Babington, A., 338. Bacon, F., 392, 487, 591 f., 609, 623, 626, 650, 666, 669. on effect of the Reformation, 635 f. Baden, 157, 238. Badius, J., 471. Balboa, 438. Baldwin, J., 635. Bale, J., 578. Balearic Isles, 535. Baltic, 523, 526. Bamberg, 114, 658. Bandini, P. A., 377. Baptista Mantuanus, 667. Baptists, 102. Barbarossa, 449. Barbary, 535. Barcelona, 428, 535. University of, 12, 400. Barnabites, 397. Barnes, R., 308. Baronius, C., 585. Barton, E., 290. Basil III, Czar, 447. Basle joins Swiss Confederacy, 146. center of humanism, 147, 150. Reformation, 156 f., 160, 162. Council of, 15 f., 40, 45, 147 f., 389. University of, 11, 149. Baur, F. C., 720 f. Bavaria, 44, 74, 114, 127, 406, 454. Bax, B., 725 f. Baxter, R., 656, 729. Bayard, 501. Beard, C., 739. Beaton, D., 356 f., 382. Beatus Rhenanus, 53. Becket, T., 59, 305. Beda, N., 161. Beirut, 446. Beham, B., 103, 628. Beham, H. S., 103, 628. Belgium, 76, 555. Belgrade, 449. Bellay, J. du, 576, 579. Bellay, M. du, 582, 704. Bellay, R. du, 196. Bellinis, 677. Below, G. von, 739. Bembo, P., 51, 374, 376. Benedict, St., 397. Bengal, 524. Ben Mosheh, G., 565. Benn, A. W., 742. Ber, L., 106. Berger, A. E., 728. Bernard, St., 34, 397. Berne, 146 ff., 153, 157 f., 160 f., 168 f., 179, 645. Berni, F., 376. Berquin, L. de, 193. Berthelier, P., 175. Berwick, 358. Berwickshire, 362. Besancon, University of, 672. Bessarion, 52. Beucklessen, 101 f. Beza, T., 172, 181, 213, 565, 585, 598, 647, 671. Bezold, 732. Bible first printed, 9. number of editions, 26. Vulgate, 26, 188, 392, 396, 566. French, 26, 175, 188, 196, 570. German, 26, 81, 86, 100, 111 f., 157, 569 f. English, 37 f., 243, 284, 289, 300, 329, 354 ff., 359, 566, 570 f. Swedish, 138. Polish, 142. Greek, 147, 188, 374, 420, 564 ff. Dutch, 243. Spanish, 245. new Latin translations, 374, 565 f. Italian, 374. Hebrew, 565. Complutensian Polyglot, 565 f. authority of, 35, 37 f., 40, 165 f., 392, 571 ff. exegesis and criticism of, 566 ff. by Valla, 49, 566 f. by Lefevre, 52 f. by Colet, 53. by Reuchlin, 54. by Erasmus, 60, 564 ff. by Luther, 568 f. new translations condemned, 192, 203, 284, 309, 420 ff. price of, 468. popularity, 571 f. effect of bibliolatry, 573, 655 f. illustrated by Raphael, 679. Biblia Pauperum, 8, 26. Biel, G., 160, 743. Bijns, A., 246. Bion, 574. Blaurer, A., 179. Blaurer, T., 134. Blaurock, G., 645. Blois, 197, 210. States General, 222. Blue Laws, 171 ff., 482 ff. Boccaccio, 47 f., 422. Bodin, J., 222, 582, 601 f., 608, 623. on religion, 630. on witchcraft, 657, 659 f. Boece, H., 354. Bohemia, 38 ff., 74, 144, 290. Bohemian Brethren, 40 f., 142, 144. Boehm, H., 87. Boehmer, 739. Boiardo, 376. Bologna, 393. University of, 11, 603, 613, 618, 627. Concordat of, 42 f., 184, 230. Bolsec, J., 167, 176, 375. Bombasius, 564. Boniface VIII, Pope, 14, 23, 41 f. Bonivard, 168. Bonn, 657. Bonner, 604. Books numbers of, 9, 691 f. prices of, 468. royalties, 471 f. literature, 691-8. Borgeaud, C., 743. Borgia family, 15, 676. Caesar, 17, 590, 676. Lucretia, 17, 676. Borgia, F., 410. Borneo, 524. Borromeo, C., 386, 417. Borthwick, D., 355 note. Bossuet, 702 f. Botero, J., 608. Bothwell, Earl of, 366 ff. Boucher, J., 190, 600, 605. Bourbon, Anthony of, 205, 210, 213. Bourbon, Charles, Constable of, 185, 205, 380. Bourbon, Charles, Cardinal of, 223. Bourgeoisie, 5, 236, 278, 549 ff. Bourges, 195. University of, 11, 162. Pragmatic Sanction of, 42 f. Archbishop of, 227. Boyneburg, 313. Brabant, 245, 253, 255, 264, 269, 274. population, 454. Brahe, T., 623. Bramante, 686. Brandenburg, 74, 468, 540. population, 454. Joachim I, Elector of, 77. Joachim II, Elector of, 119, 127. Albert of, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, 113, 139. John, Margrave of, 398. Brandenburg-Culmbach, Albert of, 130. Brant, S., 88. Ship of Fools, 54, 147. Brantome, 211, 350, 582, 704. Brask, J., 137. Brazil, 405, 408, 435, 444. Breda, 251. Brederode, 257. Brentano, 729. Brenz, 645. Brescia, 455, 565, 658. Brethren of the Common Life, 12, 26, 32. Briconnet, W., 180 ff. Brielle, 260. Bristol, 323. Brittany, 182, 195. Brothers of Mercy, 397. Browne, R., 345. Brueck, G., 116. Bruges, 273, 559. Bruno, 507, 623, 639 f. Brunswick, Henry, Duke of, 120. Brussels, 235, 242, 245, 253, 255 ff., 264, 266, 268, 272, 439, 502, 540. Bucer, M., 110, 120, 122, 164, 169, 312 f., 322, 375, 508, 596, 645. Buchanan, G., 354, 579 f., 603, 703. Buckingham, Duke of, 280. Buckle, H. T., 722. Bude, W., 187, 190, 193 f., 667, 672. Bugenhagen, J., 137. Bullinger, H., 102, 123, 150, 160, 179, 299, 312, 326, 356, 420, 587. Burckhardt, J., 732. Burghley, W. Cecil, Lord, 327, 333 f., 337 f., 554, 635. Burgos, 457. Burgundy, Free County of, 76, 234, 257, 455, 553. Philip the Good, Duke of, 234. Charles the Bold, Duke of, 235. Burgundy (France), 186. Burnet, G., 701. Burr, G. L., 732. Busleiden, J., 672. Butts, W., 470 f.

Cabot, S., 446. Cabral, 442. Cabrieres, 203. Cadiz, 341, 524 f. Cairo, 446. Cajetan, T. de Vio, Cardinal, 46, 67 f., 393, 566, 605, 624. Calais, 200, 281, 302, 319, 332 Calcagnini, C., 620. Calderon, 433. Calendar, reform of the, 623 f. Calicut, 441 f. Calixtus III, Pope, 16. Calvin, G., 161. Calvin, I., 169. Calvin, J.: and German Theology, 32. doctrine of the eucharist, 110, 165 f. and Lutherans, 134. and Zwingli, 134, 159 f., 166. and Bohemian Brethren, 144. early life, 161 f. and Erasmus, 162, 164. and Luther, 162, 164 f. conversion, 162. Institutes of the Christian Religion, 162 ff., 169, 198, 208, 645. doctrine of predestination, 164 ff., 746. in Italy, 168, 376. in Geneva, 168 ff., 179. at Strassburg, 169. at Colloquy of Ratisbon, 169. marriage, 169. social reform, 170 ff., 483. persecutes, 175 ff., 645 f. and Servetus, 177 f. international position, 179 f. death and character, 180 f. and French Reformation, 189, 201, 230 f. and Rabelais, 194 f. and French Bible, 196. political theory, 211, 592, 596 f., 604. influence in Netherlands, 248. influence in England, 312, 326 f., 335. influence in Scotland, 359. and Bolsec, 375. and Council of Trent, 392. and Index, 420. on torture, 481. on amusements, 485. biblical exegesis, 569, 572. on usury, 609. and free thought, 626. and witchcraft, 656. and art, 690. judged by Gibbon, 710 f. judged by Christie, 731. Calvinism barred by Peace of Augsburg, 130. and Lutheranism, 134, 179 f. in Scandinavia, 138. in Poland, 142 f. international, 179 f. in France, 201 ff. in Netherlands, 247 ff. in Scotland, 353. in Spain, 416. in Italy, 417. political effect, 594, 707. and Capitalism, 728 f. Camden, 703. Cambrai Treaty of, 186. Archbishopric of, 252. Cambridge, University of, 56, 471, 604, 671, 687. and Reformation, 281 f. Cambridgeshire, 323. Camoens, 11, 444 f. Campanus, 626. Campeggio, 122. Canisius, P., 32, 406. Cano, S. del, 441. Canon Law, 43 f., 69, 71, 78. Canossa, 43. Cape of Good Hope, 10, 441. Cape Verde Islands, 435, 441. Capitalism, 3-5, 515-562. and Reformation, 515, 727 f., 748. origins, 515 ff. first great fortunes, 517 f. banking, 518 ff. mining, 522 f. commerce, 523 ff. manufacture, 536 ff. gilds, 537 ff. agriculture, 541 ff. bourgeoisie, 548 ff. proletariat, 552 ff. pauperism, 556 ff. Capito, W., 110, 150, 157, 189, 508, 645. Cappel First Peace of, 158. battle of, 158 f. Capuchins, 375, 397. Caracci, 689. Caracciolo, M., 78. Caraffa, J. P., see Paul IV. Cardan, J., 610 f., 614. Carlstadt, A. Bodenstein of, 69, 81, 83, 90, 108, 120, 136, 241, 420, 569. Carlyle, T., 718. Carpi, Berengar of, 613. Cartier, J., 446, 526. Cartwright, T., 343. Cassander, 248, 255. Castellio, S., 175, 646 f. Castiglione, B., 492, 501, 510. Castile, 412, 427 f. Cateau-Cambresis, Treaty of, 200, 206, 372. Catechisms, 112, 142, 395, 406 f. Catharine of Aragon, Queen of England, 279, 286 f., 290 f., 321. Catharine Howard, Queen of England, 307. Catharine Parr, Queen of England, 307. Catharine de' Medici, Queen of France, marriage, 198 f. character, 211. policy, 211 ff. "flying squadron," 215. and St. Bartholomew, 217 f. as seen by Huguenots, 220 f. death, 224. and Pius V, 386. invents corsets, 497. and Machiavelli, 591. and art, 688. judged by Michelet, 717. Catholic Church (see also Papacy and Counter-reformation). revolt from, 4. history in later Middle Ages, 13-20. heir of the Roman Empire, 13, 747. abuses, 20 f. wealth, 21. temporal power, 29, 37, 70 f. attacked by Luther, 123, 388. intolerance, 641 ff. Celibacy, sacerdotal, effect on race, 13, 453. vow not kept, 25. rejected by Wyclif, 37. repudiated by Luther, 71, 81. in England, 306, 313. and Inquisition, 508. Cellarius, C., 561. Cellini, B., 504, 583, 653, 688. Censorship of the press, 417 ff., 423 f. Cerdagne, 426. Cerratani, B., 377. Cervantes, 433, 692. Ceuta, 446. Ceylon, 408, 524. Chambre Ardente, 203 f. Chancellor, R., 447. Chapuis, 288, 291. Charles V, Emperor, heir of Burgundy and Spain, 76, 126. elected emperor, 77. crowned, 78. religious policy, 79 ff., 116 ff., 121 f., 236, 322 note. conquers Tunis, 121. war with France, 121, 185 ff., 198, 427. Schmalkaldic War, 126, 383. abdicates, 132, 246. in Netherlands, 235, 238. suppresses rebellion of Ghent, 236 f. and England, 278 ff., 294, 317 f. and papacy, 378 ff. and Inquisition, 417. character, 427, 498. betrothed to Mary Tudor, 432. and Moors, 433. and Russia, 447. finance, 467. in Spain, 477. and Fuggers, 528. portrait, 678. Charles VIII, King of France, 17, 35. Charles IX, King of France, 143, 211 ff., 217 f. Charron, P., 633. Chartres, 227. Chateaubriand, Edict of, 204. Chaucer, G., 25. Cheshire, 323. Chesterton, G. K., 729. Cheyney, E. P., 742 f. Chieregato, F., 84, 377. Children, 510 f., 555. China, 443. Christian II, King of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, 136. Christian III, King of Denmark, 119, 137. Christianity, 13, 583, 627, 744 f. Christie, R. C., 731. Cicero, 49, 488, 619. Ciceronians, 577 f. Cisneros, G. de, 401. Civita Vecchia, 535. Clement of Rome, 568. Clement V, Pope, 14. Clement VII, Pope, 186, 250. and Charles V, 236, 433. and Henry VIII, 287, 291 pontificate, 379 ff., 389. forbids duelling, 485 f. and Copernicus, 622. and art, 690. Clement VIII, Pope, 228. Clenoch, M., 325. Clergy morals, 25, 493 f. power of, 27 f. denounced by Wyclif, 37. attacked in Gravamina, 45. assailed by Luther, 71. in Netherlands, 236. reform in England, 314. in Scotland, 353 f., 356. pay of, 470. position of, 493 ff. spoliation, 550 f. Cleves, 44. William, Duke of, 306. Clocks and watches, invention of, 7 f., 688. Cochin, D., 738. Cochin (India), 442. Cochin-China, 408. Cochlaeus, 284, 588, 702. Coeur, J., 460. Cognac, League of, 186. Cole of Faversham, 167. Colet, J., 26, 53, 57, 280 f., 510, 665, 667. Coligni, G. de, 199, 205, 214 ff., 261. Cologne, 44, 54, 74, 252, 454. University of, 77, 241, 655, 666, 670. reformation of, 120, 127, 283. counter-reformation of, 128. Colonna family, 16. Vittoria, 375. Columbus, C., 3, 10 f., 62, 430, 434 f., 614 f. Commerce, 442 ff., 523 ff. Communism, 94, 155. Como, 658. Compass, invention of, 7, 614 f. Compostella, 499. Conde, Prince of, 211, 214 f. Condorcet, 713. Congo, 405. Constance, Council of, ends Great Schism, 14. deals with heresy, 14, 39 f. reforms, 14 f., 45. memory of, 148, 389, 703. Constantinople, 9, 16, 448. Consubstantiation, 33, 108. Contarini, G., 117, 122, 377, 382, 393, 402. Coornheert, D. V., 249, 251. Cop, 172. Copenhagen, University of, 12. Copernicus, N. Bible quoted against, 573. economic theory, 608. trigonometry, 610. life, 618. astronomy, 3, 618 ff. De Revolutionibus Orbium Caelestium, 620. reception of his theory, 621 ff., 632. influence on philosophy, 637 ff. Cordus, E., 558. Correggio, 680. Corsica, 456. Cortez, H., 438 f. Cossacks, 139 f. Cotta, U., 63. Counter-reformation, 377-424. turns back Protestants, 388. Spanish Spirit, 389. and art, 690 f. origin of word, 721. Courtenay, W., 36. Coutras, battle of, 223. Coverdale, M., 299 f., 327, 355, 570 f. Cox, R., 508. Cracow,140, 144. University of, 618. Craig, J., 603. Cranach, L., 376, 683. Cranmer, T., 290, 299, 313 f., 322 f., 495. Creighton, M., 741. Crepy, Peace of, 121, 198. Crespin, 585. Cromwell, T. alliance with France, 187. and Reformation, 289, 295 ff., 299 ff., 306 f. death, 307. fortune, 518. and Machiavelli, 591. Cuba, 438. Cugnatis, I. de, 502. Cumberland, 304. Cunningham, W., 729. Cusa, N. of, 48, 617, 640.

Damascus, 446. Dancing, 500. Daniel, G., 704. Dante, 47, 423. Danzig, 140 f., 454. Darnley, Lord, 366 f. Dauphine, 202. Davila, 704. Delft, 264. Demonology, 63, 653 ff. Demosthenes, 574. Denifle, 741. Denmark and Luebeck, 118. early emigration, 135. Reformation, 136 ff. population, 458. church property, 551. Dessau, League of, 114. Deventer, school, 56, 662. Diaz, B., 10. Digby, E., 639. Digges, L., 614. Dillenburg, 251, 258. Dilthey, W., 730. Diodorus, 574. Dionysius the Areopagite, 50, 52 f. Dispensations, papal, 22 f. Dolet, S., 187, 203, 231, 629 f. Doellinger, I., 723 f. Dominic, St., 397, 399. Dominicans, 148, 407, 702, 708. Donatus, Latin grammar of, 8 f., 663. Dordrecht, 240. Doria, A., 449. Douai, 186, 672. Drake, F., 339 ff., 446. Dress, 496 f. Drinking, 485, 497 f. Dublin, 347. Dudley, Edmond, 279. Dudley, Guilford, 317, 518. Duelling, 485 f. Dundee, 354. Durand, 108. Duerer, A., 510. at Basle, 147. in Netherlands, 240, 454, 466 ff., 537. and Mexican spoils, 439. property, 472. art, 683 ff.

East Indies, 274 f., 409. Eck, J., 68 f., 77 f., 117 f., 122, 608. Eckhart, 30 f. Edinburgh, 355 f., 360, 367, 671. Treaty of, 361 f. Education, 661-73. method, 662 f., 667 f. curriculum, 663 f. effect of Reformation, 664 f., 670. Edward II, King of England, 296. Edward VI, King of England, foreign policy, 200. and Reformation, 286. birth, 299. reign, 310-7. and Scotland, 352. a law of, 483. and gilds, 540. and Bible, 572. schools, 666. accomplishments, 668. Edwards, J., 166 f. Egmont, L., Count of, 200, 251, 257, 259. Egmont, N. of, 240. Egypt, 449. Einsiedeln, 140, 150. Eisenach, 63, 81. Eleanor, Queen of France, 186. Elizabeth, Queen of England, and St. Bartholomew, 219. and Netherlands, 253, 267, 275. birth, 291. heir to the throne, 316 f. character, 324. religious policy, 324 ff., 336 ff. refuses to marry, 331. foreign policy, 332 ff. and popes, 335, 337 f., 386 f. and Ireland, 346, 348. and Knox, 361. and Mary, Queen of Scots, 368. censorship, 419. government, 477, 479. navy, 491. dancing, 500. commercial policy, 527. and Bible, 572. and liberty, 604 f. skepticism, 634. tolerance, 650. accomplishments, 668. and universities, 671. and art, 688. and Spenser, 693. Elizabeth of Valois, Queen of Spain, 226. Ely, H., 338. Elyot, T., 510, 667. Emden, 260. Emerson, R. W., 718. Empson, R., 279, 518. Emser, J., 702. England pays Peter's Pence, 21. church of, 41 f., 327, 330. literature, 135. and French Calvinists, 204, 214, 219. and Netherlands, 238, 248 f., 260, 275, 288, 339. foreign policy under Henry VIII, 277 ff., 288, 309. Reformation, 281 ff., 310 ff. Reformation Parliament, 288 ff. dissolution of monasteries, 296 f., 551. alliance with Schmalkaldic League, 300 f., 305 f. Pilgrimage of Grace, 302 ff. religious parties and statistics, 308, 311, 323, 325 f., 328. Book of Common Prayer, 312, 329 f., 344, 358. social disorders, 314 ff. Catholic reaction, 318 ff. war with France, 319, 332. conversion of masses to Protestantism, 327 f. Thirty-nine Articles, 329 f., 343. finances, 331 f., 522. war with Spain, 332, 339 ff., 433. rebellion of Northern Earls, 334 f., 550. buccaneers, 339 f., 533. Puritanism, 343 ff. and Scotland, 359, 361 f. censorship, 419. population, 453, 458. coinage, 462, 474. navy, 470, 490 f. criminal law, 481 f. army, 489. clergy, 494. brigandage, 505. commerce, 526 f., 532 ff. gilds, 540 f. inclosures, 543 ff. agriculture, 546 ff. serfs, 553. regulation of labor, 554. poor-relief, 561 f. and Polydore Vergil, 581. chronicles, 582. skeptics, 633 ff. witchcraft, 656, 658. schools, 665 f. universities, 671. Enzinas, F., 245. Epictetus, 574. Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum, 55. Erasmus, 51. Enchiridion Militis Christiani, 26, 57, 193, 684. on worship of saints, 28 f. and Colet, 53. early life and works, 56-61. Praise of Folly, 57. "philosophy of Christ," 58, 583, 698. Colloquies, 59 f., 667 f. Latin style, 60 f., 577 f. foresees Reformation, 61. and Luther, 104 ff., 134, 241, 649, 733. Diatribe on Free Will, 105, 167. edits New Testament, 147, 564 f. and Zwingli, 149 f., 153 f., 160. and Farel, 160 f. and Calvin, 162, 164. biblical criticism, 188. on persecution, 191, 642, 646 f. influence in France, 193. and Netherlands, 235, 239 ff. and Henry VIII, 277, 287 and English Reformation, 281 f. on polygamy, 287, 507. influence in Italy, 376. and Index, 420 ff. income, 471. on war, 488. on German inns, 499 f. anecdote, 502. on treatment of women, 509. political theory, 557, 592 f. edits Fathers, 575. on Roman capitol, 575. on books, 577. biographies, 582. and witchcraft, 655. on education, 667, 669, 672. portrait, 683. on hymn-singing, 690. wit, 693. Erastus, T., 594. Erfurt, 30, 82, 350, 454. University of, 63 f., 670. Eric XIV, King of Sweden, 138. Ermeland, 618. Esch, J., 242. Essex, 323. Earl of, 348. Esthonia, 139. Estienne family, 187, 203. Henry, 220. Henry, junior, 575. Robert, 565, 575 Eton, 662 f. Eucharist, doctrine of the, 86, 107 ff., 133, 160, 165 f., 206, 241, 301, 314, 711. Eucken, 740. Euclid, 574, 610. Eugene IV, Pope, 15. Euripides, 574. Exeter, 323. Exploration, 10 f., 434-50. Exsurge Domine, 77 f. Eyemouth, 362.

Faber, see Le Fevre and Lefevre. Fagius, 312, 322. Fallopius, 613. Farel, W., 160 f., 164, 168 f., 176, 178, 195 f. Farnese, A., 272 ff. Farnese, O., 250. Faust, 696 f. Ferdinand, Emperor, 76, 238. and Wuerttemberg, 79, 119. and Luther, 86. opposes German reforms, 114. elected King of Romans, 118. tolerates Lutherans, 131. becomes emperor, 132, 246. in Hungary, 144. and Elizabeth, 333. and Council of Trent, 391, 394 f. commercial grants, 528. Ferdinand, King of Aragon, 76, 398, 412, 426, 590. Ferrara, 375 f. Alphonso, Duke of, 492. Renee, Duchess of, 168, 376, 646. University of, 618, 627. Fichte, 718. Ficino, M., 51. Field, J., 623. Figgis, N., 742. Finland, 138, 458. Fish, S., 283, 296. Fisher, G. P., 739. Fisher, H. A. L., 735. Fisher, J., 282 f., 290, 294, 382. Fisher, R., 635. Fitzherbert, 543. Flacius Illyricus, 133, 584. Flanders, 239 f., 246, 257, 274, 288, 525. Flemings, 270. Flodden, battle of, 279, 353, 488. Florence, 17 f., 372, 381, 456, 463 f., 514, 520, 686. Florida, 437. Flushing, 260. Folengo, 374. Formula of Concord, 133 f. Forzio, B., 376. Fox, E., 301. Foxe, J., 327, 585 f., 701. France Universities, 11 f. Reformation, 12, 187 ff. invades Italy, 17, 185. Gallican church, 42, 184, 215, 551. war with Germany, 79, 116, 121, 123, 127, 185 ff., 198, 207. relations with Switzerland, 147. Calvin, 162. condition, 182, 184. royal pedigrees, 183. Renaissance, 187. expansion of, 199 f. wars of religion, 210 ff., 455. failure of Protestantism, 228 ff. war with England, 279, 309, 319, 332. civilization, 350. and Scotland, 359. and Council of Trent, 395. Jesuits in, 405 f. censorship, 419. population, 455, 458. wealth, 459 ff. army, 459. coinage, 462 f. finance, 467, 470, 480, 522. duelling, 486. trade, 525 f. serfs, 553. poor-relief, 561. memoirs, 582. republicans, 597 ff. skeptics, 628 ff. Franche Comte, see Burgundy, Free County of. Francis, St., 397, 399, 404. Francis I, King of France, candidate for imperial throne, 77. and Zwingli, 157 f. and Calvin, 162. character, 184 f., 278 f. and Lnther, 191, 231. alliance with German Protestants, 197. death, 198. and Waldenses, 203. army, 459, 489. finance, 461, 467, 470. on gambling, 485. College de France, 672. portrait, 678. and art, 688. Francis II, King of France, 210 f., 330, 359, 362. Francis, Dauphin, 221. Franciscans, 148, 397, 407. Francke, S., 583, 627. Franconia, 91. Franeker, University of, 673. Frankenhausen, 95. Frankfort-on-the-Oder, University of, 11, 670. Frankfort-on-the-Main, 31, 76, 321, 358, 523. Treaty of, 122. Frauenburg, 618. Frederic III, Emperor, 45. Frederic I, King of Denmark, 136 f. Free Will, 105, 164 ff. Freiburg-in-the-Breisgau, University of, 11. Freiburg in Switzerland, 146, 168. Freytag, G., 718 f. Friesland, 235, 238, 259, 272. Froben, J., 147, 190, 280. Frobisher, M., 446. Froude, J. A., 343, 367, 717. Frundsherg, 380, 488. Fugger, Bank of, 77, 461, 520 ff. family, 461, 479, 522 f. Anthony, 528. James, 527 f. Jerome, 528. Raymond, 528. Funk, 133. Fust, J., 9.

Gaetano di Tiene, 397. Galateo, J., 375. Galen, 513, 574. Galileo, 424, 621 f. Gama, Vasco da, 3, 10 f., 441 ff. Gambling, 485. Gandia, Duke of, 517. Garland, John of, 663. Garv, N., 347. Gascony, 216. Gasquet, 740. Gelasius, Pope, 418. Gembloux, battle of, 269. Geneva evangelized by Zwingli's missionaries, 158, 160. Calvin at, 168 ff. constitution, 168 f. theocracy, 170 ff. immigration, 174 f., 204, 321. Libertines, 175 f. capital of Protestantism, 179. under Beza, 181. Knox at, 358 f. dancing, 500. witch persecution, 656, 658. school, 668, 671 f. university, 671. Genoa, 381, 456, 468, 520, 525. Gentillet, 591. Germaine de Foix, Queen of Spain, 398. German Theology, The, 31. Germany universities, 11, 53, 670 f. mystics, 30 ff. nationalism, 43 ff. humanism, 53. condition, 74 ff. Peasants' War, 87-95, 552. causes, 87 ff. Twelve Articles, 92 f. suppression, 94 f. Luther, 97 f. effect of, 155, 192, 531, 593 f. rebellion of the Knights, 83 f., 505. religious statistics, 132 f. effect of religious controversy, 134. French Calvinists in, 204. and Netherlands, 237 ff. Ascham's opinion of, 327. civilization, 350. and Italy, 371. and Spain, 372. Counter-reformation, 388. and Council of Trent, 395. Jesuits in, 405 ff. censorship, 419. and Reformation, 425. population, 454, 458. coinage, 463. inns, 499 f. mines, 522 f. trade, 526 f. agriculture, 543. serfs, 553. labor, 554 f. poor-relief, 560 f. constitution, 595 f. reform of calendar, 624. witch hunt, 657 f. schools, 665. books, 691. Gertruidenberg, 251. Gesner, C., 611 f. Ghent, 236 f., 240, 256, 269 f., 272 f., 454. Pacification of, 265, 270. Ghislieri, see Pius V. Giberti, M., 382. Gibbon, E., 167, 710 f. Gilbert, H., 532 f. Gilbert, W., 615, 639. Gilds, 3 ff., 263 f., 537 ff. Giorgione, 677. Gipsies, 558. Giulio Romano, 680, 690. Giustiniani, 280. Glarus, 146, 149, 157. Glasgow, 354; 368. University of, 12. Glencairn, Earl of, 360. Gloucester, 323. Goa, 408, 443, 445. Goch, J. Pupper of, 420. Goethe, J. W. von, 697, 711 f. Gold, production of, 473 ff., 516 f. Gonzalez, 588. Gosson, 658. Gotha, 128. Gouge, J., 519. Granada, 426, 433. Granvelle, A. P., 250 ff. Gratius, O., 55. Gravamina, 45 f. Gravelines, battle of, 200. Great Schism, 14. Greek, 16, 53, 667 ff. classics, 574 ff. Gregory VII, Pope, 43. Gregory XI, Pope, 36, 44. Gregory, XIII, Pope, and St. Bartholomew, 218 f., 387. and Elizabeth, 337 f., 387. pontificate, 386 f. reform of Calendar, 624. Gregory XIV, Pope, 226. Greifswald, University of, 11, 670. Grenoble, 195. Gresham, T., 534. Grey, Lady Jane, 316 ff., 511. Gribaldi, M., 178 f. Grimani, 575. Grisar, H., 741. Grisons, Confederacy of, 146 f. Groningen, 235, 238. Groote, G., 32. Grotius, H., 276, 704. Gruet, J., 176. Grumbach, 132. Guadegni, T., 520. Guam, 440. Guelders, 235, 238, 262, 272. Guicciardini, F., 373, 422, 580, 704. Guicciardini, L., 454. Guinea, 533. Guinegate, 279. Guines, 200, 280 f., 319. Guise Claude, Duke of, 199. Francis, Duke of, 199 f., 210 f., 214, 319, 597. Henry, Duke of, 217 f., 221, 223 f. Guizot, 714. Gustavus Vasa, King of Sweden, 137 f. Gutenberg, J., 8 f.

Haarlem, 101, 262. Hagenau, 122. Hague, 240. Haiti (Espaniola, Hispaniola), 436, 533. Hales, J., 608. Hall, E., 284, 582, 703. Hallam, H., 723. Hamburg, 113, 454, 559. Hamilton, P., 354. Haring, C. H., 475. Harnack, A. von, 739. Harrington, 706. Harrison, 498, 547. Harzhorn, E., 420. Haug bank, 521. Hawkins, 339, 533. Health, public, 486 f., 511 ff. Hebrew, 53 f., 668, 672. Hegel, 719 f. Hegius, 662. Heidelberg, 67; Heilsberg, 618. Heimburg, Gregory of, 46. Heine, H., 112, 715 f. Helmont, 255. Helmstadt, University of, 670. Henlein, P., 688. Henry VII, King of England, 279, 517. Henry VIII, King of England, and France, 186, 279. character, 277 ff. and Luther, 277, 287 f., 472. Empson and Dudley, 279. and Scotland, 279, 356. and Charles V, 280 f. "Defender of the Faith," 283. divorce from Catharine, 286 f., 290 f., 704, 708. Supreme Head of the Church, 289 ff., 293. will, 316, 321. and Ireland, 346, 348. finances, 461. government, 477, 479. navy, 491. commercial policy, 526. and Polydore Vergil, 581. and Sanders, 588. and Melanchthon, 605. and education, 666. portrait, 683. Henry II, King of France character, 198 f. suppresses Protestantism, 203 f. death, 206 f. and Council of Trent, 393. income, 461. Henry III, King of France, 143, 219 ff., 600. Henry IV, King of France, 597. policy, 167, 212, 225. leader of Huguenots, 223 ff. character, 224 f. conversion, 227 f. Edict of Nantes, 228 f. Henry d'Albret, King of Navarre, 189. Henry, King of Portugal, 432, 446. Heracleides, 617. Herder, 718. Herodotus, 574. Hertford, 322. Hesse, 84, 113, 551. Philip, Landgrave of, suppresses Peasants' Revolt, 95. calls conference at Marburg, 109. attacks Wuerzburg and Bamberg, 114. signs Protest, 115. restores Ulrich of Wurttemberg, 119. commits bigamy, 119. expels Henry of Brunswick, 120. captivity, 128, 130. and Zwingli, 157. Heywood, J., 283. Hindoos, 443. Hippocrates, 513. Historiography in the sixteenth century, 579-588. humanistic, 579 ff. memoirs, 582. chronicles, 582. biography, 582 f. church history, 583 ff. later treatment of Reformation, see Reformation. Hobbes, T., 594. Hoechstetter, C., 529. Hochstraten, J., 54. Hoen, 108, 240 f. Hofen, U. T. von, 160. Hoffberg, P. von, 538. Hoffmann, M., 101, 243. Holbein, H., 278, 548, 677, 683, 685. Holland, 76, 251. Anabaptists, 301. Reformation, 240, 250, 256, 270. war with Spain, 260, 263 f., 271 f., 274, 342. population, 454. Hollinshed, R., 582. Holyrood, 356. Homer, 574. Hooker, R., 344 f., 604, 606. Hooper, 314. Horn, Count of, 257, 259. Hotman, F., 218, 220, 223, 582, 598. Howard of Effingham, Lord, 342. Huebmaier, B., 92. Huguenots origin of the name, 208. character, 208 f. history, 210 ff. guaranteed liberty of worship, 228 f. in Netherlands, 248, 260. and England, 332. politics, 596 ff. caricatured, 685. judged by French secular historians, 704. judged by Michelet, 716. Hulst, F. van der, 242. Humanism patronized by papacy, 16. prepares for Reformation, 47, 61. turns against Luther, 102 ff. in Poland, 140. in Netherlands, 254 f. in Scotland, 354. decay, 692. Hume, D., 708 ff. Hungary, 144, 350, 449, 463. universities, 12. Huss, J. protected by a university, 12. death, 14, 39. life and work, 38 ff. influence on Luther, 41, 69, 71 f., 86, 744. influence in Poland, 140. followers in Bohemia, 144. on Index, 420. Hussites, 75, 80, 649. Huetlin, M., 558. Hutten, U. von, 684. mocks Julius II, 24. publishes Valla's Donation of Constantine, 49, 55, 70. character and work, 55 f. supports rebellion of knights, 83. incites peasants, 91. and Luther, 96. taunts Erasmus, 105. commercial ideas, 530. Hutton, M., 604. Huxley, 730.

Iceland, 137. Idria, 528. Imbart de la Tour, P., 736. Incas, 439 f. Independents, 102, 345 f. Index of Prohibited Books, 32, 245, 381, 383, 388, 395, 420 ff., 591. Congregation of, 422. Index Expurgatorius, 422 f. effect, 423 f. and Copernicus, 622. and Weyer, 659. India, 10, 441 ff., 446, 523, 616. Indians (American), 436 ff. Individualism, 6, 28, 515, 677, 749. Indulgences, letters of first printed, 9. theory and practice of, 23 f. denounced by Wyclif, 37. denounced by Huss, 39. Erasmus's opinion of, 57. attacked by Luther, 66 f. in Denmark, 136. in Switzerland, 151. in Netherlands, 236. and Fuggers, 527. Inghirami, 51. Ingolstadt, 51. University of, 11, 406. Innocent III, Pope, 14, 35. Innocent VIII, Pope, 16 f., 35, 654. Inquisition in Netherlands, 242 ff., 257. Spanish, 242, 412 ff., 431. in Venice, 376. and Loyola, 400. medieval, 412. procedure, 413. penalties, 414. number of victims, 414 f. scope, 415. in Spanish dependencies, 416. Roman, 416 f. Index, 420, 423. in Portugal, 445. suppresses books on anatomy, 613. and philosophy, 628. and Bruno, 639. judged by modern Catholics, 642 f. and witchcraft, 655, 658. judged by Froude, 717. Institoris, H., 654. Intelligence, growth of, 12 f. Intelligentsia, 551 f. Inventions, 6 ff. Ireland, 346-9, 453, 535. Jesuits in, 405. and Inquisition, 417. Isabella, Queen of Castile, 76, 412, 426. Isabella of Portgual, Queen of Spain, 432. Isocrates, 574. Italy first printers in, 9. lack of national feeling, 43, 372. and Renaissance, 47, 372 f., 425. decadence, 135. invaded by France, 17, 185. civilization, 350. and Reformation, 371 ff. Jesuits in, 405. population, 455 f., 458. coinage, 463 f. hospitals, 514. banks, 519 f. trade, 525. reform of calendar, 624. universities, 673. Ivan IV, Czar, 143, 447, 748. Ivry, battle of, 225.

Jagiello dynasty, 139. James IV, King of Scotland, 279, 352. James V, King of Scotland, 199, 210, 352 f., 355 f., 580. James VI, King of Scotland, 367, 369 f., 484, 505, 660. James, W., 167, 740. Jane Seymour, Queen of England, 299. Janizaries, 449, 489. Jansen, 276. Jansenists, 406. Janssen, J., 740. Japan, 405, 408, 443, 616. Jarnac, battle of, 215. Java, 443, 616. Jena, University of, 670. Jerome, St., 192, 684. Jerome of Prague, 14, 40. Jerusalem, 400, 402, 499. Jesus Christ, 13, 29, 63. Jesuits, 396-411. in Poland, 143 f. in Bohemia, 144. in France, 202, 216, 231. in Netherlands, 249. in England, 328, 336 f. origins, 381, 402 f. and Paul IV, 384. at Council of Trent, 393 f. typical, 398. organization, 403 f. obedience, 404 f. growth, 405 f. combat heresy, 405 ff. foreign missions, 407 ff. decay, 409 ff. casuistry, 411, 506. in Portugal, 445. and tyrannicide, 605. and philosophy, 628. colleges, 666, 670 f. art, 691. judged by Michelet, 717. Jetzer, J., 148, 708. Jewel, J., 327, 344, 656. Jews, 415 ff., 426, 445, 649. Joan d'Albret, Queen of Navarre, 205, 213. Joan of Arc, 581. Joanna, Queen of Spain, 76, 477. John the Baptist, 63. John XXIII, Pope, 39. John III, King of Portugal, 409, 445. John III, King of Sweden, 138. Jonas, J., 420, 508. Josephus, 574. Jovius, P., 580 ff., 703. Jud, L., 157. Julius II, Pope, 18 f., 24, 51, 686, 709. Julius III, Pope, 383 f., 393, 420. Justification by faith only, Lefevre, 53, 65. Luther, 65 f., 86, 570, 625, 724, 745. Contarini, 122. At Ratisbon Colloquy, 127. in France, 196, 206. in England, 301, 314. in Italy, 375, 377. at Council of Trent, 392 f. historical estimate of the doctrine, 745 f.

Kaiserberg, G. of, 530. Kant, I., 165, 625, 715 f. Kaulbach, 715. Kautsky, K., 726. Kawerau, O., 737. Keller, L., 508. Kempis, Thomas a, Imitation of Christ, 26, 32 f., 401. Kent, 322. Kett, 314. Khair-ed-Din, 449. Knodt, 729. Knollys, 603. Knox, J., 167. at Geneva, 174, 358 f. in England, 313, 325, 358. political theory, 325, 363 f., 366, 602 ff. character, 357 f. early life, 358. Monstrous Regiment of Women, 361. and Mary, 364 ff. on women, 361, 509. and Buchanan, 580. as an historian, 586 f. Koberger, A., 510. Koehler, W., 739. Kohlhase, J., 505. Koenigsberg, 526, 670. Koran, 420, 584. Kovalewsky, 729. Kurdistan, 449. Kurtz, 737. Kuestrin, J. von, 127, 130.

La Boetie, 599 f. Lactantius, 667. Ladrones, 440. Lagarde, P. de, 736. Lamprecht, K., 737. Lancaster, John of, 36. Landau, 495. Landstuhl, 84. Lang, A., 367. Lang, M., 557. Languedoc, 216. La Rochelle, 216, 219, 229, 260, 526. Las Casas, B. de, 436. Laski, J., 141, 312. Lasso, O., 689. Lateran Council, Fifth, 19, 418 f., 628. Latimer, H., 294, 299, 322, 495, 504. Latin, 53, 63, 451, 663 ff. classics, 574 ff. La Tour, 354. Laurent, 739. Laveleye, E. de, 737. Laynez, 394, 401. Lea, H. C., 423, 731. Lecky, 723. Lefevre d'Etaples, J., early life, 52. biblical work, 52, 188, 196, 566, 570. justification by faith, 53, 65. and Farel, 160. and Calvin, 162. and French Reformation, 188 ff., 196 f. Le Fevre, P., 400, 406. Leghorn, 535. Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of, 275, 331. Leinster, 348. Leipheim, 95. Leipzig University of, 38, 671. debate, 68 f., 77, 191. Interim, 129. Lemnius, S., 502 f. Lemonnier, 732. Leo X. character and policy, 19, 77. finance, 22. Concordat of Bologna, 43. and Diet of Augsburg (1518), 46. and indulgences, 66 ff. condemns Luther, 77. and Charles V, 81, 236. death, 84. attacked by Sachs, 86. and Henry VIII, 283. Oratory of Divine Love, 397. and Sapienza, 673. portrait, 678. and art, 688. Leo, Emperor, 744. Leon, P. de, 437. Leonardo da Vinci, income, 472. scientific work, 612 f., 637 f. anatomy, 613. physics, 613 f. astronomy, 617. on necromancy, 658. art, 674 ff. Lepanto, battle of, 266, 432, 490. Lerma, Duke of, 517 f. Leslie, J., 354. Lessing, 712. Levant, 442. Lewis, King of Hungary, 144. Leyden, 263. John of, 101 f. University of, 275, 673. L'Hopital, M. de, 213, 215, 597. Liege, 235, 260. Lilienstayn, J., 40. Lille, 186, 559. Lima, 416. Lincolnshire, 303, 323. Lisbon, 9, 408, 442, 444, 524. Lister, G., 240. Lithuania, 138 ff. Livonia, 139. Livy, 667. Lochleven, 368. Loisy, A., 739, 741. Lollards, 38, 354, 649. Lombardy, 456. London, 288, 317, 332. first printers in, 9. Netherlanders in, 253. and Reformation, 281, 301, 322 f. population, 453. credit, 467. and theater, 485. brothels, 506. death-rate, 511 f. trade, 524, 533 f., 539, 548. pauperism, 559. Loretto, 499. Lorraine, 257. Charles, Cardinal of, 199, 210 f. Lotto, L., 376. Lotzer, 92. Louis XI, King of France, 42, 556. Louis XII, King of France, 19, 182 f. Louvain, University of, 77, 241, 245, 253, 378, 420, 422, 668, 672. Loyola, I., early life, 398 f. conversion, 399 f. and Luther, 400, 405. first disciples, 400 f. Spiritual Exercises, 401 f. founds Company of Jesus, 402 f. death, 405. autobiography, 588. judged by Lagarde, 736. Luebeck, 113, 118 f., 454. Lublin, 140. Union of, 141. Lucca, 420, 456. Lucerne, 146, 153. Ludolph of Saxony, 399. Luther, C. von Bora, 123, 288. Luther, M. career changes in his life-time, 3. alludes to New World, 11, 497. and University of Wittenberg, 12. influenced by mystics, 32 ff. nationalism, 44, 46 f. early life, 62 ff. becomes a friar, 64. inner development, 64 ff. journey to Italy, 64, 514. summoned to Augsburg (1518), 67 f. debates with Eck, 68 f. condemned by Catholic church, 77. burns bull and Canon Law, 78. at Diet of Worms, 79 f., 132, 398, 441, 741. under ban of the Empire, 81. at Wartburg, 81. opposes radicals, 82 ff., 96 ff. and Peasants' War, 91, 93, 97 f., 557 f. wins German ruling classes, 111. reforms church service and government, 112 f. illnesses, 123. marriage, 123 f., 284. death, 124, 322 note. real estate and income, 468, 471. anecdotes, 495 f., 580. closes brothels, 506 f. doctrines, opinions and character doctrine of eucharist, 36 (see controversy with Zwingli). justification by faith only, 65. declares councils can err, 69. literary genius, 111, 125. political theory, 116, 549, 594 ff., 606. opinion of polygamy, 120, 286, 507, 703. virulence, 123. character, 124 f. opinion of theater, 485. on Sunday observance, 171. on Aristotle, 637. opinion of war, 487. on hunting, 500. on Reformation, 504, 700 f. on lying, 506. on marriage, 506, 508 f. on education, 511, 665, 667. commercial ideas, 530 f., 608. on poor relief, 560. biblical criticism, 568 f., 572. refutes Koran, 584. on Copernican theory, 621. philosophy, 624 ff. on toleration, 642 ff. on witchcraft, 652, 655 f. on art and music, 687, 690. writings translates Valla on Donation of Constantine, 49. lectures on Bible, 64. Ninety-five Theses, 67, 281. Address to the Christian Nobility, 70 ff., 376, 530, 560. Babylonian Captivity of Church, 72 f., 120, 164, 282. translation of Bible, 73 f., 81, 111 f., 569 f. On Monastic Vows, 81. Bondage of the Will, 105 f., 164. hymns, 112, 354, 689, 737. catechisms, 112, 164, 407. Jack Sausage, 120. Schmalkaldic Articles, 121. Against the Papacy at Rome, 123. Table Talk, 124. influence and relations with contemporaries Lefevre, 53. Hutten, 56. general influence, 62, 80 f., 83, 698. Sachs, 86 f. deserted by humanists, 102 ff. and Erasmus, 104 ff., 241, 649. and Zwingli, 107 ff., 150 ff., 154, 159 f. and Melanchthon, 133. invited to Denmark, 136. hailed by Bohemian Brethren, 144. and Calvin, 162, 165, 179 f. More, 167. influence in France, 188 ff., 203. influence in Netherlands, 239 ff. and Henry VIII, 277, 282 f., 285, 287. influence in England, 281 ff., 299 f., 312, 326, 635. influence in Scotland, 354 ff. influence in Italy, 373 ff., 380. influence on Catholic reform, 388. Index, 420. Loyola, 400, 405. Lemnius, 503. and Raphael, 678 f. and Duerer, 684. caricatured, 685. and Faust, 697. judged by posterity, Sleidan, 587, 705. earily biographers, 588. Des Periers, 629. Montaigne, 631 f. Charron, 633. Bruno, 639. R. Burton, 700. early Catholics, 702. Bossuet, 703. Vettori, 704. Guicciardini, 704. Brantome, 704. Robertson, 709. Hume, 710. Gibbon, 710 f. Wieland, 711. Goethe, 712. Lessing, 712. Condorcet, 713. and French Revolution, 713 ff. and Romantic Movement, 715 ff. Mme. de Stael, 715. Heine, 715 f. Michelet, 716 f. Carlyle, 718. Emerson, 718. Herder, 718. Arndt, 718. German patriots, 718 f. Hegel, 720. Doellinger, 723 f. Bax, 725 f. Nietzsche, 730 f. Troeltsch, 733. Santayana, 734. Imhart de la Tour, 736. Lagarde, 736. The Great War, 737 f. Paquier, 738. Harnack, 739. Loisy, 739. W. James, 740. Grisar, 741. Acton, 741. secularization of the world, 748. Lutheranism, in England, 38, 308, 330. in Germany, 111, 133 f. in France, 195 ff. in Netherlands, 243 ff. in Italy, 376 f., 417. and papacy, 383. in Spain, 415 f. political theory, 594, 707. Luxemburg, 76, 238. Lyly, J., 635. Lyndsay, D., 351, 355 note, 356, 615. Lyons, 512, 523, 526, 556. Waldenses, 35. and Reformation, 192, 195, 218.

Maastricht, 258, 273. MacAlpine, J., 354. Macaulay, 432, 717. McGiffert, A. C., 739. Machiavelli, N. The Prince, 295, 589. and Index, 421 f. on war, 487 ff. ethics, 505 f. on classics, 576. as an historian, 580. political theory, 589 ff., 599, 601 f., 608. and Christianity, 628, 649. Mackinnon, 742. Madagascar, 443. Madeira, 441, 444. Madrid, 9. Treaty of, 185 f., 379. Madgeburg, 63, 66, 129. Magdeburg Centuries, 584 f. Magellan, F., 3, 440 f., 615. Magni, O., 138. Magrath, 417. Maitland, 365. Majorca, 415. Malabar, 524. Malacca, 443. Malay Peninsula, 446, 616. Maldonato, 106. Malines, 252 f., 262. Malory, T. La Morte d'Arthur, 692. Malta, 456. Manchester, 538. Manners, 500 ff. Manresa, 399, 401. Manichaeans, 418. Mansfeld, 62, 523, 662. Mantua, 121. Benedict of, 376. Isabella d'Este, Marchioness of, 376, 572. Manz, F., 645. Marburg, Colloquy at, 109 f. University of, 287, 354, 670. Marcellus II, Pope, 384. Marcion, 583, 744. Marcourt, A. de, 197. Marcus Aurelius, 574. Margaret d 'Angouleme, Queen of Navarre, 29, 324, 572, 676. and Reformation, 189 f., 194 f. Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scotland, 330, 352. Mariana, 605. Marignano, battle of, 147, 150, 185, 488. Marlowe, C., 635, 697. Marnix, P. van, 263. Marot, C., 187, 194, 197, 203, 232, 693. Marranos, 240, 445. Marriage, prohibited degrees, 22 f. Protestant regulation of, 112, 173. Catholic reform, 395. esteemed, 507 f. Marsiglio of Padua, 43. Mary, Mother of Jesus, worshiped, 29, 63, 148, 358, 495. Mary of Burgundy, Empress, 76, 235. Mary Tudor, Queen of England, 287, 291. foreign policy, 200, 319. and Netherlands, 248 f. succession, 316 f. marriage, 318 f., 432. religious policy, 319 ff. and Knox, 358, 361. censorship, 419. commercial policy, 526. and universities, 671. Mary Tudor, Queen of France, 281, 316, 432. Mary of Hapsburg, Queen of Hungary, 237, 244, 249. Mary of Lorraine, Queen of Scotland, 199, 352, 359, 361. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, and England, 325, 330, 333 f., 336, 338, 340, 352, 365, 368. execution, 339 f., 368 f. marriage with Francis II, 210, 351, 359. birth, 356. and Knox, 364 ff. marriage with Darnley, 366. marriage with Bothwell, 367 f. Casket Letters, 367 f. deposed, 367, 602 f. dress, 466. and Buchanan, 580. Martyr, Peter, see Vermigli and Anghierra. Marx, C., 724 f. Masuccio, 50. Mathesius, 588. Mathews, S., 725. Matthews, T., 300. Matthys, J., 101 f. Maurenbrecher, 740. Maurer, H., 91. Maurolycus, 611. Maximilian I, Emperor, and Julius II, 19. and Luther, 68. policy, 75 f. death, 77. and Netherlands, 235, 238, 486. Maximilian II, Emperor, 132, 144, 258. Mayence, 8 f., 74, 666, 670. Albert, Elector of, 66, 79, 496. Berthold, Elector of, 418. Mayenne, Duke of, 225 ff., 492. Mayr, C., 528. Meaux, 192, 195, 202, 218. Mecca, 446. Medici, de', family, 15, 17, 519. Lorenzo the Magnificent, 19, 682. Lorenzo II, 198 f. Alexander, 250, 381. Cosimo, 372. Medina, 446, 513 ff. Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 341. Mediterranean, 442, 523. Melanchthon, P. doctrine of eucharist, 70. and Luther, 81, 111, 124, 133. and Peasants' War, 98, 558. at Marburg Colloquy, 109. drafts Augsburg Confession, 117. on polygamy, 120, 287. reforms Cologne, 121. negotiates with Catholics, 122. attacked by Lutherans, 129, 133. and Zwingli, 134. and Calvin, 164. and Servetus, 178. and France, 187, 203. and England, 299, 301, 312, 326 f. and Scotland, 356. on Index, 420. salary, 471. and Lemnius, 503. and Bible, 569. political theory, 596, 605. and Copernicus, 621 f. persecutes, 644 f. on education, 667. Mendelssohn, 715. Mercator, G., 616. Merindol, 203. Metz, 184, 200. Mexico, 416, 438 f., 474 f. Meyerbeer, 715. Mezeray, de, 704. Michaelangelo, 472, 681 ff., 686, 690. Michelet, J., 398, 716 f. Middleburg, 263. Milan, 185 f., 372, 380 f., 416 f., 456. Milne, W., 359. Miltitz, C. von, 68. Milton, J., 74, 423, 608, 668. Mirabilia Urbis Romae, 74. Mirandola, Pico della, 51 ff., 108, 374, 606. Miritzsch, M., 240. Mississippi, 437. Modena, 456. Mohacs, battle of, 144. Mohammedanism, 433, 448, 583 f., 627, 707 f., 745. Moluccas, 408, 443. Monarchy, 476 f., 549. Moncontour, battle of, 215. Money value of, in the sixteenth century, 461 ff., 472 f. coins, 462 ff. interest, 467 f. power of, 548. Monod, G., 735. Monopolies, 85, 88, 528 ff. Mons, battle of, 216, 261. Montaigne, M. de, and New World, 11. and Reformation, 231 f. on torture, 482. on classics, 576 f. and La Boetie, 599 f. skepticism, 631 f. on toleration, 648. on witchcraft, 660 f. Montauban, 219. 229. Montbeliard, 161. Monte, A. C. del, 382. Montesquieu, 707. Montluc, B. de, 216, 582. Moutmorency, A. de, 185, 187, 517. Montpellier, 229. Mook, battle of, 263. Moors, 426, 428, 433 f. Morals, 503 ff. of clergy, 25, 493 f. Morata, O., 374. Moravians, see Bohemian Brethren. Moray, Earl of, 334, 367 f. More, T. Utopia, 11, 26, 509, 558, 606 f., 648, 698. debt to Lefevre, 53. and Reformation, 167, 281 ff., 295, 299. on Henry VIII, 279, 295. death, 294 f. on persecution, 294 f., 648. drinks only water, 497. on hunting, 500. marriages, 508 f. and Bibles, 571. and religion, 633 f., 649. and witchcraft, 655. portrait, 683. judged by Robertson, 731 Moriscos, 415, 433 f., 517. Morley, Lord, 592. Mornay, P. Duplessis, 264, 598 f. Morocco, 446. Morone, 394. Mortmain, Statute of, 41. Morton, Earl of, 360. Moschus, 574. Moscow, 512. Mosheim, 712. Motley, 718. Mountjoy, Lord, 277. Muehlberg, battle of, 128, 238. Muehlhausen in Thuringia, 94. Muelhausen in Alsace, 160. Munich, 666. Muenster, 101 f., 244. Muenster, S., 420, 565. Muenster, T., 82, 91, 94 f., 97, 112, 594, 701. Muret, 576. Murner, T., 472, 694. Muscovy, 139, 143 f., 447. Music, 689. Mutian, 54, 103. Myconius, 160, 313. Mystics, 29-34, 744.

Naarden, 262. Namur, 267. Nanak, 745. Nantes University of, 11. Edict of, 228 f., 406, 650. Naples French in, 42, 186. Spanish, 372, 380, 416 f. Reformation, 375 f. population, 456. Narva, 534. Nash, T., 635. Nassau, 251. Louis of, 257 ff., 263. Nationalism rise of, 5. effect on church, 41-47. in France, 182. Naumburg, Bishop of, 120. Negroes, 437, 525, 533. Neo-Platonism, 51, 54. Nesbit, J., 354. Netherlands mystics, 32 f. Charles V, 78. and French Calvinists, 204, 216. constitution, 234 ff. Mary, Regent of, 237, 244, 249. Margaret of Austria, Regent of, 237. relations with the Empire, 237 f. Reformation, 239 ff., 271 ff. and Spain, 246 ff., 254 ff., 488. and Alva, 258 ff. Northern Provinces declare independence, 272 ff., 602. "Beggars," 256 ff., 342. and England, 332, 344 f. civilization, 350. Jesuits, 405 f. censorship, 419. population, 453, 458. post office, 486. commerce, 531 ff. agriculture, 547. serfs, 553. poor-relief, 559 f. reform of calendar, 624. Newcastle, 358. Nice, Truce of, 121, 198. Nicholas V, Pope, 16, 45, 566. Nicoletto, 374. Nietzsche, F., 730 f. Niklashausen, Piper of, 87. Nimes, 219. Bishop of, 205. Nobility, 236, 491 f., 550. Nola, 639. Norfolk, 323. Duke of, 334 f. Norman, R., 615. Normandy, 202. North, T., 576. Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of, 316 f., 321. Norway, 135, 137,458. Norwich, 254, 315. Novara, battle of, 150. Noyen, 161. Nuremberg, 74, 79, 86, 90, 128, 454, 483, 688. humanism, 54. Diet of (1522), 84 f., 528. Diet of (1524), 85 f. "godless painters," 103, 628. revolts from Rome, 113. Peace of, 118. Duerer, 472, 684. poor-relief, 560.

Occam, William of, 35 f., 43, 108, 625, 743. Ochino, B., 174, 312, 375, 397, 420. Oecolampadius, J., 108 ff., 156 f., 159, 161, 299, 312, 420, 508, 626. Oldenbarneveldt, J. van, 275, 602. Olivetan, 162, 196, 570. Orange, Anne, Princess of, 251, 253. Orange, Charlotte, Princess of, 251. Orange, William, Prince of, 167, 246, 250 ff., 258. character, 251, 274. elected Statholder of Holland, 261. death, 274, 340. and England, 339. Orellana, 438. Orinoco, 436. Orleans, University of, 162. Reformation, 197, 202, 218. States General, 212 f. Osgood, H. L., 743. Osiander, A., 420, 620, 623. Oudewater, 264. Overyssel, 235. Oxford, University of, 36, 38, 281, 471, 639, 671, 687. Oxfordshire, 314.

Pacific Ocean, 438, 440. Paciolus, L., 610. Pack, O. von, 114. Paderborn, University of, 670. Padua, University of, 618, 627. Paget, Lord, 310. Palatinate, 74, 79, 84, 121, 127. Frederic III, Elector Palatine, 121, 128. Palermo, 416. Palestrina, 384, 689. Palma, University of, 12. Pampeluna, 399 f. Papacy history of in the later Middle Ages, 13-20. triumphs over Councils, 15. secularization, 15. patronizes art and letters, 16. denounced by Wyclif, 37. rejected by Bohemian Brethren, 40. attacked by Marsiglio, 43. assailed by Valla, 49. rejected by Luther, 68 ff., 123, 388. dependent on Spain, 372. history, 1522-90, 377-88. and Turks, 449. finance, 480. judged by Creighton and Acton, 642, 741. Paquier, 738. Paracelsus, T., 513, 632, 638 f. Paraguay, 408. Pare, A., 513 f. Paris first printers at, 9. university of, 11, 42, 161, 190 f., 202 ff., 227, 250, 400, 422, 561, 566, 600, 642, 664. College of Montaigu, 161, 400 f., 669. Parlement of, 42, 184 f., 191, 227, 229, 406. and Reformation, 192, 195 ff., 213, 217, 221, 228. Jesuits, 202. besieged by Henry IV, 225 f., 455. population, 455. credit, 467. constabulary, 482. brothels, 507. hospitals, 514. trade, 539. Parker, 604. Parma, Duke of, 226, 456. Parma, Margaret of, 250, 256 f. Pascal, B., 398. Passau, Convention of, 130. Pastor, A., 626. Pastor, L. von, 740 f. Patten, S. N., 726. Paul the Apostle, 13, 52 f., 65, 98, 150, 356, 377, 418, 742. Paul II, Pope, 16. Paul III, 250. and oecumenical council, 121, 389 f. and Luther, 123. alliance with Charles V, 127. and Margaret of Navarre, 189. and Rabelais, 194. and England, 292 ff. pontificate, 381 ff. reforms, 381 ff. foreign policy, 383. and Jesuits, 401. and Inquisition, 416. and American Indians, 436. and Sapienza, 471, 673. and artists, 472, 504. and Copernicus, 620, 622. and philosophy, 628. Paul IV, 382, 384, 397, 417, 421 f. Paulet, Sir A., 339. Paulus Diaconus, 608. Pauperism, 558 ff. Pausanias, 574. Pavia, battle of, 94, 185, 372, 379, 459. Penz, G., 103, 628. Periers, Des, 629. Perrin, A., 176. Persia, 449. Perth, 360. Peru, 416, 438 ff., 474 f. Pescia, Domenico da, 18. Petrarch, 47. Petri, L., 138. Petri, O., 137. Pfefferkorn, J., 54. Philibert, E., 249. Philip IV of France, 14, 42. Philip the Handsome of Hapsburg, 76, 235. Philip II, King of Spain, 130, 132. and France, 212, 226 ff., 252. on St. Bartholomew, 218. and Netherlands, 246 ff., 272 ff., 602. marriage with Mary of England, 318 f. and Elizabethan England, 331 ff., 338, 362, 533. and papacy, 384 ff. and Council of Trent, 395. finances, 431. character and policy, 431 ff. and Portugal, 446. and Turks, 449 f. portrait, 678. Philippine Islands, 440 f. Philosophy, 624-40. Reformers, 624 ff. skeptics, 627 ff. science, 637 ff. Piacenza, 250, 456 Picardy, 161, 202. Piccolomini family, 15. Piedmont, 35. Pindar, 574. Pinkie, battle of, 359. Pirckheimer, W., 104, 106, 683. Pisa, 627. Council of (1409), 14. Schismatic Council of (1511), 19. Pistoia, 488. Pius II, Pope, 16, 24 f., 42, 350. Pius IV, Pope, 384 ff., 393 ff. Pius V, Pope, 334 f., 338, 386 f., 417, 422. Pizarro, 439 f. Plato, 51, 150, 418, 574, 606, 629. Pliny the Elder, 667. Plutarch, 574, 576, 619. Pocock, R., 48. Podiebrad, 40. Poggio, 51, 421. Poissy, Colloquy of, 213 f., 598. Poitiers, Diana of, 199. Poitou, 216. Poland, pays Peter's Pence, 21. suzerain of Prussia, 113. literature, 135. constitution, 138 f. wars, 139 f., 447. Reformation, 140-44. Henry III, 143, 219. civilization, 350. Counter-reformation, 388. and Council of Trent, 395. Jesuits, 405. population, 458. gilds, 540. reform of calendar, 624. Pole, R., 318 ff., 377, 382, 396, 591, 604. Political theory, 588-609. the state as power, 589 ff. republicanism, 592 ff. church and state, 593 ff. constitution, 595 ff. tyrannicide, 606. radicals, 606 f. economic, 607 ff. Pollard, A. F., 742. Polybius, 574. Polygamy, 102, 120, 507, 574. Pomponazzi, P., 105, 627, 649. Ponet, J., 604 f. Pontano, 508. Pontoise, Estates of, 598. Porta, J. B., della, 614. Portsmouth, 322. Portugal exploration, 10, 435. literature, 135. civilization, 350. and Council of Trent, 395. Jesuits, 405. colonies, 407 ff., 435, 441 ff. Inquisition, 416, 445. annexed to Spain, 432, 446. decadence, 444 ff. population, 458. navy,490. commerce, 524. reform of calendar, 624. Porzio, S., 627. Posen, 140, 144. Post Office, 468 f., 486. Praemunire, Statute of, 41 f., 289. Prague, University of, 38, 639. Predestination, doctrine of, 164 ff., 176, 249, 682. Prescott, 718. Pressburg, University of, 12. Prices, 88, 315, 464 ff. wheat, 464 f. animals, 465. groceries, 466. drygoods, 466 f. metals, 467. real estate, 468. books, 468. rise of, 473, 516 f., 608. Priscillian, 564. Printing, 3, 8 ff., 239, 349 f., 418 f. Probst, J., 240, 242. Proletariat, 552 ff. Prostitution, 506 f. Protestantism origin of the name, 115. period of expansion, 132, 388 f. varieties of, 179 f. in France, 229 ff. judged by Renan, 742. Provisors, Statute of, 41, 289. Prudentius, 667. Prussia, 113, 133, 139, 141, 350. Ptolemy, 574, 616 note, 617. Puglia, Francis da, 18. Pulci, 628. Puritans, 167, 286, 328, 339, 343 ff, 358, 483, 486, 604, 690.

Quakers, 102. Quinet, E., 718. Quirini, 595.

Rabelais, F., 187. and Reformation, 194 f., 197, 231 f. given a benefice, 471. anarchism, 606. philosophy, 629. love of life, 694. Racau, 142. Racovian catechism, 142. Radewyn, 32. Raleigh, W., 532. Ramus, P., 637. Ranke, L. von, 343, 367, 379, 721 f. Raphael, Sanzi, 472, 492, 677 ff., 686. Ratisbon League of, 114. Diet of, 122. Book of, 122. Colloquy of, 127, 169. Recorde, R., 616 Reinach, S., 735. Reformation antecedents, 4 ff. causes, 20-29, 743 f. and Renaissance, 47, 187 f., 231 ff., 730, 732 f., 749 f. and morals, 503 f. and capitalism, 515. historiography in 16th century, 585 ff. and state, 593 ff. and education, 664 ff. and art, 684 f., 689 f. and books, 691. parallels to, 744 f. religious changes, 745 ff. political and economic changes, 747 f. intellectual changes, 749 f. the word, 700. various interpretations, 699-750. Protestant, 699 ff., 739 f. Catholic, 701 ff., 740 f. political, 703 ff. economic, 106, 708, 724 ff. rationalist, 706 ff. French Revolutionary, 713 ff. romantic, 715 ff. liberal, 716 ff., 742. scientific, 719 ff. Darwinian, 729 ff. Teutonic, 736 f., 747. Reformation of the Emperor Frederic III, 90. Reformation of the Emperor Sigismund, 89 f. Reinhold, E., 621, 623. Rembrandt, 276. Renaissance, 4. and Reformation, 47, 187 f., 231 ff., 730, 732 f., 743, 749 f. in France, 187. in Netherlands, 239. Renan, 742. Renard, 320 f. Renaudie, 210 f. Reni, G., 689. Requesens, L., 263. Reuchlin, J., 54 f., 103. Reval, 534. Rheims, 252, 672. Rheticus, G. J., 610, 620 ff. Rhodes, 449. Ribadeneira, 588. Riccio, D., 366. Richmond, Duke of, 287, 471. Ridley, 299, 322. Riga, 144, 534. Rink, M., 100. Ritschl, 723. Robertson, J. M., 731. Robertson, W., 367, 709. Robespierre, 716. Robinson, J. H., 743. Rode, H..240. Rodrigo, 416. Rogers, J., 322. Rohrbach, J., 94, 98. Rome and Luther, 64, 67. sack of, 185, 372, 380, 456. population, 456. university of, 471, 673. administration, 481, 504. pilgrimages, 499. prostitutes, 507. and Copernicus, 618. St. Peter's Church, 686. Pasquino and Marforio, 693. Roennow, 137. Ronsard, P. de, 231 f., 693. Rosenblatt, W., 508. Rostock, University of, 670. Roth, C., 529. Rotterdam, 235, 260. Rouen, 197, 214. Rousillon, 426. Rovere family, 15, 18. Rubeanus, C., 55, 103 f. Rudolph II, Emperor, 268. Russell, B., 735. Russia, 446 f., 534, 551. Ruthenians, 138. Ruexner, G., 90. Ruysbroeck, John of, 32, 34.

Saal, M. von der, 120. Sabatier, P., 737 f., 742. Sachs, H., 86 f., 696. Sacraments Catholic doctrine of, 27, 745. Protestant doctrine of, 72 ff., 301, 314, 625, 745 f. Sacro Bosco, J. de, 615. Sadoleto, 169, 566. St. Andrews, 355, 358, 360. St. Bartholomew, massacre of, 217 f., 261 f., 387, 597. St. David's, 323. St. Gall, 101, 157, 160, 645. St. Quentin, battle of, 200. Saints, worship of, 28 f., 57, 206, 747. Salamanca, University of, 400, 673. Salerno, University of, 11. Salisbury, 323. Salmeron, 393, 401. Samosata, Paul of, 627. Sanchez, F., 639. Samson, B., 151. Sanders, N., 325, 588, 702. Sandomir, 142. San Gallo, 686. Santayana, G., 734 f. Saracens, 448. Saragossa, University of, 12. Sardinia, 456. Sarpi, P., 377, 390, 395, 423, 705 f. Satyre Menippee, 226 f. Savonarola, 16 ff., 51, 580, 649 Savoy, 35, 168, 372, 395, 455 f., 658. Charles III, Duke of, 168. Louise of, 185. Saxony division into Albertine and Ernestine, 119 note. Albertine George, Duke of, 24, 56, 119, 191, 283, 528, 554 f., 700. Henry, Duke of, 119. Maurice, Duke and Elector of, 119. alliance with Charles V, 127 f. attacks John Frederic, 128. becomes elector, 128. captures Magdeburg, 129. turns against Charles V, 130, 393. death, 130. and Council of Trent, 393. Ernestine nationalism, 44. indulgences, 66. mentioned, 74. Peasants' War, 91 ff. Anabaptists, 103, 644. becomes Lutheran, 113. brigandage, 505. church property, 551. Frederic, Elector of, 77, 82, 93. supports Luther, 66, 79, 81, 104, 113, 283. John, Elector of, 113, 283, 595, 644. signs Protest, 115. votes against Ferdinand, 118. John Frederic the Elder, Elector and Duke of, 305. expels Bishop of Naumburg, 120. defeated and captured by Charles V, 128. freed, 130. loses electoral vote, 128. John Frederic the Younger, Duke of, 132. Scaliger, J. J., 575, 585. Scandinavia, 21, 135 ff., 350. Schaffhausen, 146, 157, 160. Schaertlin, 128. Scheldt barred by Holland, 274. Schenck, M., 134. Schenitz, J., 518. Schleswig-Holstein, 136. Schmalkalden, League of, 118 ff., 187, 197, 300 f., 305 f. Schmalkaldic War, 126 ff., 198, 200, 376, 383, 393. Schmidt, 712. Schoenberg, 622. Schools, 12, 471, 662 ff. Schoonhoven, 264. Schwenckfeld, C. von, 164. Schwyz, 146, 153. Science, 609-24. inductive method, 609. mathematics, 609 ff. zooelogy, 611 f. anatomy, 612 f. physics, 613 ff. geography, 615 f. astronomy, 616 ff. schools, 666. Scotland and England, 279, 309, 351 f., 358 f., 369. condition, 350 ff. and France, 351 f., 358 f. Reformation, 352 ff., 359 ff., 369 f. the kirk, 364, 369 f. Black Acts, 369. population, 453 f., 458. theater, 485. duelling, 486. brigandage, 505. serfdom, 553. Scott, R., 659 f. Scotus, Duns, 34. Sea power, 490 f. Sebastian, King of Portugal, 446. Seckendorf, 701. Selim I, Sultan, 449, 748. Sell, K., 737. Semblancay, 518. Seneca, 162. Serfdom, 89 f., 97 f., 552 f. Seripando, 417. Servetus, M., 177 f., 613, 626 f., 645. Severn, 322. Seville, 341, 416, 457, 524 f. University of, 12. Seymour, T., 315. Shakespeare, W., 424, 581, 693, 698. Sicily, 416, 455. Sickingen, F. von, 56, 83 f., 505, 550, 684. Sidney, H., 348. Sidney, P., 336, 501. Siena, 375, 381. Sievershausen, battle of, 130. Sigismund, Emperor, 39. Sigismund I, King of Poland, 139 ff. Sigismund II, King of Poland, 141 ff. Sigismund III, King of Poland, 144. Sigueenza, University of, 12. Sikhism, 745. Silver, production of, 473 ff., 516 f. Simmel, F., 726. Simons, M., 244. Sixtus IV, Pope, 16, 412. Sixtus V, Pope, 223, 341, 387 f., 504 f., 670. Skelton, J., 283. Sleidan, 587 f., 704 f. Smith, H.. 635. Socinians, 376. Somascians, 397. Somerset, E. Seymour, Duke of, 310, 352, 359. Sophocles, 574. Soto, H. de, 437. Sozini, F., 145, 375, 626. Sozini, L., 142, 145, 375. Spain universities, 12, 673. Charles V, 76. literature, 135. and Netherlands, 238, 246 ff., 430, 488. and England, 318 f., 332, 339 ff., 348, 431 f. Armada, 341 f., 387, 433. civilization, 350. and papacy, 378 ff. and Counter-reformation, 389. Jesuits, 405. colonies, 407, 425, 430 f., 435 ff. Inquisition, 412 ff. censorship, 419. unification, 426. revolt of Communes, 78, 427 f., 477, 550, 552. revolt of Hermandad, 78, 428, 552. empire, 430. Cortes, 428 f. and Portugal, 432 f. and Moors, 433 f. population, 455 ff. coinage, 463. finances, 480, 522. navy, 490 f. clergy, 494. trade, 524 f. the Mesta, 624. reform of calendar, 624. judged by Froude, 717. Spencer, H., 718. Spenser, E., 327, 347, 692 f. Spinoza, B., 276. Spires, 666. Diet of (1526), 114. Diet of (1529), 109, 115, 644. Diet of (1542), 122. Diet of (1544), 123. Sprenger, J., 654. Spurs, battle of the, 279. Stael, de, 715. Sterling, 356. Steven Bathory, King of Poland, 144. Stevin, S., 610, 614. Stockholm, 9, 136. Stourbridge, 523. Stow, J., 582. Strabo, 574. Strassburg, 31, 101, 110, 113, 169, 260, 464, 506, 658. Strauss, D. F., 719. Stuehlingen, 91, 93. Stunica, D., 622. Suffolk, 323. Charles Brandon, Duke of, 316. Henry Grey, Duke of, 316. Suleiman, Sultan, 187, 449. Sully, Duke of, 215, 218, 228. Sumatra, 443, 616. Surrey, Earl of, 693. Suso, H., 31. Sussex, 323. Swabia, 93 ff., 119. Sweden universities, 12. Reformation, 113, 137 f. Christian II, 136. war with Poland, 139. population, 458. a law of, 511. church property, 551. Switzerland, 88, 146 f. Reformation, 146-181. civilization, 350. population, 454. Symonds, J. A., 398, 730. Syria, 449, 535.

Taborites, 40. Tacitus, 574, 606. Tangier, 446. Tapper, 254. Tartaglia, N., 610, 614. Tartars, 139, 447. Tasso, T., 374, 449, 628, 692 f. Tauler, J., 31, 65. Tetzel, J., 66 f. Teutonic Order, 31, 44 f., 113, 139, 618. Tewkesbury, J., 299. Theater, 485, 695 ff. Theatines, 384, 397. Theocritus, 574. Theognis, 574. Thierry, 718. Thorn, 618. Edict of, 140. Thou, de, 217, 703. Thucydides, 574. Tierra del Fuego, 616. Tintoretto, 677. Titian, 677 f. Tobacco, 498. Toledo, 428, 457. Enriquez de, 502. Toleration, 641-51. Peace of Augsburg, 131. Edict of Nantes, 229 f. and Bible, 573. intolerance of Catholics, 641 ff. intolerance of Protestants, 643 ff. Renaissance, 649. Reformation, 650 f., 750. Tolstoy, L., 730. Tordesillas, Treaty of, 435. Torgau, League of, 114. Torquemada, 643. Toul, 184, 200. Toulouse, 214. Tournai, 235, 274. Tours, 195, 197. Transubstantiation, rejected by Wyclif, 37. rejected by Taborites, 40. attacked by Melanchthon and Luther, 70, 72. Lateran Council, 108. in Augsburg Confession, 117. in England, 306, 314. and Council of Trent, 393. Transylvania, 144 f. Treitschke, 736 f., 742. Trent, Council of, 388-96. and Protestants, 127, 383, 389 f., 393. decrees in France, 215. reforms, 231, 382, 388, 393 ff., 486. decrees in England, 333 f. opening, 381, 390. and Pius IV, 385. preparation, 389 ff. constitution, 390 f. dogmatic decrees, 391 ff., 566. result, 395 f. and Index, 420 ff. and charity, 561. political theory, 606. and reason, 625. and Louvain, 672. and art, 690. judged by Sarpi, 705. Treves, 74, 84, 657 f. University of, 11, 666. Diet of Treves-Cologne, 530. Trie, William, 177. Trinity College, Dublin, 349, 671. Troeltsch, E., 732 ff. Tuebingen, University of, 11. Tunis, 121. Tunstall, C., 38, 282, 284, 305 Turks, capture Constantinople, 16. war with Germany, 46, 116, 122, 132. war with Hungary, 144. conquer Transylvania, 145. alliance with France, 200. and papacy, 383. and Spain, 432. empire, 448 ff. army, 489. trade, 535. Tuscany, 372. Duke of, 613. Tyler, Wat, 37. Tyndale, W., 284 f., 300, 304, 355, 570 f., 596.

Udal, N., 471, 663. Ukraine, 140. Ulm, 113, 128. Ulster, 348. Unitarians, 142 f., 145, 177, 375, 626, 646. Universities in fifteenth century, 11 f. and Reformation, 12. reform of, 72. and Henry VIII, 287. pay of professors, 471. in sixteenth century, 668 ff. Unterwalden, 146, 153. Upsala, University of, 12. Uri, 146, 153. Ursulines, 397. Usingen, 637. Usury, 72, 529 f., 608 f. Utrecht, 235, 238, 240, 252, 268, 272, 274. Union of, 272, 650.

Vaga, P. del, 690. Valais, 146 f. Valangin, 161. Valdes, J. de, 376. Valence, University of, 11. Valencia, 428. University of, 12. Valla, L., 16, 48 ff., 649. Donation of Constantine, 48,70. Annotations on New Testament, 49, 566 f. Dialogue on Free Will, 50, 105. On Monastic Life, 50. On Pleasure, 50. Valliere, J., 191. Van Dyke, 276. Varthema, L. de, 446. Vasari, G., 582 f., 676, 679. Vassy, massacre of, 214. Velasco, 457. Velasquez, 433. Venezuela, 457. Venice, 372, 402, 512. war with Julius II, 19. alliance with France, 186. and Reformation, 375 f. Inquisition, 417, 658. trade, 442, 525, 535. population, 456. coinage, 463 f. bank, 522. church property, 551. art, 677. Verdun, 184, 200. Vergerio, P. P., 377, 390. Vergil, Polydore, 581, 703. Vermigli, P. M., 213, 312, 322, 375. Verona, 455. Vespucci, A., 436, 606 f. Vettori, 704. Vienna, 448 f. Concordat of, 45. University of, 149, 406, 666, 670. Vienne, 168, 177. Vieta, F., 610 f. Villalar, battle of, 428. Villavicenzio, L. da, 561. Villers, C. de, 714. Villiers, 258 f. Vilvorde, 284 f. Vitrier, J., 26, 57. Vives, L., 559 f., 574, 606, 609, 667. Voes, H., 242. Volmar, M., 162. Voltaire, 388, 707 f. Volterra, D. da, 690.

Wages and salaries, 469 ff., 556 f. Waitz, 737. Waldenses, 35, 82, 203. Waldo, P., 35. Waldseemueller, M., 616. Wales, 298, 323, 453, 458, 559. Arthur, Prince of, 286 f. Walker, W., 739. Walloons, 260, 270 f. Walsingham, 305, 499. Walsingham, F., 347. Warham, W., 557. Warsaw, Compact of, 143, 650. Waterford, 347. Wealth of the world, 458 ff. Weber, M., 728. Wedderburn, James, 355. Wedderburn, John, 355. Weinsberg, 94. Weiss, N., 738. Welser bank, 520 f. Werner, 715. Wernle, 739. Westeras, Diet of, 137. West Indies, 274, 436 f., 524, 535. Westmoreland, 304. Weyer, J., 658 f. White, Andrew D., 731. Widmanstetter, A., 622. Wied, H. von, 120. Wieland, 711. Wilna, 144. Wilson, W., 743. Winchester, 323, 662. Wishart, G., 357 f. Witchcraft, 63, 422, 651-61. ancient magic, 651 f. the witch, 652 f. the devil, 653. the Inquisition, 655. Protestantism, 655 f. the witch hunt, 656 ff. growing skepticism, 658 ff. Wittenberg, 66, 81 ff., 96 f., 128, 240, 301, 322 note, 354 f., 390, 461, 464, 560 f. University of, 11, 64, 287, 471, 494, 502, 509, 620 ff., 639, 670, 696 f. Concord, 110. Articles, 301. Wolsey, T., 243, 518, 671. character and policy, 280 f., 292, 294. and Reformation, 282 f., 355. death, 288. Women, position of, 361, 509 f. Worms, 284. Concordat of, 43. Diet of (1495), 75. Diet of (1521), 78 ff., 96, 282, 398. Diet of (1545), 123. Edict of, 81, 85, 114, 116, 241, 479. Colloquy of, 122, 134. Wullenwever, G., 118. Wuerttemberg, 79, 128. Ulrich, Duke of, 79, 90, 119. Wurzach, 95. Wuerzburg, 114, 350, 454, 658. Wyatt, Sir T. (conspirator), 318. Wyatt, Sir T. (poet), 693. Wyclif, J., 12. life and doctrine, 36 ff., 42, 284. condemned at Constance, 39 f. and Reformation, 41, 289, 354, 744. and Bible, 571.

Xavier, F., 400, 408 f., 499, 736. Xenophon,574. Ximenez, 426, 565.

Yorkshire, 302 f., 544. Ypres, 560.

Zapolya, J., 144. Zasius, U., 103. Zeeland, 256, 260, 263 f., 270 ff. Zierickzee, 264. Zug, 146, 153. Zuiderzee, battle of, 262. Zuetphen, 262, 272. Henry of, 240. Zurich Anabaptists, 101, 154, 645. joins Swiss Confederacy, 146. Zwingli, 151. Reformation, 152 ff. theocracy, 156. defeat at Cappel, 158 ff. Bullinger, 160. English Bible printed at, 300. dancing, 500. brothels, 506. university, 671. Zwickau, 82 f. Zwilling, G., 81, 83. Zwingli, A., 152. Zwingli, U. and Luther, 108 ff., 151 f., 154. death, 110, 159. and Melanchthon, 134. and Calvin, 164, 166. early life, 148 ff. mocks indulgences, 150 f. at Zurich, 151. a Reformer, 152 ff. marriage, 152. and Erasmus, 153. and Anabaptists, 154 ff., 645. political schemes, 157 f. True and False Religion, 158. Exposition of the Christian Faith, 158. First Peace of Cappel, 158. at battle of Cappel, 158 f. character, 159. influence in France, 196. doctrine of the eucharist, 108 ff., 154, 241. influence in England, 284, 299. and Council of Trent, 392. on Index, 420. biblical exegesis, 569. political theory, 596. on usury, 608 f. on reason, 626. on education, 671. judged by Bossuet, 703. judged by Voltaire, 708. judged by Gibbon, 710. Zwolle, 240.

THE END