jesuits, 89, 321.

Jiggers, 108.

Jivaros Indians, 165, 171.

Juris Indians, 319.

Jurua River, 269, 319.

Jutahi River, 269.

Lady travelers on the Amazon, 236.

La Mona, 38.

Lauguage of Ecuador, 71.

Latacunga, 53.

Lava, absence of, 122. streams, 144.

Lepers, 55, 94.

Lianas, 188.

Lice-eating, 181.

Life within the Amazon, 295. around the Amazon, 300.

Lignite on the Amazon, 225, 283.

Lion, American, 105.

Living on the Amazon, 235.

Lizards of the Amazon, 304.

Llama, 104. fossil, 154.

Llanganati Mountains, 149.

Locro, 44.

Loja, 152.

Longevity on the Andes, 92.

Loreto, 232.

Lotteries in Quito, 90.

Lungs of mountaineers, 95.

Lyell on the Valley of the Amazon, 347.

Macaws, 306.

Machachi, 55.

Madeira River, 269.

Mamai, 234.

Mamelucos, 239.

Mammals on the Amazon, 309.

Manaos, 243.

Manati, 215, 299.

Mandioca, 291.

Mango, 34.

Manufactures of Quito, 77.

Maranon River, 227. steamers, 230.

Maravilla, 48.

Market of Quito, 77.

Mashka, 36.

Maspa, 186.

Masquerade, Indian, 110.

Mastodon, Andean, 154.

Mata-mata turtle, 299.

Maucallacta, 232.

Mauhes Indians, 318.

Mazan River, 226.

Meat, preservation of, 222.

Merchants of Quito, 74.

Mica Lake, 146.

Milk on the Andes, 179.

Milky Way at Quito, 98.

Mixed races, 68, 322.

Mocha, 52.

Mongruba-tree, 288.

Monkey meat, 203.

Monkeys, 223, 313.

Montana of Peru, 231.

Monte Alegre, 252.

Montuca flies, 224.

Moreno, President, 54, 86, 138.

Mountaineers, 43, 69, 95.

Mountains on the Amazon, 252.

Moyabamba, 231.

Mules, 43.

Muleteers, 36.

Mundurucus Indians, 318.

Muras Indians, 318.

Music in the forest, 205.

Musquitoes, 224, 228, 303.

Napo country, 164. diseases, 198. fish, 226. Indians, 165, 197, 180, 210. journey, 174. navigation, 197, 209. productions, 196. rapids, 200. river, 197, 199, 227, 268. scenery, 216, 220. tea, 193. turtles, 226. village, 194. wilderness, 188, 191.

Nauta, 231.

Negroes on the Amazon, 247, 323.

Negro River, 242, 266, 319.

Newspapers in Ecuador, 27, 80.

Nocturnal music, 205.

Obidos, 248.

Obsidian, 124, 148.

Orchids, 216.

Orchilla, 347.

Orejones, 222.

Orellana's expedition, 183, 207.

Organ-bird, 308.

Oriente, 164.

Otovalo, 157.

Outfit for travel, 327.

Paita, raised beach at, 115.

Paja, or Paramo grass, 49.

Palms, cocoa, 35. on the Amazon, 287. on the Napo, 219.

Palo de cruz, 228.

Pampas, geology of, 282.

Panama hats, 31.

Panuelon, 69.

Papallacta, 177, 181.

Papaya-tree, 202, 234.

Para City, buildings, 257. climate, 262. commerce, 259. currency, 260. government, 261. people, 258. view of, 254.

Para River, 254, 271.

Paramo, 33.

Parrots, 206, 306.

Passes Indians, 319.

Pastassa River, 150, 268.

Pebas, 227. fossils, 282, 347.

Peccaries, 221, 310.

Peons, 36, 183.

Peruvian bark, 47. steamers, 230.

Pfeiffer, Ida, 53.

Piassaba palm, 289.

Pichincha volcano, 124, 133, 140.

Pigs, mode of dressing, 49.

Pirarucu fish, 295.

Piums, 224.

Pizarro at Coca, 183, 207.

Plantain, 34.

Poison antidote, 332.

Politeness, Ecuadorian, 35, 71.

Politics in Quito, 86.

Polylepis-trees, 50, 179.

Poncho, 69.

Porphyroid trachytes, 124.

Porpoises, 299.

Porto do Moz, 253.

Potatoes on the Andes, 101.

Potato soup, 44, 50.

Prayinha, 253.

President's order, 176.

Priests of Quito, 89.

Protestant cemetery, 90, 334.

Puma, 105.

Pumice, 148. on the Amazon, 268.

Puna, 96.

Purus Indians, 318. River, 269.

Quadrupeds on the Amazon, 309.

Quartz, paucity of, 122.

Quito agriculture, 75. amusements, 80. architecture, 78. arts, 78. atmosphere, 96. bells, 89. birds, 106. bull-baits, 80, 94. butterflies, 108. capital, 66. carnival, 81. climate, 91. cock-fights, 81. cookery, 84. currency, 75. diseases, 93. dress, 69. drunkenness, 142. education, 79. fashions, 70. fish, 108. flour, 98, 101. history, 56, 152. insects, 108. ladies, 70, 81. manufactures, 77. market, 77. masquerades, 81. merchants, 74. newspapers, 80. politics, 86. population, 68. potatoes, 101. prices, 329. Protestant cemetery, 90. religion, 87. reptiles, 107. scenery, 178. servants, 83. situation, 55, 59, 62. streets and buildings, 64, 65. street scene, 60. suburbs, 55, 59. under the Incas, 56. under the Spaniards, 57. Valley, 51, 55, 73, 149, 152. archaeology of, 109, 112.

Quitonians, character of the, 71, 86. primeval, 109.

Rain-fall at Quito, 93. line on the Andes, 45.

Raposa, 233, 311.

Regularity of nature, 92.

Religion of Ecuador, 87.

Religious intolerance, 91, 347.

Reptiles at Quito, 107. on the Amazon, 296.

Revenue of Ecuador, 87.

Ride down the Andes, 180.

Rimos Indians, 322.

Riobamba, 150, 153.

River systems of South America, 118, 275.

Roads on the Andes, 43, 53, 74.

Rodents on the Amazon, 309.

Romanism on the Andes, 88.

Rose of the Andes, 101.

Routes across South America, 325.

Ruminagui, 146.

Salt on the Andes, 193.

San Antonio, 233.

Sand-flies, 224.

Sangai volcano, 150.

San Paulo, 237.

Santarem, 251.

Santa Rosa, 201.

Sapucaya nut, 290.

Sarsaparilla, 224.

Saueba ants, 194, 300.

Savages on the Napo, 221.

Savaneta, 40.

Scenery on the Amazon, 253.

Sea-cows, 215.

Serpa, 247.

Shells in Quito Valley, 109. in the Amazon Valley, 293.

Sierra, 33.

Silk-cotton-tree, 220, 289.

Sincholagua, 146.

Sloths, 310.

Slow-worm on the Napo, 194.

Snakes, scarcity of, 195, 332.

Snakes on the Amazon, 305.

Snow at high altitudes, 138. limit in the Andes, 125.

Soil in the Amazon Valley, 286.

Solimoens, 237.

South America, geology of, 114. American fauna and flora, 103. American Indians, 315.

Southerners on the Amazon, 246, 251.

Spanish character, 328.

Spanish language, 71.

Spanish Republicanism, 58.

Spiders on the Amazon, 304.

Stars at Quito, 97.

Staunton, Col., burial of, 91, 334.

Steam on the Amazon, 230, 234, 330.

Storm on the Napo, 213.

Sugar on the Amazon, 252. on the Andes, 329

Sugar-cane on the Amanzon, 291.

Suno, 205.

Superstition, 54.

Tabatinga, 233.

Table-lands of the Old World, 152.

Tablon, 178.

Tacunga, 53

Tambillo ridge, 55.

Tambo on the mountains, 40.

Tapajos River, 270.

Tapir, 104, 310.

Teffe River, 269.

Temperature, correspondence of altitude and latitude as to, 145.

Termite ants, 301.

Thermometer, variations of, 92.

Tide on the Amazon, 275.

Timber on the Amazon, 289.

Tiupullo, 54.

Toads of the Amazon, 304.

Tobacco on the Amazon, 291. use of, by the Napos, 197.

Tocantins River, 271.

Tolling-bell bird, 307.

Tortoise-shell wood, 289.

Toucan, 206, 306.

Trade wind, 118.

Trail in the forest, 182.

Trapiche, 207.

Traveling in South America, 325.

Trees in Quito Valley, 100. on the Amazon, 288.

Trogon, 308.

Tropical flowers, 292, 347. forest, 287.

Tropical vegetation, 34, 38, 188, 190, 219.

Tucuna Indians, 320.

Tucker, Admiral, 232.

Tunantins, 237.

Tunguragua volcano, 149.

Tupi race, 316.

Turtles in the Amazon, 297. in the Napo, 215, 220.

Uaupes Indians, 319.

Ucayali Indians, 321. River, 268.

Umbrella bird, 307.

Upper Amazon towns, 231.

Urari poison, 228.

Valediction on the Napo, 204.

Valley of the Amazon, 280. of the Andes, 130. of the Chimbo, 46. of Quito, 51, 55, 73, 149, 151, 155.

Vanilla on the Napo, 196.

Vegetation in the tropics 34, 38. on the Amazon, 287. zones of, on the Andes, 50.

Verdure on the Amazon, 285.

Veta, 96.

Victoria Regia, 292.

Views from the Andes, 45.

Villa Nora, 248.

Vocabularies Indian, 339.

Volcanoes of Ecuador, 122, 125, 151.

Washerwomen of Quito, 83.

Water-beetles, 295. carriers, 61.

Water-shed of the Atlantic and Pacific, 54.

Water-snakes, 296.

Wayside inn. 40.

White ants, 301.

Wisse, M., descent into Pichincha, 138.

Wool, Andean, 104.

Xingu River, 271.

Yagua Indians, 320.

Yana-urcu, 142.

Ypadu, 291.

Yuca, 167.

Yurimaguas, 231.

Zaparo Indians, 165, 170.

Zodiacal light, 98.

Zones of vegetation, 50.

Zoology of the Napo, 206.

Zoology of South America, 286.

Zoological provinces of Amazonia, 300.

THE END.