APPENDIX.

TABULAR VIEW OF THE CHIEF DIVISIONS OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

(Extinct groups are marked with an asterisk. Groups not represented at all as fossils are marked with two asterisks.)

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS.

SUB-KINGDOM I.—PROTOZOA.

Animal simple or compound; body composed of "sarcode," not definitely segmented; no nervous system; and no digestive apparatus, beyond occasionally a mouth and gullet.

CLASS I. GREGARINIDAE.** CLASS II. RHIZOPODA. Order 1. Monera.** " 2. Amoebea.** " 3. Foraminifera. " 4. Radiolaria (Polycystines, &c.) " 5. Spongida (Sponges). CLASS III. INFUSORIA.**

SUB-KINGDOM II.—COELENTERATA.

Animal simple or compound; body-wall composed of two principal layers; digestive canal freely communicating with the general cavity of the body; no circulating organs, and no nervous system or a rudimentary one; mouth surrounded by tentacles, arranged, like the internal organs, in a "radiate" or star-like manner.

CLASS I. HYDROZOA. Sub-class 1. Hydroida ("Hydroid Zoophytes"). Ex. Fresh-water Polypes,** Pipe-corallines (Tubularia), Sea-Firs (Sertularia). Sub-class 2. Siphonophora** ("Oceanic Hydrozoa"). Ex. Portuguese Man-of-war (Physalia). Sub-class 3. Discophora ("Jelly-fishes"). Only known as fossils by impressions of their stranded carcasses. Sub-class 4. Lucernarida ("Sea-blubbers"). Also only known as fossils by impressions left in fine-grained strata. Sub-class 5. Graptolitidoe* ("Graptolites"). CLASS II. ACTINOZOA. Order 1. Zoantharia. Ex. Sea-anemones** (Actinidoe), Star-corals (Astroeidoe). Order 2. Alcyonaria. Ex. Sea-pens (Pennatula), Organ-pipe Coral (Tubipora), Red Coral (Corallium). Order 3. Rugosa ("Rugose Corals"). " 4. Ctenophora.** Ex. Venus's Girdle (Cestum).

SUB-KINGDOM III.—ANNULOIDA.

Animals in which the digestive canal is completely shut off from the cavity of the body; a distinct nervous system; a system of branched "water-vessels," which usually communicate with the exterior. Body of the adult often "radiate," and never composed of a succession of definite rings.

CLASS I. ECHINODERMATA. Order 1. Crinoidea ("Sea-lilies"). Ex. Feather-star (Comatula), Stone-lily (Encrinus*). Order 2. Blastoidea* ("Pentremites"). " 3. Cystoidea* ("Globe-lilies"). " 4. Ophiuroidea ("Brittle-stars"). Ex. Sand-stars (Ophiura), Brittle-stars (Ophiocoma). Order 5. Asteroidea ("Star-fishes"). Ex. Cross-fish (Uraster), Sun-star (Solaster). Order 6. Echinoidea ("Sea-urchins"). Ex. Sea-eggs (Echinus), Heart-urchins (Spatangus). Order 7. Holothuroidea ("Sea-cucumbers"). Ex. Trepangs (Holothuria). CLASS II. SCOLECIDA** (Intestinal Worms, Wheel Animalcules, &c.)

SUB-KINGDOM IV.—ANNULOSA.

Animal composed of numerous definite segments placed one behind the other; nervous system forming a knotted cord placed along the lower (ventral) surface of the body.

Division A. Anarthropoda. No jointed limbs.

CLASS I. GEPHYREA** ("Spoon-worms"). CLASS II. ANNELIDA. ("Ringed-worms"). Ex. Leeches** (Hirudinea), Earthworms** (Oligochoeta), Tube-worms (Tubicola), Sea-worms and Sea-centipedes (Errantia). CLASS III. CHAETOGNATHA** ("Arrow-worms").

Division B. Arthropoda or Articulata. Limbs jointed to the body.

CLASS I. CRUSTACEA ("Crustaceans"). Ex. Barnacles and Acorn-shells (Cirripedia), Water-fleas (Ostracoda), Brine-shrimps and Fairy-shrimps (Phyllopoda), Trilobites* (Trilobita), King-crabs and Eurypterids* (Merostomata), Wood-lice and Slaters (Isopoda), Sand-hoppers (Amphipoda), Lobsters, Shrimps, Hermit-crabs, and Crabs (Decapoda). CLASS II. ARACHNIDA. Ex. Mites (Acarina), Scorpions (Pedipalpi), Spiders (Araneida). CLASS III. MYRIAPODA. Ex. Centipedes (Chilopoda), Millipedes and Galley-worms (Chilignatha). CLASS IV. INSECTA ("Insects"). Ex. Field-bugs (Hemiptera); Crickets, Grasshoppers, &c. (Orthoptera); Dragon-flies and May-flies (Neuroptera); Goats and House-flies (Diptera); Butterflies and Moths (Lepidoptera); Bees, Wasps, and Ants (Hymenoptera); Beetles (Coleoptera).

SUB-KINGDOM V.—MOLLUSCA.

Animal soft-bodied, generally with a hard covering or shell; no distinct segmentation of the body; nervous system of scattered masses.

CLASS I. POLYZOA ("Sea-Mosses"). Ex. Sea-mats (Flustra), Lace-corals (Fenestellidoe*). CLASS II. TUNICATA** ("Tunicaries"). Ex. Sea-squirts (Ascidia). CLASS III. BRACHIOPODA ("Lamp-shells"). Ex. Goose-bill Lamp-shell (Lingula). CLASS IV. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA ("Bivalves"). Ex. Oyster (Ostrea), Mussel (Mytilus), Scallop (Pecten), Cockle (Cardium). CLASS V. GASTEROPODA ("Univalves"). Ex. Whelks (Buccinum), Limpets (Patella), Sea-slugs** (Doris), Land-snails (Helix). CLASS VI. PTEROPODA ("Winged Snails"). Ex. Hyalea, Cleodora. CLASS VII. CEPHALOPODA ("Cuttle-fishes"). Ex. Calamary (Loligo), Poulpe (Octopus), Paper Nautilus (Arganauta), Pearly Nautilus (Nautilus), Belemnites,* Orthoceratites,* Ammonites.*

VERTEBRATE ANIMALS.

SUB-KINGDOM VI.—VERTEBRATA.

Body composed of definite segments arranged longitudinally one behind the other; main masses of the nervous system placed dorsally; a backbone or "vertebral column" in the majority.

CLASS I. PISCES ("Fishes"). Ex. Lancelet** (Amphioxus); Lampreys and Hag-fishes (Marsipobranchii**); Herring, Salmon, Perch, &c. (Teleostei or "Bony Fishes"); Gar-pike, Sturgeon, &c. (Ganoidei); Sharks, Dog-fishes, Rays, &c. (Elasmobranchii or "Placoids"). CLASS II. AMPHIBIA ("Amphibians"). Ex. Labyrinthodontia,* Caecilians,** Newts and Salamanders (Urodela), Frogs and Toads (Anoura). CLASS III. REPTILIA ("Reptiles"). Ex. Deinosauria,* Pterosauria,* Anomodontia,* Plesiosaurs (Sauropterygia*), Ichthyosaurs (Ichthyopterygia*), Tortoises and Turtles (Chelonia), Snakes (Ophidia), Lizards (Lacertilia), Crocodiles (Crocodilia). CLASS IV. AVES ("Birds"). Ex. Toothed Birds (Odontornithes*); Lizard-tailed Birds (Archoeopteryx*); Ducks, Geese, Gulls, &c. (Natatores); Storks, Herons, Snipes, Plovers, &c. (Grallatores); Ostrich, Emeu, Cassowary, Dinornis,* AEpiornis,* &c. (Cursores); Fowls, Game Birds, and Doves (Rasores); Cuckoos, Woodpeckers, Parrots, &c. (Scansores); Crows, Starlings, Finches, Hummingbirds, Swallows, &c. (Insessores); Owls, Hawks, Eagles, Vultures (Raptores). CLASS V. MAMMALIA ("Quadrupeds"). Ex. Duck-mole and Spiny Ant-eater (Monotremata**); Kangaroos, Phalangers, Opossums, Tasmanian Devil, &c. (Marsupialia); Sloths, Ant-eaters, Armadillos (Edentata); Manatees and Dugongs (Sirenia); Whales, Dolphins, Porpoises (Cetacea); Rhinoceros, Tapir, Horses, Hippopotamus, Pigs, Camels and Llamas, Giraffes, Deer, Antelopes, Sheep, Goats, Oxen (Ungulata); Hyrax (Hyracoidea**); Elephants, Mastodon,* Deinotherium* (Proboscidea); Seals, Walrus, Bears, Dogs, Wolves, Cats, Lions, Tigers, &c. (Carnivora); Hares, Rabbits, Porcupines, Beavers, Rats, Mice, Lemmings, Squirrels, Marmots, &c. (Rodentia); Bats (Cheiroptera); Moles, Shrew-mice, Hedgehogs (Insectivora); Lemurs, Spider-monkeys, Macaques, Baboons, Apes (Quadrumana); Man (Bimana).



GLOSSARY.

ABDOMEN (Lat. abdo, I conceal). The posterior cavity of the body, containing the intestines and others of the viscera. In many Invertebrates there is no separation of the body-cavity into thorax and abdomen, and it is only in the higher Annulosa that a distinct abdomen can be said to exist.

ABERRANT (Lat. aberro, I wander away). Departing from the regular type.

ABNORMAL (Lat. ab, from; norma, a rule). Irregular; deviating from the ordinary standard.

ACRODUS (Gr. akros, high; odous, tooth). A genus of the Cestraciont fishes, so called from the elevated teeth.

ACROGENS (Gr. akros, high; gennao, I produce). Plants which increase in height by additions made to the summit of the stem by the union of the bases of the leaves.

ACROTRETA (Gr. akros, high; tretos, pierced). A genus of Brachiopods, so called from the presence of a foramen at the summit of the shell.

ACTINOCRINUS (Gr. aktin, a ray; krinon, a lily). A genus of Crinoids.

ACTINOZOA (Gr. aktin, a ray; and zooen, an animal). That division of the Coelenterata of which the Sea-anemones may be taken as the type.

AEGLINA (AEgle, a sea-nymph). A genus of Trilobites.

AEPIORNIS (Gr. aipus, huge; ornis, bird). A genus of gigantic Cursorial birds.

AGNOSTUS (Gr. a, not; gignosko, I know). A genus of Trilobites.

ALCES (Lat. alces, elk). The European Elk or Moose.

ALECTO (the proper name of one of the Furies). A genus of Polyzoa.

ALETHOPTERIS (Gr. alethes, true; pteris, fern). A genus of Ferns.

ALGAE. (Lat. alga, a marine plant). The order of plants comprising the Sea-weeds and many fresh-water plants.

ALVEOLUS (Lat. alvus, belly). Applied to the sockets of the teeth.

AMBLYPTERUS (Gr. amblus, blunt; pteron, fin). An order of Ganoid Fishes.

AMBONYCHIA (Gr. ambon, a boss; onux, claw). A genus of Palaeozoic Bivalves.

AMBULACRA (Lat. ambulacrum, a place for walking). The perforated spaces or "avenues" through which are protruded the tube-feet, by means of which locomotion is effected in the Echinodermata.

AMMONITIDAE. A family of Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods, so called from the resemblance of the shell of the type-genus, Ammonites, to the horns of the Egyptian God, Jupiter-Ammon.

AMORPHOZOA (Gr. a, without; morphe, shape; zooen, animal). A name sometimes used to designate the Sponges.

AMPHIBIA (Gr. amphi, both; bios, life). The Frogs, Newts, and the like, which have gills when young, but can always breathe air directly when adult.

AMPHICYON (Gr. amphi, both—implying doubt; kuon, dog). An extinct genus of Carnivora.

AMPHILESTES (Gr. amphi, both; lestes, a thief). A genus of Jurassic Mammals.

AMPHISPONGIA (Gr. amphi, both; spoggos, sponge). A genus of Silurian sponges.

AMPHISTEGINA (Gr. amphi, both; stege, roof). A genus of Foraminifera.

AMPHITHERIUM (Gr. amphi, both; therion, beast). A genus of Jurassic Mammals.

AMPHITRAGULUS (Gr. amphi, both; dim. of tragos, goat). An extinct genus related to the living Musk-deer.

AMPLEXUS (Lat. an Ambrace). A genus of Rugose Corals.

AMPYX (Gr. ampux, a wreath or wheel). A genus of Trilobites.

ANARTHROPODA (Gr. a, without; arthros, a joint; pous, foot). That division of Annulose animals in which there are no articulated appendages.

ANCHITHERIUM (Gr. agchi, near; therion, beast). An extinct genus of Mammals.

ANCYLOCERAS (Gr. agkulos, crooked; ceras, horn). A genus of Ammonitidoe.

ANCYLOTHERIUM (Gr. agkulos, crooked; therion, beast). An extinct genus of Edentate Mammals.

ANDRIAS (Gr. andrias, image of man). An extinct genus of tailed Amphibians.

ANGIOSPERMS (Gr. angeion, a vessel; sperma, seed). Plants which have their seeds enclosed in a seed-vessel.

ANNELIDA (a Gallicised form of Annulata). The Ringed Worms, which form one of the divisions of the Anarthropoda.

ANNULARIA (Lat. annulus, a ring). A genus of Palaeozoic plants, with leaves in whorls.

ANNULOSA (Lat. annulus). The sub-kingdom comprising the Anarthropoda and the Arthropoda or Articulata, in all of which the body is more or less evidently composed of a succession of rings.

ANOMODONTIA (Gr. anomos, irregular; odous, tooth). An extinct order of Reptiles, often called Dicynodontia.

ANOMURA (Gr. anomos, irregular; oura, tail). A tribe of Decapod Crustacea, of which the Hermit-crab is the type.

ANOPLOTHERIDAE (Gr. anoplos, unarmed; ther, beast). A family of Tertiary Ungulates.

ANOURA (Gr. a, without; oura, tail). The order of Amphibia comprising the Frogs and Toads, in which the adult is destitute of a tail. Often, called Batrachia.

ANTENNAE (Lat. antenna, a yard-arm). The jointed horns or feelers possessed by the majority of the Articulata.

ANTENNULES (dim. of Antennoe). Applied to the smaller pair of antennae in the Crustacea.

ANTHRACOSAURUS (Gr. anthrax, coal; saura, lizard). A genus of Labyrinthodont Amphibians.

ANTHRAPALAEMON (Gr. anthrax, coal; paloemon, a prawn—originally a proper name). A genus of long-tailed Crustaceans from the Coal-measures.

ANTLERS. Properly the branches of the horns of the Deer tribe (Cervidoe), but generally applied to the entire horns.

APIOCRINIDAE (Gr. apion, a pear; krinon, lily). A family of Crinoids—the "Pear-encrinites."

APTERYX (Gr. a, without; pterux, a wing). A wingless bird of New Zealand, belong to the order Cursores.

AQUEOUS (Lat. aqua, water). Formed in or by water.

ARACHNIDA (Gr. arachne, a spider). A class of the Articulata, comprising Spiders, Scorpions, and allied animals.

ARBORESCENT. Branched like a tree.

ARCHAEOCIDARIS (Gr. archaios, ancient; Lat. cidaris, a diadem). A Palaeozoic genus of Sea-urchins, related to the existing Cidaris.

ARCHAEOCYATHUS (Gr. archaios, ancient; kuathos, cup). A genus of Palaeozoic fossils allied to the Sponges.

ARCHAEOPTERYX (Gr. archaios, ancient; pterux, a wing). The singular fossil bird which alone constitutes the order of the Saururoe.

ARCTOCYON (Gr. arctos, bear; kuon, dog). An extinct genus of Carnivora.

ARENACEOUS. Sandy, or composed of grains of sand.

ARENICOLITES (Lat. arena, sand; colo, I inhabit). A genus founded on burrows supposed to be formed by worms resembling the living Lobworms (Arenicola).

ARTICULATA (Lat. articulus, a joint). A division of the animal kingdom, comprising Insects, Centipedes, Spiders, and Crustaceans, characterised by the possession of jointed bodies or jointed limbs. The term Arthropoda is now more usually employed.

ARTIODACTYLA (Gr. artios, even; daktulos, a finger or toe). A division of the hoofed quadrupeds (Ungulata) in which each foot has an even number of toes (two or four).

ASAPHUS (Gr. Asaphes, obscure). A genus of Trilobites.

ASCOCERAS (Gr. askos, a leather bottle; keras, horn). A genus of Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods.

ASIPHONATE. Not possessing a respiratory tube or siphon. (Applied to a division of the Lamellibranchiate Molluscs.)

ASTEROID (Gr. aster, a star; and eidos, form). Star-shaped, or possessing radiating lobes or rays like a star-fish.

ASTEROIDEA. An order of Echinodermata, comprising the Star-fishes, characterised by their rayed form.

ASTEROPHYLLITES (Gr. aster, a star; phullon, leaf). A genus of Palaeozoic plants, with leaves in whorls.

ASTRAEIDAE (Gr. Astroea, a proper name). The family of the Star-corals.

ASTYLOSPONGIA (Gr. a, without; stulos, a column; spoggos, a sponge). A genus of Silurian Sponges.

ATHYRIS (Gr. a, without; thura, door). A genus of Brachiopods.

ATRYPA (Gr. a, without; trupa, a hole). A genus of Brachiopods.

AVES (Lat. avis, a bird). The class of the Birds.

AVICULA (Lat. a little bird). The genus of Bivalve Molluscs comprising the Pearl-oysters.

AXOPHYLLUM (Gr. axon, a pivot; phullon, a leaf). A genus of Rugose Corals.

AZOIC (Gr. a, without; zoe, life). Destitute of traces of living beings.

BACULITES (Lat. baculum, a staff). A genus of the Ammonitidoe.

BALAENA (Lat. a whale). The genus of the Whalebone Whales.

BALANIDAE (Gr. balanos, an acorn). A family of sessile Cirripedes, commonly called "Acorn-shells."

BATRACHIA (Gr. batrachos, a frog). Often loosely applied to any of the Amphibia, but sometimes restricted to the Amphibians as a class, or to the single order of the Anoura.

BELEMNITIDAE (Gr. belemnon, a dart). An extinct group of Dibranchiate Cephalopods, comprising the Belemnites and their allies.

BELEMNOTEUTHIS (Gr. belemnon, a dart; teuthis, a cuttle-fish). A genus allied to the Belemnites proper.

BELINURUS (Gr. belos, a dart; oura, tail). A genus of fossil King-crabs.

BELLEROPHON (Gr. proper name). A genus of oceanic Univalves (Heteropoda).

BELOTEUTHIS (Gr. belos, a dart; teuthis, a cuttle-fish). An extinct genus of Dibranchiate Cephalopods.

BEYRICHIA (named after Prof. Beyrich). A genus of Ostracode Crustaceans.

BILATERAL. Having two symmetrical sides.

BIMANA (Lat. Bis, twice; manus, a hand). The order of Mammalia comprising man alone.

BIPEDAL (Lat. bis, twice; pes, foot). Walking upon two legs.

BIVALVE (Lat. bis, twice; valvoe, folding-doors). Composed of two plates or valves; applied to the shell of the Lamellibranchiata and Brachiopoda, and to the carapace of certain Crustacea.

BLASTOIDEA (Gr. blastos, a bud; and eidos, form). An extinct order of Echinodermata, often called Pentremites.

BRACHIOPODA (Gr. brachion, an arm; pous, the foot). A class or the Molluscoida, often called "Lamp-shells," characterised by possessing two fleshy arms continued from the sides of the mouth.

BRACHYURA (Gr. brachus, short; oura, tail). A tribe of the Decapod Crustaceans with short tails (i.e., the Crabs).

BRADYPODIDAE. (Gr. bradus, slow; podes, feet). The family of Edentata comprising the Sloths.

BRANCHIA (Gr. bragchia, the gill of a fish). A respiratory organ adapted to breathe air dissolved in water.

BRANCHIATE. Possessing gills or branchiae.

BRONTEUS (Gr. brone, thunder—an epithet of Jupiter the Thunderer). A genus of Trilobites.

BRONTOTHERIUM (Gr. bronte, thunder; therion beast). An extinct genus of Ungulate Quadrupeds.

BRONTOZOUM (Gr. bronte, thunder; zooen, animal). A genus founded on the largest footprints of the Triassic Sandstones of Connecticut.

BUCCINUM (Lat. buccinun, a trumpet). The genus of Univalves comprising the Whelks.

CAINOZOIC (See Kainozoic.)

CALAMITES (Lat. calamus, a reed). Extinct plants with reed-like stems, believed to be gigantic representatives of the Equisetaceoe.

CALCAREOUS (Lat. calx, lime). Composed of carbonate of lime.

CALICE. The little cup in which the polype of a coralligenous Zoophyte (Actinozooen) is contained.

CALYMENE (Gr. kalumene, concealed). A genus of Trilobites.

CALYX (Lat. a cup). Applied to the cup-shaped body of a Crinoid (Echinodermata).

CAMAROPHORIA (Gr. kamara, a chamber; phero, I carry). A genus of Brachiopods.

CAMELOPARDALIDAE. (Lat. camelus, a camel; pardalis, a panther). The family of the Giraffes.

CANINE (Lat. canis, a dog). The eye-tooth of Mammals, or the tooth which is placed at or close to the praemaxillary suture in the upper jaw, and the corresponding tooth in the lower jaw.

CARAPACE. A protective shield. Applied to the upper shell of Crabs, Lobsters, and many other Crustacea. Also the upper half of the immovable case in which the body of a Chelonian is protected.

CARCHARODON (Gr. karcharos. rough; odous, tooth). A genus of Sharks.

CARDIOCARPON (Gr. kardia, the heart; karpos, fruit). A genus of fossil fruit from the Coal-measures.

CARDIUM (Gr. kardia, the heart). The genus of Bivalve Molluscs comprising the Cockles. Cardinia, Cardiola, and Cardita have the same derivation.

CARNIVORA (Lat. caro, flesh; voro, I devour). An order of the Mammalia. The "Beasts of Prey."

CARNIVOROUS (Lat. caro, flesh; voro, I devour). Feeding upon flesh.

CARYOCARIS (Gr. karua, a nut; karis, a shrimp). A genus of Phyllopod Crustaceans.

CARYOCRINUS (Gr. karua, a nut; krinon, a lily). A genus of Cystideans.

CAUDAL (Lat. cauda, the tail). Belonging to the tail.

CAVICORNIA (Lat. cavus, hollow; cornu, a horn). The "hollow-horned" Ruminants, in which the horn consists of a central bony "horn-core" surrounded by a horny sheath.

CENTRUM (Gr. kentron, the point round which a circle is described by a pair of compasses). The central portion or "body" of a vertebra.

CEPHALASPIDAE. (Gr. kephale, head; aspis, shield). A family of fossil fishes.

CEPHALIC (Gr. kephale, head). Belonging to the head.

CEPHALOPODA (Gr. kephale; and podes, feet). A class of the Mollusca, comprising the Cuttle-fishes and their allies, in which there is a series of arms ranged round the head.

CERATIOCARIS (Gr. keras, a horn; karis, a shrimp). A genus of Phyllopod Crustaceans.

CERATITES (Gr. keras, a horn). A genus of Ammonitidoe.

CERATODUS (Gr. keras, a horn; odous, tooth). A genus of Dipnoous fishes.

CERVICAL (Lat. cervix, the neck). Connected with or belonging to the region of the neck.

CERVIDAE (Lat. cervus, a stag). The family of the Deer.

CESTRAPHORI (Gr. kestra, a weapon; phero, I carry). The group of the "Cestraciont Fishes," represented at the present day by the Port-Jackson Shark; so called from their defensive spines.

CETACEA (Gr. ketos, a whale). The order of Mammals comprising the Whales and the Dolphins.

CETIOSAURUS (Gr. ketos, whale; saura, lizard). A genus of Deinosaurian Reptiles.

CHEIROPTERA (Gr. cheir, hand; pteron, wing). The Mammalian order of the Bats.

CHEIROTHERIUM (Gr. cheir, hand; therion, beast). The generic name applied originally to the hand-shaped footprints of Labyrinthodonts.

CHEIRURUS (Gr. cheir, hand; oura, tail). A genus of Trilobites.

CHELONIA (Gr. chelone, a tortoise). The Reptilian order of the Tortoises and Turtles.

CHONETES (Gr. chone or choane, a chamber or box). A genus of Brachiopods.

CIDARIS (Lat. a diadem). A genus of Sea-urchins.

CLADODUS (Gr. klados, branch; odous, tooth). A genus of Fishes.

CLATHROPORA (Lat. clathti, a trellis; porus, a pore). A genus of Lace-corals (Polyzoa).

CLISIOPHYLLUM (Gr. klision, a hut; phullon, leaf). A genus of Rugose Corals.

CLYMENIA (Clumene, a proper name). A genus of Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods.

COCCOSTEUS (Gr. kokkos, berry; osteon, bone). A genus of Ganoid Fishes.

COCHLIODUS (Gr. kochlion, a snail-shell; odous, tooth). A genus of Cestraciont Fishes.

COELENTERATA (Gr. koilos, hollow; enteron, the bowel). The sub-kingdom which comprises the Hydrozoa and Actinozoa. Proposed by Frey and Leuckhart in place of the old term Radiata, which included other animals as well.

COLEOPTERA (Gr. koleos, a sheath; pteron, wing). The order of Insects (Beetles) in which the anterior pair of wings are hardened, and serve as protective cases for the posterior pair of membranous wings.

COLOSSOCHELYS (Gr. kolossos, a gigantic statue; chelus, a tortoise). A huge extinct Land-tortoise.

COMATULA (Gr. koma, the hair). The Feather-star, so called in allusion to its tress-like arms.

CONDYLE (Gr. kondulos, a knuckle). The surface by which one bone articulates with another. Applied especially to the articular surface or surfaces by which the skull articulates with the vertebral column.

CONIFERAE (Lat. conus, a cone; fero, I carry). The order of the Firs, Pines, and their allies, in which the fruit is generally a "cone" or "fir-apple."

CONULARIA (Lat. conulus, a little-cone). An extinct genus of Pteropods.

COPRALITES (Gr. kopros, dung; lithos, stone). Properly applied to the fossilised excrements of animals; but often employed to designate phosphatic concretions which are not of this nature.

CORALLITE. The corallum secreted by an Actinozooen which consists of a single polype; or the portion of a composite corallum which belongs to, and is secreted by, an individual polype.

CORALLUM (from the Latin for Red Coral). The hard structures deposited in, or by the tissues of an Actinozooen,—commonly called a "coral."

CORIACEOUS (Lat. corium. hide). Leathery.

CORYPHODON (Gr. korus, helmet; odous, tooth). An extinct genus of Mammals, allied to the Tapirs.

CRANIUM (Gr. kranion, the skull). The bony or cartilaginous case in which the brain is contained.

CRETACEOUS (Lat. creta, chalk). The formation which in Europe contains white chalk as one of its most conspicuous members.

CRINOIDEA (Gr. krinon, a lily; eidos, form). An order of Echinodermata, comprising forms which are usually stalked, and sometimes resemble lilies in shape.

CRIOCERAS (Gr. krios, a ram; keras, a horn). A genus of Ammonitidoe.

CROCODILIA (Gr. krokodeilos, a crocodile). An order of Reptiles.

CROSSOPTERYGIDAE. (Gr. krossotos, a fringe; pterux, a fin). A sub-order of Ganoids in which the paired fins possess a central lobe.

CRUSTACEA (Lat. crusta, a crust). A class of Articulate animals, comprising Crabs, Lobsters, &c., characterised by the possession of a hard shell or crust, which they cast periodically.

CRYPTOGAMS (Gr. kruptos, concealed; gamos, marriage). A division of plants in which the organs of reproduction are obscure and there are no true flowers.

CTENACANTHUS (Gr. kteis, a comb; akantha, a thorn). A genus of fossil fishes, named from its fin-spines.

CTENOID (Gr. kteis, a comb; eidos, form). Applied to those scales of fishes the hinder margins of which are fringed with spines or comb-like projections.

CURSORES (Lat. curro, I run). An order of Aves, comprising birds destitute of the power of flight, but formed for running vigorously (e.g., the Ostrich and Emeu).

CUSPIDATE. Furnished with small pointed eminences or "cusps."

CYATHOCRINUS (Gr. kuathos, a cup; krinon, a lily). A genus of Crinoids.

CYATHOPHYLLUM (Gr. kuathos, a cup; phullon, a leaf). A genus of Rugose Corals.

CYCLOID (Gr. kuklos, a circle; eidos, form). Applied to those scales of fishes which have a regularly circular or elliptical outline with an even margin.

CYCLOPHTHALMUS (Gr. kuklos, a circle; ophthalmos, eye). A genus of fossil Scorpions.

CYCLOSTOMI (Gr. kuklos, and stoma, mouth). Sometimes used to designate the Hag-fishes and Lampreys, forming the order Marsipobranchii.

CYPRAEA (a name of Venus). The genus of Univalve Molluscs comprising the Cowries.

CYRTOCERAS (Gr. kurtos. crooked; keras, horn). A genus of Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods.

CYSTIPHYLLUM (Gr. kustis, a bladder; phullon, a leaf). A genus of Rugose Corals.

CYSTOIDEA (Gr. kustis, a bladder; eidos, form). The "Globe-crinoids," an extinct order of Echinodermata.

DADOXYLON (Gr. dadion, a torch; xulon, wood). An extinct genus of Coniferous trees.

DECAPODA (Gr. deka, ten; podes, feet). The division of Crustacea which have ten feet; also the family of Cuttle-fishes, in which there are ten arms or cephalic processes.

DECIDUOUS (Lat. decido, I fall off). Applied to parts which fall off or are shed during the life of the animal.

DEINOSAURIA (Gr. deinos, terrible; saura, lizard). An extinct order of Reptiles.

DEINOTHERIUM (Gr. deinos, terrible; therion, beast). An extinct genus of Proboscidean Mammals.

DENDROGRAPTUS (Gr. dendron, tree; grapho, I write). A genus of Graptolites.

DESMIDIAE. Minute fresh-water plants, of a green colour, without a siliceous epidermis.

DIATOMACEAE (Gr. diatemno, I sever). An order of minute plants which are provided with siliceous envelopes.

DIBRANCHIATA (Gr. dis; twice; bragchia, gill). The order of Cephalopoda (comprising the Cuttle-fishes, &c.) in which only two gills are present.

DICERAS (Gr. dis, twice; keras, horn). An extinct genus of Bivalve Molluscs.

DICTYONEMA (Gr. diktuon, a net; nema, thread). An extinct genus of Polyzoa.

DICYNODONTIA (Gr. dis, twice; kuon, dog; odous, tooth). An extinct order of Reptiles.

DIDYMOGRAPTUS (Gr. didumos, twin; grapho, I write). A genus of Graptolites.

DIMORPHODON (Gr. dis, twice; morphe, shape; oduos, tooth). A genus of Pterosaurian reptiles.

DINICHTHYS (Gr. deinos, terrible; ichthus, fish). An extinct genus of Fishes.

DINOCERAS (Gr. deinos, terrible; keras, horn). An extinct genus of Mammals.

DINOPHIS (Gr. deinos, terrible; ophis, snake). An extinct genus of Snakes.

DINORNIS (Gr. deinos, terrible; ornis, bird). An extinct genus of Birds.

DIPLOGRAPTUS (Gr. diplos, double; grapho, I write). A genus of Graptolites.

DIPNOI (Gr. dis, twice; pnoe, breath). An order of Fishes, comprising the Mud-fishes, so called in allusion to their double mode of respiration.

DIPROTODON (Gr. dis, twice; protos, first; odous, tooth). A genus of extinct Marsupials.

DIPTERA (Gr. dis, twice; pteron, wing). An order of Insects characterised by the possession of two wings.

DISCOID (Gr. diskos, a quoit; eidos, form). Shaped like a round plate or quoit.

DOLOMITE (named after M. Dolomieu). Magnesian limestone.

DORSAL (Lat. dorsum, the back). Connected with or placed upon the back.

DROMATHERIUM (Gr. dromaios, nimble; therion, beast). A genus of Triassic Mammals.

DRYOPITHECUS (Gr. drus, an oak; pithekos, an ape). An extinct genus of Monkeys.

ECHINODERMATA (Gr. echinos; and derma, skin). A class of animals comprising the Sea-urchins, Star-fishes, and others, most of which have spiny skins.

ECHINOIDEA (Gr. echinos; and eidos, form). An order of Echinodermata, comprising the Sea-urchins.

EDENTATA (Lat. e, without; dens, tooth). An order of Mammalia often called Bruta.

EDENTULOUS. Toothless, without any dental apparatus. Applied to the mouth of any animal, or to the hinge of the Bivalve Molluscs.

ELASMOBRANCHII (Gr. elasma, a plate; bragchia, gill). An order of Fishes, including the Sharks and Rays.

ENALIOSAURIA (Gr. enalios, marine; saura, lizard), Sometimes employed as a common term to designate the extinct Reptilian orders of the Ichthyosauria and Plesiosauria.

EOCENE (Gr. eos, dawn; kainos, new or recent). The lowest division of the Tertiary rocks, in which species of existing shells are to a small extent represented.

EOPHYTON (Gr. eos, dawn; phuton, a plant). A genus of Cambrian fossils, supposed to be of a vegetable nature.

EOZOOeN (Gr. eos, dawn; zooen, animal). A genus of chambered calcareous organisms found in the Laurentian and Huronian formations.

EQUILATERAL (Lat. oequus, equal; latus, side). Having its sides equal. Usually applied to the shells of the Brachiopoda. When applied to the spiral shells of the Foraminifera, it means that all the convolutions of the shell lie in the same plane.

EQUISETACEAE (Lat. equus, horse; seta, bristle). A group of Cryptogamous plants, commonly known as "Horse-tails."

EQUIVALVE (Lat. oequus, equal; valvoe, folding-doors). Applied to shells which are composed of two equal pieces or valves.

ERRANTIA (Lat. erro, I wander). An order of Annelida, often called Nereidea, distinguished by their great locomotive powers.

EUOMPHALUS (Gr. eu, well; omphalos, navel). An extinct genus of Univalve Molluscs.

EURYPTERIDA (Gr. eurus, broad; pteron, wing). An extinct sub-order of Crustacea.

EXOGYRA (Gr. exo, outside; guros, circle). An extinct genus of Oysters.

FAUNA (Lat. Fauni, the rural deities of the Romans). The general assemblage of the animals of any region or district.

FAVOSITES (Lat. favus, a honeycomb). A genus of Tabulate Corals.

FENESTELLIDAE. (Lat. fenestella, a little window). The "Lace-corals," a group of Palaeozoic Polyzoans.

FILICES (Lat. filix, a fern). The order of Cryptogamic plants comprising the Ferns.

FILIFORM (Lat. filum, a thread; forma, shape). Thread-shaped.

FLORA (Lat. Flora, the goddess of flowers). The general assemblage of the plants of any region or district.

FORAMINIFERA (Lat. foramen, an aperture; fero, I carry). An order of Protozoa, usually characterised by the possession of a shell perforated by numerous pseudopodial apertures.

FRUGIVOROUS (Lat. frux, fruit; voro, I devour). Living upon fruits.

FUCOIDS (Lat. fucus, sea-weed; Gr. eidos, likeness). Fossils, often of an obscure nature, believed to be the remains of sea-weeds.

FUSULINA (Lat. fusus, a spindle). An extinct genus of Foraminifera.

GANOID (Gr, ganos, splendour, brightness). Applied to those scales or plates which are composed of an inferior layer of true bone covered by a superior layer of polished enamel.

GANOIDEI. An order of Fishes.

GASTEROPODA (Gr. gaster, stomach; pous, foot). The class of the Mollusca comprising the ordinary Univalves, in which locomotion is usually effected by a muscular expansion of the under surface of the body (the "foot").

GLOBIGERINA (Lat. globus, a globe; gero, I carry). A genus of Foraminifera.

GLYPTODON (Gr. glupho, I engrave; odous, tooth). An extinct genus of Armadillos, so named in allusion to the fluted teeth.

GONIATITES (Gr. gonia, angle). A genus of Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods.

GRALLATORES (Lat. gralloe, stilts). The order of the long-legged Wading Birds.

GRAPTOLITIDAE. (Gr. grapho, I write; lithos, stone). An extinct sub-class of the Hydrozoa.

GYMNOSPERMS (Gr. gumnos, naked; sperma, seed). The Conifers and Cycads, in which the seed is not protected within a seed-vessel.

HALITHERIUM (Gr. hals, sea; therion, beast). An extinct genus of Sea-cows (Sirenia).

HAMITES (Lat. hamus, a hook). A genus of the Ammonitidoe.

HELIOPHYLLUM (Gr. helios, the sun; phullon, leaf). A genus of Rugose Corals.

HELLADOTHERIUM (Gr. Hellas, Greece; therion, beast). An extinct genus of Ungulate Mammals.

HEMIPTERA (Gr. hemi, and pteron, wing). An order of Insects in which the anterior wings are sometimes "hemelytra."

HESPERORNIS (Gr. Hesperos, the evening star; ornis, bird). An extinct genus of Birds.

HETEROCERCAL (Gr. heteros, diverse; kerkos, tail). Applied to the tail of Fishes when it is unsymmetrical, or composed of two unequal lobes.

HETEROPODA (Gr. heteros, diverse; podes, feet). An aberrant group of the Gasteropods, in which the foot is modified so as to form a swimming organ.

HIPPARION (Gr. hipparion, a little horse). An extinct genus of Equidoe.

HIPPOPOTAMUS (Gr. hippos, horse; potamos, river). A genus of Hoofed Quadrupeds—the "River-horses."

HIPPURITIDAE. (Gr. hippos, horse; oura, tail). An extinct family of Bivalve Molluscs.

HOLOPTYCHIUS (Gr. holos, whole; ptuce, wrinkle). An extinct genus of Ganoid Fishes.

HOLOSTOMATA (Gr. holos, whole; stoma, mouth). A division of Gasteropodous Molluscs, in which the aperture of the shell is rounded, or "entire."

HOLOTHUROIDEA (Gr. holothourion, and eidos, form). An order of Echinodermata comprising the Trepangs.

HOMOCERCAL (Gr. homos, same; kerkol, tail). Applied to the tail of Fishes when it is symmetrical, or composed of two equal lobes.

HYBODUNTS (Gr. hubos, curved; odous, tooth). A group of Fishes of which Hybodus is the type-genus.

HYDROIDA (Gr. hudra; and eidos, form). The sub-class of the Hydrozoa, which comprises the animals most nearly allied to the Hydra.

HYDROZOA (Gr. hudra; and zooen, animal). The class of the Coelenterata which comprises animals constructed after the type of the Hydra.

HYMENOPTERA (Gr. humen, a membrane; pteron, a wing). An order of Insects (comprising Bees, Ants, &c.) characterised by the possession of four membranous wings.

ICHTHYODORULITE (Gr. ichthus, fish; dorus, spear; lithos, stone). The fossil fin-spine of Fishes.

ICHTHYOPTERYGIA (Gr. ichthus; pterux, wing). An extinct order of Reptiles.

ICHTHYORNIS (Gr. ichthus, fish; ornis, bird). An extinct genus of Birds.

ICHTHYOSAURIA (Gr. ichthus; saura, lizard). Synonymous with Ichthyopterygia.

IGUANODON (Iguana, a living lizard; Gr. odous, tooth). A genus of Deinosaurian Reptiles.

INCISOR (Lat. incido, I cut). The cutting teeth fixed in the intermaxillary bones of the Mammalia, and the corresponding teeth in the lower jaw.

INEQUILATERAL. Having the two sides unequal, as in the case of the shells of the ordinary bivalves (Lamellibranchiata). When applied to the shells of the Foraminifera, it implies that the convolutions of the shell do not lie in the same plane, but are obliquely wound round an axis.

INEQUIVALVE. Composed of two unequal pieces or valves.

INOCERAMUS (Gr. is, a fibre; keramos, an earthen vessel). An extinct genus of Bivalve Molluscs.

INSECTA (Lat. inseco, I cut into). The class of articulate animals commonly known as Insects.

INSECTIVORA (Lat. insectum, an insect; voro, I devour). An order of Mammals.

INSECTIVOROUS. Living upon Insects.

INSESSORES (Lat. insedeo, I sit upon). The order of the Perching Birds, often called Passeres.

INTERAMBULACRA. The rows of plates in an Echinoid which are not perforated for the emission of the "tube-feet."

INTERMMAXILLAE or PRAEMAXILLAE. The two bones which are situated between the two superior maxillae in Vertebrata. In man, and some monkeys, the praemaxillae anchylose with the maxillae, so as to be irrecognisable in the adult.

INVERTEBRATA (Lat. in, without; vertebra, a bone of the back). Animals without a spinal column or backbone.

ISOPODA. (Gr. isos, equal; podes, feet). An order of Crustacea in which the feet are like one another and equal.

KAINOZOIC (Gr. kainos, recent; zoe, life). The Tertiary period in Geology comprising those formations in which the organic remains approximate more or less closely to the existing fauna and flora.

LABYRINTHODONTIA (Gr. laburinthos, a labyrinth; odous, tooth). An extinct order of Amphibia, so called from the complex microscopic structure of the teeth.

LACERTILIA (Lat. lacerta, a lizard). An order of Reptilia comprising the Lizards and Slow-worms.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA (Lat. lamella, a plate; Gr. bragchia, gill). The class of Mollusca comprising the ordinary bivalves, characterised by the possession of lamellar gills.

LEPIDODENDRON (Gr. lepis, a scale; dendron, a tree). A genus of extinct plants, so named from the scale-like scars upon the stem left by the falling off of the leaves.

LEPIDOPTERA (Gr. lepis, a scale; pteron, a wing). An order of Insects, comprising Butterflies and Moths, characterised by possessing four wings which are usually covered with minute scales.

LEPIDOSIREN (Gr. lepis, a scale; seiren, a siren—the generic name of the Mud-eel or Siren lacertina). A genus of Dipnoous fishes, comprising the "Mud-fishes."

LEPIDOSTROBUS (Gr. lepis, a scale; strobilos, a fir-cone). A genus founded on the cones of Lepidodendron.

LEPTAENA (Gr. leptos. slender). A genus of Brachiopods.

LINGULA (Lat. lingula, a little tongue). A genus of Brachiopods.

LYCOPODIACEAE (Gr. lupos, a wolf; pous, foot). The group of Cryptogamic plants generally known as "Club-mosses."

MACHAERACANTHUS (Gr. machaira, a sabre; acantha, thorn or spine). An extinct genus of Fishes.

MACHAIRODUS (Gr. machaira, a sabre; odous, tooth). An extinct genus of Carnivora.

MACROTHERIUM (Gr. makros, long; therion. beast). An extinct genus of Edentata.

MACRURA (Gr. makros, long; oura, tail). A tribe of Decapod Crustaceans with long tails (e.g., the Lobster, Shrimp, &c.)

MAMMALIA (Lat. mamma, the breast). The class of Vertebrate animals which suckle their young.

MANDIBLE (Lat. mandibulum, a jaw). The upper pair of jaws in Insects; also applied to one of the pairs of jaws in Crustacea and Spiders, to the beak of Cephalopods, the lower jaw of Vertebrates, &c.

MANTLE. The external integument of most of the Mollusca, which is largely developed, and forms a cloak in which the viscera are protected. Technically called the "pallium."

MANUS (Lat. the hand). The hand of the higher Vertebrates.

MARSIPOBRANCHII (Gr. marsipos, a pouch; bragchia, gill). The order of Fishes comprising the Hag-fishes and Lampreys, with pouch-like gills.

MARSUPIALIA (Lat. marsupium, a pouch). An order of Mammals in which the females mostly have an abdominal pouch in which the young are carried.

MASTODON (Gr. mastos, nipple; odous, tooth). An extinct genus of Elephantine Mammals.

MEGALONYX (Gr. megas, great; onux, nail). An extinct genus of Edentate Mammals.

MEGALOSAURUS (Gr. megas, great; saura, lizard). A genus of Deinosaurian Reptiles.

MEGATHERIUM (Gr. megas, great; therion, beast). An extinct genus of Edentata.

MESOZOIC (Gr. mesos, middle; and zoe, life). The Secondary period in Geology.

MICROLESTES (Gr. mikros, little; lestes, thief). An extinct genus of Triassic Mammals.

MILLEPORA (Lat. mille, one thousand; porus, a pore). A genus of "Tabulate Corals."

MIOCENE (Gr. meion, less; kainol, new). The Middle Tertiary period.

MOLARS (Lat. mola, a mill). The "grinders" in man, or the teeth in diphyodont Mammals which are not preceded by milk-teeth.

MOLLUSCA (Lat. mollis, soft). The sub-kingdom which includes the Shell-fish proper, the Polyzoa, the Tunicata, and the Lamp-shells; so called from the generally soft nature of their bodies.

MOLLUSCOIDA (Mollusca; Gr. eidos, form). The lower division of the Mollusca, comprising the Polyzoa, Tunicata, and Brachiopoda.

MONOGRAPTUS (Gr. monos, single; grapho, I write). A genus of Graptolites.

MYLODON (Gr. mulos, a mill; odous, tooth). An extinct genus of Edentate Mammals.

MYRIAPODA or MYRIOPODA (Gr. murios, ten thousand; podes, feet). A class of Arthropoda comprising the Centipedes and their allies, characterised by their numerous feet.

NATATORES (Lat. nare, to swim). The order of the Swimming Birds.

NATATORY (Lat. nare, to swim). Formed for swimming.

NAUTILOID. Resembling the shell of the Nautilus in shape.

NERVURES (Lat. nervus, a sinew). The ribs which support the membranous wings of insects.

NEUROPTERA (Gr. neuron, a nerve; pteron, a wing). An order of Insects characterised by four membranous wings with numerous reticulated nervures (e.g., Dragon-flies).

NEUROPTERIS (Gr. neuron, a nerve; pteris, a fern). An extinct genus of Ferns.

NOTHOSAURUS (Gr. nothos, spurious; saura, lizard). A genus of Plesiosaurian Reptiles.

NOTOCHORD (Gr. notos, back; chorde, string). A cellular rod which is developed in the embryo of Vertebrates immediately beneath the spinal cord, and which is usually replaced in the adult by the vertebral column. Often it is spoken of as the "chorda dorsalis."

NUDIBRANCHIATA (Lat. nudus, naked; and Gr. bragchia, gill). An order of the Gasteropoda in which the gills are naked.

NUMMULINA (Lat. nummus, a coin). A genus of Foraminifera, comprising the coin-shaped "Nummulites."

OBOLELLA (Lat. dim. of obolus, a small coin). An extinct genus of Brachiopods.

OCCIPITAL. Connected with the occiput, or the back part of the head.

OCEANIC. Applied to animals which inhabit the open ocean (= pelagic).

ODONTOPTERYX (Gr. oduos, tooth; pterux, wing). An extinct genus of Birds.

ODONTORNITHES (Gr. oduos, tooth; ornis, bird). The extinct order of Birds, comprising forms with distinct teeth in sockets.

OLIGOCENE (Gr. oligos, few; kainos, new). A name used by many Continental geologists as synonymous with the Lower Miocene.

OPHIDIA (Gr. ophis, a serpent). The order of Reptiles comprising the Snakes.

OPHIUROIDEA (Gr. ophis, snake; oura, tail; eidos, form). An order of Echinodermata, comprising the Brittle-stars and Sand-stars.

ORNITHOSCELIDA (Gr. ornis, bird; skelos, leg). Applied by Huxley to the Deinosaurian Reptiles, together with the genus Compsognathus, on account of the bird-like character of their hind-limbs.

ORTHIS (Gr. orthos, straight). A genus of Brachiopods, named in allusion to the straight hinge-line.

ORTHOCERATIDAE (Gr. orthos, straight; keras, horn). A family of the Nautilidoe, in which the shell is straight, or nearly so.

ORTHOPTERA (Gr. orthos, straight; pteron, wing). An order of Insects.

OSTEOLEPIS (Gr. osteon, bone; lepis, scale). An extinct genus of Ganoid Fishes.

OSTRACODA (Gr. ostrakon, a shell). An order of small Crustaceans which are enclosed in bivalve shells.

OTODUS (Gr. ota, ears; odous, tooth). An extinct genus of Sharks.

OUDENODON (Gr. ouden, none; odous, tooth). A genus of Dicynodont Reptiles.

OVIBUS (Lat. ovis, sheep; bos, ox). The genus comprising the Musk-ox.

PACHYDERMATA (Gr. pachus, thick; derma, skin). An old Mammalian order constituted by Cuvier for the reception of the Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus, Elephant, &c.

PALAEASTER (Gr. palaios, ancient; aster, star). An extinct genus of Star-fishes.

PALAEOCARIS (Gr. palaios, ancient; karis, shrimp). An extinct genus of Decapod Crustaceans.

PALAEOLITHIC (Gr. palaios, ancient; lithos, stone). Applied to the rude stone implements of the earliest known races of men, to the men who made these implements, or to the period at which they were made.

PALAEONTOLOGY (Gr. palaios, ancient; and logos, discourse). The science of fossil remains or of extinct organised beings.

PALAEOPHIS (Gr. palaios, ancient; ophis, serpent). An extinct genus of Snakes.

PALAEOSAURUS (Gr. palaios, ancient; saura, lizard). A genus of Thecodont Reptiles.

PALAEOTHERIDAE. (Gr. palaios, ancient; ther, beast). A group of Tertiary Ungulates.

PALAEOZOIC (Gr. palaios, ancient; and zoe, life). Applied to the oldest of the great geological epochs.

PARADOXIDES (Lat. paradoxus, marvellous). A genus of Trilobites.

PATAGIUM (Lat. the border of a dress). Applied to the expansion of the integument by which Bats, Flying Squirrels, and other animals support themselves in the air.

PECOPTERIS (Gr. peko, I comb; pteris, a fern). An extinct genus of Ferns.

PECTEN (Lat. a comb). The genus of Bivalve Molluscs comprising the Scallops.

PECTORAL (Lat. pectus, chest). Connected with, or placed upon, the chest.

PENTACRINUS (Gr. penta, five; krinon, lily). A genus of Crinoids in which the column is five-sided.

PENTAMERUS (Gr. penta, five; meros, part). An extinct genus of Brachiopods.

PENTREMITES (Gr. penta, five; trema, aperture). A genus of Blastoidea, so named in allusion to the apertures at the summit of the calyx.

PERENNIBRANCHIATA (Lat. perennis, perpetual; Gr. bragchia, gill). Applied to those Amphibia in which the gills are permanently retained throughout life.

PERISSODACTYLA (Gr. perissos, uneven; daktulos, finger). Applied to those Hoofed Quadrupeds (Ungulata) in which the feet have an uneven number of toes.

PETALOID. Shaped like the petal of a flower.

PHACOPS (Gr. phake, a lentil; ops, the eye). A genus of Trilobites.

PHALANGES (Gr. phalanx, a row). The small bones composing the digits of the higher Vertebrata. Normally each digit has three phalanges.

PHANEROGAMS (Gr. phaneros, visible; gamos, marriage). Plants which have the organs of reproduction conspicuous, and which bear true flowers.

PHARYNGOBRANCHII (Gr. pharugx, pharynx; bragchia, gill). The order of Fishes comprising only the Lancelet.

PHASCOLOTHERIUM (Gr. phaskolos, a pouch; therion, a beast). A genus of Oolitic Mammals.

PHRAGMACONE (Gr. phragma, a partition; and konos, a cone). The chambered portion of the internal shell of a Belemnite.

PHYLLOPODA (Gr. phullon, leaf; and pous, foot). An order of Crustacea.

PINNATE (Lat. pinna, a feather). Feather-shaped; or possessing lateral processes.

PINNIGRADA (Lat. pinna, a feather; gradior, I walk). The group of Carnivora, comprising the Seals and Walruses, adapted for an aquatic life. Often called Pinnipedia.

PINNULAE. (Lat. dim. of pinna). The lateral processes of the arms of Crinoids.

PISCES (Lat. piscis, a fish). The class of Vertebrates comprising the Fishes.

PLACOID (Gr. plax, a plate; eidos, form). Applied to the irregular bony plates, grains, or spines which are found in the skin of various fishes (Elasmobranchii).

PLAGIOSTOMI (Gr. plagios, transverse; stoma, mouth). The Sharks and Rays, in which the mouth is transverse, and is placed on the under surface of the head.

PLATYCERAS (Gr. platus, broad; keras, horn). A genus of Univalve Molluscs.

PLATYCRINUS (Gr. platus, broad; krinom, lily). A genus of Crinoidea.

PLATYRHINA (Gr. platus, broad; rhines, nostrils). A group of the Quadrumana.

PLATYSOMUS (Gr. platus, wide; soma, body). A genus of Ganoid Fishes.

PLEISTOCENE (Gr. pleistos, most; kainos, new). Often used as synonymous with "Post-Pliocene."

PLEUROTOMARIA (Gr. pleura, the side; tome, notch). A genus of Univalve shells.

PLIOCENE (Gr. pleion, more; kainos, new). The later Tertiary period.

PLIOPITHECUS (Gr. pleion, more; pithekos, ape). An extinct genus of monkeys.

PLIOSAURUS (Gr. pleion, more; saura, lizard). A genus of Plesiosaurian Reptiles.

POLYCYSTINA (Gr. polus, many; and kustis, a cyst). An order of Protozoa with foraminated siliceous shells.

POLYPARY. The hard chitinous covering secreted by many of the Hydrozoa.

POLYPE (Gr. polus, many; pous, foot). Restricted to the single individual of a simple Actinozooen, such as a Sea-anemone, or to the separate zooids of a compound Actinozooen. Often applied indiscriminately to any of the Coelenterata, or even to the Polyzoa.

POLYPORA (Gr. polus, many; poros, a passage). A genus of Lace-corals (Fenestellidoe).

POLYTHALAMOUS (Gr. polus; and thalamos, chamber). Having many chambers; applied to the shells of Foraminifera and Cephalopoda.

POLYZOA (Gr. polus; and zooen, animal). A division of the Molluscoida comprising compound animals, such as the Sea-mat—sometimes called Bryozoa.

PORIFERA (Lat. porus, pore; and fero, I carry). Sometimes used to designate the Foraminifera, or the Sponges.

PRAEMOLARS (Lat. proe, before; molares, the grinders). The molar teeth of Mammals which succeed the molars of the milk-set of teeth. In man, the bicuspid teeth.

PROBOSCIDEA (Lat. proboscis, the snout). The order of Mammals comprising the Elephants.

PROCOELOUS (Gr. pro, before; koilos, hollow). Applied to vertebrae the bodies of which are hollow or concave in front.

PRODUCTA (Lat. productus, drawn out or extended). An extinct genus of Brachiopods, in which the shell is "eared," or has its lateral angles drawn out.

PROTICHNITES (Gr. protos, first; ichnos, footprint). Applied to certain impressions in the Potsdam sandstone of North America, believed to have been produced by large Crustaceans.

PROTOPHYTA (Gr. protos; and phuton, plant). The lowest division of plants.

PROTOPLASM (Gr. protos; and plasso I mould). The elementary basis of organised tissues. Sometimes used synonymously for the "sarcode" of the Protozoa.

PROTOROSAURUS or PROTEROSAURUS (Gr. protos, first; orao, I see or discover; saura, lizard: or proteros, earlier; saura, lizard). A genus of Permian lizards.

PROTOZOA (Gr. protos; and zooen, animal). The lowest division of the animal kingdom.

PSAMMODUS (Gr. psammos, sand; odous, tooth). An extinct genus of Cestraciont Sharks.

PSEUDOPODIA (Gr. pseudos, falsity; and pous, foot). The extensions of the body-substance which are put forth by the Rhizopoda at will, and which serve for locomotion and prehension.

PSILOPHYTON (Gr. psilos, bare; phuton, plant). An extinct genus of Lycopodiaceous plants.

PTERANODON (Gr. pteron, wing; a, without; odous, tooth). A genus of Pterosaurian Reptiles.

PTERASPIS (Gr. pteron, wing; aspis, shield). A genus of Ganoid Fishes.

PTERICHTHYS (Gr. pteron, wing; ichthus, fish). A genus of Ganoid Fishes.

PTERODACTYLUS (Gr. pteron, wing; daktulos, finger). A genus of Pterosaurian Reptiles.

PTEROPODA (Gr. pteron, wing; and pous, foot). A class of the Mollusca which swim by means of fins attached near the head.

PTEROSAURIA (Gr. pteron, wing; saura, lizard). An extinct order of Reptiles.

PTILODICTYA (Gr. ptilon, a feather; diktuon, a net). An extinct genus of Polyzoa.

PTYCHOCERAS (Gr. ptuce, a fold; keras, a horn). A genus of Ammonitidoe.

PULMONATE. Possessing lungs.

PYRIFORM (Lat. pyrus, a pear; and forma, form). Pear-shaped.

QUADRUMANA (Lat. quatuor, four; manus, hand). The order of Mammals comprising the Apes, Monkeys, Baboons, Lemurs, &c.

RADIATA (Lat. radius, a ray). Formerly applied to a large number of animals which are now placed in separate sub-kingdoms (e.g., the Coelenterata, the Echinodermata, the Infusoria, &c.)

RADIOLARIA (Lat. radius, a ray). A division of Protozoa.

RAMUS (Lat. a branch). Applied to each half or branch of the lower jaw, or mandible, of Vertebrates.

RAPTORES (Lat. rapto, I plunder). The order of the Birds of Prey.

RASORES (Lat. rado, I scratch). The order of the Scratching Birds (Fowls. Pigeons, &c.)

RECEPTACULITES (Lat. receptaculum, a storehouse). An extinct genus of Protozoa.

REPTILIA (Lat. repto, I crawl). The class of the Vertebrata comprising the Tortoises, Snakes, Lizards, Crocodiles, &c.

RETEPORA (Lat. rete, a net; porus, a pore). A genus of Lace-corals (Polyzoa).

RHAMPHORHYNCHUS (Gr. rhamphos, beak; rhugchos, nose). A genus of Pterosaurian Reptiles.

RHINOCEROS (Gr. rhis, the nose; keras, horn). A genus of Hoofed Quadrupeds.

RHIZOPODA (Gr. rhiza, a root; and pous, foot). The division of Protozoa comprising all those which are capable of emitting pseudopodia.

RHYNCHOLITES (Gr. rhugchos, beak; and lithos, stone). Beak-shaped fossils consisting of the mandibles of Cephalopoda.

RHYNCHONELLA (Gr. rhugchos, nose or beak). A genus of Brachiopods.

RODENTIA (Lat. rodo, I gnaw). An order of the Mammals; often called Glires (Lat. glis, a dormouse).

ROTALIA (Lat. rota, a wheel). A genus of Foraminifera.

RUGOSA (Lat. rugosus, wrinkled). An order of Corals.

RUMINANTIA (Lat. ruminor, I chew the cud). The group of Hoofed Quadrupeds (Ungulata) which "ruminate" or chew the cud.

SARCODE (Gr. sarx, flesh; eidos, form). The jelly-like substance of which the bodies of the Protozoa are composed. It is an albuminous body containing oil-granules, and is sometimes called "animal protoplasm."

SAURIA (Gr. saura, a lizard). Any lizard-like Reptile is often spoken of as a "Saurian;" but the term is sometimes restricted to the Crocodiles alone, or to the Crocodiles and Lacertilians.

SAUROPTERYGIA (Gr. sauro; pterux, wing). An extinct order of Reptiles, called by Huxley Plesiosauria, from the typical genus Plesiosaurus.

SAURURAE (Gr. saura; oura, tail). The extinct order of Birds comprising only the Archoeopteryx.

SCANSORES (Lat. scando, I climb). The order of the Climbing Birds (Parrots, Woodpeckers, &c.)

SCAPHITES (Lat. scapha, a boat). A genus of the Ammonitidoe.

SCOLITHUS (Gr. skolex, a worm; lithos, a stone). The vertical burrows of sea-worms in rocks.

SCUTA (Lat. scutum, a shield). Applied to any shield-like plates; especially to those which are developed in the integument of many Reptiles.

SELACHIA or SELACHII (Gr. selachos, a cartilaginous fish, probably a shark). The sub-order of Elasmobranchii comprising the Sharks and Dog-fishes.

SEPIOSTAIRE. The internal shell of the Sepia, commonly known as the "cuttle-bone."

SEPTA. Partitions.

SERPENTIFORM. Resembling a serpent in shape.

SERTULARIDA (Lat. sertum, a wreath). An order of Hydrozoa.

SESSILE (Lat. sedo, I sit). Not supported upon a stalk or peduncle; attached by a base.

SETHAE (Lat. bristles). Bristles or long stiff hairs.

SIGILLARIOIDS (Lat. sigilla, little images). A group of extinct plants of which Sigillaria is the type, so called from the seal-like markings on the bark.

SILICEOUS (Lat. silex, flint). Composed of flint.

SINISTRAL (Lat. sinistra, the left hand). Left-handed; applied to the direction of the spiral in certain shells, which are said to be "reversed."

SIPHON (Gr. a tube). Applied to the respiratory tubes in the Mollusca; also to other tubes of different functions.

SIPHONIA (Gr. siphon, a tube). A genus of fossil Sponges.

SIPHONOSTOMATA (Gr. siphon; and stoma, mouth). The division of Gasteropodous Molluscs in which the aperture of the shell is not "entire," but possesses a notch or tube for the emission of the respiratory siphon.

SIPHUNCLE (Lat. siphunculus, a little tube). The tube which connects together the various chambers of the shell of certain Cephalopoda (e.g., the Pearly Nautilus).

SIRENIA (Gr. seiren. a mermaid). The order of Mammalia comprising the Dugongs and Manatees.

SIVATHERIUM (Siva, a Hindoo deity; Gr. therion, beast). An extinct genus of Hoofed Quadrupeds.

SOLIDUNGULA (Lat. solidus, solid; ungula, a hoof). The group of Hoofed Quadrupeds comprising the Horse, Ass, and Zebra, in which each foot has only a single solid hoof. Often called Solipedia.

SPHENOPTERIS (Gr. sphen, a wedge; pteris, a fern). An extinct genus of ferns.

SPICULA (Lat. spicidum, a point). Pointed needle-shaped bodies.

SPIRIFERA (Lat. spira, a spire or coil; fero, I carry). An extinct genus of Brachiopods, with large spiral supports for the "arms."

SPIRORBIS (Lat. spira, a spire; orbis, a circle). A genus of tube-inhabiting Annelides, in which the shelly tube is coiled into a spiral disc.

SPONGIDA (Gr. spoggos, a sponge). The division of Protozoa commonly known as sponges.

STALACTITES (Gr. stalasso, I drop). Icicle-like encrustations and deposits of lime, which hang from the roof of caverns in limestone.

STALAGMITE (Gr. stalagma, a drop). Encrustations of lime formed on the floor of caverns which are hollowed out of limestone.

STIGMARIA (Gr. stigma, a mark made with a pointed instrument). A genus founded on the roots of various species of Sigillaria.

STRATUM (Lat. stratus, spread out; or stratum, a thing spread out). A layer of rock.

STROMATOPORA (Gr. stroma, a thing spread out; paras, a passage or pore). A Palaeozoic genus of Protozoa.

STROPHOHENA (Gr. strophao, I twist; mene, moon). An extinct genus of Brachiopods.

SUB-CALCAREOUS. Somewhat calcareous.

SUB-CENTRAL. Nearly central, but not quite.

SUTURE (Lat. suo, I sew). The line of junction of two parts which are immovably connected together. Applied to the line where the whorls of a univalve shell join one another; also to the lines made upon the exterior of the shell of a chambered Cephalopod by the margins of the septa.

SYRINGOPORA (Gr. surigx, a pipe; poros, a pore). A genus of Tabulate Corals.

TABULAE. (Lat. tabula, a tablet). Horizontal plates or floors found in some Corals, extending across the cavity of the "theca" from side to side.

TEGUMENTARY (Lat. tegumentum, a covering). Connected with the integument or skin.

TELEOSAURUS (Gr. teleios, perfect; saura, lizard). An extinct genus of Crocodilian Reptiles.

TELEOSTEI (Gr. teleios, perfect; osteon, bone). The order of the "Bony Fishes."

TELSON (Gr. a limit). The last joint in the abdomen of Crustacea; variously regarded as a segment without appendages, or as an azygous appendage.

TENTACULITES (Lat. tentaculum, a feeler). A genus of Pteropoda.

TEREBRATULA (Lat. terebratus, bored or pierced). A genus of Brachiopoda, so called in allusion to the perforated beak of the ventral valve.

TEST (Lat. testa, shell). The shell of Mollusca, which are for this reason sometimes called "Testacea;" also, the calcareous case of Echinoderms; also, the thick leathery outer tunic in the Tunicata.

TESTACEOUS. Provided with a shell or hard covering.

TESTUDINIDAE (Lat. testudo, a tortoise). The family of the Tortoises.

TETRABRANCHIATA (Gr. tetra, four; bragchia, gill). The order of Cephalopoda characterised by the possession of four gills.

TEXTULARIA. (Lat. textilis, woven). A genus of Foraminifera.

THECA (Gr. theke, a sheath). A genus of Pteropods.

THECODONTOSAURUS (Gr. theke, a sheath; odous, tooth; saura, lizard). A genus of "Thecodont" Reptiles, so named in allusion to the fact that the teeth are sunk in distinct sockets.

THERIODONT (Gr. therion, a beast; odous, tooth). A group of Reptiles so named by Owen in allusion to the Mammalian character of their teeth.

THORAX (Gr. a breastplate). The region of the chest.

THYLACOLEO (Gr. thulakos, a pouch; leo, a lion). An extinct genus of Marsupials.

TRIGONIA (Gr. treis, three; gonia, angle). A genus of Bivalve Molluscs.

TRIGONOCARPON (Gr. treis, three; gonia. angle; karpos, fruit). A genus founded on fossil fruits of a three-angled form.

TRILOBITA (Gr. treis, three; lobos, a lobe). An extinct order of Crustaceans.

TRINUCLEUS (Lat. tris, three; nucleus, a kernel). A genus of Trilobites.

TROGONTHERIUM (Gr. trogo, I gnaw; therion, beast). An extinct genus of Beavers.

TUBICOLA (Lat. tuba, a tube; and colo, I inhabit). The order of Annelida which construct a tubular case in which they protect themselves.

TUBICOLOUS. Inhabiting a tube.

TUNICATA (Lat. tunica, a cloak). A class of Molluscoida which are enveloped in a tough leathery case or "test."

TURBINATED (Lat. turbo, a top). Top-shaped; conical with a round base.

TURRILITES (Lat, turris, a tower). A genus of the Ammonitidoe.

UMBO (Lat. the boss of a shield). The beak of a bivalve shell.

UNGUICULATE (Lat. unguis, nail). Furnished with claws.

UNGULATA (Lat. ungula, hoof). The order of Mammals comprising the Hoofed Quadrupeds.

UNGULATE. Furnished with expanded nails constituting hoofs.

UNILOCULAR (Lat. unus, one; and loculus. a little purse). Possessing a single cavity or chamber. Applied to the shells of Foraminifera and Mollusca.

UNIVALVE (Lat. unus, one; valvoe, folding-doors). A shell composed of a single piece or valve.

URODELA (Gr. oura, tail; delos, visible). The order of the Tailed Amphibians (Newts, &c.)

VENTRAL (Lat. venter, the stomach). Relating to the inferior surface of the body.

VENTRICULITES (Lat. ventriculum, a little stomach). A genus of siliceous Sponges.

VERMIFORM (Lat. vermis, worm; and forma, form). Worm-like.

VERTEBRA (Lat. verto, I turn). One of the bony segments of the vertebral column or backbone.

VERTEBRATA (Lat. vertebra, a bone of the back, from vertere, to turn). The division of the Animal Kingdom roughly characterised by the possession of a backbone.

VESICLE (Lat. vesica, a bladder). A little sac or cyst.

WHORL. The spiral turn of a univalve shell.

XIPHOSURA (Gr. xiphos, a sworn; and oura, tail). An order of Crustacea, comprising the Limuli or King-Crabs, characterised by their long sword-like tails.

XYLOBIUS (Gr. xulon, wood; bios, life). An extinct genus of Myriapods, named in allusion to the fact that the animal lived on decaying wood.

ZAPHRENTIS (proper name). A genus of Rugose Corals.

ZEUGLODONTIDAE. (Gr. zeugle, a yoke; odous, a tooth). An extinct family of Cetaceans, in which the molar teeth are two-fanged, and look as if composed of two parts united by a neck.

ZOOPHYTE (Gr. zooen, animal; phuton, plant). Loosely applied to many plant-like animals, such as Sponges, Corals, Sea-anemones, Sea-mats, &c.



INDEX.

Acadian Group. Acer. Acervularia. Acidaspis. Acorn-shells. Acroculia. Acrodus; nobilis. Acrotreta. Acroura. Actinocrinus. AEglina. AEpiornis. Agnostus; rex. Alces malchis. Alecto. Alethopteris. Algoe (see Sea-weeds). Alligators. Alnus. Amblypterus; macropterus. Ambonychia. Ammonites; Humpresianus; bifrons. Ammonitidoe. Amphibia; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Miocene. Amphicyon. Amphilestes. Amphispongia. Amphistegina. Amphitherium; Prevostii. Amphitragulus. Amplexus; coralloides. Ampyx. Anachytes. Anchitherium. Ancyloceras; Matheronianus. Ancylotherium Pentelici. Andrias Scheuchzeri. Angiosperms. Animal Kingdom, divisions of. Anisopus. Annelida, of the Cambrian period; of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous. Annularia. Anomodontia. Anoplotheridoe. Anoplotherium; commune. Ant-eaters. Antelopes. Anthracosaurus Russelli. Anthrapaloemon gracilis. Antilocapra. Antilope quadricornis. Antwerp Crag. Apes. Apiocrinus. Apteryx. Aqueous rocks. Arachnida of the Coal-measures. Aralo-Caspian Beds. Araucaria. Araucarioxylon. Arca; antiqua. Archoeocidaris. Archoeocyathus. Archoeopteryx; macrura. Archoeospoerinoe. Archimedes; Wortheni. Archiulus. Arctic regions, Miocene flora of. Arctocyon. Arenaceous rocks. Arenicolites; didymus. Arenig rocks. Argillaceous rocks. Armadillos. Artiodactyle Ungulates. Asaphus; tyrannus. Ascoceras. Aspidella. Aspidura loricata. Astarte borealis. Asterophyllites. Asterosteus. Astroeidoe. Astroeospongia. Astylospongia; proemorsa. Athyris; subtilita. Atlantic Ooze. Atrypa; congesta; hemispoerica; reticularis. Auger-shells. Aurochs. Aves (see Birds). Avicula; cantorta; socialis. "Avicula contorta Beds". Aviculidoe. Aviculopecten. Axophyllum. Aymestry Limestone. Azoic rocks.

_Baculites; anceps_. Bagshot and Bracklesham Beds. _Bakewellia_. _Baloena_. Bala Group. Bala Limestone. _Balanidoe_. _Banksia_. Barbadoes Earth. Barnacles. Bath Oolite. Bats. Bears. Beaver. Beetles. _Belemnitella mucronata_. _Beleminites; canaliculatus_. _Belemnitidoe_. _Belemnoteuthis_. _Belinurus_. _Bellerophon; Argo_. _Belodon; Carolinensis_. _Belosepia_. _Beloteuthis subcostata_. Bembridge Beds. _Beryx; Lewesiensis_. _Beyrichia; complicata_. Bird's-eye Limestone. Birds, of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous; of the Eocene; of the Post-Pliocene. _Bison priscus_. Bituminous Schists of Caithness. Bivalves (_see_ Lamellibranchiata). Black-lead (_see_ Graphite). Black-River Limestone. _Blastoidea_; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous. _Boidoe_. Bolderberg Beds. Bone-bed, of the Upper Ludlow; of the Trias. Bony Fishes (_see_ Teleostean Fishes). _Bos primigenius; _taurus_. Boulder-clay. _Bourgueticrinus_. Bovey-Tracy Beds. _Brachiopoda_; of the Cambrian rocks; of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous; of the Eocene. _Brachymetopus_. Brachyurous Crustaceans. Bradford Clay. Breaks in the Geological and Palaeontological record. Breccia. Brick-earths. Bridlington Crag. Brittle-stars (_see_ Ophiuroidea). _Bronteus_. _Brontotheridoe_. _Brontotherium ingens_. _Brontozoum_. _Buccinum_. _Bucklandia_. _Bulimus_. Bunter Sandstein. Butterflies. _Byssoarca_.

Cainozoic (_see_ Kainozoic). Calamaries. _Calamites; cannoeformis_. Calcaire Grossier. Calcareous rocks; Tufa. Calciferous Sand-rock. _Calveria_. _Calymene; Blumenbachii_. _Camarophoria globulina_. Cambrian period; rocks of, in Britain; in Bohemia; in North America; life of. _Camelopardalidoe_. Camels. _Canis lupus; Parisiensis_. Caradoc rocks. Carbon, origin of. Carboniferous Limestone. Carboniferous period; rocks of; life of. Carboniferous Slates of Ireland. _Carcharias_. _Carcharodon; productus_. _Cardinia_. _Cardiocarpon_. _Cardiola; fibrosa; interrupta_. _Cardita; planicosta_. _Cardium; Rhoeticum_. Caribou. _Carnivora_, of the Eocene; of the Miocene; of the Pliocene; of the Post-Pliocene. _Caryocaris_. _Caryocrinus ornatus_. _Castor fiber_. _Castoroides Ohioensis_. Catastrophism, theory of. _Catopterus_. Cauda-Galli Grit. _Caulopteris_. Cave-bear. Cave-deposits. Cave-hyaena. Cave-lion. Caves, formation of; deposits in. _Cavicornia_. Cement-stones. _Cephalaspis_. _Cephalopoda_, of the Cambrian period; of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous; of the Eocene; of the Miocene. _Ceratiocaris_. _Ceratites; nodosus_. _Ceratodus; altus; Fosteri; serratus_. _Ceriopora; Hamiltonensis_. _Cerithium; _hexagonum_. _Cervidoe_, of the Miocene period; of the Pliocene; of the Post-Pliocene. _Cervus; capreolus; elaphus; megaceros; tarandus_. _Cestracion Philippi_. Cestracionts, of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous. _Cetacea_; of the Eocene; of the Miocene. _Cetiosaurus_. _Choeropotamus_. _Choetetes; tumidus_. Chain-coral. Chalk; structure of; Foraminifera of; origin of; with flints; without flints. _Chama_. _Chamoerops; Helvetica_. Chazy Limestone. _Cheiroptera_, of the Eocene; of the Miocene. _Cheirotherium_. _Cheirurus; bimucronatus_. _Chelichnus Duncani_. _Chelone Benstedi; planiceps_. _Chelonia_, of the Permian; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous; of the Eocene; of the Miocene. _Chemnitzia_. Chemung Group. Chert. Chillesford Beds. _Chonetes; Hardrensis_. _Chonophyllum_. _Cidaris_. Cincinnati Group. _Cinnamomum polymorphum_. Cinnamon-trees. _Cladodus_. Claiborne Beds. _Clathropora; intertexta_. Clay; Red, origin of. Clay-ironstone, nodules of. _Cleidophorus_. _Cleodora_. _Climacograptus_. Clinton Formation. _Clisiophyllum_. _Clupeidoe_. _Clymenia; Sedgwickii_. Coal; structure of; mode of formation of. Coal-measures; mineral characters of; mode of formation of; plants of. Coccoliths. _Coccosteus_. _Cochliodus; cantortus_. _Coleoptera_. _Colossochelys Atlas_. _Columnaria; alveolata_. _Comatula_. Conclusions to be drawn from Fossils. Concretions, calcareous; phosphatic; of clay-ironstone; of manganese. Conglomerate. _Coniferoe_; wood of; of Devonian period; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Jurassic period. Coniston Flags and Grits. Connecticut Sandstones, footprints of. _Conocoryphe Mathewi; Sultzeri_. Conodonts. _Constellaria_. Constricting serpents of the Eocene. Contemporaneity of strata. Continuity, theory of. _Conularia; ornata_. _Conulus_. _Conus_. Coomhola Grits. Coprolites. Coralline Crag. Corallines. _Corallium_. Coral-rag. Coral-reefs. Coral-rock. Coral-sand. Corals; of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous; of the Eocene; of the Miocene. _Corbula_. Cornbrash. Corniferous Limestone. _Cornulites_. Cornus. _Coryphodon_. Cowries. Crabs. Crag, Red; White; Norwich; Antwerp; Bridlington; Coralline. _Crania; Ignabergensis_. _Crassatella_. _Crepidophyllum; Archiaci_. Cretaceous period; rocks of, in Britain; in North America; life of. Crinoidal Limestone. _Crinoidea_; of the Cambrian; of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Triss; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous; of the Eocene. _Crioceras; cristatum_. _Crocodilia_; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous; of the Eocene. Cromer Forest-bed. _Crossozamites_. _Crotalocrinus_. _Crustacea_, of the Cambrian; of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous. Cryptogams. _Ctenacanthus_. _Ctenodonta_. _Cupressus_. Cursores. Cuttle-fishes (_see_ Dibranchiate Cephalopods). _Cyathocrinus_. _Cyathophyllum_. _Cycadopteris_. Cycads; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous. _Cyclas_. _Cyclonema_. _Cyclophthalmus senior_. _Cyclostoma; Arnoudii_. _Cynodraco_. _Cyproea; elegans_. Cypress. _Cypridina_. Cypridina Slates. _Cyrena_. _Cyrtina_. _Cyrtoceras_. _Cystiphyllum; vesiculosum_. _Cystoidea_; of the Cambrian; of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian.

Dachstein Beds. Dadoxylon. Daonella; Lommelli. Dasornis Londinensis. Decapod Crustaceans. Deer. Deinosauria; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous. Deinotherium; giganteum. Denbighshire Flags and Grits. Dendrocrinus. Dendrograptus. Desmids. Devonian Formation; origin of name; relation to Old Red Sandstone; of Devonshire; of North America; life of. Diadema. Diatoms; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of flints; of Richmond Earth. Dibranchiate Cephalopods; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous; of the Eocene; of the Miocene. Diceras; arietina. Diceras Limestone. Dichobune. Dichograptus; octobrachiatus. Dicotyledonous plants. Dicotyles antiquus. Dicranograptus. Dictyonema; sociale. Dicynodon; lacerticeps. Didelphys; gypsorum. Didus ineptus. Didymograptus; divaricatus. Dikellocephalus Celticus; Minnesotensis. Dimorphodon. Dinichthys; Hertzeri. Ditoceras; mirabilis. Dinocerata. Dinophis. Dinornis; elephantopus; giganteus. Dinosauria (see Deinosauria). Dinotherium (see Deinotherium). Diphyphyllum. Diplograptus; pristis. Dipnoi. Diprotodon; australis. Diptera. Discina. Discoidea; cylindrica. Dithyrocaris; Scouleri. Dodo. Dog whelks. Dolomite. Dolomitic Couglomerate of Bristol. Dolphins. Dorcatherium. Downton Sandstone. Draco volans. Dragon-flies. Drift, Glacial. Dremotherium. Dromatherium sylvestre. Dryandra. Dryopithecus. Dugougs.

Echinodermata, of the Cambrian; of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous; of the Eocene. Echinoidea; of the Upper Silurian; or the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous. Edentata; of the Eocene; of the Miocene; of the Post-Pliocene. Edriocrinus. Eifel Limostone. Elasmobranchii (See Placoid Fishes). Elasmosaurus. Elephants. Elphas; Americanus; antiquus; Falconeri; Melitensis; meridionalis; planifrons; primigenius. Elk; Irish. Ellipsocephalus Hoffi. Elotherium. Emydidoe. Emys. Enaliosaurians. Encrinital warble. Encrinurus. Encrinus liliiformis. Endogenous plants. Endophyllum. Endothyra; Bailyi. Engis skull. Entomis. Entomoconchus Scouleri. Eocene period; rocks of, in Britain; in France; in North America; life of. Eocidaris. Eophyton; Linneanum. Eophyton Sandstone. Eosaurus Acadianus. Eozoic rocks. Eozooen Bavaricum. Eozooen Canadense; appearance of, in mass; minute structure of; affinities of, with Foraminifera. Ephemeridoe. Equisetaceoe. Equisetites. Equidoe. Equus; caballus; excelsus; fossilis. Eridophyllum. Eryon arctiformis. Eschara. Escharidoe. Escharina; Oceani. Estheria; tenella. Eucalyptocrinus; polydactylus. Eucladia. Euomphalus; discors. Euplectella. Euprooeps. European Bison. Eurypterida; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian. Even-toed Ungulates. Exogenous plants. Exogyra; virgula. Extinction of species.

Fagus. Faluns. Fan-palms. Favistella. Favostites; Gothlandica; hemisphoerica. Faxoee Limestone. Felis angustus; leo; speloea. Fenestella; cribrosa; magnifica; retiformis. Fenestellidoe. Ferns, of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous. Fig-shells. Fishes; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous; of the Eocene; of the Miocene. Flint; structure of; origin of; organisms of; of Chalk. Human implements associated with bones of extinct Mammals. Flora (see Plants). Footprints of Cheirotherium; of the Triassic sandstones of Connecticut. Foraminifera; of the Cambrian; of the Lower Silurian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous; of the Eocene; of the Miocene; of the Post-Pliocene; of Atlantic ooze; as builders of limestone; as forming green sands. Forbesiocrinus. Forest-bed of Cromer. Forest-bugs. Forest-marble. Formation, definition of; succession of. Fossiliferous rocks; chronological succession of. Fossilisation, processes of. Fossils, definition of; distinctive, of rock-groups; conclusions to be drawn from; biological relations of. Foxes. Fringe-finned Ganoids. Fucoidal Sandstone. Fucoids. Fuller's Earth. Fusulina; cylindrica. Fusus.

Galeocerdo. Galerites; albo-galerus. Galestes. Ganoid Fishes; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous; of the Eocene. Gaspe Beds. Gasteropoda, of the Cambrian; of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous; of the Eocene. Gastornis Parisiensis. Gault. Gavial. Genesee Slates. Geological record, breaks in the. Giraffes. Glacial period; deposits of. Glandulina. Glauconite. Glauconome; pulcherrima. Globe Crinoids (see Cystoidea). Globigerina. Glutton. Glyptaster. Glyptocrinus. Glyptodon; clavipes. Glyptoloemus. Goats. Goniatites; Jossoe. Gorgonidoe. Grallatores. Graphite; mode of occurrence of; origin of. Graptolites; structure of; of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian. Great Oolite; Upper. Greenland. Miocene plants of. Greensand, Lower. Green sands, origin of. Grevillea. Griffithides. Grizzly Bear. Groond Sloths. Gryphoea; incurva. Guelph Limestone. Gulo luscus; speloeus. Guttenstein Beds. Gymnospermous Exogens. Gypsum. Gyracanthus. Gyroceras.

Hadrosaurus. Halitherium. Hallstadt Beds. Halobia. Halysites; agglomerata; catenularia. Hamilton formation. Hamites; rotundus. Haplophlebium Barnesi. Harlech Grits. Harpes; ungula. Hastings Sands. Headon and Osborne series. Heart-urchins. Heliolites. Heliophyllum; exiguum. Helix. Helladotherium. Helopora fragilis. Hemicidaris crenularis. Hemiptera. Hemitrochiscus paradoxus. Hempstead Beds. Hesperornis; regalis. Heteropoda; of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous. Hinnites. Hipparion. Hippopodium. Hippopotamus; amphibus; major; Sivalensis. Hippothoa. Hippurite Marble. Hippurites; Toucasiana. Hippuritidoe. Histioderma. Hollow-horned Ruminants. Holocystis elegan. Holopea; Subconica. Holopella; obsoleta. Holoptychius; nobilissimus. Holostomatous Univalves. Holothurians. Holtenia. Homacanthus. Homalonotus; armatus. Homo diluvii testis. Honeycomb Corals. Hoofed Quadrupeds. Hudson River Group. Huronian Period; rocks of. Hyoena crocuta; speloea; Hipparionum. Hyoenictis. Hyoenodon. Hyalea D'Orbignyana. Hybodus. Hydractinia. Hydroid Zoophytes. Hymenocaris vermicauda. Hymenophyllites. Hymenoptera. Hyopotamus. Hyperodapedon. Hypsiprymnopsis. Hystrix primigenius.

Ichthyocrinus loevis. Ichthyornis; dispar. Ichthyosaurus; communis. Ictitherium. Iguana. Iguanodon; Mantelli. Ilfracombe Group. Illoenus. Imperfection of the palaeontological record. Inferior Oolite. Infusorial Earth. Inoceramus; sulcatus. Insectivora, of the Eocene; of the Miocene. Insects, of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Jurassic; of the Miocene. Irish Elk. Ischadites. Isopod Crustaceans.

Jackson Beds. Jurassic period; rocks of; life of.

Kaidacarpum. Kainozoic period. Kangaroo. Kelloway Rock. Kent's Cavern, deposits in. Keuper. Kimmeridge Clay. King-crabs. Koninckia. Koessen Beds.

Labyrinthodon Joegeri. Labyrinthodontia; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias. Lace-corals. Lacertilia; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous. Loelaps. Lamellibranchiata, of the Cambrian; of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous; of the Eocene. Lamna. Lamp-shells (see Brachiopoda). Land-tortoises. Lauraceoe. Laurentian period; rocks of; Lower Laurentian; Upper Laurentian; areas occupied by Laurentian rocks; limestones of; iron-ores of; phosphate of lime of; graphite of; life of. Leaf-beds of the Isle of Mull. Leda; truncata. Leguminosites Marcouanus. Lemming. Lepadidoe. Lepadocrinus Gebhardi. Leperditia; canadensis. Lepidaster. Lepidechinus. Lepidesthes. Lepidodendroids. Lepidodendron; Sternberg. Lepidoptera. Lepidosiren. Lepidosteus. Lepidostrobus. Lepidotus. Leptoena; Liassica; sericea. Leptocoelia; plano-convexa. Lias. Lichas. Licrophycus Ottawaensis. Lignitic Formation of North America. Lily-encrinite. Lima. Lime, phosphate of. Limestone; varieties of; origin of; microscopical structure of; Crinoidal; Foraminiferal; coralline; magnesian; metamorphic; oolitic; pisolitic; bituminous; Laurentian. Limnoea; pyramidalis. Limulus. Lingula; Credneri. Lingula Flags. Lingulella; Davisii; ferruginea. Liriodendron; Meeki. Lithostrotion; irregulare. Lituites. Lizards (see Lacertilia). Llama. Llanberis Slates. Llandeilo rocks. Llandovery rocks; Lower; Upper. Lobsters. Loess. London Clay. Longmynd rocks. Lonsdaleia. Lophiodon. Lophophyllum. Lower Cambrian; Chalk; Cretaceous; Devonian; Eocene; Greensand; Helderberg; Laurentian rocks; Ludlow rock; Miocene; Old Red Sandstone; Oolites; Silurian period; rocks of, in Britain; in North America; life of. Loxonema. Ludlow rock. Lycopodiaceoe. Lynton Group. Lyrodesma.

Macaques. _Machoeracanthus major_. _Machairodus; cultridens_. _Maclurea; crenulata_. _Macrocheilus_. _Macropetalichthys; Sullivanti_. _Macrotherium giganteum_. _Macrurous Crustaceans_. _Mactra_. Maestricht Chalk. Magnesian Limestone; nature and structure of; of the Permian series. Magnolia. _Mammalia_, of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Eocene; of the Miocene; of the Pliocene; of the Post-Pliocene. Mammoth. Man, remains of, in Post-Pliocene deposits. Manatee. _Mantellia; megalophylla_. Maple. Marble; encrinital; statuary. Marcellus Shales. _Mariacrinus_. Marmots. Marsupials; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Eocene; of the Miocene; of the Post-Pliocene. _Marsupiocrinus_. _Marsupites_. _Mastodon; Americanus, angustidens; Arvenensis; longirostris; Ohioticus; Sivalensis_. Medina Sandstone. _Megalichthys_. _Megalodon_. _Megalomus_. _Megalonyx_. _Megalosaurus_. _Megatherium; Cuvieri_. _Melania_. _Melonites_. Menevian Group. _Menobranchus_. _Meristella; cylindrica; intermedia; naviformis_. _Mesopithecus_. Mesozoic Period. _Michelinia_. _Micraster_. _Microlestes; antiquus_. Middle Devonian; Eocene; Oolites; Silurian. Miliolite Limestone. _Millepora_. Millstone Grit. Miocene period; rocks of, in Britain; in France; in Belgium; in Switzerland; in Austria; in Germany; in Italy; in India; in North America; life of. Mitre-shells. _Mitra_. Moas of New Zealand. _Modiolopsis; Solvensis_. Molasse. Mole. Monkeys. Monocotyledonous plant. _Monograptus; priodon_. _Monotis_. Monte Bolca, fishes of. _Montlivaltia_. Mosasauroids. _Mosasaurus; Camperi; princeps_. Mountain Limestone. Mud-fishes. Mud-turtles. Mull, Miocene strata of. _Murchisonia; gracilis_. _Murex. Muschelkalk. Musk-deer. Musk-ox. Musk-sheep. _Myliobatis Edwardsii_. _Mylodon; robustus_. _Myophoria; lineata_. _Myriapoda_ of the Coal.

Nassa. Natatores. Natica. Nautilus; Danicus; pompilius. Neanderthal skull. Neocomian series. Neolimulus. Nerinoea; Goodhallii. Nerita. Neuroptera. Neuropteris. Newer Pliocene. New Red Sandstone. Newts. Niagara Limestone. Nipadites; ellipticus. Noeggerathia. Norwich Crag. Nothosaurus; mirabilis. Notidanus. Numenius gypsorum. Nummulina; loevigata; pristina. Nummulitic Limestone.

Oak. Obolella; sagittalis. Odd-toed Ungulates. Odontaspis. Odontopteris; Schlotheimi. Odontopteryx; toliapicus. Odontornithes. Ogygia; Buchii. Older Pliocene. Oldhamia; antiqua; slates of Ireland. Old Red Sandstone; origin of name; of Scotland; relations of, to Devonian. Olenus; micrurus. Oligocene. Oligoporus. Olive-shells. Omphyma. Onchus; tenuistriatus. Oneida Conglomerate. Onychodus; sigmoides. Oolitic limestone, structure of; mode of formation of. Oolitic rocks (see Jurassic). Ooze, Atlantic. Ophidia; of the Eocene. Ophiuroidea, of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian; of the Carboniferous; of the Trias; of the Jurassic. Opossum. Orbitoides. Oriskany Sandstone. Ormoxylon. Orohippus. Orthis; biforata; Davidsoni; elegantula; flabellulum; Hicksii; lenticularis; plicatella; resupinata; subquadrala; testudinaria. Orthoceras; crebriseptum. Orthonota. Orthoptera. Osmeroides; Mantelli. Osmerus. Ostealepis. Ostracode Crustaceans of the Cambrian; of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous. Ostrea acuminata; Couloni; deltoidea; distorta; expansa, gregarea; Marshii. Otodus; obtiquus. Otozamites. Otozoum. Oudenodon; Bainii. Ovibos moschatus. Oxford Clay. Oxyrhina; xiphodon. Oysters.

_Pachyphyllum_. _Paloearca_. _Paloeaster; Ruthveni_. _Palasterina; primoeva_. _Paloechinus; ellipticus_. _Paloeocaris; typus_. _Paloeocoma; Colvini_. _Paloeocoryne_. Palaeolithic man, remains of. _Paloeomanon_. _Paloeoniscus_. _Paloeontina Oolitica_. Palaeontological evidence as to Evolution. Palaeontological record, imperfection of the. Palaeontology, definition of. _Paloeonyctis_. _Paloeophis; toliapictus; typhoeus_. _Paloeoreas_. _Paloeosaurus; platyodon_. _Paloeosiren Beinerti_. _Paloeotherium; magnum_. _Paloeoxylon_. Palaeozoic period. Palms. _Paludina_. _Pandaneoe_. _Pandanus_. _Paradoxides; Bohemicus_. _Parasmilia_. _Parkeria_. Pear Encrinite. Pearly Nautilus. Peccaries. _Pecopteris_. _Pecten Groenlandicus; Islandicus; Valoniensis_. Penarth Beds. _Pennatulidoe_. _Pentacrinus; caput-medusoe; fasciculosus_. _Pentamerus; galeatus; Knightii_. _Pentremites_ (_see_ Blastoidea). _Pentremites conoideus; pyriformis_. Perching Birds. _Percidoe_. _Periechocrinus_. _Perissodactyle Ungulates_. Permian period; rocks of, in Britain; in North America; life of. Persistent types of life. _Petalodus_. _Petraster_. Petroleum, origin of. Pezophaps. _Phacops; Downingioe; granulatus; loevis; latifrons; longicaudatus; rana_. _Phoenopora ensiformis_. Phalangers. Phanerogams. _Phaneropleuron_. _Phascolotherium_. _Pheronema_. _Phillipsastroea_. _Phillipsia; seminifera_. _Pholadomya_. _Phormosoma_. _Phorus_. Phosphate of lime, concretions of; disseminated in rocks; origin of. _Phyllograptus; typus_. _Phyllopoda_, of the Cambrian; of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias. _Phyllopora_. _Physa; columnaris_. Pigs. Pilton Group. _Pinites_. _Pisces (_see_ Fishes). _Pisolite_. Pisolitic Limestone of France. _Placodus; gigas_. Placoid Fishes; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous; of the Eocene; of the Miocene. _Plagiaulax_. _Planolites; vulgaris_. _Planorbis_. Plants, of the Cambrian; of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous; of the Eocene; of the Miocene. _Plasmopora_. _Platanus; aceroides_. _Platephemera antiqua_. _Platyceras; dumosum; multisinuatum; ventricosum_. _Platycrinus; tricontadactylus_. _Platyostoma; Niagarense_. Platyrhine Monkeys. _Platyschisma helicites_. _Platysomus; gibbosus_. _Platystoma_. Pleistocene period; climate of. _Plesiosaurus; dolichodeirus_. _Pleurocystites squamosus_. _Pleurotoma_. _Pleurotomaria_. _Plicatula_. Pliocene period; rocks of, in Britain; in Belgium; in Italy; in North America; life of. _Pliopithecus; antiquus_. _Pliosaurus_. _Podocarya_. _Podozamites; lanceolatus_. Polir-schiefer. _Polycystina_; of Barbadoes-earth. _Polypora; dendroides_. _Polypterus_. _Polystomella_. _Polytremacis_. _Polyzoa_, of the Cambrian; of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Cretaceous; of the Miocene. _Populus_. _Porcellia_. Porcupines. Portage Group. Port-Jackson Shark. Portland beds. Post-Glacial deposits. Post-Pliocene period. Post-Tertiary period. _Poteriocrinus_. Potsdam Sandstone. Pre-Glacial deposits. _Prestwichia; rotundata_. _Primitia; strangulata_. Primordial Trilobites. Primordial zone. _Proboscidea_, of the Miocene; of the Pliocene; of the Post-Pliocene. _Producta; horrida; longispina; semireticulata_. _Productella_. _Productidoe_. _Proetus_. Prong-buck. _Protaster; Sedgwickii_. _Proteaceoe_. _Proteus_. _Protichnites_. _Protocystites_. _Protornis Glarisiensis_. _Protorosaurus; Speneri_. _Protospongia; fenestrata_. _Prototaxites; Logani_. _Psammobia_. _Psammodus_. _Psaronius_. _Pseudocrinus bifasciatus_. _Psilophyton; princeps_. _Pteranodon; longiceps_. _Pteraspis; Banksii_. _Pterichthys; cornutus_. _Pterinoea; subfalcata_. _Pteroceras_. _Pterodactylus; crassirostris_. _Pterophyllum; Joegeri_. _Pteropoda_, of the Cambrian; of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Jurassic. _Pterosauria_; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous. _Pterygotus Anglicus_. _Ptilodictya; acuta; falciformis; raripora; Schafferi_. _Ptychoceras; Emericianum_. _Ptychodus_. _Pupa vetusta_. Purbeck Beds; Mammals of. _Puryuroidea_. _Pycnodus_. _Pyrula_.

Quadrumana, of the Eocene; of the Miocene; of the Pliocene; of the Post-Pliocene. Quadrupeds (see Mammalia). Quaternary period. Quebec Group. Quercus.

Rabbits. Rana. Raptores. Rasores. Recent period. Reptaculites. Red clays, origin of. Red Coral. Red Crag. Red Deer. Reindeer. Remopleurides. Reptiles; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous; of the Eocene. Retepora; Ehrenbergi; Phillipsi. Retiolites. Retzia. Rhaetic Beds. Rhamphorhynchus; Bucklandi. Rhinoceridoe. Rhinoceros Etruscus; leptorhinus; megarhinus; tichorhinus. Rhinopora verrucosa. Rhizodus. Rhombus minimus. Rhyncholites. Rhynchonella; cuneata; neglecta; pleurodon; varians. Rhynchosaurus; articeps. Rice-shells. Richmond Earth. Ringed Worms (see Annelida). River-gravels, high-level and low-level. Robulina. Rocks, definition of; divisions of; igneous; aqueous; mechanically-formed; chemically-formed; organically-formed; arenaceous; argillaceous; calcareous; siliceous. Rodentia, of the Eocene; of the Miocene; of the Post-Pliocene. Roebuck. Rostellaria. Rotalia; Boueana. Rugose Corals; of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Upper Greensand. Rupelian Clay.

_Sabal major_. Sabre-toothed Tiger. _Saccammina_. _Saccosoma. Salamanders. Salina Group. _Salix; Meeki_. _Salmonidoe_. _Sao hirsuta_. _Sassafras cretacea_. _Sauropterygia_. _Scalaria; Groenlandica_. _Scaphites; oequalis_. _Schizodus_. Schoharie Grit. _Scolecoderma_. _Scoliostoma_. _Scolithus; Canadensis_. Scorpions of the Coal-measures. Scorpion-shells. Screw-pines. _Scutella; subrotunda_. Sea-cows (_see_ Sirenia). Sea-lilies (_see_ Crinoidea). Sea-lizards (_see_ Enaliosaurians). Seals. Sea-mats and Sea-mosses (_see_ Polyzoa). Sea-shrubs (_see_ Gorgonidae). Sea-urchins (_see_ Echinoidea). Sea-weeds. Secondary period. Sedimentary rocks. _Semnopithecus_. Septaria. _Sequoia; Couttsioe; gigantea; Langsdorffii_. _Serolis_. Serpents (_see_ Ophidia). _Serpulites_. Sewalik Hills (_see_ Siwalik Hills). Sheep. Shell-sands. _Sigillaria; Groeseri_. Sigillarioids. Silicates, infiltration of the shells of Foraminifera by. Siliceous rocks. Siliceous Sponges. Silicification. Silurian period (_see_ Lower Silurian and Upper Silurian). _Simosaurus; Gaillardoti_. _Siphonia; ficus_. Siphonostomatous Univalves. _Siphonotreta_. _Sirenia_; of the Eocene; of the Miocene. _Siren lacertina_. _Sivatherium; giganteum_. Siwalik Hills, Miocene strata of. Skiddaw Slates. Sloths. _Smilax_. _Smithia_. Snakes (_see_ Ophidia). Soft Tortoises. _Solarium_. Solenhofen Slates. Solitaire. _Spalacotherium_. _Spatangus_. _Sphoerospongia_. _Sphagodus_. _Sphenodon_. _Sphenopteris_. Spiders of the Coal-measures. Spider-shells. Spindle-shells. _Spirifera; crispa; disjuncta; hysterica; mucronata; Niagarensis; rostrata; sculptilis; trigonalis_. _Spiriferidoe_. _Spirophyton cauda-Galli_. _Spirorbis; Arkonensis; Carbonarus; laxus; Lewisii; omphalodes; spinulifera_. _Spirulirostra_. _Spondylus; spinosus_. Sponges, of the Cambrian; of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous. _Spongilla_. _Spongillopsis_. _Spongophyllum_. Spore-eases, of Cryptogams in the Ludlow rocks; in the Coal. Squirrels. _Stagonolepis_. Staircase-shell. Stalactite. Stalagmite. Star-corals. Star-fishes. St Cassian Beds. _Stephanophyllia_. _Stereognathus_. _Stigmaria; ficoides_. Stonesfield Slate; Mammals of. Strata, contemporaneity of. Stratified rock. _Streptelasma_. _Streptorhynchus_. _Stromatopora; rugosa; tuberculata_. _Strombodes; pentagonus_. _Strombus_. _Strophalosia_. _Strophodus_. _Strophomena; alternata; deltoidea; filitexta; rhomboidalis; Subplana_. Sub-Apennine Beds. Sub-Carboniferous rocks. Succession of life upon the globe. _Suida_. Sulphate of lime. _Sus Erymanthius; scrofa_. _Synastroea_. _Synhelia Sharpeana_. _Synocladia; virgulacea_. _Syringopora; ramulosa_.

Tabulate Corals; of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian. Talpa Europoea. Tapiridoe. Tapirs. Tapirus Arvernensis. Taxocrinus tuberculatus. Taxodium. Teleosaurus. Teleostean Fishes; of the Cretaceous. Telerpeton Elginense. Tellina proxima. Tentaculites; ornatus. Terebra. Terebratella; Astleriana. Terebratula; digona; elongata; hastata; quadrifida; sphoeroidalis. Terebratulina; caput-serpentis; striata. Termites. Terrapins. Tertiary period. Tertiary rocks, classification of. Testudinidoe. Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods; of the Cambrian; of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous; of the Permian; of the Trias; of the Jurassic; of the Cretaceous; of the Eocene; of the Miocene. Textularia; Meyeriana. Thanet Sands. Theca. Theca Davidii. Thecidium. Thecodont Reptiles. Thecodontosaurus; antiquus. Thecosmilia annularis. Thelodus. Theriodont Reptiles. Thylacoleo. Tile-stones. Titanotherium. Toothed Birds. Tortoises. Tragoceras. Travertine. Tree-Ferns, of the Devonian; of the Coal-measures. Tremadoc Slates. Trematis. Trenton Limestone. Trianthrus Beckii. Triassic period; rocks of, in Britain; in Germany; in the Austrian Alps; in North America; life of. Triconodon. Trigonia. Trigoniadoe. Trigonocarpum; ovatum. Trilobites; of the Cambrian; of the Lower Silurian; of the Upper Silurian; of the Devonian; of the Carboniferous. Trimerellidoe. Trinucleus; concentricus. Trionycidoe. Triton. Trochocyathus. Trochonema. Trogontherium; Cuvieri. Trumpet-shells. Tulip-tree. Turbinolia sulcata. Turbinolidoe. Turrilites; catenulatus. Turritella. Turtles. Typhis tubifer.

Ullmania selaginoides. Unconformability of strata. Under-clay of coal. Ungulata, of the Eocene; of the Miocene; of the Pliocene; of the Post-Pliocene. Uniformity, doctrine of. Unio. Univalves (see Gasteropoda). Upper Cambrian; Chalk; Cretaceous; Devonian; Eocene; Greensand; Helderberg; Laurentian; Llandovery; Ludlow rock; Miocene; Oolites; Silurian period; rocks of, in Britain; in North America; life of. Ursus arctos; Arvernensis; ferox; speloea. Ursus.

THE END