Akrotiri Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in Council 1960, effective 16 August 1960, functions as a basic legal document

Albania adopted by popular referendum on 22 November 1998; promulgated 28 November 1998

Algeria 8 September 1963; revised 19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised 3 November 1988, 23 February 1989, 28 November 1996, and 12 November 2008

American Samoa ratified 2 June 1966, effective 1 July 1967

Andorra Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991, approved by referendum 14 March 1993, effective 28 April 1993

Angola adopted by People's Assembly 25 August 1992

Anguilla Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982; amended 1990

Antigua and Barbuda 1 November 1981

Argentina 1 May 1853; amended many times starting in 1860

Armenia adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995; amendments adopted through a nationwide referendum 27 November 2005

Aruba 1 January 1986

Australia 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901

Austria 1920; revised 1929; reinstated 1 May 1945; note - during the period 1 May 1934-1 May 1945 there was a fascist (corporative) constitution in place

Azerbaijan adopted 12 November 1995

Bahamas, The 10 July 1973

Bahrain adopted 14 February 2002

Bangladesh 4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972; suspended following coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986; amended many times

Barbados 30 November 1966

Belarus 15 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24 November 1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and became effective 27 November 1996; revised again 17 October 2004 removing presidential term limits

Belgium 7 February 1831; amended many times; revised 14 July 1993 to create a federal state

Belize 21 September 1981

Benin adopted by referendum 2 December 1990

Bermuda 8 June 1968; amended 1989 and 2003

Bhutan ratified 23 July 2008

Bolivia 2 February 1967; revised in August 1994; possible referendum on new constitution to be held in 2008

Bosnia and Herzegovina the Dayton Agreement, signed 14 December 1995 in Paris, included a new constitution now in force; note - each of the entities also has its own constitution

Botswana March 1965, effective 30 September 1966

Brazil 5 October 1988

British Virgin Islands 13 June 2007

Brunei 29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984)

Bulgaria adopted 12 July 1991

Burkina Faso 2 June 1991 approved by referendum, 11 June 1991 formally adopted; last amended January 2002

Burma 30 May 2008

Burundi 28 February 2005; ratified by popular referendum

Cambodia promulgated 21 September 1993

Cameroon 20 May 1972 approved by referendum, adopted 2 June 1972; revised January 1996

Canada made up of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982, which transferred formal control over the constitution from Britain to Canada, and added a Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms as well as procedures for constitutional amendments

Cape Verde 25 September 1992; a major revision on 23 November 1995 substantially increased the powers of the president; a 1999 revision created the position of national ombudsman (Provedor de Justica)

Cayman Islands 1959; revised 1962, 1972, and 1994

Central African Republic ratified by popular referendum 5 December 2004; effective 27 December 2004

Chad passed by referendum 31 March 1996; a June 2005 referendum removed constitutional term limits

Chile 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 1989, 1991, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2003, and 2005

China most recent promulgation 4 December 1982

Christmas Island Christmas Island Act of 1958-59 (1 October 1958) as amended by the Territories Law Reform Act of 1992

Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955 (23 November 1955) as amended by the Territories Law Reform Act of 1992

Colombia 5 July 1991; amended many times

Comoros 23 December 2001

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 18 February 2006

Congo, Republic of the approved by referendum 20 January 2002

Cook Islands 4 August 1965

Costa Rica 7 November 1949

Cote d'Ivoire approved by referendum 23 July 2000

Croatia adopted on 22 December 1990; revised 2000, 2001

Cuba 24 February 1976; amended July 1992 and June 2002

Cyprus 16 August 1960 note: from December 1963, the Turkish Cypriots no longer participated in the government; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and for better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently since the mid-1960s; in 1975, following the 1974 Turkish intervention, Turkish Cypriots created their own constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus," which became the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC)" when the Turkish Cypriots declared their independence in 1983; a new constitution for the "TRNC" passed by referendum on 5 May 1985, although the "TRNC" remains unrecognized by any country other than Turkey

Czech Republic ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993

Denmark 5 June 1953 constitution allowed for a unicameral legislature and a female chief of state

Dhekelia Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in Council 1960, effective 16 August 1960, functions as a basic legal document

Djibouti multiparty constitution approved by referendum 4 September 1992

Dominica 3 November 1978

Dominican Republic 28 November 1966; amended 25 July 2002

Ecuador 10 August 1998

Egypt 11 September 1971; amended 22 May 1980, 25 May 2005, and 26 March 2007

El Salvador 20 December 1983

Equatorial Guinea approved by national referendum 17 November 1991; amended January 1995

Eritrea a transitional constitution, decreed on 19 May 1993, was replaced by a new constitution adopted on 23 May 1997, but not yet implemented

Estonia adopted 28 June 1992

Ethiopia ratified 8 December 1994, effective 22 August 1995

European Union based on a series of treaties: the Treaty of Paris, which set up the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951; the Treaties of Rome, which set up the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in 1957; the Single European Act in 1986; the Treaty on European Union (Maastricht) in 1992; the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997; and the Treaty of Nice in 2003; note - a new draft Constitutional Treaty, signed on 29 October 2004 in Rome, gave member states two years for ratification either by parliamentary vote or national referendum before it was scheduled to take effect on 1 November 2006; defeat in French and Dutch referenda in May-June 2005 dealt a severe setback to the ratification process; in June 2007, the European Council agreed on a clear and concise mandate for an Intergovernmental Conference to form a political agreement and put it into legal form; this agreement, known as the Reform Treaty, would have served as a constitution and was presented to the European Council in October 2007 for individual country ratification; it was rejected by Irish voters in June 2008, again stalling the ratification process

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 3 October 1985; amended 1997 and 1998

Faroe Islands 5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)

Fiji enacted on 25 July 1997 to encourage multiculturalism and make multiparty government mandatory; effective 28 July 1998

Finland 1 March 2000

France adopted by referendum 28 September 1958, effective 4 October 1958 note: amended concerning election of president in 1962; amended to comply with provisions of 1992 EC Maastricht Treaty, 1997 Amsterdam Treaty, 2003 Treaty of Nice; amended to tighten immigration laws in 1993; amended in 2000 to change the seven-year presidential term to a five-year term; amended in 2005 to make the EU constitutional treaty compatible with the Constitution of France and to ensure that the decision to ratify EU accession treaties would be made by referendum

French Polynesia 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Gabon adopted 14 March 1991

Gambia, The approved by national referendum 8 August 1996; effective 16 January 1997

Georgia adopted 24 August 1995

Germany 23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of the united Germany 3 October 1990

Ghana approved 28 April 1992

Gibraltar 5 June 2006; came into force 2 January 2007

Greece 11 June 1975; amended March 1986 and April 2001

Greenland 5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)

Grenada 19 December 1973

Guam Organic Act of Guam, 1 August 1950

Guatemala 31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986; note - suspended 25 May 1993 by former President Jorge SERRANO; reinstated 5 June 1993 following ouster of president; amended November 1993

Guernsey unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

Guinea 23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale)

Guinea-Bissau 16 May 1984; amended 4 May 1991, 4 December 1991, 26 February 1993, 9 June 1993, and in 1996

Guyana 6 October 1980

Haiti approved March 1987; suspended June 1988 with most articles reinstated March 1989; constitutional government ousted in a military coup in September 1991, although in October 1991, military government claimed to be observing the constitution; returned to constitutional rule in October 1994; constitution, while technically in force between 2004-2006, was not enforced; returned to constitutional rule in May 2006

Holy See (Vatican City) new Fundamental Law promulgated by Pope JOHN PAUL II on 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (replaces the first Fundamental Law of 1929)

Honduras 11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982; amended many times

Hong Kong Basic Law, approved in March 1990 by China's National People's Congress, is Hong Kong's "mini-constitution"

Hungary 18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949; revised 19 April 1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of parliamentary oversight; 1997 amendment streamlined the judicial system

Iceland 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944; amended many times

India 26 January 1950; amended many times

Indonesia August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series of amendments concluded in 2002

Iran 2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency and eliminate the prime ministership

Iraq ratified on 15 October 2005 (subject to review by the Constitutional Review Committee and a possible public referendum )

Ireland adopted 1 July 1937 by plebiscite; effective 29 December 1937

Isle of Man unwritten; note - The Isle of Man Constitution Act of 1961 does not embody the unwritten Manx Constitution

Israel no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the Basic Laws of the parliament (Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship law; note - since May 2003 the Constitution, Law, and Justice Committee of the Knesset has been working on a draft constitution

Italy passed 11 December 1947, effective 1 January 1948; amended many times

Jamaica 6 August 1962

Japan 3 May 1947

Jersey unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

Jordan 1 January 1952; amended many times

Kazakhstan first post-independence constitution adopted 28 January 1993; new constitution adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995

Kenya 12 December 1963; amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1997, 2001; note - a new draft constitution was defeated by popular referendum in 2005

Kiribati 12 July 1979

Korea, North adopted 1948; completely revised 27 December 1972, revised again in April 1992, and September 1998

Korea, South 17 July 1948; note - amended or rewritten nine times; current constitution approved on 29 October 1987

Kosovo ratified 9 April 2008; effective 15 June 2008

Kuwait approved and promulgated 11 November 1962

Kyrgyzstan adopted 5 May 1993; note - amendment proposed by President Askar AKAYEV and passed in a national referendum on 2 February 2003 significantly expanded the powers of the president at the expense of the legislature; during large-scale demonstrations in November 2006, President BAKIEV and the opposition negotiated a new constitution granting greater powers to the parliament and the government; amendments added on 30 December 2006 redistributed some power back to the president, but both November and December 2006 versions were annulled in September 2007, and a new version was approved by referendum on 21 October 2007; the BAKIEV-initiated referendum was criticized by Western observers for voting irregularities, particularly ballot stuffing

Laos promulgated 14 August 1991

Latvia 15 February 1922; restored to force by the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Latvia adopted by the Supreme Council on 21 August 1991; multiple amendments since

Lebanon 23 May 1926; amended a number of times, most recently Charter of Lebanese National Reconciliation (Ta'if Accord) of October 1989

Lesotho 2 April 1993

Liberia 6 January 1986

Libya none; note - following the September 1969 military overthrow of the Libyan government, the Revolutionary Command Council replaced the existing constitution with the Constitutional Proclamation in December 1969; in March 1977, Libya adopted the Declaration of the Establishment of the People's Authority

Liechtenstein 5 October 1921

Lithuania adopted 25 October 1992

Luxembourg 17 October 1868; occasional revisions

Macau Basic Law, approved on 31 March 1993 by China's National People's Congress, is Macau's "mini-constitution"

Macedonia adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991; amended November 2001 by a series of new constitutional amendments strengthening minority rights and in 2005 with amendments related to the judiciary

Madagascar 19 August 1992 by national referendum

Malawi 18 May 1994

Malaysia 31 August 1957 (amended many times, latest in 2007)

Maldives new constitution ratified 7 August 2008

Mali adopted 12 January 1992

Malta 1964 constitution; amended many times

Marshall Islands 1 May 1979

Mauritania 12 July 1991

Mauritius 12 March 1968; amended 12 March 1992

Mayotte 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Mexico 5 February 1917

Micronesia, Federated States of 10 May 1979

Moldova new constitution adopted 29 July 1994, effective 27 August 1994; replaced old Soviet constitution of 1979

Monaco 17 December 1962

Mongolia 12 February 1992

Montenegro 19 October 2007 (approved by the Assembly)

Montserrat effective 19 December 1989

Morocco 10 March 1972; revised 4 September 1992, amended (to create bicameral legislature) September 1996

Mozambique 30 November 1990

Namibia ratified 9 February 1990, effective 12 March 1990

Nauru 29 January 1968; amended 17 May 1968 (Constitution Day)

Nepal 9 November 1990; note - a new interim constitution was promulgated in January 2007; the November 2006 peace agreement calls for the election of a Constituent Assembly to draft a new permanent constitution

Netherlands adopted 1815; amended many times, most recently in 2002

Netherlands Antilles 29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the Netherlands, as amended

New Caledonia 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

New Zealand consists of a series of legal documents, including certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments, as well as The Constitution Act 1986, which is the principal formal charter; adopted 1 January 1987, effective 1 January 1987

Nicaragua 9 January 1987; reforms in 1995, 2000, and 2005

Niger new constitution adopted 18 July 1999

Nigeria new constitution adopted 5 May 1999; effective 29 May 1999

Niue 19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act)

Norfolk Island Norfolk Island Act of 1979, as amended in 2005

Northern Mariana Islands Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands effective 1 January 1978; Covenant Agreement fully effective 4 November 1986

Norway 17 May 1814; amended many times

Oman none; note - on 6 November 1996, Sultan QABOOS issued a royal decree promulgating a basic law considered by the government to be a constitution which, among other things, clarifies the royal succession, provides for a prime minister, bars ministers from holding interests in companies doing business with the government, establishes a bicameral legislature, and guarantees basic civil liberties for Omani citizens

Pakistan 12 April 1973; suspended 5 July 1977, restored 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored in stages in 2002; amended 31 December 2003; suspended 3 November 2007; restored on 15 December 2007

Palau 1 January 1981

Panama 11 October 1972; major reforms adopted 1978, 1983, 1994, and 2004

Papua New Guinea 16 September 1975

Paraguay promulgated 20 June 1992

Peru 29 December 1993

Philippines 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987

Pitcairn Islands 30 November 1838; reformed 1904 with additional reforms in 1940; further refined by the Local Government Ordinance of 1964

Poland adopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997; passed by national referendum 25 May 1997; effective 17 October 1997

Portugal adopted 2 April 1976; note - subsequent revisions of the Constitution placed the military under strict civilian control, trimmed the powers of the president, and laid the groundwork for a stable, pluralistic liberal democracy; as well, they allowed for the privatization of nationalized firms and the government-owned communications media

Puerto Rico ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25 July 1952

Qatar ratified by public referendum on 29 April 2003, endorsed by the Amir on 8 June 2004, effective on 9 June 2005

Romania 8 December 1991; revision effective 29 October 2003

Russia adopted 12 December 1993

Rwanda new constitution passed by referendum 26 May 2003

Saint Barthelemy 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Saint Helena 1 January 1989

Saint Kitts and Nevis 19 September 1983

Saint Lucia 22 February 1979

Saint Martin 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 October 1979

Samoa 1 January 1962

San Marino 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a constitution

Sao Tome and Principe approved March 1990, effective 10 September 1990

Saudi Arabia governed according to Islamic law; the Basic Law that articulates the government's rights and responsibilities was promulgated by royal decree in 1992

Senegal adopted 7 January 2001

Serbia adopted 8 November 2006; effective 10 November 2006

Seychelles 18 June 1993

Sierra Leone 1 October 1991; subsequently amended several times

Singapore 3 June 1959; amended 1965 (based on preindependence State of Singapore Constitution)

Slovakia ratified 1 September 1992, effective 1 January 1993; changed in September 1998 to allow direct election of the president; amended February 2001 to allow Slovakia to apply for NATO and EU membership

Slovenia adopted 23 December 1991

Solomon Islands 7 July 1978

Somalia 25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979 note: the formation of transitional governing institutions, known as the Transitional Federal Government, is currently ongoing

South Africa 10 December 1996; this new constitution was certified by the Constitutional Court on 4 December 1996, was signed by then President MANDELA on 10 December 1996, and entered into effect on 4 February 1997

Spain approved by legislature 31 October 1978; passed by referendum 6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978

Sri Lanka adopted 16 August 1978, certified 31 August 1978

Sudan constitution implemented on 30 June 1998, partially suspended 12 December 1999 by President BASHIR; under the CPA, Interim National Constitution ratified 5 July 2005; Constitution of Southern Sudan signed December 2005

Suriname ratified 30 September 1987; effective 30 October 1987

Swaziland signed by the King in July 2005 went into effect on 8 February 2006

Sweden 1 January 1975

Switzerland revision of Constitution of 1874 approved by the Federal Parliament 18 December 1998, adopted by referendum 18 April 1999, officially entered into force 1 January 2000

Syria 13 March 1973

Taiwan 25 December 1947; amended in 1992, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2005 note: constitution adopted on 25 December 1946; went into effect on 25 December 1947

Tajikistan 6 November 1994

Tanzania 25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984

Thailand constitution signed by King PHUMIPHON (BHUMIBOL) on 24 August 2007

Timor-Leste 22 March 2002 (based on the Portuguese model)

Togo multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the Republic 1 July 1992, adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992

Tokelau administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948; amended in 1970

Tonga 4 November 1875; revised 1 January 1967

Trinidad and Tobago 1 August 1976

Tunisia 1 June 1959; amended 1988, 2002

Turkey 7 November 1982

Turkmenistan adopted 18 May 1992

Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order 2006 (effective 9 August 2006)

Tuvalu 1 October 1978

Uganda 8 October 1995; in 2005 the constitution was amended removing presidential term limits and legalizing a multiparty political system

Ukraine adopted 28 June 1996

United Arab Emirates 2 December 1971; made permanent in 1996

United Kingdom unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

United States 17 September 1787, effective 4 March 1789

Uruguay 27 November 1966, effective 15 February 1967; suspended 27 June 1973, new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980; two constitutional reforms approved by plebiscite 26 November 1989 and 7 January 1997

Uzbekistan adopted 8 December 1992

Vanuatu 30 July 1980

Venezuela 30 December 1999

Vietnam 15 April 1992

Virgin Islands Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954

Wallis and Futuna 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Yemen 16 May 1991; amended 29 September 1994 and February 2001

Zambia 24 August 1991; amended in 1996 to establish presidential term limits

Zimbabwe 21 December 1979

This page was last updated on 18 December 2008



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@2064 Economic aid - recipient

Afghanistan $2.775 billion (2005)

Albania ODA: $318.7 million note: top donors were Italy, EU, Germany (2005 est.)

Algeria $370.6 million (2005 est.)

American Samoa important financial support from the US, more than $40 million in 1994

Andorra $0

Angola $441.8 million (2005)

Anguilla $9 million (2004 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda $7.23 million (2005)

Argentina $99.66 million (2005)

Armenia ODA, $180 million (2007)

Aruba $11.3 million (2004)

Azerbaijan ODA, $223.4 million (2005 est.)

Bahamas, The $4.78 million (2004)

Bahrain $103.9 million (2004)

Bangladesh $1.321 billion (2005)

Barbados $2.07 million (2005)

Belarus $53.76 million (2005)

Belize $12.91 million (2005)

Benin $374.7 million (2006)

Bermuda $90,000 (2004)

Bhutan $941.2 million; note - substantial aid from India (2006)

Bolivia $582.9 million (2005 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina $546.1 million (2005 est.)

Botswana $70.89 million (2005)

Brazil $191.9 million (2005)

British Virgin Islands $NA

Brunei $770,000 (2004)

Bulgaria $742 million (2005-06 est.)

Burkina Faso $659.6 million (2005)

Burma $144.7 million (2005 est.)

Burundi $365 million (2005)

Cambodia $698.2 million pledged in grants and concession loans for 2007 by international donors (2007)

Cameroon $413.8 million (2005)

Cape Verde $160.6 million (2005)

Cayman Islands $390,000 (2004)

Central African Republic ODA, $95.29 million; note - traditional budget subsidies from France (2005 est.)

Chad ODA, $379.8 million (2005)

Chile $0 (2006)

China $1.641 billion (FY07)

Christmas Island $NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands $NA

Colombia $511.1 million (2005)

Comoros $25.23 million (2005 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the $1.828 billion (2005)

Congo, Republic of the $1.449 billion (2005)

Cook Islands $13.1 million; note - New Zealand continues to furnish the greater part (1995)

Costa Rica $29.51 million (2005)

Cote d'Ivoire ODA, $60 million (2007 est.)

Croatia ODA, $125.4 million (2005)

Cuba $87.8 million (2005 est.)

Cyprus $15 million (2006)

Czech Republic $278.7 million in available EU structural adjustment and cohesion funds (2004)

Djibouti $78.6 million (2005)

Dominica $15.17 million (2005 est.)

Dominican Republic $76.99 million (2005)

Ecuador $209.5 million (2005)

Egypt ODA, $925.9 million (2005)

El Salvador $267.6 million of which $55 million from US (2005)

Equatorial Guinea $39 million (2005)

Eritrea $355.2 million (2005)

Estonia $135.5 million (2004)

Ethiopia $1.6 billion (FY05/06)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) $0 (1997 est.)

Faroe Islands $105 million; note - annual subsidy from Denmark (2005)

Fiji $63.96 million (2005)

French Polynesia $579.8 million (2004)

Gabon $53.87 million (2005)

Gambia, The $58.15 million (2005)

Gaza Strip $1.4 billion; (includes West Bank) (2006 est.)

Georgia ODA, $309.8 million (2005 est.)

Ghana $1.316 billion in loans and grants (2007)

Gibraltar $NA

Greece $8 billion annually from EU (2000-06); Greece will receive about $3.8 billion per year between 2007-13 under the EU's Community Support Funds IV

Greenland $512 million; note - subsidy from Denmark (2005)

Grenada $44.87 million (2005)

Guam Guam receives large transfer payments from the US Federal Treasury into which Guamanians pay no income or excise taxes; under the provisions of a special law of Congress, the Guam Treasury, rather than the US Treasury, receives federal income taxes paid by military and civilian Federal employees stationed in Guam (2001 est.)

Guatemala $253.6 million (2005 est.)

Guernsey $NA

Guinea $182.1 million (2005)

Guinea-Bissau $79.12 million (2005)

Guyana $136.8 million (2005)

Haiti $515 million (2005 est.)

Honduras $680.8 million (2005)

Hong Kong $6.95 million (2004)

Hungary $302.6 million (2004)

India $1.724 billion (2005)

Indonesia ODA, $2.524 billion (2006 est.) note: Indonesia ended 2006 with $67 billion in official foreign debt (about 25% of GDP), with Japan ($25 billion), the World Bank ($8.5 billion) and the Asian Development Bank ($8.4 billion) as the largest creditors; about $6 billion in grant assistance was pledged to rebuild Aceh after the December 2004 tsunami; President YUDHOYONO disbanded the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI) donor forum in January 2007

Iran $104 million (2005 est.)

Iraq $21.65 billion (2005)

Isle of Man $NA

Israel $240 million from US (FY06)

Jamaica $35.74 million (2005)

Jordan ODA, $752 million (2005 est.)

Kazakhstan $229.2 million (2005)

Kenya $768.3 million (2005)

Kiribati $27.84 million largely from UK and Japan (2005)

Korea, North $372 million note: approximately 65,000 metric tons in food aid through the World Food Program appeals in 2007, plus additional aid from bilateral donors and non-governmental organizations (2007 est.)

Korea, South $68.07 million (2004)

Kosovo $324 million (2007)

Kuwait $2.6 million (2004)

Kyrgyzstan $268.5 million from the US (2005)

Laos $379 million (2006 est.)

Latvia $162 million (2004)

Lebanon of the $7.6 billion in grants and loans pledged to Lebanon at the Paris III conference in January 2007, Beirut as of mid-December 2007 had signed agreements for $3 billion, including $1 billion in project financing, $750 million in direct budget support, $750 million in private sector credit, and $285 million in in-kind aid; about $500 million of the $1.7 billion pledged for direct budget support has been disbursed to Lebanon; donors in August 2006 also pledged nearly $1.8 billion in aid to help Lebanon recover from the 2006 Israel-Hizballah war; during the conflict, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait provided $1.5 billion in concessional loans to the Lebanese central bank to maintain confidence in the Lebanese currency. (2005)

Lesotho $68.82 million (2005)

Liberia $236.2 million (2005)

Libya ODA, $24.44 million (2005 est.)

Lithuania $249.7 million (2004)

Macau $13.7 million (2004)

Macedonia $230.3 million (2005)

Madagascar $929.2 million (2005)

Malawi $575.3 million (2005)

Malaysia $31.6 million (2005)

Maldives $66.83 million (2005)

Mali $691.5 million (2005)

Malta $6.19 million (2004)

Marshall Islands $56.56 million (2005)

Mauritania $190.4 million (2005)

Mauritius $31.93 million (2005)

Mayotte $201.3 million; note - extensive French financial assistance (2005)

Mexico $189.4 million (2005)

Micronesia, Federated States of $106.4 million (2005)

Moldova $191.8 million (2005)

Monaco $NA

Mongolia $159.5 million (2006)

Montenegro $NA

Montserrat Country Policy Plan (2001) is a three-year program for spending $122.8 million in British budgetary assistance (2002 est.)

Morocco ODA, $651.8 million (2005)

Mozambique $1.286 billion (2005)

Namibia ODA, $123.4 million (2005 est.)

Nauru $20 million mostly from Australia (2005)

Nepal $427.9 million (2005)

Netherlands Antilles $21.32 million (2004)

New Caledonia $524.3 million annual subsidy from France (2004)

Nicaragua $471 million (2006 est.)

Niger $515.4 million (2005)

Nigeria $6.437 billion (2005)

Niue $2.6 million from New Zealand (2002)

Norfolk Island $NA

Northern Mariana Islands extensive funding from US

Oman $30.68 million (2005)

Pakistan $1.666 billion (2005)

Palau $23.46 million (2005)

Panama $19.54 million (2005)

Papua New Guinea $266.1 million (2005)

Paraguay $51.09 million (2005)

Peru $397.8 million (2005)

Philippines ODA, $451.4 million in commitments (2006)

Pitcairn Islands $3.465 million (2004)

Poland $1.524 billion in available EU structural adjustment and cohesion funds (2004)

Puerto Rico $NA

Qatar $2.18 million (2004)

Romania $914.3 million (2004)

Russia $982.7 million in FY06 from US, including $847 million in non-proliferation subsidies

Rwanda $576 million (2005)

Saint Helena $29.56 million obtained in a grant from the United Kingdom (FY06/07)

Saint Kitts and Nevis $3.52 million (2005)

Saint Lucia $11.06 million (2005)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon approximately $60 million in annual grants from France

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines $4.89 million (1995); note - EU $34.5 million (2005)

Samoa $43.95 million (2005)

San Marino $NA

Sao Tome and Principe $31.9 million in December 2000 under the Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) program (2005)

Saudi Arabia $26.29 million (2005)

Senegal $477 million (2007 est.)

Serbia $2 billion pledged in 2001 to Serbia and Montenegro (disbursements to follow over several years; some aid pledged by EU and US has been placed on hold because of lack of cooperation by Serbia in handing over General Ratko MLADIC to the criminal court in The Hague)

Seychelles $18.81 million (2005)

Sierra Leone $343.4 million (2005 est.)

Singapore $0 (2007)

Slovakia $235 million in available EU structural adjustment and cohesion funds (2004)

Slovenia ODA, $484 million (2004-06)

Solomon Islands $198.2 million annually, mainly from Australia (2005 est.)

Somalia $236.4 million (2005 est.)

South Africa $700 million (2005)

Sri Lanka $1.189 billion (2005)

Sudan $1.829 billion (2005)

Suriname $43.97 million (2005)

Svalbard $8.2 million from Norway (1998)

Swaziland $46.03 million (2005)

Syria $213 million (2008 est.)

Tajikistan $241.4 million from US (2005)

Tanzania $1.505 billion (2005)

Thailand $171.1 million (2005)

Timor-Leste $184.7 million (2005 est.)

Togo ODA, $86.71 million (2005 est.)

Tonga $31.75 million (2005)

Trinidad and Tobago $200,000 (2007 est.)

Tunisia $376.5 million (2005)

Turkey ODA, $464 million (2005)

Turkmenistan $28.25 million from the US (2005)

Turks and Caicos Islands $4.1 million (1997)

Tuvalu $10.49 million note: includes distributions from the Tuvalu Trust Fund (2006)

Uganda $1.198 billion (2005)

Ukraine $409.6 million (1995); IMF Extended Funds Facility $2.2 billion (2005)

United Arab Emirates $5.36 million (2004)

Uruguay $14.62 million (2005)

Uzbekistan $172.3 million from the US (2005)

Vanuatu $39.48 million (2005)

Venezuela $48.66 million (2005)

Vietnam $5.4 billion in credits and grants pledged by the 2007 Consultative Group meeting in Hanoi (2007)

Virgin Islands $NA

Wallis and Futuna assistance from France, $NA

West Bank $1.4 billion; (includes Gaza Strip) (2006 est.)

Western Sahara $NA

World ODA, $106.4 billion (2005)

Yemen $2.3 billion (2003-07 disbursements)

Zambia $504 million (2007)

Zimbabwe $367.7 million (2005 est.)

This page was last updated on 13 November 2008



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@2065 Currency (code)

Afghanistan afghani (AFA)

Akrotiri euro (EUR) adopted 1 January 2008; note - the Cypriot pound (CYP) formerly used

Albania lek (ALL) note: the plural of lek is leke

Algeria Algerian dinar (DZD)

American Samoa US dollar (USD)

Andorra euro (EUR)

Angola kwanza (AOA)

Anguilla East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Antigua and Barbuda East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Argentina Argentine peso (ARS)

Armenia dram (AMD)

Aruba Aruban guilder/florin (AWG)

Australia Australian dollar (AUD)

Austria euro (EUR)

Azerbaijan Azerbaijani manat (AZN)

Bahamas, The Bahamian dollar (BSD)

Bahrain Bahraini dinar (BHD)

Bangladesh taka (BDT)

Barbados Barbadian dollar (BBD)

Belarus Belarusian ruble (BYB/BYR)

Belgium euro (EUR)

Belize Belizean dollar (BZD)

Benin Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Bermuda Bermudian dollar (BMD)

Bhutan ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR)

Bolivia boliviano (BOB)

Bosnia and Herzegovina konvertibilna marka (convertible mark) (BAM)

Botswana pula (BWP)

Brazil real (BRL)

British Indian Ocean Territory US Dollar (USD)

British Virgin Islands US dollar (USD)

Brunei Bruneian dollar (BND)

Bulgaria lev (BGN)

Burkina Faso Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Burma kyat (MMK)

Burundi Burundi franc (BIF)

Cambodia riel (KHR)

Cameroon Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Canada Canadian dollar (CAD)

Cape Verde Cape Verdean escudo (CVE)

Cayman Islands Caymanian dollar (KYD)

Central African Republic Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Chad Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Chile Chilean peso (CLP)

China Renminbi (RMB); note - also referred to by the unit yuan (CNY)

Christmas Island Australian dollar (AUD)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands Australian dollar (AUD)

Colombia Colombian peso (COP)

Comoros Comoran franc (KMF)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congolese franc (CDF)

Congo, Republic of the Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Cook Islands NZ dollar (NZD)

Costa Rica Costa Rican colon (CRC)

Cote d'Ivoire Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Croatia kuna (HRK)

Cuba Cuban peso (CUP) and Convertible peso (CUC)

Cyprus Cypriot pound (CYP); euro (EUR) after 1 January 2008

Czech Republic Czech koruna (CZK)

Denmark Danish krone (DKK)

Dhekelia euro (EUR) adopted 1 January 2008; note - the Cypriot pound (CYP) formerly used

Djibouti Djiboutian franc (DJF)

Dominica East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Dominican Republic Dominican peso (DOP)

Ecuador US dollar (USD)

Egypt Egyptian pound (EGP)

El Salvador US dollar (USD)

Equatorial Guinea Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Eritrea nakfa (ERN)

Estonia Estonian kroon (EEK)

Ethiopia birr (ETB)

European Union euro, British pound, Bulgarian lev, Czech koruna, Danish krone, Estonian kroon, Hungarian forint, Latvian lat, Lithuanian litas, Polish zloty, Romanian leu, Slovak koruna, Swedish krona

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Falkland pound (FKP)

Faroe Islands Danish krone (DKK)

Fiji Fijian dollar (FJD)

Finland euro (EUR)

France euro (EUR)

French Polynesia Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)

Gabon Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Gambia, The dalasi (GMD)

Gaza Strip new Israeli shekel (ILS)

Georgia lari (GEL)

Germany euro (EUR)

Ghana Ghana cedi (GHC)

Gibraltar Gibraltar pound (GIP)

Greece euro (EUR)

Greenland Danish krone (DKK)

Grenada East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Guam US dollar (USD)

Guatemala quetzal (GTQ), US dollar (USD), others allowed

Guernsey Guernsey pound note: the British pound is also legal tender

Guinea Guinean franc (GNF)

Guinea-Bissau Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Guyana Guyanese dollar (GYD)

Haiti gourde (HTG)

Holy See (Vatican City) euro (EUR)

Honduras lempira (HNL)

Hong Kong Hong Kong dollar (HKD)

Hungary forint (HUF)

Iceland Icelandic krona (ISK)

India Indian rupee (INR)

Indonesia Indonesian rupiah (IDR)

Iran Iranian rial (IRR)

Iraq New Iraqi dinar (NID) as of 22 January 2004

Ireland euro (EUR)

Isle of Man Isle of Man pound (IMP), also known as the Manx pound note: the British pound is also legal tender, but change is given in IMP

Israel new Israeli shekel (ILS); note - NIS is the currency abbreviation; ILS is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) code for the NIS

Italy euro (EUR)

Jamaica Jamaican dollar (JMD)

Japan yen (JPY)

Jersey Jersey pound note: the British pound is also legal tender

Jordan Jordanian dinar (JOD)

Kazakhstan tenge (KZT)

Kenya Kenyan shilling (KES)

Kiribati Australian dollar (AUD)

Korea, North North Korean won (KPW)

Korea, South South Korean won (KRW)

Kosovo euro (EUR); Serbian Dinar (RSD) is also in circulation

Kuwait Kuwaiti dinar (KD)

Kyrgyzstan som (KGS)

Laos kip (LAK)

Latvia lat (LVL)

Lebanon Lebanese pound (LBP)

Lesotho loti (LSL); South African rand (ZAR)

Liberia Liberian dollar (LRD)

Libya Libyan dinar (LYD)

Liechtenstein Swiss franc (CHF)

Lithuania litas (LTL)

Luxembourg euro (EUR)

Macau pataca (MOP)

Macedonia Macedonian denar (MKD)

Madagascar ariary (MGA)

Malawi Malawian kwacha (MWK)

Malaysia ringgit (MYR)

Maldives rufiyaa (MVR)

Mali Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Malta euro (EUR) as of 1 January 2008; Maltese lira (MTL) before then

Marshall Islands US dollar (USD)

Mauritania ouguiya (MRO)

Mauritius Mauritian rupee (MUR)

Mayotte euro (EUR)

Mexico Mexican peso (MXN)

Micronesia, Federated States of US dollar (USD)

Moldova Moldovan leu (MDL)

Monaco euro (EUR)

Mongolia togrog/tugrik (MNT)

Montenegro euro (EUR)

Montserrat East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Morocco Moroccan dirham (MAD)

Mozambique metical (MZM)

Namibia Namibian dollar (NAD); South African rand (ZAR)

Nauru Australian dollar (AUD)

Nepal Nepalese rupee (NPR)

Netherlands euro (EUR)

Netherlands Antilles Netherlands Antillean guilder (ANG)

New Caledonia Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)

New Zealand New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Nicaragua gold cordoba (NIO)

Niger Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Nigeria naira (NGN)

Niue New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Norfolk Island Australian dollar (AUD)

Northern Mariana Islands US dollar (USD)

Norway Norwegian krone (NOK)

Oman Omani rial (OMR)

Pakistan Pakistani rupee (PKR)

Palau US dollar (USD)

Panama balboa (PAB); US dollar (USD)

Papua New Guinea kina (PGK)

Paraguay guarani (PYG)

Peru nuevo sol (PEN)

Philippines Philippine peso (PHP)

Pitcairn Islands New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Poland zloty (PLN)

Portugal euro (EUR)

Puerto Rico US dollar (USD)

Qatar Qatari rial (QAR)

Romania "new" leu (RON) was introduced in 2005; "old" leu (ROL) was phased out in 2006; note - because of currency revaluation, 10,000 ROL = 1 RON

Russia Russian ruble (RUB)

Rwanda Rwandan franc (RWF)

Saint Barthelemy euro (EUR); note - US dollar (USD) widely used

Saint Helena Saint Helenian pound (SHP)

Saint Kitts and Nevis East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Saint Lucia East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Saint Martin euro (EUR); note - US dollar (USD) widely used

Saint Pierre and Miquelon euro (EUR)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Samoa tala (SAT)

San Marino euro (EUR)

Sao Tome and Principe dobra (STD)

Saudi Arabia Saudi riyal (SAR)

Senegal Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Serbia Serbian dinar (RSD)

Seychelles Seychelles rupee (SCR)

Sierra Leone leone (SLL)

Singapore Singapore dollar (SGD)

Slovakia Slovak koruna (SKK)

Slovenia euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 2007, the euro became Slovenia's currency; both the tolar and the euro were in circulation from 1 January until 15 January 2007

Solomon Islands Solomon Islands dollar (SBD)

Somalia Somali shilling (SOS)

South Africa rand (ZAR)

Spain euro (EUR)

Sri Lanka Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)

Sudan Sudanese pounds (SDG)

Suriname Surinam dollar (SRD)

Svalbard Norwegian krone (NOK)

Swaziland lilangeni (SZL)

Sweden Swedish krona (SEK)

Switzerland Swiss franc (CHF)

Syria Syrian pound (SYP)

Taiwan New Taiwan dollar (TWD)

Tajikistan somoni (TJS)

Tanzania Tanzanian shilling (TZS)

Thailand baht (THB)

Timor-Leste US dollar (USD)

Togo Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Tokelau New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Tonga pa'anga (TOP)

Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TTD)

Tunisia Tunisian dinar (TND)

Turkey Turkish lira (TRY); old Turkish lira (TRL) before 1 January 2005

Turkmenistan Turkmen manat (TMM)

Turks and Caicos Islands US dollar (USD)

Tuvalu Australian dollar (AUD); note - there is also a Tuvaluan dollar

Uganda Ugandan shilling (UGX)

Ukraine hryvnia (UAH)

United Arab Emirates Emirati dirham (AED)

United Kingdom British pound (GBP)

United States US dollar (USD)

Uruguay Uruguayan peso (UYU)

Uzbekistan soum (UZS)

Vanuatu vatu (VUV)

Venezuela bolivar (VEB)

Vietnam dong (VND)

Virgin Islands US dollar (USD)

Wallis and Futuna Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)

West Bank new Israeli shekel (ILS); Jordanian dinar (JOD)

Western Sahara Moroccan dirham (MAD)

Yemen Yemeni rial (YER)

Zambia Zambian kwacha (ZMK)

Zimbabwe Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD)

This page was last updated on 18 December 2008



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@2066 Death rate (deaths/1,000 population)

Afghanistan 19.56 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Albania 5.44 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Algeria 4.62 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

American Samoa 4.13 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Andorra 5.59 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Angola 24.44 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Anguilla 4.39 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda 6.14 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Argentina 7.43 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Armenia 8.34 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Aruba 7.65 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Australia 6.68 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Austria 9.91 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Azerbaijan 8.32 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Bahamas, The 9.22 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Bahrain 4.29 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Bangladesh 8 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Barbados 8.58 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Belarus 13.92 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Belgium 10.38 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Belize 5.77 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Benin 9.69 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Bermuda 7.98 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Bhutan 7.54 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Bolivia 7.35 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.54 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Botswana 14.02 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Brazil 6.35 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

British Virgin Islands 4.37 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Brunei 3.28 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Bulgaria 14.3 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Burkina Faso 13.59 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Burma 9.23 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Burundi 12.91 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Cambodia 8.16 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Cameroon 12.41 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Canada 7.61 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Cape Verde 6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Cayman Islands 4.83 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Central African Republic 18.04 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Chad 16.39 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Chile 5.77 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

China 7.03 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Christmas Island NA (2008 est.)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands NA (2008 est.)

Colombia 5.54 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Comoros 7.76 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 11.88 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Congo, Republic of the 12.28 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Cook Islands NA (2008 est.)

Costa Rica 4.31 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire 11.17 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Croatia 11.66 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Cuba 7.19 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Cyprus 7.76 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Czech Republic 10.69 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Denmark 10.25 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Djibouti 19.16 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Dominica 8.32 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Dominican Republic 5.3 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Ecuador 4.21 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Egypt 5.09 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

El Salvador 5.53 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Equatorial Guinea 9.72 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Eritrea 8.63 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Estonia 13.35 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Ethiopia 11.83 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

European Union 10.39 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) NA (2008 est.)

Faroe Islands 8.67 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Fiji 5.66 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Finland 10 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

France 8.48 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

French Polynesia 4.67 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Gabon 12.59 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Gambia, The 11.74 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Gaza Strip 3.53 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Georgia 9.51 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Germany 10.8 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Ghana 9.39 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Gibraltar 9.46 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Greece 10.42 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Greenland 8.23 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Grenada 6.31 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Guam 4.65 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Guatemala 5.19 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Guernsey 10.09 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Guinea 11.29 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Guinea-Bissau 16.05 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Guyana 8.29 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Haiti 10.15 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Honduras 5.36 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Hong Kong 6.6 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Hungary 12.99 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Iceland 6.81 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

India 6.4 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Indonesia 6.24 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Iran 5.69 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Iraq 5.14 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Ireland 7.77 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Isle of Man 11.02 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Israel 5.41 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Italy 10.61 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Jamaica 6.37 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Japan 9.26 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Jersey 9.36 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Jordan 2.72 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Kazakhstan 9.39 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Kenya 10.3 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Kiribati 7.97 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Korea, North 7.29 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Korea, South 5.73 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Kuwait 2.37 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Kyrgyzstan 6.97 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Laos 11.02 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Latvia 13.63 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Lebanon 6.06 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Lesotho 22.33 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Liberia 21.45 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Libya 3.46 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Liechtenstein 7.42 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Lithuania 11.12 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Luxembourg 8.43 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Macau 3.43 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Macedonia 8.81 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Madagascar 8.32 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Malawi 17.89 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Malaysia 5.02 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Maldives 3.66 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Mali 16.16 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Malta 8.29 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Marshall Islands 4.57 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Mauritania 11.61 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Mauritius 6.55 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Mayotte 7.36 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Mexico 4.78 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of 4.53 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Moldova 10.8 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Monaco 12.96 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Mongolia 6.16 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Montenegro 8.51 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Montserrat 8.86 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Morocco 5.49 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Mozambique 20.29 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Namibia 14.07 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Nauru 6.54 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Nepal 8.97 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Netherlands 8.71 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Netherlands Antilles 6.43 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

New Caledonia 5.64 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

New Zealand 7 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Nicaragua 4.33 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Niger 20.26 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Nigeria 16.88 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Niue NA (2008 est.)

Norfolk Island NA (2008 est.)

Northern Mariana Islands 2.31 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Norway 9.33 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Oman 3.68 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Pakistan 7.85 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Palau 6.73 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Panama 4.71 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Papua New Guinea 6.96 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Paraguay 4.49 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Peru 6.16 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Philippines 5.15 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Pitcairn Islands NA (2008 est.)

Poland 9.99 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Portugal 10.62 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Puerto Rico 7.88 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Qatar 2.47 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Romania 11.84 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Russia 16.06 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Rwanda 14.46 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Saint Helena 6.58 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis 8.19 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Saint Lucia 6.71 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6.81 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5.96 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Samoa 5.84 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

San Marino 8.37 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe 5.98 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Saudi Arabia 2.49 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Senegal 10.72 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Seychelles 6.21 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Sierra Leone 22.26 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Singapore 4.53 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Slovakia 9.5 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Slovenia 10.51 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Solomon Islands 3.81 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Somalia 15.89 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

South Africa 16.94 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Spain 9.9 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Sri Lanka 6.07 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Sudan 13.64 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Suriname 5.51 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Svalbard NA (2008 est.)

Swaziland 30.7 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Sweden 10.24 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Switzerland 8.54 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Syria 4.68 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Taiwan 6.65 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Tajikistan 6.94 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Tanzania 12.92 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Thailand 7.17 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Timor-Leste 6.02 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Togo 9.48 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Tokelau NA (2008 est.)

Tonga 5.12 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago 10.93 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Tunisia 5.17 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Turkey 6.02 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Turkmenistan 6.11 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands 4.16 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Tuvalu 6.98 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Uganda 12.32 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Ukraine 15.93 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

United Arab Emirates 2.13 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

United Kingdom 10.05 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

United States 8.27 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Uruguay 9.12 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Uzbekistan 5.3 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Vanuatu 7.61 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Venezuela 5.1 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Vietnam 6.18 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Virgin Islands 6.55 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Wallis and Futuna NA (2008 est.)

West Bank 3.7 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Western Sahara 11.74 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

World 8.23 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Yemen 7.83 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Zambia 21.35 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Zimbabwe 17.29 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

This page was last updated on 18 December 2008



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@2068 Dependent areas

Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island, Macquarie Island

France Clipperton Island, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Martin, Wallis and Futuna note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica; New Caledonia has been considered a "sui generis" collectivity of France since 1999, a unique status falling between that of an independent country and a French overseas department

Netherlands Aruba, Netherlands Antilles

New Zealand Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau

Norway Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard

United Kingdom Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands

United States American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into a political relationship with all four political units: the Northern Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21 October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1 October 1994)

This page was last updated on 18 December 2008



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@2070 Disputes - international

Afghanistan Pakistan has built fences in some portions of its border with Afghanistan which remains open in some areas to foreign terrorists and other illegal activities

Albania the Albanian Government calls for the protection of the rights of ethnic Albanians in neighboring countries, and the peaceful resolution of interethnic disputes; some ethnic Albanian groups in neighboring countries advocate for a "greater Albania," but the idea has little appeal among Albanian nationals; the mass emigration of unemployed Albanians remains a problem for developed countries, chiefly Greece and Italy

Algeria Algeria, and many other states, rejects Moroccan administration of Western Sahara; the Polisario Front, exiled in Algeria, represents the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic; Algeria's border with Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations, each nation accusing the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling; Algeria remains concerned about armed bandits operating throughout the Sahel who sometimes destabilize southern Algerian towns; dormant disputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflected on its maps of southeastern Algeria and the FLN's assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco

American Samoa Tokelau periodically asserts claims to American Samoa's Swains Island (Olohega), such as in its 2006 draft independence constitution

Andorra none

Angola Cabindan separatists continue to return to the Angolan exclave from exile in neighboring states and Europe since the 2006 ceasefire and peace agreement

Anguilla none

Antarctica the Antarctic Treaty freezes, and most states do not recognize, the land and maritime territorial claims made by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom (some overlapping) for three-fourths of the continent; the US and Russia reserve the right to make claims; no claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west; the International Whaling Commission created a sancturary around the entire continent to deter catches by countries claiming to conduct scientific whaling; Australia has established a similar preserve in the waters around its territorial claim

Antigua and Barbuda none

Arctic Ocean the littoral states are engaged in various stages of demonstrating the limits of their continental shelves beyond 200 nautical miles from their declared baselines in accordance with Article 76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; record summer melting of sea ice in the Arctic has restimulated interest in maritime shipping lanes and sea floor exploration

Argentina Argentina continues to assert its claims to the UK-administered Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), South Georgia, and the South Sandwich Islands in its constitution, forcibly occupying the Falklands in 1982, but in 1995 agreed no longer to seek settlement by force; territorial claim in Antarctica partially overlaps UK and Chilean claims; unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations; uncontested dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over Braziliera/Brasiliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint with Argentina in question; in 2006, Argentina went to the ICJ to protest, on environmental grounds, the construction of two pulp mills in Uruguay on the Uruguay River, which forms the boundary; both parties presented their pleadings in 2007 with Argentina's reply in January and Uruguay's rejoinder in July 2008; the joint boundary commission, established by Chile and Argentina in 2001 has yet to map and demarcate the delimited boundary in the inhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Sur)

Armenia Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s, has militarily occupied 16% of Azerbaijan - Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; over 800,000 mostly ethnic Azerbaijanis were driven from the occupied lands and Armenia; about 230,000 ethnic Armenians were driven from their homes in Azerbaijan into Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh; Azerbaijan seeks transit route through Armenia to connect to Naxcivan exclave; border with Turkey remains closed over Nagorno-Karabakh dispute; ethnic Armenian groups in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy; Armenians continue to emigrate, primarily to Russia, seeking employment

Aruba none

Ashmore and Cartier Islands as the closest Australian territory to Indonesia, these islands became the target of human traffickers for the landing of illegal immigrants; in 2001, the Australian government removed these islands from the Australian Migration Zone making illegal arrivals ineligible for temporary visas and entry into Australia

Atlantic Ocean some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Australia Timor-Leste and Australia agreed in 2005 to defer the disputed portion of the boundary for fifty years and to split hydrocarbon revenues evenly outside the Joint Petroleum Development Area covered by the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty; dispute with Timor-Leste hampers creation of a revised maritime boundary with Indonesia in the Timor Sea; regional states continue to express concern over Australia's 2004 declaration of a 1,000-nautical mile-wide maritime identification zone; Australia asserts land and maritime claims to Antarctica; in 2004 Australia submitted its claims to Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its continental margins covering over 3.37 million square kilometers, expanding its seabed roughly thirty percent more than its claimed exclusive economic zone; since 2003, Australia has led the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) to maintain civil and political order and reinforce regional security

Austria while threats of international legal action never materialized in 2007, 915,220 Austrians, with the support of the newly elected Freedom Party, signed a petition in January 2008, demanding that Austria block the Czech Republic's accession to the EU unless Prague closes its nuclear power plant in Temelin, bordering Austria

Azerbaijan Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s has militarily occupied 16% of Azerbaijan; over 800,000 mostly ethnic Azerbaijanis were driven from the occupied lands and Armenia; about 230,000 ethnic Armenians were driven from their homes in Azerbaijan into Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh; Azerbaijan seeks transit route through Armenia to connect to Naxcivan exclave; Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia have ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on an even one-fifth allocation and challenges Azerbaijan's hydrocarbon exploration in disputed waters; bilateral talks continue with Turkmenistan on dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to discuss the alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas

Bahamas, The disagrees with the US on the alignment the northern axis of a potential maritime boundary; continues to monitor and interdict drug dealers and Haitian and Cuban refugees in Bahamian waters

Bahrain none

Bangladesh discussions with India remain stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, exchange territory for 51 small Bangladeshi exclaves in India and 111 small Indian exclaves in Bangladesh, allocate divided villages, and stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's fencing and walling off high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; a joint Bangladesh-India boundary commission resurveyed and reconstructed 92 missing pillars in 2007; dispute with India over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; after 21 years, Bangladesh resumes talks with Burma on delimiting a maritime boundary

Barbados Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago abide by the April 2006 Permanent Court of Arbitration decision delimiting a maritime boundary and limiting catches of flying fish in Trinidad and Tobago's exclusive economic zone; joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea

Belarus Boundary demarcated with Latvia and Lithuania in 2006; 1997 boundary delimitation treaty with Ukraine remains unratified over unresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and diminishing border security

Belgium none

Belize OAS-initiated Agreement on the Framework for Negotiations and Confidence Building Measures saw cooperation in repatriation of Guatemalan squatters and other areas, but Guatemalan land and maritime claims in Belize and the Caribbean Sea remain unresolved; the Line of Adjacency created under the 2002 Differendum serves in lieu of the contiguous international boundary to control squatting in the sparsely inhabited rain forests of Belize's border region; Honduras claims Belizean-administered Sapodilla Cays in its constitution but agreed to a joint ecological park under the Differendum

Benin in September 2007, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) intervened to attempt to resolve the dispute over two villages along the Benin-Burkina Faso border that remain from 2005 ICJ decision; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria, remains undemarcated; in 2005, Nigeria ceded thirteen villages to Benin, but border relations remain strained by rival cross-border gang clashes; talks continue between Benin and Togo on funding the Adjrala hydroelectric dam on the Mona River

Bermuda none

Bhutan Bhutan cooperates with India to expel Indian Nagaland separatists; lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes arising from substantial cartographic discrepancies, the largest of which lie in Bhutan's northwest and along the Chumbi salient

Bolivia Chile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile offers instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile for Bolivian natural gas and other commodities; an accord placed the long-disputed Isla Suarez/Ilha de Guajara-Mirim, a fluvial island on the Rio Mamore, under Bolivian administration in 1958, but sovereignty remains in dispute

Bosnia and Herzegovina sections along the Drina River remain in dispute between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia; discussions continue with Croatia on several small disputed sections of the boundary related to maritime access that hinder final ratification of the 1999 border agreement

Botswana Botswana still struggles to seal its border from thousands of Zimbabweans who flee economic collapse and political persecution; Namibia has long supported, and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to, plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River at Kazungula crossing, thereby de facto recognizing the short, but not clearly delimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary

Bouvet Island none

Brazil unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations; uncontested boundary dispute with Uruguay over Isla Brasilera at the confluence of the Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada rivers, that form a tripoint with Argentina; the Itaipu Dam reservoir covers over a once contested section of Brazil-Paraguay boundary west of Guaira Falls on the Rio Parana; an accord placed the long-disputed Isla Suarez/Ilha de Guajara-Mirim, a fluvial island on the Rio Mamore, under Bolivian administration in 1958, but sovereignty remains in dispute

British Indian Ocean Territory Mauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago including Diego Garcia; in 2001, the former inhabitants of the Chagos Archipelago, evicted in 1967 and 1973 and now residing chiefly in Mauritius, were granted UK citizenship and the right to repatriation; in May 2007, the UK Court of Appeals upheld the May 2006 High Court of London judgment reversing the UK government's 2004 Orders of Council that banned habitation on the islands; a small group of Chagossians visited Diego Garcia in April 2006; repatriation is complicated by the exclusive US military lease of Diego Garcia that restricts access to the largest viable island in the chain

British Virgin Islands none

Brunei Brunei and Malaysia agreed in September 2008 to resolve their offshore and deepwater seabed dispute, resume hydrocarbon exploration, and renounce any territorial claims on land; Brunei established an exclusive economic fishing zone encompassing Louisa Reef in the southern Spratly Islands in 1984, but makes no public territorial claim to the offshore reefs; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants

Bulgaria none

Burkina Faso in September 2007, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) intervened to attempt to resolve the dispute over two villages along the Benin-Burkina Faso border that remain from 2005 ICJ decision; in recent years citizens and rogue security forces rob and harass local populations on both sides of the poorly-defined Burkina Faso-Niger border; despite the presence of over 9,000 UN forces (UNOCI) in Cote d'Ivoire since 2004, ethnic conflict continues to spread into neighboring states who can no longer send their migrant workers to work in Ivorian cocoa plantations

Burma over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic groups who have substantial numbers of kin in neighboring countries; Thailand must deal with Karen and other ethnic refugees, asylum seekers, and rebels, as well as illegal cross-border activities from Burma; Thailand is studying the feasibility of jointly constructing the Hatgyi Dam on the Salween River near the border with Burma; citing environmental, cultural, and social concerns, China is reconsidering construction of 13 dams on the Salween River but energy-starved Burma with backing from Thailand remains intent on building five hydro-electric dams downstream, despite identical regional and international protests; India seeks cooperation from Burma to keep Indian Nagaland separatists, such as the United Liberation Front of Assam, from hiding in remote Burmese Uplands; after 21 years, Bangladesh resumes talks with Burma on delimiting a maritime boundary in January 2008

Burundi Burundi and Rwanda dispute sections of border on the Akanyaru/Kanyaru and the Kagera/Nyabarongo rivers, which have changed course since the 1960s, when the boundary was delimited; cross-border conflicts among Tutsi, Hutu, other ethnic groups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces persist in the Great Lakes region

Cambodia Cambodia and Thailand dispute sections of boundary with missing boundary markers and claims of Thai encroachments into Cambodian territory; maritime boundary with Vietnam is hampered by unresolved dispute over sovereignty of offshore islands; Thailand accuses Cambodia of obstructing inclusion of Thai areas near Preah Vihear temple ruins, awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962, as part of a planned UN World Heritage site

Cameroon Joint Border Commission with Nigeria reviewed 2002 ICJ ruling on the entire boundary and bilaterally resolved differences, including June 2006 Greentree Agreement that immediately ceded sovereignty of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon with a full phase-out of Nigerian control and patriation of residents in 2008; Cameroon and Nigeria agree on maritime delimitation in March 2008; sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

Canada managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Gulf of Maine including the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; Canada, the US, and other countries dispute the status of the Northwest Passage; US works closely with Canada to intensify security measures for monitoring and controlling legal and illegal movement of people, transport, and commodities across the international border; sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland; commencing the collection of technical evidence for submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in support of claims for continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from its declared baselines in the Arctic, as stipulated in Article 76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Cape Verde none

Cayman Islands none

Central African Republic periodic skirmishes over water and grazing rights among related pastoral populations along the border with southern Sudan persist

Chad since 2003, Janjawid armed militia and the Sudanese military have driven hundreds of thousands of Darfur residents into Chad; Chad remains an important mediator in the Sudanese civil conflict, reducing tensions with Sudan arising from cross-border banditry; Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern Libya; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

Chile Chile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's reinvigorated claim to restore the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile has offered instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile to Bolivian gas and other commodities; Chile rejects Peru's unilateral legislation to change its latitudinal maritime boundary with Chile to an equidistance line with a southwestern axis favoring Peru, in October 2007, Peru took its maritime complaint with Chile to the ICJ; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British claims; the joint boundary commission, established by Chile and Argentina in 2001, has yet to map and demarcate the delimited boundary in the inhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Sur)

China continuing talks and confidence-building measures work toward reducing tensions over Kashmir that nonetheless remains militarized with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; China and India continue their security and foreign policy dialogue started in 2005 related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, and other matters; China claims most of India's Arunachal Pradesh to the base of the Himalayas; lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes due to cartographic discrepancies; Chinese maps show an international boundary symbol off the coasts of the littoral states of the South China Seas, where China has interrupted Vietnamese hydrocarbon exploration; China asserts sovereignty over the Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" eased tensions in the Spratly's but is not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties; Vietnam and China continue to expand construction of facilities in the Spratly's and in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord on marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; China occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; China and Taiwan continue to reject both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared equidistance line in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation; certain islands in the Yalu and Tumen rivers are in dispute with North Korea; North Korea and China seek to stem illegal migration to China by North Koreans, fleeing privations and oppression, by building a fence along portions of the border and imprisoning North Koreans deported by China; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with their 2004 Agreement; China and Tajikistan have begun demarcating the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; the decade-long demarcation of the China-Vietnam land boundary is expected to be completed by the end of 2008, while the maritime boundary delimitation and fisheries agreements in the Gulf of Tonkin, ratified in June 2004, have been implemented; citing environmental, cultural, and social concerns, China has reconsidered construction of 13 dams on the Salween River, but energy-starved Burma, with backing from Thailand, remains intent on building five hydro-electric dams downstream despite regional and international protests; Chinese and Hong Kong authorities met in March 2008 to resolve ownership and use of lands recovered in Shenzhen River channelization, including 96-hectare Lok Ma Chau Loop; Hong Kong developing plans to reduce 2,000 out of 2,800 hectares of its restricted Closed Area by 2010

Christmas Island none

Clipperton Island none

Cocos (Keeling) Islands none

Colombia in December 2007, ICJ allocates San Andres, Providencia, and Santa Catalina islands to Colombia under 1928 Treaty but does not rule on 82 deg.W meridian as maritime boundary with Nicaragua; managed dispute with Venezuela over maritime boundary and Venezuelan-administered Los Monjes Islands near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics, guerrilla, and paramilitary activities penetrate all neighboring borders and have caused Colombian citizens to flee mostly into neighboring countries; Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Jamaica, and the US assert various claims to Bajo Nuevo and Serranilla Bank

Comoros claims French-administered Mayotte and challenges France's and Madagascar's claims to Banc du Geyser, a drying reef in the Mozambique Channel; in May 2008, African Union forces are called in to assist the Comoros military recapture Anjouan Island from rebels who seized it in 2001

Congo, Democratic Republic of the heads of the Great Lakes states and UN pledged in 2004 to abate tribal, rebel, and militia fighting in the region, including northeast Congo, where the UN Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC), organized in 1999, maintains over 16,500 uniformed peacekeepers; members of Uganda's Lords Resistance Army forces continue to seek refuge in Congo's Garamba National Park as peace talks with the Uganda government evolve; the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River with the Republic of the Congo is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area; Uganda and DROC dispute Rukwanzi island in Lake Albert and other areas on the Semliki River with hydrocarbon potential; boundary commission continues discussions over Congolese-administered triangle of land on the right bank of the Lunkinda river claimed by Zambia near the DROC village of Pweto

Congo, Republic of the the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River with the Democratic Republic of the Congo is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area

Cook Islands none

Coral Sea Islands none

Costa Rica the ICJ has given Costa Rica until January 2008 to reply and Nicaragua until July 2008 to rejoin before rendering its decision on the navigation, security, and commercial rights of Costa Rican vessels on the Rio San Juan over which Nicaragua retains sovereignty

Cote d'Ivoire despite the presence of over 9,000 UN forces (UNOCI) in Cote d'Ivoire since 2004, ethnic conflict still leaves displaced hundreds of thousands of Ivorians in and out of the country as well as driven out migrants from neighboring states who worked in Ivorian cocoa plantations; the March 2007 peace deal between Ivorian rebels and the government brought significant numbers of rebels out of hiding in neighboring states

Croatia dispute remains with Bosnia and Herzegovina over several small disputed sections of the boundary related to maritime access that hinders ratification of the 1999 border agreement; the Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement, which would have ceded most of Pirin Bay and maritime access to Slovenia and several villages to Croatia, remains un-ratified and in dispute; Slovenia also protests Croatia's 2003 claim to an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic; as a European Union peripheral state, Slovenia imposed a hard border Schengen regime with non-member Croatia in December 2007

Cuba US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the facility can terminate the lease

Cyprus hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto autonomous entities, the internationally recognized Cypriot Government and a Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus); the 1,000-strong UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served in Cyprus since 1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north and south; on 1 May 2004, Cyprus entered the European Union still divided, with the EU's body of legislation and standards (acquis communitaire) suspended in the north; Turkey protests Cypriot Government creating hydrocarbon blocks and maritime boundary with Lebanon in March 2007

Czech Republic while threats of international legal action never materialized in 2007, 915,220 Austrians, with the support of the popular Freedom Party, signed a petition in January 2008, demanding that Austria block the Czech Republic's accession to the EU unless Prague closes its controversial Soviet-style nuclear plant in Temelin, bordering Austria

Denmark Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; Faroese continue to study proposals for full independence; sovereignty dispute with Canada over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland

Djibouti Djibouti maintains economic ties and border accords with "Somaliland" leadership while maintaining some political ties to various factions in Somalia; Kuwait is chief investor in the 2008 restoration and upgrade of the Ethiopian-Djibouti rail link

Dominica Dominica is the only Caribbean state to challenge Venezuela's sovereignty claim over Aves Island and joins the other island nations in challenging whether the feature sustains human habitation, a criterion under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which permits Venezuela to extend its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and continental shelf claims over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea

Dominican Republic Haitian migrants cross the porous border into the Dominican Republic to find work; illegal migrants from the Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage each year to Puerto Rico to find better work

Ecuador organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia penetrate across Ecuador's shared border, which thousands of Colombians also cross to escape the violence in their home country

Egypt while Sudan retains claim to the Hala'ib Triangle north of the 1899 Treaty boundary along the 22nd Parallel, both states withdrew their military presence in the 1990s and Egypt has invested in and effectively administers the area; Egypt no longer shows its administration of the Bir Tawil trapezoid in Sudan on its maps; Gazan breaches in the security wall with Egypt in January 2008 highlight difficulties in monitoring the Sinai border

El Salvador International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones" (disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras boundary, in 1992, with final agreement by the parties in 2006 after an Organization of American States (OAS) survey and a further ICJ ruling in 2003; the 1992 ICJ ruling advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca advocating Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not identified in the ICJ decision, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca

Equatorial Guinea in 2002, ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of Guinea, but a dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River and imprecisely defined maritime coordinates in the ICJ decision delay final delimitation; UN urges Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to resolve the sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane and lesser islands and to create a maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay

Eritrea Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002 Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision but, neither party responded to the revised line detailed in the November 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement; UN Peacekeeping Mission to Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE), which has monitored the 25-km-wide Temporary Security Zone in Eritrea since 2000, is extended for six months in 2007 despite Eritrean restrictions on its operations and reduced force of 17,000; Sudan accuses Eritrea of supporting eastern Sudanese rebel groups

Estonia Russia recalled its signature to the 1996 technical border agreement with Estonia in 2005, rather than concede to Estonia's appending prepared a unilateral declaration referencing Soviet occupation and territorial losses; Russia demands better accommodation of Russian-speaking population in Estonia; Estonian citizen groups continue to press for realignment of the boundary based on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Estonia must implement the strict Schengen border rules with Russia

Ethiopia Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but neither party responded to the revised line detailed in the November 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement; UN Peacekeeping Mission to Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE), which has monitored the 25-km-wide Temporary Security Zone in Eritrea since 2000, is extended for six months in 2007 despite Eritrean restrictions on its operations and reduced force of 17,000; the undemarcated former British administrative line has little meaning as a political separation to rival clans within Ethiopia's Ogaden and southern Somalia's Oromo region; Ethiopian forces invaded southern Somalia and routed Islamist Courts from Mogadishu in January 2007; "Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities in Berbera and trade ties to landlocked Ethiopia; civil unrest in eastern Sudan has hampered efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia

European Union as a political union, the EU has no border disputes with neighboring countries, but Estonia has no land boundary agreements with Russia, Slovenia disputes its land and maritime boundaries with Croatia, and Spain has territorial and maritime disputes with Morocco and with the UK over Gibraltar; the EU has set up a Schengen area - consisting of 22 EU member states that have signed the convention implementing the Schengen agreements or "acquis" (1985 and 1990) on the free movement of persons and the harmonization of border controls in Europe; these agreements became incorporated into EU law with the implementation of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam on 1 May 1999; in addition, non-EU states Iceland and Norway (as part of the Nordic Union) have been included in the Schengen area since 1996 (full members in 2001), and Switzerland since 2008 bringing the total current membership to 25; the UK (since 2000) and Ireland (since 2002) take part in only some aspects of the Schengen area, especially with respect to police and criminal matters; nine of the 12 new member states that joined the EU since 2004 joined Schengen on 21 December 2007; of the three remaining EU states, Cyprus is expected to join by 2009, while Romania and Bulgaria continue to enhance their border security systems