Madagascar $354 million (2001)

Malawi $540 million (1999)

Maldives NA (1995)

Mali $596.4 million (2001)

Malta NA

Man, Isle of NA

Marshall Islands more than $1 billion from the US, 1986-2002

Martinique NA; note - substantial annual aid from France (1998)

Mauritania $220 million (2000)

Mauritius $42 million (1997)

Mayotte $107.7 million; note - extensive French financial assistance (1995)

Mexico $1.166 billion (1995)

Micronesia, Federated States of under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US pledged $1.3 billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001; the level of aid has been subsequently reduced

Moldova $100 million (2000)

Monaco NA

Mongolia $215 million (2003)

Montserrat Country Policy Plan (2001) is a three-year program for spending $122.8 million in British budgetary assistance (2002 est.)

Morocco ODA $218 million (2002)

Mozambique $632.8 million (2001)

Namibia ODA $160 million (2000 est.)

Nauru $2.25 million from Australia (FY96/97 est.)

Nepal $424 million (FY00/01)

Netherlands Antilles IMF provided $61 million in 2000, and the Netherlands continued its support with $40 million (2000)

New Caledonia $880 million annual subsidy from France (1998)

Nicaragua $541.8 million (2003)

Niger $341 million (1997)

Nigeria IMF $250 million (1998)

Niue $2.6 million from New Zealand (2002)

Norfolk Island NA

Northern Mariana Islands extensive funding from US

Oman $76.4 million (1995)

Pakistan $2.4 billion (FY01/02)

Palau $155.8 million ; note - the Compact of Free Association with the US, entered into after the end of the UN trusteeship on 1 October 1994, provides Palau with up to $700 million in US aid over 15 years in return for furnishing military facilities

Panama $197.1 million (1995)

Papua New Guinea $400 million (1999 est.)

Paraguay NA

Peru $491 million (2002)

Philippines ODA commitments, $2 billion (2004)

Pitcairn Islands $3.465 million (2004)

Poland $17 billion in available EU structural adjustment and cohesion funds (2004-06)

Puerto Rico NA (2001)

Qatar NA

Reunion NA; note - substantial annual subsidies from France (2001 est.)

Russia in FY01 from US, $979 million (including $750 million in non-proliferation subsidies); in 2001 from EU, $200 million (2000 est.)

Rwanda $372.9 million (1999)

Saint Helena $12.6 million (1995); note - $5.3 million from UK (1997)

Saint Kitts and Nevis $8 million (2001)

Saint Lucia $51.8 million (1995)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon approximately $60 million in annual grants from France

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines $47.5 million (1995); note - EU $34.5 million (1998)

Samoa $42.9 million (1995)

San Marino $NA

Sao Tome and Principe $200 million in December 2000 under the HIPC program

Senegal $362.6 million (2002 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro $2 billion pledged in 2001 (disbursements to follow for several years)

Seychelles $16.4 million (1995)

Sierra Leone $103 million (2001 est.)

Singapore NA

Slovakia $2.2 billion in available EU structural adjustment and cohesion funds (2004-06)

Slovenia ODA, $62 million (2000 est.)

Solomon Islands $28 million annually, mainly from Australia (2003 est.)

Somalia $60 million (1999 est.)

South Africa $487.5 million (2000)

Sri Lanka $577 million (1998)

Sudan $172 million (2001)

Suriname Netherlands provided $37 million for project and program assistance, European Development Fund $4 million, Belgium $2 million (1998)

Svalbard $8.2 million from Norway (1998)

Swaziland $104 million (2001)

Syria $180 million (2002 est.)

Tajikistan $60.7 million from US (2001)

Tanzania $1.2 billion (2001)

Thailand $72 million (2002)

Togo ODA $80 million (2000 est.)

Tokelau from New Zealand about $4 million annually

Tonga Australia $5.5 million, New Zealand $2.3 million (FY01/02)

Trinidad and Tobago $24 million (1999 est.)

Tunisia $114.6 million (2002)

Turkey ODA, $635.8 million (2002)

Turkmenistan $16 million from the US (2001)

Turks and Caicos Islands $4.1 million (1997)

Tuvalu $13 million; note - major donors are Australia, Japan, and the US (1999 est.)

Uganda $1.4 billion (2000)

Ukraine $637.7 million (1995); IMF Extended Funds Facility $2.2 billion (1998)

Uruguay NA

Uzbekistan $87.4 million from the US (2003)

Vanuatu $27.5 million (2002)

Venezuela $74 million (2000)

Vietnam $2.8 billion in credits and grants pledged by international donors for 2000 (2004)

Virgin Islands NA

Wallis and Futuna assistance from France

West Bank $2 billion (includes Gaza Strip) (2004 est.)

Western Sahara NA

World $154 billion official development assistance (ODA) (2004)

Yemen $2.3 billion (2003-07 disbursements) (2003-07 disbursements)

Zambia $651 million (2000 est.)

Zimbabwe $178 million; note - the EU and the US provide food aid on humanitarian grounds (2000 est.)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005



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@2065 Currency (code)

Afghanistan afghani (AFA)

Albania lek (ALL)

Algeria Algerian dinar (DZD)

American Samoa US dollar (USD)

Andorra euro (EUR)

Angola kwanza (AOA)

Anguilla East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Antigua and Barbuda East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Argentina Argentine peso (ARS)

Armenia dram (AMD)

Aruba Aruban guilder/florin (AWG)

Australia Australian dollar (AUD)

Austria euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by the financial institutions of member countries; as of 1 January 2002, the euro became the only legal tender in EMU member countries, including Austria

Azerbaijan Azerbaijani manat (AZM)

Bahamas, The Bahamian dollar (BSD)

Bahrain Bahraini dinar (BHD)

Bangladesh taka (BDT)

Barbados Barbadian dollar (BBD)

Belarus Belarusian ruble (BYB/BYR)

Belgium euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Belize Belizean dollar (BZD)

Benin Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Bermuda Bermudian dollar (BMD)

Bhutan ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR)

Bolivia boliviano (BOB)

Bosnia and Herzegovina marka (BAM)

Botswana pula (BWP)

Brazil real (BRL)

British Virgin Islands US dollar (USD)

Brunei Bruneian dollar (BND)

Bulgaria lev (BGL)

Burkina Faso Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Burma kyat (MMK)

Burundi Burundi franc (BIF)

Cambodia riel (KHR)

Cameroon Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Canada Canadian dollar (CAD)

Cape Verde Cape Verdean escudo (CVE)

Cayman Islands Caymanian dollar (KYD)

Central African Republic Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Chad Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Chile Chilean peso (CLP)

China yuan (CNY) note:: also referred to as the Renminbi (RMB)

Christmas Island Australian dollar (AUD)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands Australian dollar (AUD)

Colombia Colombian peso (COP)

Comoros Comoran franc (KMF)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congolese franc (CDF)

Congo, Republic of the Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Cook Islands New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Costa Rica Costa Rican colon (CRC)

Cote d'Ivoire Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Croatia kuna (HRK)

Cuba Cuban peso (CUP) and Convertible peso (CUC)

Cyprus Greek Cypriot area: Cypriot pound (CYP); Turkish Cypriot area: Turkish lira (TRL)

Czech Republic Czech koruna (CZK)

Denmark Danish krone (DKK)

Djibouti Djiboutian franc (DJF)

Dominica East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Dominican Republic Dominican peso (DOP)

East Timor US dollar (USD)

Ecuador US dollar (USD)

Egypt Egyptian pound (EGP)

El Salvador US dollar (USD)

Equatorial Guinea Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Eritrea nakfa (ERN)

Estonia Estonian kroon (EEK)

Ethiopia birr (ETB)

European Union euro, British pound, Danish kroner, Swedish kroner, Cypriot pound, koruny (Czech Republic), krooni (Estonia), forint (Hungary), lati (Latvia), litai (Lithuania), Maltese liri, zloty (Poland), koruny (Slovakia), tolar (Slovenia)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Falkland pound (FKP)

Faroe Islands Danish krone (DKK)

Fiji Fijian dollar (FJD)

Finland euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

France euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

French Guiana euro (EUR)

French Polynesia Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)

Gabon Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Gambia, The dalasi (GMD)

Gaza Strip new Israeli shekel (ILS)

Georgia lari (GEL)

Germany euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Ghana cedi (GHC)

Gibraltar Gibraltar pound (GIP)

Greece euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Greenland Danish krone (DKK)

Grenada East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Guadeloupe euro (EUR)

Guam US dollar (USD)

Guatemala quetzal (GTQ), US dollar (USD), others allowed

Guernsey British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Guernsey pound

Guinea Guinean franc (GNF)

Guinea-Bissau Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States; previously the Guinea-Bissau peso (GWP) was used

Guyana Guyanese dollar (GYD)

Haiti gourde (HTG)

Holy See (Vatican City) euro (EUR)

Honduras lempira (HNL)

Hong Kong Hong Kong dollar (HKD)

Hungary forint (HUF)

Iceland Icelandic krona (ISK)

India Indian rupee (INR)

Indonesia Indonesian rupiah (IDR)

Iran Iranian rial (IRR)

Iraq New Iraqi dinar (NID) as of 22 January 2004

Ireland euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Israel new Israeli shekel (ILS); note - NIS is the currency abbreviation; ILS is the International Organization for Standarization (ISO) code for the NIS

Italy euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Jamaica Jamaican dollar (JMD)

Japan yen (JPY)

Jersey British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Jersey pound

Jordan Jordanian dinar (JOD)

Kazakhstan tenge (KZT)

Kenya Kenyan shilling (KES)

Kiribati Australian dollar (AUD)

Korea, North North Korean won (KPW)

Korea, South South Korean won (KRW)

Kuwait Kuwaiti dinar (KD)

Kyrgyzstan

Laos kip (LAK)

Latvia Latvian lat (LVL)

Lebanon Lebanese pound (LBP)

Lesotho loti (LSL); South African rand (ZAR)

Liberia Liberian dollar (LRD)

Libya Libyan dinar (LYD)

Liechtenstein Swiss franc (CHF)

Lithuania litas (LTL)

Luxembourg euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Macau pataca (MOP)

Macedonia Macedonian denar (MKD)

Madagascar Madagascar ariary (MGA)

Malawi Malawian kwacha (MWK)

Malaysia ringgit (MYR)

Maldives rufiyaa (MVR)

Mali Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Malta Maltese lira (MTL)

Man, Isle of British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Manx pound

Marshall Islands US dollar (USD)

Martinique euro (EUR)

Mauritania ouguiya (MRO)

Mauritius Mauritian rupee (MUR)

Mayotte euro (EUR)

Mexico Mexican peso (MXN)

Micronesia, Federated States of US dollar (USD)

Moldova Moldovan leu (MDL)

Monaco euro (EUR)

Mongolia togrog/tugrik (MNT)

Montserrat East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Morocco Moroccan dirham (MAD)

Mozambique metical (MZM)

Namibia Namibian dollar (NAD); South African rand (ZAR)

Nauru Australian dollar (AUD)

Nepal Nepalese rupee (NPR)

Netherlands euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Netherlands Antilles Netherlands Antillean guilder (ANG)

New Caledonia Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)

New Zealand New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Nicaragua gold cordoba (NIO)

Niger Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Nigeria naira (NGN)

Niue New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Norfolk Island Australian dollar (AUD)

Northern Mariana Islands US dollar (USD)

Norway Norwegian krone (NOK)

Oman Omani rial (OMR)

Pakistan Pakistani rupee (PKR)

Palau US dollar (USD)

Panama balboa (PAB); US dollar (USD)

Papua New Guinea kina (PGK)

Paraguay guarani (PYG)

Peru nuevo sol (PEN)

Philippines Philippine peso (PHP)

Pitcairn Islands New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Poland zloty (PLN)

Portugal euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Puerto Rico US dollar (USD)

Qatar Qatari rial (QAR)

Reunion euro (EUR)

Romania leu (ROL)

Russia Russian ruble (RUR)

Rwanda Rwandan franc (RWF)

Saint Helena Saint Helenian pound (SHP)

Saint Kitts and Nevis East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Saint Lucia East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon euro (EUR)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Samoa tala (SAT)

San Marino euro (EUR)

Sao Tome and Principe dobra (STD)

Saudi Arabia Saudi riyal (SAR)

Senegal Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Serbia and Montenegro new Yugoslav dinar (YUM); note - in Montenegro the euro is legal tender; in Kosovo both the euro and the Yugoslav dinar are legal

Seychelles Seychelles rupee (SCR)

Sierra Leone leone (SLL)

Singapore Singapore dollar (SGD)

Slovakia Slovak koruna (SKK)

Slovenia tolar (SIT)

Solomon Islands Solomon Islands dollar (SBD)

Somalia Somali shilling (SOS)

South Africa rand (ZAR)

Spain euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by the financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions with the member countries

Sri Lanka Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)

Sudan Sudanese dinar (SDD)

Suriname Surinam dollar (SRD)

Svalbard Norwegian krone (NOK)

Swaziland lilangeni (SZL)

Sweden Swedish krona (SEK)

Switzerland Swiss franc (CHF)

Syria Syrian pound (SYP)

Taiwan new Taiwan dollar (TWD)

Tajikistan somoni

Tanzania Tanzanian shilling (TZS)

Thailand baht (THB)

Togo Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Tokelau New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Tonga pa'anga (TOP)

Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TTD)

Tunisia Tunisian dinar (TND)

Turkey Turkish lira (TRL), New Turkish lira (YTL) after 1 January 2005

Turkmenistan Turkmen manat (TMM)

Turks and Caicos Islands US dollar (USD)

Tuvalu Australian dollar (AUD); note - there is also a Tuvaluan dollar

Uganda Ugandan shilling (UGX)

Ukraine hryvnia (UAH)

United Arab Emirates Emirati dirham (AED)

United Kingdom British pound (GBP)

United States US dollar (USD)

Uruguay Uruguayan peso (UYU)

Uzbekistan Uzbekistani sum (UZS)

Vanuatu vatu (VUV)

Venezuela bolivar (VEB)

Vietnam dong (VND)

Virgin Islands US dollar (USD)

Wallis and Futuna Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)

West Bank new Israeli shekel (ILS); Jordanian dinar (JOD)

Western Sahara Moroccan dirham (MAD)

Yemen Yemeni rial (YER)

Zambia Zambian kwacha (ZMK)

Zimbabwe Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005



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@2066 Death rate (deaths/1,000 population)

Afghanistan 20.75 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Albania 5.12 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Algeria 4.6 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

American Samoa 3.33 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Andorra 6.07 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Angola 25.9 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Anguilla 5.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda 5.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Argentina 7.56 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Armenia 8.16 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Aruba 6.57 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Australia 7.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Austria 9.7 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Azerbaijan 9.86 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bahamas, The 8.97 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bahrain 4.08 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bangladesh 8.4 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Barbados 9.17 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Belarus 14.15 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Belgium 10.22 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Belize 6.04 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Benin 13.76 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bermuda 7.63 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bhutan 12.94 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bolivia 7.64 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Botswana 29.36 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Brazil 6.15 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

British Virgin Islands 4.42 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Brunei 3.42 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Bulgaria 14.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Burkina Faso 18.86 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Burma 12.15 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Burundi 17.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cambodia 8.97 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cameroon 15.4 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Canada 7.73 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cape Verde 6.62 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cayman Islands 4.81 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Central African Republic 20.27 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Chad 16.41 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Chile 5.76 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

China 6.94 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Christmas Island NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands NA

Colombia 5.59 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Comoros 8.4 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 14.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Congo, Republic of the 14.82 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cook Islands NA

Costa Rica 4.33 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire 14.94 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Croatia 11.38 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cuba 7.19 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Cyprus 7.64 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Czech Republic 10.54 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Denmark 10.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Djibouti 19.39 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Dominica 6.81 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Dominican Republic 7.35 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

East Timor 6.3 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Ecuador 4.24 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Egypt 5.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

El Salvador 5.85 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Equatorial Guinea 12 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Eritrea 13.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Estonia 13.21 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Ethiopia 15.06 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

European Union 10.1 deaths/1,000 population (July 2005 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) NA deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Faroe Islands 8.69 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Fiji 5.65 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Finland 9.79 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

France 9.08 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

French Guiana 4.85 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

French Polynesia 4.63 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Gabon 11.72 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Gambia, The 11.81 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Gaza Strip 3.87 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Georgia 9.09 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Germany 10.55 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Ghana 10.84 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Gibraltar 9.18 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Greece 10.15 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Greenland 7.77 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Grenada 7.17 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guadeloupe 6.06 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guam 4.41 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guatemala 6.81 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guernsey 9.95 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guinea 15.38 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guinea-Bissau 16.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Guyana 8.32 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Haiti 12.34 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Honduras 6.87 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Hong Kong 5.98 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Hungary 13.19 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Iceland 6.68 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

India 8.28 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Indonesia 6.25 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Iran 5.55 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Iraq 5.49 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Ireland 7.85 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Israel 6.18 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Italy 10.3 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Jamaica 5.37 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Japan 8.95 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Jersey 9.19 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Jordan 2.63 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Kazakhstan 9.46 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Kenya 14.65 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Kiribati 8.37 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Korea, North 7.05 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Korea, South 6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Kuwait 2.42 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Kyrgyzstan 7.13 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Laos 11.83 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Latvia 13.7 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Lebanon 6.24 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Lesotho 25.03 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Liberia 17.87 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Libya 3.48 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Liechtenstein 7.06 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Lithuania 10.92 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Luxembourg 8.41 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Macau 4.23 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Macedonia 8.73 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Madagascar 11.35 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Malawi 23.39 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Malaysia 5.06 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Maldives 7.24 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mali 19.05 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Malta 8 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Man, Isle of 11.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Marshall Islands 4.88 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Martinique 6.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mauritania 12.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mauritius 6.83 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mayotte 7.9 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mexico 4.73 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of 4.87 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Moldova 12.79 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Monaco 12.71 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mongolia 7.03 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Montserrat 7.17 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Morocco 5.64 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Mozambique 20.99 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Namibia 18.36 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Nauru 6.82 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Nepal 9.47 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Netherlands 8.68 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Netherlands Antilles 6.41 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

New Caledonia 5.65 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

New Zealand 7.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Nicaragua 4.49 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Niger 21.33 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Nigeria 17.18 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Niue NA deaths/1,000 population

Norfolk Island NA

Northern Mariana Islands 2.3 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Norway 9.45 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Oman 3.86 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Pakistan 8.45 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Palau 6.85 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Panama 6.54 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Papua New Guinea 7.37 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Paraguay 4.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Peru 6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Philippines 5.47 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Pitcairn Islands NA

Poland 10.01 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Portugal 10.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Puerto Rico 7.86 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Qatar 4.61 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Reunion 5.48 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Romania 11.74 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Russia 14.52 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Rwanda 16.32 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saint Helena 6.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis 8.47 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saint Lucia 5.12 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6.7 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Samoa 6.54 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

San Marino 8.07 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe 6.68 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Saudi Arabia 2.62 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Senegal 10.6 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro 10.49 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Seychelles 6.34 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sierra Leone 20.61 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Singapore 4.16 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Slovakia 9.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Slovenia 10.22 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Solomon Islands 3.98 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Somalia 16.97 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

South Africa 21.32 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Spain 9.63 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sri Lanka 6.49 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sudan 9.16 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Suriname 7.16 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Svalbard NA deaths/1,000 population

Swaziland 25.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Sweden 10.36 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Switzerland 8.48 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Syria 4.88 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Taiwan 6.38 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Tajikistan 8.39 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Tanzania 16.71 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Thailand 7.02 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Togo 11.8 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Tokelau NA

Tonga 5.35 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago 9.37 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Tunisia 5.09 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Turkey 5.96 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Turkmenistan 8.78 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands 4.28 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Tuvalu 7.22 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Uganda 12.8 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Ukraine 16.42 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

United Arab Emirates 4.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

United Kingdom 10.18 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

United States 8.25 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Uruguay 9.06 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Uzbekistan 7.95 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Vanuatu 7.9 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Venezuela 4.9 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Vietnam 6.2 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Virgin Islands 6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Wallis and Futuna NA deaths/1,000 population

West Bank 3.99 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Western Sahara NA deaths/1,000 population

World 8.78 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Yemen 8.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Zambia 20.23 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

Zimbabwe 24.66 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)

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@2067 Military expenditures - dollar figure

Afghanistan $188.4 million (2004)

Albania $56.5 million (FY02)

Algeria $2.48 billion (2004)

Angola $183.58 million (2004)

Antigua and Barbuda NA

Argentina $4.3 billion (FY99)

Armenia $135 million (FY01)

Australia $16.65 billion (2004)

Austria $1.497 billion (FY01/02)

Azerbaijan $121 million (FY99)

Bahamas, The NA

Bahrain $628.9 million (2004)

Bangladesh $995.3 million (2004)

Barbados NA

Belarus $176.1 million (FY02)

Belgium $3.999 billion (2003)

Belize $18 million (2003)

Benin $96.5 million (2004)

Bermuda $4.03 million (2001)

Bhutan $13.7 million (2004)

Bolivia $132.2 million (2004)

Bosnia and Herzegovina $234.3 million (FY02)

Botswana $338.5 million (2004)

Brazil $11 billion (2004)

Brunei $290.7 million (2004)

Bulgaria $356 million (FY02)

Burkina Faso $64.2 million (2004)

Burma $39 million (FY97)

Burundi $38.7 million (2004)

Cambodia $112 million (FY01 est.)

Cameroon $221.1 million (2004)

Canada $9,801.7 million (2003)

Cape Verde $14.1 million (2004)

Central African Republic $15.5 million (2004)

Chad $101.3 million (2004)

Chile $3.42 billion (2004)

China $67.49 billion (2004)

Colombia $3.3 billion (FY01)

Comoros $11.6 million (2004)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the $93.5 million (2004)

Congo, Republic of the $126.5 million (2004)

Costa Rica $64.2 million (2004)

Cote d'Ivoire $180.2 million (2004)

Croatia $620 million (2004)

Cuba $572.3 million (2003)

Cyprus $384 million (FY02)

Czech Republic $2.17 billion (2004)

Denmark $3,271.6 million (2003)

Djibouti $28.6 million (2004)

Dominica NA

Dominican Republic $180 million (1998)

East Timor $4.4 million (FY03)

Ecuador $655 million (2004)

Egypt $2.44 billion (2003)

El Salvador $157 million (2003)

Equatorial Guinea $126.2 million (2004)

Eritrea $151 million (2004)

Estonia $155 million (2002 est.)

Ethiopia $337.1 million (2004)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) NA

Faroe Islands $NA

Fiji $36 million (2004)

Finland $1.8 billion (FY98/99)

France $45,238.1 million (2003)

French Guiana $NA

Gabon $184.8 million (2004)

Gambia, The $1 million (2004)

Gaza Strip NA

Georgia $23 million (FY00)

Germany $35.063 billion (2003)

Ghana $49.2 million (2004)

Greece $5.89 billion (2004)

Grenada NA

Guatemala $201.9 million (2004)

Guinea $56.7 million (2004)

Guinea-Bissau $8.9 million (2004)

Guyana $6.5 million (2003)

Haiti $26 million (2003)

Honduras $100.6 million (2004)

Hong Kong Hong Kong garrison is funded by China; figures are NA

Hungary $1.08 billion (2002 est.)

Iceland 0

India $18.86 billion (2005)

Indonesia $1.3 billion (2004)

Iran $4.3 billion (2003 est.)

Iraq $1.3 billion (FY00)

Ireland $700 million (FY00/01)

Israel $9.11 billion (FY03)

Italy $28,182.8 million (2003)

Jamaica $31.2 million (2003)

Japan $45.841 billion (2004)

Jordan $1.46 billion (2004)

Kazakhstan $221.8 million (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)

Kenya $177.1 million (2004)

Kiribati NA

Korea, North $5,217.4 million (FY02)

Korea, South $16.18 billion (2004)

Kuwait $2,584.5 million (2004)

Kyrgyzstan $19.2 million (FY01)

Laos $10.7 million (2004)

Latvia $87 million (FY01)

Lebanon $540.6 million (2002) (2004)

Lesotho $32.3 million (2004)

Liberia $1.5 million (2004)

Libya $1.3 billion (FY99)

Lithuania $230.8 million (FY01)

Luxembourg $231.6 million (2003)

Macedonia $200 million (FY01/02 est.)

Madagascar $44.6 million (2004)

Malawi $11.1 million (2004)

Malaysia $1.69 billion (FY00 est.)

Maldives $41.1 million (2004)

Mali $22.4 million (2004)

Malta $31.1 million (2004)

Marshall Islands NA

Mauritania $20.8 million (2004)

Mauritius $12.5 million (2004)

Mexico $6.043 billion (2004)

Moldova $8.7 million (2004)

Mongolia $23.1 million (FY02)

Morocco $2,305.6 million (2003)

Mozambique $117.3 million (2004)

Namibia $168.4 million (2004)

Nauru NA

Nepal $99.2 million (2004)

Netherlands $9.408 billion (2004)

New Caledonia $NA

New Zealand $1.147 billion (FY03/04)

Nicaragua $32.8 million (2004)

Niger $33.3 million (2004)

Nigeria $544.6 million (2004)

Norway $4,033.5 million (2003)

Oman $252.99 million (2004)

Pakistan $3.848 billion (2004)

Palau NA

Panama $147 million (2004)

Papua New Guinea $16.9 million (2003)

Paraguay $53.1 million (2004)

Peru $829.3 million (2003)

Philippines $805.5 million (2004)

Poland $3.5 billion (2002)

Portugal $3,497.8 million (2003)

Qatar $723 million (FY00)

Romania $985 million (2002)

Russia NA

Rwanda $50.1 million (2004)

Saint Kitts and Nevis NA

Saint Lucia NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines NA

Samoa NA

San Marino $700,000 (FY00/01)

Sao Tome and Principe $700,000 (2004)

Saudi Arabia $18 billion (2002)

Senegal $107.3 million (2004)

Serbia and Montenegro $654 million (2002)

Seychelles $12.3 million (2004)

Sierra Leone $13.2 million (2004)

Singapore $4.47 billion (FY01 est.)

Slovakia $406 million (2002)

Slovenia $370 million (FY00)

Solomon Islands NA

Somalia $18.9 million (2003)

South Africa $3.172 billion (2004)

Spain $9,906.5 million (2003)

Sri Lanka $514.8 million (2004)

Sudan $587 million (2001 est.) (2004)

Suriname $7.5 million (2003)

Swaziland $40.5 million (2004)

Sweden $5.729 billion (2004)

Switzerland $2.548 billion (FY01)

Syria $858 million (FY00 est.); note - based on official budget data that may understate actual spending

Taiwan $7.574 billion (2003)

Tajikistan $35.4 million (FY01)

Tanzania $20.6 million (2004)

Thailand $1.775 billion (FY00)

Togo $35.5 million (2004)

Tonga NA

Trinidad and Tobago $66.7 million (2003)

Tunisia $356 million (FY99)

Turkey $12.155 billion (2003)

Turkmenistan $90 million (FY99)

Tuvalu NA

Uganda $170.3 million (2004)

Ukraine $617.9 million (FY02)

United Arab Emirates $1.6 billion (FY00)

United Kingdom $42,836.5 million (2003)

United States $370.7 billion (FY04 est.) (March 2003)

Uruguay $257.5 million (2004)

Uzbekistan $200 million (FY97)

Vanuatu NA

Venezuela $1.687 billion (2004)

Vietnam $650 million (FY98)

West Bank NA

World aggregate real expenditure on arms worldwide in 1999 remained at approximately the 1998 level, about three-quarters of a trillion dollars (1999 est.)

Yemen $885.5 million (2003)

Zambia $106.8 million (2004)

Zimbabwe $217 million (2004)

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@2068 Dependent areas

Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island, Macquarie Island

France Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, New Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica

Netherlands Aruba, Netherlands Antilles

New Zealand Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau

Norway Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard

United Kingdom Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena and Ascension, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands

United States American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into a political relationship with all four political units: the Northern Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21 October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1 October 1994)

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@2070 Disputes - international

Afghanistan the UN has been able to repatriate over two million Afghan refugees but several million more continue to reside in Iran and Pakistan in camps and elsewhere, many at their own choosing; Coalition and Pakistani forces continue to patrol remote tribal areas to control the borders and stem organized terrorist and other illegal cross-border activities; regular meetings between Pakistani and Coalition allies aim to resolve periodic claims of boundary encroachments; occasional conflicts over water-sharing arrangements with Amu Darya and Helmand River states

Albania the Albanian Government calls for the protection of the rights of ethnic Albanians in neighboring countries, and the peaceful resolution of interethnic disputes; some ethnic Albanian groups in neighboring countries advocate for a "greater Albania," but the idea has little appeal among Albanian nationals; thousands of unemployed Albanians emigrate annually to nearby Italy and other developed countries

Algeria Algeria supports the exiled Sahrawi Polisario Front and rejects Moroccan administration of Western Sahara; Algeria's border with Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations, each nation has accused the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling; in an attempt to improve relations after unilaterally imposing a visa requirement on Algerians in the early 1990s, Morocco lifted the requirement in mid-2004 - a gesture not reciprocated by Algeria; Algeria remains concerned about armed bandits operating throughout the Sahel who sometimes destabilize southern Algerian towns; dormant disputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflected on its maps of southeastern Algeria and the FLN's assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco

American Samoa none

Andorra none

Angola 90,000 Angolan refugees were repatriated by 2004, the remaining refugees in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia are expected to return in 2005; many Cabinda exclave secessionists have sought shelter in neighboring states

Anguilla none

Antarctica Antarctic Treaty freezes claims (see Antarctic Treaty Summary in Government type entry); Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UK claim land and maritime sectors (some overlapping) for a large portion of the continent; the US and many other states do not recognize these territorial claims and have made no claims themselves (the US and Russia reserve the right to do so); no claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west; several states with territorial claims in Antarctica have expressed their intention to submit data to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to extend their continental shelf claims to adjoining undersea ridges

Antigua and Barbuda none

Arctic Ocean some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Argentina Argentina claims the UK-administered Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in its constitution; it briefly occupied the Falklands in 1982, but in 1995 agreed no longer to seek settlement by force; territorial claim in Antarctica partially overlaps UK and Chilean claims (see Antarctic disputes); unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations; uncontested dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over Braziliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint with Argentina in question

Armenia Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s, has militarily occupied 16% of Azerbaijan - Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; over 800,000 mostly ethnic Azerbaijanis were driven from the occupied lands and Armenia; about 230,000 ethnic Armenians were driven from their homes in Azerbaijan into Armenia; Azerbaijan seeks transit route through Armenia to connect to Naxcivan exclave; border with Turkey remains closed over Nagorno-Karabakh dispute; ethnic Armenian groups in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy; tens of thousands of Armenians emigrate, primarily to Russia, to seek employment

Aruba none

Ashmore and Cartier Islands Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia closed the surrounding waters to Indonesian traditional fishing and created a national park in the region while continuing to prospect for hydrocarbons in the vicinity

Atlantic Ocean some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Australia East Timor and Australia continue to meet but disagree over how to delimit a permanent maritime boundary and share unexploited petroleum resources that fall outside the Joint Petroleum Development Area covered by the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty; East Timor dispute hampers creation of a revised maritime boundary with Indonesia (see also Ashmore and Cartier Islands dispute); regional states express concern over Australia's 2004 declaration of a 1,000-nautical mile-wide maritime indentification zone; Australia asserts land and maritime claims to Antarctica (see Antarctica); in 2004 Australia submitted claims to UNCLOS to extend its continental margin from both its mainland and Antarctic claims

Austria none

Azerbaijan Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s has militarily occupied 16% of Azerbaijan - Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; over 800,000 mostly ethnic Azerbaijanis were driven from the occupied lands and Armenia; about 230,000 ethnic Armenians were driven from their homes in Azerbaijan into Armenia; Azerbaijan seeks transit route through Armenia to connect to Naxcivan exclave; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratify Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on an even one-fifth allocation and challenges Azerbaijan's hydrocarbon exploration in disputed waters; bilateral talks continue with Turkmenistan on dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian; Azerbaijan and Georgia cannot resolve the alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas

Bahamas, The have not been able to agree on the alignment of a maritime boundary with the US; continues to monitor and interdict Haitian refugees fleeing economic privation and political instability

Bahrain none

Baker Island none

Bangladesh discussions with India remain stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in both countries, allocate divided villages, and stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence off high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; a joint Bangladesh-India boundary inspection in 2005 revealed 92 pillars are missing; dispute with India over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; Burmese Muslim refugees strain Bangladesh's meager resources

Barbados in 2005, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago agreed to compulsory international arbitration that will result in a binding award challenging whether the northern limit of Trinidad and Tobago's and Venezuela's maritime boundary extends into Barbadian waters and the southern limit of Barbadian traditional fishing; joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea

Bassas da India claimed by Madagascar

Belarus 1997 boundary treaty with Ukraine remains unratified over unresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and diminishing border security; boundary with Latvia remains undemarcated but a third of the border with Lithuania was demarcated in 2004

Belgium none

Belize Guatemalan squatters continue to settle in the largely uninhabited rain forests of Belize's border region; OAS is attempting to revive the 2002 failed Differendum that created a small adjustment to land boundary, a Guatemalan maritime corridor in Caribbean, joint ecological park for disputed Sapodilla Cays, and substantial US-UK financial package

Benin two villages remain in dispute along the border with Burkina Faso; accuses Burkina Faso of moving boundary pillars; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria, remains undemarcated, and the states expect a ruling in 2005 from the ICJ over the disputed Niger and Mekrou River islands; a joint task force was established in 2004 that resolved disputes over and redrew the maritime and the 870-km land boundary with Nigeria, including the sovereignty over seven villages along the Okpara River; a joint boundary commission continues to resurvey the boundary with Togo to verify Benin's claim that Togo moved boundary stones

Bermuda none

Bhutan approximately 104,000 Bhutanese refugees live in Nepal, 90% of whom reside in seven UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees camps; Bhutan cooperates with India to expel Indian separatists

Bolivia Chile rebuffs Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, offering instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile for Bolivian natural gas and other commodities

Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia and Montenegro have delimited most of their boundary, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute; discussions continue with Croatia on several small disputed sections of the boundary

Botswana commission established with Namibia has yet to resolve small residual disputes along the Caprivi Strip, including the Situngu marshlands along the Linyanti River; downstream Botswana residents protest Namibia's planned construction of the Okavango hydroelectric dam at Popavalle (Popa Falls); Botswana has built electric fences to stem the thousands of Zimbabweans who flee to find work and escape political persecution; Namibia has long supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing their short, but not clearly delimited Botswana-Zambia boundary

Bouvet Island none

Brazil unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations; uncontested dispute with Uruguay over certain islands in the Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada boundary streams and the resulting tripoint with Argentina; in 2004 Brazil submitted its claims to UNCLOS to extend its maritime continental margin

British Indian Ocean Territory Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Archipelago and its former inhabitants, who reside chiefly in Mauritius, but in 2001 were granted UK citizenship and the right to repatriation since eviction in 1965; the UK resists the Chagossians' demand for an immediate return to the islands; repatriation is complicated by the exclusive US military lease of Diego Garcia that restricts access to the largest island in the chain

British Virgin Islands none

Brunei in 2003 Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil exploration in their disputed offshore and deepwater seabeds and negotiations have stalemated prompting consideration of international legal adjudication; Malaysia's land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is in dispute; Brunei established an exclusive economic fishing zone encompassing Louisa Reef in southern Spratly Islands in 1984 but makes no public territorial claim to the offshore reefs; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants

Bulgaria none

Burkina Faso two villages are in dispute along the border with Benin; Benin accuses Burkina Faso of moving boundary pillars; Burkina Faso border regions remain a staging area for Liberia and Cote d'Ivoire rebels and an asylum for refugees caught in local fighting; the Ivoirian Government accuses Burkina Faso of sheltering Ivoirian rebels

Burma over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic groups with substantial numbers of kin beyond its borders; despite continuing border committee talks, significant differences remain with Thailand over boundary alignment and the handling of ethnic rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities; ethnic Karens flee into Thailand to escape fighting between Karen rebels and Burmese troops, in 2004 Thailand sheltered about 118,000 Burmese refugees; Karens also protest Thai support for a Burmese hydroelectric dam on the Salween River near the border; environmentalists in Burma and Thailand continue to voice concern over China's construction of hydroelectric dams upstream on the Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan Province; India seeks cooperation from Burma to keep Indian Nagaland separatists from hiding in remote Burmese uplands

Burundi Tutsi, Hutu, other conflicting ethnic groups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces continue fighting in the Great Lakes region, transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda in an effort to gain control over populated and natural resource areas; government heads pledge to end conflict, but localized violence continues despite the presence of about 6,000 peacekeepers from the UN Operation in Burundi (ONUB) since 2004; although some 150,000 Burundian refugees have been repatriated, as of February 2005, Burundian refugees still reside in camps in western Tanzania as well as the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Cambodia Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Thailand dispute sections of boundary with missing boundary markers and Thai encroachments into Cambodian territory; maritime boundary with Vietnam is hampered by unresolved dispute over offshore islands; Cambodia accuses Thailand of obstructing access to Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962; in 2004 Cambodian-Laotian and Laotian-Vietnamese boundary commissions reerect missing markers completing most of their demarcations

Cameroon ICJ ruled in 2002 on the entire Cameroon-Nigeria land and maritime boundary but the parties formed a Joint Border Commission, which continues to meet regularly to resolve differences bilaterally and have commenced with demarcation in less-contested sections of the boundary, starting in Lake Chad in the north; implementation of the ICJ ruling on the Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of Guinea is impeded by imprecisely defined coordinates, the unresolved Bakassi allocation, and a sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River; Nigeria initially rejected cession of the Bakasi Peninsula, then agreed, but has yet to withdraw its forces while much of the indigenous population opposes cession; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty which also includes Chad and Niger

Canada managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; working toward greater cooperation with US in monitoring people and commodities crossing the border; uncontested sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland

Cape Verde none

Cayman Islands none

Central African Republic about 30,000 refugees fleeing the 2002 civil conflict in the CAR still reside in southern Chad; periodic skirmishes over water and grazing rights among related pastoral populations along the border with southern Sudan persist

Chad since 2003, Janjawid armed militia and Sudanese military have driven about 200,000 Darfur region refugees into eastern Chad; Chad remains an important mediator in the Sudanese civil conflict; Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern Libya; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty which also includes Chad and Niger

Chile Chile rebuffs Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, offering instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile to Bolivian gas and other commodities; Peru proposes changing its latitudinal maritime boundary with Chile to an equidistance line with a southwestern axis; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British claims

China in 2005, China and India initiate drafting principles to resolve all aspects of their extensive boundary and territorial disputes together with a security and foreign policy dialogue to consolidate discussions related to the boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, and other matters; recent talks and confidence-building measures have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; about 90,000 ethnic Tibetan exiles reside primarily in India as well as Nepal and Bhutan; China asserts sovereignty over the Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions in the Spratlys but is not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord on marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; China occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; China and Taiwan have become more vocal in rejecting both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic zone in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon prospecting; certain islands in the Yalu and Tumen rivers are in an uncontested dispute with North Korea and a section of boundary around Mount Paektu is considered indefinite; China seeks to stem illegal migration of tens of thousands of North Koreans; in 2004, China and Russia divided up the islands in the Amur, Ussuri, and Argun Rivers, ending a century-old border dispute; demarcation of the China-Vietnam boundary proceeds slowly and although the maritime boundary delimitation and fisheries agreements were ratified in June 2004, implementation has been delayed; environmentalists in Burma and Thailand remain concerned about China's construction of hydroelectric dams upstream on the Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan Province

Christmas Island none

Clipperton Island none

Cocos (Keeling) Islands none

Colombia Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 and against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over disputed maritime boundary involving 50,000 sq km in the Caribbean Sea, including the Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank; dispute with Venezuela over maritime boundary and Los Monjes Islands near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics, guerrilla, and paramilitary activities penetrate all of its neighbors' borders and have created a serious refugee crisis with over 300,000 persons having fled the country, mostly into neighboring states

Comoros claims French-administered Mayotte

Congo, Democratic Republic of the heads of the Great Lakes states and UN pledge to end conflict but unchecked tribal, rebel, and militia fighting continues unabated in the northeastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, drawing in the neighboring states of Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda; the UN Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) has maintained over 14,000 peacekeepers in the region since 1999; thousands of Ituri refugees from the Congo continue to flee the fighting primarily into Uganda; 90,000 Angolan refugees were repatriated by 2004 with the remainder in the Democratic Republic of the Congo expected to return in 2005; in 2005, DROC and Rwanda established a border verification mechanism to address accusations of Rwandan military supporting Congolese rebels and the DROC providing rebel Rwandan "Interhamwe" forces the means and bases to attack Rwandan forces; the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River with the Republic of the Congo is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area

Congo, Republic of the about 7,000 Congolese refugees fleeing internal civil conflicts since the mid-1990s still reside in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River with the Democratic Republic of the Congo is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area

Cook Islands none

Coral Sea Islands none

Costa Rica legal dispute over navigational rights of Rio San Juan on the border with Nicaragua remains unresolved

Cote d'Ivoire rebel and ethnic fighting against the central government in 2002 has spilled into neighboring states, driven out foreign cocoa workers from nearby countries, and, in 2004, resulted in 6,000 peacekeepers deployed as part of UN Operation in Cote d'Ivoire (UNOCI) assisting 4,000 French troops already in-country; the Ivorian Government accuses Burkina Faso and Liberia of supporting Ivorian rebels

Croatia discussions continue with Bosnia and Herzegovina over several small disputed sections of the boundary; the Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement, which would have ceded most of Pirin Bay and maritime access to Slovenia and several villages to Croatia, remains un-ratified and in dispute; as a European Union peripheral state, neighboring Slovenia must conform to the strict Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and commerce through southeastern Europe while encouraging close cross-border ties with Croatia

Cuba US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease

Cyprus hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto autonomous entities, the internationally recognized Cypriot Government and a Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus); the 1,000-strong UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served in Cyprus since 1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north and south; March 2003 reunification talks failed, but Turkish-Cypriots later opened their borders to temporary visits by Greek Cypriots; on 24 April 2004, the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities voted in simultaneous and parallel referenda on whether to approve the UN-brokered Annan Plan that would have ended the thirty-year division of the island by establishing a new "United Cyprus Republic," a majority of Greek Cypriots voted "no"; on 1 May 2004, Cyprus entered the European Union still divided, with the EU's body of legislation and standards (acquis communitaire) suspended in the north

Czech Republic in February 2005, the ICJ refused to rule on the restitution of Liechtenstein's land and property assets in the Czech Republic confiscated in 1945 as German property; individual Sudeten Germans seek restitution for property confiscated in connection with their expulsion after World War II

Denmark Iceland disputes the Faroe Islands' fisheries median line; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; Faroese continue to study proposals for full independence; uncontested sovereignty dispute with Canada over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland

Djibouti Djibouti maintains economic ties and border accords with "Somaliland" leadership while maintaining some political ties to various factions in Somalia; although most of the 26,000 Somali refugees in Djibouti who fled civil unrest in the early 1990s have returned, several thousand still await repatriation in UNHCR camps

Dominica joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea

Dominican Republic increasing numbers of illegal migrants from the Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage each year to Puerto Rico to find work

East Timor UN Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET) has maintained about a thousand peacekeepers in East Timor since 2002; East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet, survey, and delimit the land boundary, but several sections of the boundary especially around the Oekussi enclave remain unresolved; Indonesia and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Palau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which prevents delimitation of the northern maritime boundaries; many of 28,000 East Timorese refugees still residing in Indonesia in 2003 have returned, but many continue to refuse repatriation; East Timor and Australia continue to meet but disagree over how to delimit a permanent maritime boundary and share unexploited potential petroleum resources that fall outside the Joint Petroleum Development Area covered by the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty; dispute with Australia also hampers creation of a southern maritime boundary with Indonesia

Ecuador organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia penetrate across Ecuador's shared border and caused over 20,000 refugees to flee into Ecuador in 2004

Egypt Egypt and Sudan retain claims to administer the two triangular areas that extend north and south of the 1899 Treaty boundary along the 22nd Parallel, but have withdrawn their military presence; Egypt is developing the Hala'ib Triangle north of the Treaty line; since the attack on Taba and other Egyptian resort towns on the Red Sea in October 2004, Egypt vigilantly monitors the Sinai and borders with Israel and the Gaza Strip; Egypt does not extend domestic asylum to some 70,000 persons who identify as Palestinians but who largely lack UNRWA assistance and, until recently, UNHCR recognition as refugees

El Salvador in 1992, the ICJ ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones" (disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras boundary, but despite OAS intervention and a further ICJ ruling in 2003, full demarcation of the border remains stalled; the 1992 ICJ ruling advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca advocating Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not identified in the ICJ decision, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca

Equatorial Guinea in 2002, ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of Guinea, but a dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River, imprecisely defined maritime coordinates in the ICJ decision, and the unresolved Bakasi allocation contribute to the delay in implementation; UN has been pressing Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to pledge to resolve the sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and create a maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay

Eritrea Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002 Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but despite international intervention, mutual animosities, accusations and armed posturing prevail, preventing demarcation; Ethiopia refuses to withdraw to the delimited boundary until technical errors made by the EEBC that ignored "human geography" are addressed, including the award of Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000 war; Eritrea insists that the EEBC decision be implemented immediately without modifications; since 2000, the UN Peacekeeping Mission to Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) monitors the 25km-wide Temporary Security Zone in Eritrea until the demarcation; Sudan accuses Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; Eritrea protests Yemeni fishing around the Hanish Islands awarded to Eritrea by the ICJ in 1999

Estonia in 1996, the Estonia-Russia technical border agreement was initialed but both states have been hesitant to sign and ratify it, with Russia asserting that Estonia needs to better assimilate Russian-speakers and Estonian groups pressing for realignment of the boundary based more closely on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Estonia must implement the strict Schengen border rules

Ethiopia Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but despite international intervention, mutual animosities, accusations and armed posturing prevail, preventing demarcation; Ethiopia refuses to withdraw to the delimited boundary until technical errors made by the EEBC that ignored "human geography" are addressed, including the award of Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000 war; Eritrea insists that the EEBC decision be implemented immediately without modifications; Ethiopia has only an administrative line and no international border with the Oromo region of southern Somalia where it maintains alliances with local clans in opposition to the unrecognized Somali Interim Government in Mogadishu; "Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities and trade ties to landlocked Ethiopia; the UNHCR expects most of the remaining 23,000 Somali refugees in Ethiopia to be repatriated in 2005; efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Sudan have been delayed by civil war

Europa Island claimed by Madagascar

European Union the EU has no border disputes with neighboring countries; it has set up a Schengen area - consisting of 13 EU member states that have signed the convention implementing the Schengen agreements (1985 and 1990) on the free movement of persons and the harmonization of border controls in Europe; the Schengen agreements ("acquis") became incorporated into EU law with the implementation of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam on 1 May 1999; member states are: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden; in addition, non-EU states Iceland and Norway (as part of the Nordic Union) have been included in the Schengen area since 1996 (full members in 2001), bringing the total current membership to 15; the UK (since 2000) and Ireland (since 2002) take part in some aspects of the Schengen area, especially with respect to police and criminal matters; the 10 new member states that joined the EU in 2004 eventually are expected to participate in Schengen, following a transition period to upgrade their border controls and procedures

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Argentina, which claims the islands in its constitution and briefly occupied the islands by force in 1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force; UK continues to reject Argentine requests for sovereignty talks

Faroe Islands because anticipated offshore hydrocarbon resources have not been realized, earlier Faroese proposals for full independence have been deferred; Iceland disputes the Faroe Islands' fisheries median line boundary; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm

Fiji none

Finland various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union, but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands

France Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims Tromelin Island; territorial dispute between Suriname and the French overseas department of French Guiana; France asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land); France and Vanuatu claim Matthew and Hunter Islands, east of New Caledonia

French Guiana Suriname claims area between Riviere Litani and Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa) in French Guiana

French Polynesia none

French Southern and Antarctic Lands French claim to "Adelie Land" in Antarctica is not recognized by the United States

Gabon UN presses Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to resolve the sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and to establish a maritime boundary in hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay; only a few hundred out of the 20,000 Republic of the Congo refugees who fled militia fighting in 2000 remain in Gabon

Gambia, The attempts to stem refugees, cross-border raids, arms smuggling, and other illegal activities by separatists from southern Senegal's Casamance region as well as from conflicts in other west African states

Gaza Strip West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement - permanent status to be determined through further negotiation; Israel announced its intention to pull out settlers and withdraw from the Gaza Strip in 2005

Georgia Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting 80% of their common border, leaving certain small, strategic segments and the maritime boundary unresolved; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Argun Gorge in Abkhazia; UN Observer Mission in Georgia has maintained a peacekeeping force in Georgia since 1993; Meshkheti Turks scattered throughout the former Soviet Union seek to return to Georgia; boundary with Armenia remains undemarcated; ethnic Armenian groups in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the Georgian government; Azerbaijan and Georgia cannot resolve the alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas

Germany none

Ghana Ghana struggles to accommodate returning nationals who worked in the cocoa plantations and escaped rebel fighting in Cote d'Ivoire

Gibraltar in 2003, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to remain a British colony and against a "total shared sovereignty" arrangement while demanding participation in talks between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant Gibraltar even greater autonomy

Glorioso Islands claimed by Madagascar

Greece Greece and Turkey continue discussions to resolve their complex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; Greece rejects the use of the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia

Greenland uncontested dispute between Canada and Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Canada's Ellesmere Island and Greenland

Grenada none

Guadeloupe none

Guam none

Guatemala Guatemalan squatters continue to settle in the rain forests of Belize's border region; OAS is attempting to revive the 2002 failed Differendum that created a small adjustment to land boundary, a Guatemalan maritime corridor in Caribbean, a joint ecological park for the disputed Sapodilla Cays, and a substantial US-UK financial package; Guatemalans enter Mexico illegally seeking work or transit to the US

Guernsey none

Guinea conflicts among rebel groups, warlords, and youth gangs in neighboring states has spilled over into Guinea, resulting in domestic instability; Sierra Leone pressures Guinea to remove its forces from the town of Yenga occupied since 1998

Guinea-Bissau attempts to stem refugees and cross-border raids, arms smuggling, and political instability from a separatist movement in Senegal's Casamance region

Guyana all of the area west of the Essequibo (river) is claimed by Venezuela preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before UNCLOS that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into their waters; Suriname claims a triangle of land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a historic dispute over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks UNCLOS arbitration to resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over the axis of the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich waters

Haiti since 2004, about 8,000 peacekeepers from the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) maintain civil order in Haiti; despite efforts to control illegal migration, Haitians fleeing economic privation and civil unrest continue to cross into Dominican Republic and to sail to neighboring countries; Haiti claims US-administered Navassa Island

Heard Island and McDonald Islands none

Holy See (Vatican City) none

Honduras in 1992, ICJ ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones" (disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras border, but despite OAS intervention and a further ICJ ruling in 2003, full demarcation of the border remains stalled; the 1992 ICJ ruling advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca with consideration of Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not mentioned in the ICJ ruling, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca; Honduras claims Sapodilla Cays off the coast of Belize, but agreed to creation of a joint ecological park and Guatemalan corridor in the Caribbean in the failed 2002 Belize-Guatemala Differendum, which the OAS is attempting to revive; Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 and against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over a complex dispute over islands and maritime boundaries in the Caribbean Sea

Hong Kong none

Howland Island none

Hungary in 2004, Hungary amended the status law extending special social and cultural benefits and voted down a referendum to extend dual citizenship to ethnic Hungarians living in neighboring states, which have objected to such measures; consultations continue between Slovakia and Hungary over Hungary's completion of its portion the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Hungary must implement the strict Schengen border rules

Iceland Iceland disputes Denmark's alignment of the Faroe Islands' fisheries median line; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm

India China and India launched a security and foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidating discussions related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other matters; recent talks and confidence-building measures have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); in 2004, India and Pakistan instituted a cease fire in the Kashmir and in 2005, restored bus service across the highly militarized Line of Control; Pakistan has taken its dispute on the impact and benefits of India's building the Baglihar dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir to the World Bank for arbitration; UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; disputes persist with Pakistan over Indus River water sharing; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, in 2004, India and Pakistan resurveyed a portion of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch; Pakistani maps continue to show Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; discussions with Bangladesh remain stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, to exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in both countries, to allocate divided villages, and to stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence off high-traffic sections; dispute with Bangladesh over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; India seeks cooperation from Bhutan and Burma to keep Indian Nagaland and Assam separatists from hiding in remote areas along the borders; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to demarcate minor disputed boundary sections; India has instituted a stricter border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal

Indian Ocean some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Indonesia East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet, survey and delimit land boundary, but several sections of the boundary remain unresolved; Indonesia and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Palau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which hinders a decision on a northern maritime boundary; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating in hostile confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the Ambalat oil block; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia and Singapore pledged in 2005 to finalize their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait

Iran Iran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed tributaries to the Helmand River in periods of drought; Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf; Iran and UAE engage in direct talks and solicit Arab League support to resolve disputes over Iran's occupation of Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island; Iran stands alone among littoral states in insisting upon a division of the Caspian Sea into five equal sectors

Iraq coalition forces assist Iraqis in monitoring boundary security; Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq

Ireland Ireland, Iceland, and the UK dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm

Israel West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement - permanent status to be determined through further negotiation; Israel continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrier along parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israel announced its intention to pull out Israeli settlers and withdraw from the Gaza Strip and four settlements in the northern West Bank in 2005; Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied (Lebanon claims the Shab'a Farms area of Golan Heights); since 1948, about 350 peacekeepers from the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) headquartered in Jerusalem monitor ceasefires, supervise armistice agreements, prevent isolated incidents from escalating, and assist other UN personnel in the region

Italy Italy's long coastline and developed economy entices tens of thousands of illegal immigrants from southeastern Europe and northern Africa

Jamaica none

Jan Mayen none

Japan the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kuril Islands", occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Japan and South Korea claim Liancourt Rocks (Take-shima/Tok-do), occupied by South Korea since 1954; China and Taiwan dispute both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic zone in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon prospecting

Jarvis Island none

Jersey none

Johnston Atoll none

Jordan 2004 Agreement settles border dispute with Syria pending demarcation

Juan de Nova Island claimed by Madagascar

Kazakhstan in 2005, Kazakhstan agreed with Russia, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan to commence demarcating their boundaries; delimitation with Kyrgyzstan is complete; creation of a seabed boundary with Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea remains unresolved; equidistant seabed treaties have been ratified with Azerbaijan and Russia in the Caspian Sea, but no resolution has been made on dividing the water column among any of the littoral states

Kenya Kenya served as an important mediator in brokering Sudan's north-south separation in February 2005; Kenya provides shelter to approximately a quarter of a million refugees including Ugandans who flee across the border periodically to seek protection from Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) rebels; Kenya's administrative limits extend beyond the treaty border into the Sudan, creating the Ilemi Triangle

Kingman Reef none

Kiribati none

Korea, North China seeks to stem illegal migration of tens of thousands of North Koreans escaping famine, economic privation, and political oppression; North Korea and China dispute the sovereignty of certain islands in Yalu and Tumen rivers and a section of boundary around Paektu-san (mountain) is indefinite; Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic maritime disputes with South over the Northern Limit Line; North Korea supports South Korea in rejecting Japan's claim to Liancourt Rocks (Tok-do/Take-shima)

Korea, South Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic maritime disputes with North Korea over the Northern Limit Line; South Korea and Japan claim Liancourt Rocks (Tok-do/Take-shima), occupied by South Korea since 1954

Kuwait Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue negotiating a joint maritime boundary with Iran; no maritime boundary exists with Iraq in the Persian Gulf

Kyrgyzstan delimitation with Kazakhstan is complete; disputes in Isfara Valley delay completion of delimitation with Tajikistan; delimitation is underway with Uzbekistan but serious disputes around enclaves and elsewhere continue to mar progress for some 130 km of border

Laos Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; Laos and Thailand pledge to complete demarcation of boundaries in 2005, while ongoing disputes over squatters and boundary encroachment by Thailand including Mekong River islets persist; in 2004 Cambodian-Laotian boundary commission agrees to re-erect missing markers in two adjoining provinces; concern among Mekong Commission members that China's construction of dams on the Mekong River will affect water levels

Latvia the Latvian-Russian boundary treaty of 1997 remains unsigned and unratified with Russia linking it to better Latvian treatment of ethnic Russians and Latvian politicians demanding Russian agreement to a declaration that admits Soviet aggression during the Second World War and other issues; the Latvian parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns over oil exploration rights; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Latvia must implement the strict Schengen border rules

Lebanon intense international pressure prompts the removal of Syrian troops and intelligence personnel from Lebanon; Lebanese Government claims Shab'a Farms area of Israeli-occupied Golan Heights; the roughly 2,000-strong UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has been in place since 1978