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Seychelles machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals
Sierra Leone foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels and lubricants, chemicals (1995)
Singapore machinery and equipment, mineral fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs
Slovakia machinery and transport equipment 41.1%, intermediate manufactured goods 19.3%, fuels 12.3%, chemicals 9.8%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 10.2% (2003)
Slovenia machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, food
Solomon Islands food, plant and equipment, manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals
Somalia manufactures, petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials, qat
South Africa machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum products, scientific instruments, foodstuffs (2000 est.)
Spain machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods; foodstuffs, consumer goods; measuring and medical control instruments
Sri Lanka textile fabrics, mineral products, petroleum, foodstuffs, machinery and transportation equipment
Sudan foodstuffs, manufactured goods, refinery and transport equipment, medicines and chemicals, textiles, wheat
Suriname capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer goods
Swaziland motor vehicles, machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals
Sweden machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel; foodstuffs, clothing
Switzerland machinery, chemicals, vehicles, metals; agricultural products, textiles
Syria machinery and transport equipment, electric power machinery, food and livestock, metal and metal products, chemicals and chemical products, plastics, yarn, paper
Taiwan machinery and electrical equipment 44.5%, minerals, precision instruments (2002)
Tajikistan electricity, petroleum products, aluminum oxide, machinery and equipment, foodstuffs
Tanzania consumer goods, machinery and transportation equipment, industrial raw materials, crude oil
Thailand capital goods, intermediate goods and raw materials, consumer goods, fuels
Togo machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products
Tokelau foodstuffs, building materials, fuel
Tonga foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals
Trinidad and Tobago machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, live animals
Tunisia textiles, machinery and equipment, hydrocarbons, chemicals, food
Turkey machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment
Turkmenistan machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs
Turks and Caicos Islands food and beverages, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, construction materials
Tuvalu food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods
Uganda capital equipment, vehicles, petroleum, medical supplies; cereals
Ukraine energy, machinery and equipment, chemicals
United Arab Emirates machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food
United Kingdom manufactured goods, machinery, fuels; foodstuffs
United States agricultural products 4.9%, industrial supplies 32.9% (crude oil 8.2%), capital goods 30.4% (computers, telecommunications equipment, motor vehicle parts, office machines, electric power machinery), consumer goods 31.8% (automobiles, clothing, medicines, furniture, toys) (2003)
Uruguay machinery, chemicals, road vehicles, crude petroleum
Uzbekistan machinery and equipment 49.8%, foodstuffs 16.4%, chemicals, metals (1998 est.)
Vanuatu machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, fuels
Venezuela raw materials, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, construction materials
Vietnam machinery and equipment, petroleum products, fertilizer, steel products, raw cotton, grain, cement, motorcycles
Virgin Islands crude oil, foodstuffs, consumer goods, building materials
Wallis and Futuna chemicals, machinery, passenger ships, consumer goods
West Bank food, consumer goods, construction materials
Western Sahara fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs
World the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
Yemen food and live animals, machinery and equipment, chemicals
Zambia machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products, electricity, fertilizer; foodstuffs, clothing
Zimbabwe machinery and transport equipment, other manufactures, chemicals, fuels
This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005
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@2059 Climate
Afghanistan arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers
Akrotiri temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters
Albania mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter
Algeria arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer
American Samoa tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season from November to April, dry season from May to October; little seasonal temperature variation
Andorra temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers
Angola semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)
Anguilla tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds
Antarctica severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing
Antigua and Barbuda tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation
Arctic Ocean polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow
Argentina mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest
Armenia highland continental, hot summers, cold winters
Aruba tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation
Ashmore and Cartier Islands tropical
Atlantic Ocean tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from May to December, but are most frequent from August to November
Australia generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north
Austria temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate summers with occasional showers
Azerbaijan dry, semiarid steppe
Bahamas, The tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream
Bahrain arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
Baker Island equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
Bangladesh tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)
Barbados tropical; rainy season (June to October)
Bassas da India tropical
Belarus cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime
Belgium temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy
Belize tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November); dry season (February to May)
Benin tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Bermuda subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter
Bhutan varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas
Bolivia varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid
Bosnia and Herzegovina hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast
Botswana semiarid; warm winters and hot summers
Bouvet Island antarctic
Brazil mostly tropical, but temperate in south
British Indian Ocean Territory tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds
British Virgin Islands subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds
Brunei tropical; hot, humid, rainy
Bulgaria temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers
Burkina Faso tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Burma tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)
Burundi equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to August and December to January
Cambodia tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
Cameroon varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north
Canada varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
Cape Verde temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and very erratic
Cayman Islands tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April)
Central African Republic tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers
Chad tropical in south, desert in north
Chile temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south
China extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north
Christmas Island tropical with a wet and dry season; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds; wet season December to April
Clipperton Island tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees C, rains May-October
Cocos (Keeling) Islands tropical with high humidity, moderated by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year
Colombia tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands
Comoros tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October
Congo, Republic of the tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator
Cook Islands tropical; moderated by trade winds
Coral Sea Islands tropical
Costa Rica tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands
Cote d'Ivoire tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October)
Croatia Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast
Cuba tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)
Cyprus temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters
Czech Republic temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Denmark temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers
Dhekelia temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters
Djibouti desert; torrid, dry
Dominica tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall
Dominican Republic tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall
East Timor tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons
Ecuador tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands
Egypt desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
El Salvador tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands
Equatorial Guinea tropical; always hot, humid
Eritrea hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually); semiarid in western hills and lowlands; rainfall heaviest during June-September except in coastal desert
Estonia maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers
Ethiopia tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation
Europa Island tropical
European Union cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north to temperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 24 inches in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but does not accumulate
Faroe Islands mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy
Fiji tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation
Finland cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes
France generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral
French Guiana tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation
French Polynesia tropical, but moderate
French Southern and Antarctic Lands antarctic
Gabon tropical; always hot, humid
Gambia, The tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May)
Gaza Strip temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers
Georgia warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast
Germany temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind
Ghana tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north
Gibraltar Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers
Glorioso Islands tropical
Greece temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers
Greenland arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters
Grenada tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds
Guadeloupe subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity
Guam tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season from July to December; little seasonal temperature variation
Guatemala tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands
Guernsey temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast
Guinea generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
Guinea-Bissau tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
Guyana tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January)
Haiti tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds
Heard Island and McDonald Islands antarctic
Holy See (Vatican City) temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)
Honduras subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains
Hong Kong tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall
Howland Island equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
Hungary temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
Iceland temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers
India varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
Indian Ocean northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in the southern Indian Ocean
Indonesia tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Iran mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast
Iraq mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq
Ireland temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time
Israel temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas
Italy predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south
Jamaica tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior
Jan Mayen arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog
Japan varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north
Jarvis Island tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
Jersey temperate; mild winters and cool summers
Johnston Atoll tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation
Jordan mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)
Juan de Nova Island tropical
Kazakhstan continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid
Kenya varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
Kingman Reef tropical; moderated by prevailing winds
Kiribati tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds
Korea, North temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer
Korea, South temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter
Kuwait dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters
Kyrgyzstan dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone
Laos tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April)
Latvia maritime; wet, moderate winters
Lebanon Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows
Lesotho temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Liberia tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers
Libya Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
Liechtenstein continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers
Lithuania transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate winters and summers
Luxembourg modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
Macau subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers
Macedonia warm, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall
Madagascar tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south
Malawi sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November)
Malaysia tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons
Maldives tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)
Mali subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February
Malta Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers
Man, Isle of temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about one-third of the time
Marshall Islands tropical; hot and humid; wet season from May to November; islands border typhoon belt
Martinique tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average; average temperature 17.3 degrees C; humid
Mauritania desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty
Mauritius tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)
Mayotte tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November)
Mexico varies from tropical to desert
Micronesia, Federated States of tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage
Midway Islands subtropical; moderated by prevailing easterly winds
Moldova moderate winters, warm summers
Monaco Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
Mongolia desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
Montserrat tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation
Morocco Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
Mozambique tropical to subtropical
Namibia desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic
Nauru tropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November to February)
Navassa Island marine, tropical
Nepal varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south
Netherlands temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters
Netherlands Antilles tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds
New Caledonia tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid
New Zealand temperate with sharp regional contrasts
Nicaragua tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands
Niger desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south
Nigeria varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north
Niue tropical; modified by southeast trade winds
Norfolk Island subtropical; mild, little seasonal temperature variation
Northern Mariana Islands tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to October
Norway temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast
Oman dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
Pacific Ocean planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December
Pakistan mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north
Palau tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November
Palmyra Atoll equatorial, hot, and very rainy
Panama tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)
Papua New Guinea tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation
Paracel Islands tropical
Paraguay subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west
Peru varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes
Philippines tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October)
Pitcairn Islands tropical; hot and humid; modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March)
Poland temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers
Portugal maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south
Puerto Rico tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation
Qatar arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
Reunion tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April
Romania temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
Russia ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
Rwanda temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
Saint Helena Saint Helena - tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds; Tristan da Cunha - temperate; marine, mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)
Saint Kitts and Nevis tropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
Saint Lucia tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to April, rainy season from May to August
Saint Pierre and Miquelon cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
Samoa tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October)
San Marino Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
Sao Tome and Principe tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)
Saudi Arabia harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes
Senegal tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind
Serbia and Montenegro in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland
Seychelles tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)
Sierra Leone tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April)
Singapore tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - Northeastern monsoon from December to March and Southwestern monsoon from June to September; inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms
Slovakia temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Slovenia Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east
Solomon Islands tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather
Somalia principally desert; December to February - northeast monsoon, moderate temperatures in north and very hot in south; May to October - southwest monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons
South Africa mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool nights
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow
Southern Ocean sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intense persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter
Spain temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast
Spratly Islands tropical
Sri Lanka tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October)
Sudan tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season varies by region (April to November)
Suriname tropical; moderated by trade winds
Svalbard arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year
Swaziland varies from tropical to near temperate
Sweden temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north
Switzerland temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers
Syria mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus
Taiwan tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year
Tajikistan midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains
Tanzania varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands
Thailand tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid
Togo tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Tokelau tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
Tonga tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)
Trinidad and Tobago tropical; rainy season (June to December)
Tromelin Island tropical
Tunisia temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south
Turkey temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
Turkmenistan subtropical desert
Turks and Caicos Islands tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry
Tuvalu tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)
Uganda tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast
Ukraine temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south
United Arab Emirates desert; cooler in eastern mountains
United Kingdom temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast
United States mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains
Uruguay warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown
Uzbekistan mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east
Vanuatu tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds from May to October; moderate rainfall from November to April; may be affected by cyclones from December to April
Venezuela tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Vietnam tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March)
Virgin Islands subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds, relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season September to November
Wake Island tropical
Wallis and Futuna tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year (80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C
West Bank temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters
Western Sahara hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew
World two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate zones form a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates
Yemen mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east
Zambia tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)
Zimbabwe tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)
This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005
======================================================================
@2060 Coastline (km)
Afghanistan 0 km (landlocked)
Akrotiri 56.3 km
Albania 362 km
Algeria 998 km
American Samoa 116 km
Andorra 0 km (landlocked)
Angola 1,600 km
Anguilla 61 km
Antarctica 17,968 km
Antigua and Barbuda 153 km
Arctic Ocean 45,389 km
Argentina 4,989 km
Armenia 0 km (landlocked)
Aruba 68.5 km
Ashmore and Cartier Islands 74.1 km
Atlantic Ocean 111,866 km
Australia 25,760 km
Austria 0 km (landlocked)
Azerbaijan 0 km (landlocked); note - Azerbaijan borders the Caspian Sea (800 km, est.)
Bahamas, The 3,542 km
Bahrain 161 km
Baker Island 4.8 km
Bangladesh 580 km
Barbados 97 km
Bassas da India 35.2 km
Belarus 0 km (landlocked)
Belgium 66.5 km
Belize 386 km
Benin 121 km
Bermuda 103 km
Bhutan 0 km (landlocked)
Bolivia 0 km (landlocked)
Bosnia and Herzegovina 20 km
Botswana 0 km (landlocked)
Bouvet Island 29.6 km
Brazil 7,491 km
British Indian Ocean Territory 698 km
British Virgin Islands 80 km
Brunei 161 km
Bulgaria 354 km
Burkina Faso 0 km (landlocked)
Burma 1,930 km
Burundi 0 km (landlocked)
Cambodia 443 km
Cameroon 402 km
Canada 202,080 km
Cape Verde 965 km
Cayman Islands 160 km
Central African Republic 0 km (landlocked)
Chad 0 km (landlocked)
Chile 6,435 km
China 14,500 km
Christmas Island 138.9 km
Clipperton Island 11.1 km
Cocos (Keeling) Islands 26 km
Colombia 3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km)
Comoros 340 km
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 37 km
Congo, Republic of the 169 km
Cook Islands 120 km
Coral Sea Islands 3,095 km
Costa Rica 1,290 km
Cote d'Ivoire 515 km
Croatia 5,835 km (mainland 1,777 km, islands 4,058 km)
Cuba 3,735 km
Cyprus 648 km
Czech Republic 0 km (landlocked)
Denmark 7,314 km
Dhekelia 27.5 km
Djibouti 314 km
Dominica 148 km
Dominican Republic 1,288 km
East Timor 706 km
Ecuador 2,237 km
Egypt 2,450 km
El Salvador 307 km
Equatorial Guinea 296 km
Eritrea 2,234 km total; mainland on Red Sea 1,151 km, islands in Red Sea 1,083 km
Estonia 3,794 km
Ethiopia 0 km (landlocked)
Europa Island 22.2 km
European Union 65,413.9 km
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 1,288 km
Faroe Islands 1,117 km
Fiji 1,129 km
Finland 1,250 km
France 3,427 km
French Guiana 378 km
French Polynesia 2,525 km
French Southern and Antarctic Lands 1,232 km
Gabon 885 km
Gambia, The 80 km
Gaza Strip 40 km
Georgia 310 km
Germany 2,389 km
Ghana 539 km
Gibraltar 12 km
Glorioso Islands 35.2 km
Greece 13,676 km
Greenland 44,087 km
Grenada 121 km
Guadeloupe 306 km
Guam 125.5 km
Guatemala 400 km
Guernsey 50 km
Guinea 320 km
Guinea-Bissau 350 km
Guyana 459 km
Haiti 1,771 km
Heard Island and McDonald Islands 101.9 km
Holy See (Vatican City) 0 km (landlocked)
Honduras 820 km
Hong Kong 733 km
Howland Island 6.4 km
Hungary 0 km (landlocked)
Iceland 4,988 km
India 7,000 km
Indian Ocean 66,526 km
Indonesia 54,716 km
Iran 2,440 km; note - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)
Iraq 58 km
Ireland 1,448 km
Israel 273 km
Italy 7,600 km
Jamaica 1,022 km
Jan Mayen 124.1 km
Japan 29,751 km
Jarvis Island 8 km
Jersey 70 km
Johnston Atoll 34 km
Jordan 26 km
Juan de Nova Island 24.1 km
Kazakhstan 0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea, now split into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)
Kenya 536 km
Kingman Reef 3 km
Kiribati 1,143 km
Korea, North 2,495 km
Korea, South 2,413 km
Kuwait 499 km
Kyrgyzstan 0 km (landlocked)
Laos 0 km (landlocked)
Latvia 531 km
Lebanon 225 km
Lesotho 0 km (landlocked)
Liberia 579 km
Libya 1,770 km
Liechtenstein 0 km (doubly landlocked)
Lithuania 99 km
Luxembourg 0 km (landlocked)
Macau 41 km
Macedonia 0 km (landlocked)
Madagascar 4,828 km
Malawi 0 km (landlocked)
Malaysia 4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 km)
Maldives 644 km
Mali 0 km (landlocked)
Malta 196.8 km (does not include 56.01 km for the island of Gozo)
Man, Isle of 160 km
Marshall Islands 370.4 km
Martinique 350 km
Mauritania 754 km
Mauritius 177 km
Mayotte 185.2 km
Mexico 9,330 km
Micronesia, Federated States of 6,112 km
Midway Islands 15 km
Moldova 0 km (landlocked)
Monaco 4.1 km
Mongolia 0 km (landlocked)
Montserrat 40 km
Morocco 1,835 km
Mozambique 2,470 km
Namibia 1,572 km
Nauru 30 km
Navassa Island 8 km
Nepal 0 km (landlocked)
Netherlands 451 km
Netherlands Antilles 364 km
New Caledonia 2,254 km
New Zealand 15,134 km
Nicaragua 910 km
Niger 0 km (landlocked)
Nigeria 853 km
Niue 64 km
Norfolk Island 32 km
Northern Mariana Islands 1,482 km
Norway 25,148 km (includes mainland 2,650 km, as well as long fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations 22,498 km; length of island coastlines 58,133 km)
Oman 2,092 km
Pacific Ocean 135,663 km
Pakistan 1,046 km
Palau 1,519 km
Palmyra Atoll 14.5 km
Panama 2,490 km
Papua New Guinea 5,152 km
Paracel Islands 518 km
Paraguay 0 km (landlocked)
Peru 2,414 km
Philippines 36,289 km
Pitcairn Islands 51 km
Poland 491 km
Portugal 1,793 km
Puerto Rico 501 km
Qatar 563 km
Reunion 207 km
Romania 225 km
Russia 37,653 km
Rwanda 0 km (landlocked)
Saint Helena 60 km
Saint Kitts and Nevis 135 km
Saint Lucia 158 km
Saint Pierre and Miquelon 120 km
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 84 km
Samoa 403 km
San Marino 0 km (landlocked)
Sao Tome and Principe 209 km
Saudi Arabia 2,640 km
Senegal 531 km
Serbia and Montenegro 199 km
Seychelles 491 km
Sierra Leone 402 km
Singapore 193 km
Slovakia 0 km (landlocked)
Slovenia 46.6 km
Solomon Islands 5,313 km
Somalia 3,025 km
South Africa 2,798 km
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands NA km
Southern Ocean 17,968 km
Spain 4,964 km
Spratly Islands 926 km
Sri Lanka 1,340 km
Sudan 853 km
Suriname 386 km
Svalbard 3,587 km
Swaziland 0 km (landlocked)
Sweden 3,218 km
Switzerland 0 km (landlocked)
Syria 193 km
Taiwan 1,566.3 km
Tajikistan 0 km (landlocked)
Tanzania 1,424 km
Thailand 3,219 km
Togo 56 km
Tokelau 101 km
Tonga 419 km
Trinidad and Tobago 362 km
Tromelin Island 3.7 km
Tunisia 1,148 km
Turkey 7,200 km
Turkmenistan 0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)
Turks and Caicos Islands 389 km
Tuvalu 24 km
Uganda 0 km (landlocked)
Ukraine 2,782 km
United Arab Emirates 1,318 km
United Kingdom 12,429 km
United States 19,924 km
Uruguay 660 km
Uzbekistan 0 km (doubly landlocked); note - Uzbekistan includes the southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline
Vanuatu 2,528 km
Venezuela 2,800 km
Vietnam 3,444 km (excludes islands)
Virgin Islands 188 km
Wake Island 19.3 km
Wallis and Futuna 129 km
West Bank 0 km (landlocked)
Western Sahara 1,110 km
World 356,000 km note: 98 nations and other entities are islands that border no other countries, they include: American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Baker Island, Barbados, Bassas da India, Bermuda, Bouvet Island, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Christmas Island, Clipperton Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Comoros, Cook Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominica, Europa Island, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Faroe Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Greenland, Grenada, Guam, Guernsey, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Howland Island, Iceland, Jamaica, Jan Mayen, Japan, Jarvis Island, Jersey, Johnston Atoll, Juan de Nova Island, Kingman Reef, Kiribati, Madagascar, Maldives, Malta, Isle of Man, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated States of Micronesia, Midway Islands, Montserrat, Nauru, Navassa Island, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Palmyra Atoll, Paracel Islands, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Spratly Islands, Sri Lanka, Svalbard, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tromelin Island, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Virgin Islands, Wake Island, Wallis and Futuna, Taiwan
Yemen 1,906 km
Zambia 0 km (landlocked)
Zimbabwe 0 km (landlocked)
This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005
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@2061 Imports - partners (%)
Afghanistan Pakistan 25.5%, US 8.7%, India 8.5%, Germany 6.5%, Turkmenistan 5.3%, Kenya 4.7%, South Korea 4.2%, Russia 4.2% (2004)
Albania Italy 34.8%, Greece 19.8%, Turkey 7.7%, Germany 5.3% (2004)
Algeria France 30.3%, Italy 8.2%, Germany 6.5%, Spain 5.5%, US 5.2%, China 5.1%, Turkey 4.3% (2004)
American Samoa Japan 31.4%, New Zealand 27.9%, Germany 17.1%, Australia 8.9% (2004)
Andorra Spain 48%, France 35%, US 2.3% (2000)
Angola South Korea 28.3%, Portugal 13.1%, US 9.3%, South Africa 7.4%, Brazil 5.6%, Japan 4.8%, France 4.4% (2004)
Anguilla US, Puerto Rico, UK (2000)
Antigua and Barbuda China 19.5%, US 18.7%, Singapore 14.8%, Poland 8.5%, Trinidad and Tobago 4.7% (2004)
Argentina Brazil 36.2%, US 16.6%, Germany 5.7%, China 4.3% (2004)
Armenia Russia 11.3%, Belgium 10.1%, Israel 8.4%, US 7.6%, Iran 7.1%, UAE 6.1%, Ukraine 5.9%, Italy 5.5%, Germany 5.2%, Georgia 4.6%, France 4.5% (2004)
Aruba US 55.5%, Netherlands 14.1%, Venezuela 3.3% (2004)
Australia US 14.8%, China 12.7%, Japan 11.8%, Germany 5.8%, Singapore 4.4%, UK 4.1% (2004)
Austria Germany 46.3%, Italy 6.8%, Switzerland 4.3% (2004)
Azerbaijan Russia 16.1%, UK 12.5%, Turkey 10.5%, Germany 7.8%, Ukraine 5.6%, Netherlands 4.9%, US 4.1%, Italy 4% (2004)
Bahamas, The US 22.4%, South Korea 18.9%, Brazil 9.2%, Japan 7.9%, Italy 7.8%, Venezuela 6.6% (2004)
Bahrain Saudi Arabia 32.4%, Japan 7.3%, Germany 6.1%, US 5.6%, UK 5.4%, France 4.8% (2004)
Bangladesh India 15.1%, China 12.5%, Singapore 7.5%, Kuwait 5.5%, Japan 5.3%, Hong Kong 4.5% (2004)
Barbados US 35.2%, Trinidad and Tobago 20%, UK 5.6%, Japan 4.3% (2004)
Belarus Russia 68.2%, Germany 6.6%, Ukraine 3.3% (2004)
Belgium Germany 18.4%, Netherlands 17%, France 12.5%, UK 6.8%, Ireland 6.3%, US 5.5% (2004)
Belize US 30.1%, Mexico 12%, Guatemala 7.4%, Cuba 7.2%, China 4.2%, Japan 4.1% (2004)
Benin China 32.2%, France 13%, Thailand 6.7%, Cote d'Ivoire 5.3% (2004)
Bermuda Kazakhstan 39.2%, France 16.2%, Japan 13.1%, Italy 9.2%, South Korea 8.8%, US 6.4% (2004)
Bhutan Germany 65.4%, Japan 14.3%, Austria 6.8%, UK 4.5% (2004)
Bolivia Brazil 29.7%, Argentina 17.6%, US 10.8%, Chile 7.7%, Peru 7.3% (2004)
Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia 23.8%, Slovenia 15.8%, Germany 14.8%, Italy 11.4%, Austria 6.6%, Hungary 6.1% (2004)
Botswana Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 74%, EFTA 17%, Zimbabwe 4% (2000)
Brazil US 18.3%, Argentina 8.9%, Germany 8.1%, China 5.9%, Nigeria 5.6%, Japan 4.6% (2004)
British Virgin Islands Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US
Brunei Singapore 32.7%, Malaysia 21.2%, UK 8.3%, Japan 7.2% (2004)
Bulgaria Germany 15.1%, Italy 10.2%, Russia 7.9%, Greece 7.5%, Turkey 6.9%, France 4.4% (2004)
Burkina Faso France 29.3%, Cote d'Ivoire 16%, Togo 9.8% (2004)
Burma China 29.8%, Singapore 20.8%, Thailand 19.3%, South Korea 5.2%, Malaysia 4.8% (2004)
Burundi Kenya 13.7%, Tanzania 11.2%, US 8.9%, Belgium 8.5%, France 8.4%, Italy 6%, Uganda 5.6%, Japan 4.6%, Germany 4.5% (2004)
Cambodia Thailand 22.5%, Hong Kong 14.1%, China 13.6%, Vietnam 10.9%, Singapore 10.8%, Taiwan 8.4% (2004)
Cameroon France 28.2%, Nigeria 9.9%, Belgium 7.6%, US 4.9%, China 4.8%, Germany 4.6%, Italy 4.1% (2004)
Canada US 58.9%, China 6.8%, Mexico 3.8% (2004)
Cape Verde Portugal 41.8%, US 12.3%, Netherlands 8.4%, Spain 5.2%, Italy 4.2%, Brazil 4% (2004)
Cayman Islands US, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, Netherlands Antilles, Japan
Central African Republic France 17.6%, US 16.3%, Cameroon 9.3%, Belgium 5% (2004)
Chad France 21.9%, Cameroon 16.1%, US 10.8%, Portugal 10.4%, Germany 6.4%, Belgium 4.6% (2004)
Chile Argentina 17%, US 14%, Brazil 11.2%, China 7.4% (2004)
China Japan 16.8%, Taiwan 11.4%, South Korea 11.1%, US 8%, Germany 5.4% (2004)
Christmas Island principally Australia
Cocos (Keeling) Islands Australia
Colombia US 29.1%, Venezuela 6.5%, China 6.4%, Mexico 6.2%, Brazil 5.8% (2004)
Comoros France 23.5%, South Africa 11.1%, Kenya 7.5%, UAE 7.2%, Italy 4.9%, Pakistan 4.7%, Mauritius 4.2%, Singapore 4.1% (2004)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the South Africa 18.5%, Belgium 15.5%, France 10.8%, Kenya 6.3%, US 6%, Germany 5.8% (2004)
Congo, Republic of the France 32.7%, US 10.1%, Germany 6.2%, Italy 6%, China 5.2%, Netherlands 4.5% (2004)
Cook Islands New Zealand 61%, Fiji 19%, US 9%, Australia 6%, Japan 2% (2000)
Costa Rica US 46.1%, Japan 5.9%, Mexico 5.1%, Brazil 4.2% (2004)
Cote d'Ivoire France 24.3%, Nigeria 19.2%, UK 4% (2004)
Croatia Italy 17.1%, Germany 15.5%, Russia 7.3%, Slovenia 7.1%, Austria 6.9%, France 4.4% (2004)
Cuba Spain 14.7%, Venezuela 13.5%, US 11%, China 8.9%, Canada 6.4%, Italy 6.2%, Mexico 4.9% (2004)
Cyprus Greece 15.2%, Italy 10.5%, Germany 8.9%, UK 8.6%, France 6.3%, Japan 4.7%, Israel 4.4%, China 4% (2004)
Czech Republic Germany 31.7%, Slovakia 5.4%, Italy 5.3%, China 5.2%, Poland 4.8%, France 4.8%, Russia 4.1% (2004)
Denmark Germany 22.3%, Sweden 13.5%, Netherlands 6.8%, UK 6.1%, France 4.5%, Norway 4.5%, Italy 4.1%, China 4% (2004)
Djibouti Saudi Arabia 19.7%, India 12.4%, Ethiopia 11.8%, China 8.1%, France 5.6%, US 4.8% (2004)
Dominica China 20.4%, US 16.8%, Trinidad and Tobago 12.3%, UK 6.9%, South Korea 4.6%, Japan 4.3% (2004)
Dominican Republic US 48.1%, Venezuela 13.5%, Colombia 4.8%, Mexico 4.8% (2004)
East Timor NA
Ecuador US 16.5%, Colombia 14.1%, China 9.2%, Venezuela 7.1%, Brazil 6.5%, Chile 4.6%, Japan 4.5%, Mexico 4.3% (2004)
Egypt US 12.2%, Germany 7%, Italy 6.6%, France 5.7%, China 5.4%, UK 4.7%, Saudi Arabia 4.1% (2004)
El Salvador US 46.3%, Guatemala 8.1%, Mexico 6% (2004)
Equatorial Guinea US 26.8%, Cote d'Ivoire 21.4%, Spain 13.6%, France 8.8%, UK 7.8%, Italy 4.4% (2004)
Eritrea Ireland 26.6%, US 18.6%, Italy 16.6%, Turkey 6.4% (2004)
Estonia Finland 22.1%, Germany 12.9%, Sweden 9.7%, Russia 9.2%, Lithuania 5.3%, Latvia 4.7% (2004)
Ethiopia Saudi Arabia 25.3%, US 15.8%, China 6.6% (2004)
European Union US 15.1%, China 9.7%, Japan 6.7%, Switzerland 5.6%
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) UK 63.2%, Spain 30.3%, France 3.6% (2004)
Faroe Islands Denmark 52.8%, Norway 18.3%, Iceland 4.4%, Sweden 4.2% (2004)
Fiji Australia 25.9%, Singapore 23.1%, New Zealand 21.1% (2004)
Finland Germany 16.2%, Sweden 14.3%, Russia 12.8%, Netherlands 6.3%, Denmark 5.2%, UK 4.6%, France 4.3% (2004)
France Germany 19.2%, Belgium 9.9%, Italy 8.8%, Spain 7.4%, UK 7%, Netherlands 6.7%, US 5.1% (2004)
French Guiana France 63%, US, Trinidad and Tobago, Italy (2002 est.)
French Polynesia France 47.6%, New Zealand 8.8%, Singapore 8.4%, Australia 8.3%, US 7.1% (2004)
Gabon France 43.8%, US 6.3%, UK 5.9%, Netherlands 4% (2004)
Gambia, The China 23.7%, Senegal 11.6%, Brazil 5.9%, UK 5.5%, Netherlands 4.5%, US 4.4% (2004)
Gaza Strip Israel, Egypt, West Bank
Georgia Russia 14%, Turkey 11%, UK 9.3%, Azerbaijan 8.5%, Germany 8.2%, Ukraine 7.7%, US 6% (2004)
Germany France 9%, Netherlands 8.3%, US 7%, Italy 6.1%, UK 5.9%, China 5.6%, Belgium 4.9%, Austria 4.2% (2004)
Ghana Nigeria 12.6%, China 11.4%, UK 6.6%, US 6.4%, France 4.9%, Netherlands 4.2% (2004)
Gibraltar Spain 19.9%, Russia 18.4%, UK 10.8%, Italy 8.8%, Germany 7.5%, US 5.1%, Sweden 4.7%, France 4.2% (2004)
Greece Germany 13.3%, Italy 12.8%, France 6.4%, Netherlands 5.5%, Russia 5.5%, US 4.4%, UK 4.2%, South Korea 4.1% (2004)
Greenland Denmark 78.7%, Sweden 11.9%, Norway 2.7% (2004)
Grenada Trinidad and Tobago 29.6%, US 27.8%, UK 4.8% (2004)
Guadeloupe France 63%, Germany 4%, US 3%, Japan 2%, Netherlands Antilles 2% (1999)
Guam Singapore 39.5%, South Korea 20.8%, Japan 19%, Hong Kong 9%, Philippines 4.3% (2004)
Guatemala US 34%, Mexico 8.1%, South Korea 6.8%, China 6.6%, Japan 4.4% (2004)
Guernsey UK (regarded as internal trade)
Guinea Cote d'Ivoire 15.5%, France 9%, Belgium 6.1%, China 6%, South Africa 4.8% (2004)
Guinea-Bissau Senegal 44.6%, Portugal 13.8%, China 4.2% (2004)
Guyana Trinidad and Tobago 24.8%, US 24.5%, Cuba 6.8%, UK 5.4% (2004)
Haiti US 34.8%, Netherlands Antilles 18%, Malaysia 5.1%, Colombia 4.7% (2004)
Honduras US 37.5%, Guatemala 6.9%, Mexico 5.4%, Costa Rica 4.3%, El Salvador 4% (2004)
Hong Kong China 43.5%, Japan 12.1%, Taiwan 7.3%, US 5.3%, Singapore 5.3%, South Korea 4.8% (2004)
Hungary Germany 29.2%, Austria 8.3%, Russia 5.7%, Italy 5.5%, Netherlands 4.9%, China 4.8%, France 4.7% (2004)
Iceland Germany 12.3%, US 9.9%, Norway 9.7%, Denmark 7.9%, UK 7.2%, Sweden 6.7%, Netherlands 6% (2004)
India China 6.1%, US 6%, Switzerland 5.2%, Belgium 4.4% (2004)
Indonesia Singapore 13.1%, Japan 13.1%, China 8.8%, US 7%, Thailand 6%, Australia 4.8%, Saudi Arabia 4.2%, South Korea 4.2% (2004)
Iran Germany 12.8%, France 8.3%, Italy 7.7%, China 7.2%, UAE 7.2%, South Korea 6.1%, Russia 5.4% (2004)
Iraq Syria 22.9%, Turkey 19.5%, US 9.2%, Jordan 6.7%, Germany 4.9% (2004)
Ireland UK 35.6%, US 13.8%, Germany 8.9%, Netherlands 4.3%, France 4.2% (2004)
Israel US 15%, Belgium 10.1%, Germany 7.5%, Switzerland 6.5%, UK 6.1% (2004)
Italy Germany 18%, France 10.9%, Netherlands 5.9%, Spain 4.6%, Belgium 4.4%, UK 4.3%, China 4.2% (2004)
Jamaica US 38.7%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.2%, France 5.6%, Japan 4.7% (2004)
Japan China 20.7%, US 14%, South Korea 4.9%, Australia 4.3%, Indonesia 4.1%, Saudi Arabia 4.1%, UAE 4% (2004)
Jersey UK
Jordan Saudi Arabia 19.8%, China 8.4%, Germany 6.8%, US 6.8% (2004)
Kazakhstan Russia 34.6%, China 15.4%, Germany 8.2%, France 5.7%, Ukraine 4.6% (2004)
Kenya UAE 12.6%, Saudi Arabia 9.1%, South Africa 8.8%, US 7.7%, India 7.2%, UK 6.7%, China 6.4%, Japan 5% (2004)
Kiribati Australia 33.6%, Fiji 29.8%, Japan 10.3%, New Zealand 6.9%, France 4.1% (2004)
Korea, North China 32.9%, Thailand 10.7%, Japan 4.8% (2004)
Korea, South Japan 20.6%, China 13.2%, US 12.9%, Saudi Arabia 5.3% (2004)
Kuwait US 12.9%, Germany 11.9%, Japan 7.9%, UK 5.5%, Saudi Arabia 5.5%, Italy 5%, France 4.5%, China 4.1% (2004)
Kyrgyzstan China 26.3%, Russia 22.3%, Kazakhstan 17.1%, Turkey 5.4% (2004)
Laos Thailand 60.5%, China 10.3%, Vietnam 7.1%, Singapore 4% (2004)
Latvia Germany 13.9%, Lithuania 12.2%, Russia 8.7%, Estonia 7%, Finland 6.3%, Sweden 6.1%, Poland 5.4%, Belarus 4.8% (2004)
Lebanon Italy 11.2%, France 10.3%, Syria 9.8%, Germany 8.6%, China 5.8%, US 5.5%, UK 4.6% (2004)
Lesotho Hong Kong 46.8%, China 25.5%, South Korea 5.6%, Germany 4.8% (2004)
Liberia South Korea 38.8%, Japan 21.2%, Singapore 12.2%, Croatia 5.3%, Germany 4.2% (2004)
Libya Italy 25.5%, Germany 11%, South Korea 6.1%, UK 5.4%, Tunisia 4.7%, Turkey 4.6% (2004)
Liechtenstein EU, Switzerland
Lithuania Russia 23.1%, Germany 16.7%, Poland 7.7%, Netherlands 4% (2004)
Luxembourg Belgium 29.8%, Germany 22.6%, China 12.6%, France 12%, Netherlands 4.2% (2004)
Macau China 44.4%, Hong Kong 10.6%, Japan 9.6%, Taiwan 4.9%, Singapore 4.1%, US 4.1% (2004)
Macedonia Greece 15.4%, Germany 13.1%, Serbia and Montenegro 10.4%, Slovenia 8.6%, Bulgaria 8.1%, Turkey 6%, Romania 4.7% (2004)
Madagascar France 17.2%, China 9.7%, Hong Kong 6.6%, Iran 6.4%, Mauritius 6.2%, South Africa 5.6% (2004)
Malawi South Africa 37.3%, India 8.1%, Mozambique 7.7%, Zimbabwe 7.2%, Tanzania 4.6%, Germany 4.1% (2004)
Malaysia Japan 16.1%, US 14.6%, Singapore 11.2%, China 9.9%, Thailand 5.6%, Taiwan 5.5%, South Korea 5%, Germany 4.5%, Indonesia 4% (2004)
Maldives Singapore 24.9%, Sri Lanka 10.6%, UAE 10.3%, India 10.2%, Malaysia 7.6%, Bahrain 5.4% (2004)
Mali France 14.5%, Senegal 9.8%, Cote d'Ivoire 7.6% (2004)
Malta Italy 25.4%, France 13.1%, UK 12%, Germany 8.9%, US 5.2%, Singapore 4.1% (2004)
Man, Isle of UK (2000)
Marshall Islands US, Japan, Australia, NZ, Singapore, Fiji, China, Philippines (2000)
Martinique France 62%, Venezuela 6%, Germany 4%, Italy 4%, US 3% (2000)
Mauritania France 14.1%, US 7.6%, China 6.4%, Spain 5.8%, UK 4.6%, Germany 4.3%, Belgium 4.2% (2004)
Mauritius South Africa 11.3%, China 9.4%, India 9.3%, France 9.2%, Bahrain 5.3%, Japan 4.1% (2004)
Mayotte France 66%, Africa 14%, Southeast Asia 11% (2000 est.)
Mexico US 53.7%, China 7%, Japan 5.1% (2004)
Micronesia, Federated States of US, Australia, Japan (2000)
Moldova Ukraine 24.6%, Russia 12.2%, Romania 9.3%, Germany 8.5%, Italy 7.4% (2004)
Mongolia Russia 33.3%, China 23.6%, Japan 7.4%, South Korea 6%, US 4.6% (2004)
Montserrat US, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Canada
Morocco France 18.2%, Spain 12.1%, Italy 6.6%, Germany 6%, Russia 5.7%, Saudi Arabia 5.4%, China 4.2%, US 4.1% (2004)
Mozambique South Africa 41.4%, Netherlands 11%, Portugal 3.3% (2004)
Namibia US 50%, EU 31% (2001)
Nauru Australia 65.6%, Indonesia 5.4%, Germany 5.3%, UK 4.4% (2004)
Nepal India 46.3%, China 10.8%, UAE 9.3%, Saudi Arabia 4.1% (2004)
Netherlands Germany 17.9%, Belgium 9.9%, US 7.9%, China 7.4%, UK 6.4%, France 4.8% (2004)
Netherlands Antilles Venezuela 51.1%, US 21.9%, Netherlands 5% (2004)
New Caledonia France 40.3%, Singapore 10.9%, Australia 9.1%, New Zealand 4.9% (2004)
New Zealand Australia 22.4%, US 11.3%, Japan 11.2%, China 9.7%, Germany 5.2% (2004)
Nicaragua US 22.6%, Costa Rica 8.5%, Venezuela 8.4%, Guatemala 6.8%, Mexico 5.8%, El Salvador 4.9%, South Korea 4.5% (2004)
Niger France 14.4%, US 10.3%, French Polynesia 9.4%, Nigeria 7.8%, Cote d'Ivoire 7.5%, Japan 5.2%, China 5.1%, Thailand 4.1% (2004)
Nigeria China 9.4%, US 8.4%, UK 7.8%, Netherlands 5.9%, France 5.4%, Germany 4.9%, Italy 4% (2004)
Niue New Zealand mainly, Fiji, Japan, Samoa, Australia, US (2000)
Norfolk Island Australia, other Pacific island countries, NZ, Asia, Europe
Northern Mariana Islands US, Japan (2000)
Norway Sweden 15.7%, Germany 13.6%, Denmark 7.3%, UK 6.5%, China 5%, US 4.9%, Netherlands 4.4%, France 4.3%, Finland 4.1% (2004)
Oman UAE 21.2%, Japan 16.6%, UK 8.4%, Italy 6%, Germany 5.1%, US 4.7% (2004)
Pakistan Saudi Arabia 11.6%, UAE 10%, US 9.7%, China 8.4%, Japan 6.5%, Kuwait 5.6% (2004)
Palau US, Guam, Japan, Singapore, South Korea (2000)
Panama US 33.3%, Netherlands Antilles 8.1%, Japan 6%, Costa Rica 5.7%, Mexico 4.6%, Colombia 4.2% (2004)
Papua New Guinea Australia 46.4%, Singapore 21.6%, Japan 4.3%, New Zealand 4.2% (2004)
Paraguay Brazil 30.9%, Argentina 23.3%, China 16.6%, US 4% (2004)
Peru US 30.3%, Spain 11.5%, Chile 7.2%, Brazil 5.4%, Colombia 5.2% (2004)
Philippines US 18.8%, Japan 17.4%, Singapore 7.8%, Taiwan 7.3%, South Korea 6.2%, China 6%, Malaysia 4.5% (2004)
Pitcairn Islands NA
Poland Germany 24.4%, Italy 7.9%, Russia 7.3%, France 6.7%, China 4.6% (2004)
Portugal Spain 29.3%, Germany 14.3%, France 9.3%, Italy 6.1%, UK 4.6%, Netherlands 4.6% (2004)
Puerto Rico US 55.0%, Ireland 23.7%, Japan 5.4% (2002 est.)
Qatar France 26.6%, US 9.5%, Saudi Arabia 9.4%, UAE 6.3%, Germany 5.2%, Japan 5.2%, UK 5.1% (2004)
Reunion France 64%, Bahrain 3%, Germany 3%, Italy 3% (2000)
Romania Italy 17.2%, Germany 14.9%, France 7.1%, Russia 6.8%, Turkey 4.2% (2004)
Russia Germany 15.3%, Ukraine 8.8%, China 6.9%, Japan 5.7%, Kazakhstan 5%, US 4.6%, Italy 4.6%, France 4.4% (2004)
Rwanda Kenya 24.4%, Germany 7.4%, Belgium 6.6%, Uganda 6.3%, France 5.1% (2004)
Saint Helena UK 35.7%, US 17.6%, South Africa 17.5%, Tanzania 10.4%, Australia 5.5%, Spain 4.1% (2004)
Saint Kitts and Nevis Ukraine 44.7%, US 22.1%, Trinidad and Tobago 8.8%, UK 6.2% (2004)
Saint Lucia US 27.8%, Trinidad and Tobago 20.4%, UK 8%, Venezuela 7.6%, Finland 7% (2004)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon France 37.6%, Canada 25.3%, Ireland 25.2%, Italy 5.1% (2004)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines US 37.5%, Trinidad and Tobago 21.3%, UK 10.5% (2004)
Samoa New Zealand 25.1%, Fiji 21.5%, Taiwan 9.1%, Australia 8.9%, Singapore 8.5%, Japan 7.5%, US 4.7% (2004)
Sao Tome and Principe Portugal 52.3%, Germany 9.5%, US 6%, Netherlands 4.8%, South Africa 4.3%, Belgium 4.1% (2004)
Saudi Arabia US 15.3%, Japan 9.8%, Germany 8.1%, China 6.6%, UK 5.7% (2004)
Senegal France 24.8%, Nigeria 11.9%, Thailand 6.1% (2004)
Serbia and Montenegro Germany 18.5%, Italy 16.5%, Austria 8.3%, Slovenia 6.7%, Bulgaria 4.7%, France 4.5% (2004)
Seychelles Saudi Arabia 15.5%, Spain 13.3%, France 10.3%, Singapore 7%, South Africa 6.8%, Italy 6.7%, UK 4.7% (2004)
Sierra Leone Germany 14%, Cote d'Ivoire 10.7%, UK 9.1%, US 8.4%, China 5.6%, Netherlands 5%, South Africa 4.1% (2004)
Singapore Malaysia 15.3%, US 12.7%, Japan 11.7%, China 9.9%, Taiwan 5.7%, South Korea 4.3%, Thailand 4.1% (2004)
Slovakia Germany 26.1%, Czech Republic 21.3%, Russia 9.1%, Austria 6.6%, Poland 4.9%, Italy 4.9% (2004)
Slovenia Germany 19.9%, Italy 17%, Austria 14.9%, France 10.2% (2004)
Solomon Islands Australia 24.6%, Singapore 23.1%, New Zealand 7.7%, Fiji 4.8%, Papua New Guinea 4.7% (2004)
Somalia Djibouti 30.1%, Kenya 13.7%, India 8.6%, Brazil 8.5%, Oman 4.4%, UAE 4.2% (2004)
South Africa Germany 14.2%, US 8.5%, China 7.5%, Japan 6.9%, UK 6.9%, France 6%, Saudi Arabia 5.6%, Iran 5% (2004)
Spain Germany 16.6%, France 15.8%, Italy 8.9%, UK 6.3%, Netherlands 4.8% (2004)
Sri Lanka India 18%, Singapore 8.7%, Hong Kong 7.7%, China 5.7%, Iran 5.2%, Japan 5.1%, Malaysia 4.1% (2004)
Sudan China 13%, Saudi Arabia 11.5%, UAE 5.9%, Egypt 5.1%, India 4.8%, Germany 4.5%, Australia 4.1%, Japan 4% (2004)
Suriname US 26.2%, Netherlands 19.3%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.5%, Japan 6.6%, China 4.6%, Brazil 4.2% (2004)
Swaziland South Africa 95.6%, EU 0.9%, Japan 0.9%, Singapore 0.3% (2004)
Sweden Germany 18.7%, Denmark 9.2%, Norway 7.6%, UK 7.5%, Netherlands 6.8%, Finland 6.4%, France 5.5%, Belgium 4% (2004)
Switzerland Germany 32.8%, Italy 11.3%, France 9.9%, US 5.2%, Netherlands 5%, Austria 4.3% (2004)
Syria Turkey 9.4%, Ukraine 8.7%, China 7.8%, Russia 5.4%, Saudi Arabia 5.2%, US 4.7%, South Korea 4.6%, Italy 4.3% (2004)
Taiwan Japan 26%, US 13%, China, including Hong Kong 11%, South Korea 6.9% (2004)
Tajikistan Russia 20.2%, Uzbekistan 14.2%, Kazakhstan 12.8%, Azerbaijan 7.2%, US 6.7%, China 4.8%, Ukraine 4.5% (2004)
Tanzania South Africa 13.1%, China 8.1%, India 6.6%, Kenya 5.6%, UAE 5.5%, US 4.9%, UK 4.8%, Bahrain 4.1% (2004)
Thailand Japan 23.6%, China 8.6%, US 7.6%, Malaysia 5.8%, Singapore 4.4%, Taiwan 4.1% (2004)
Togo China 25.5%, India 13.3%, France 11.5% (2004)
Tokelau New Zealand (2000)
Tonga New Zealand 37.1%, Fiji 24.3%, Australia 9.1%, China 8.9%, US 6.3% (2004)
Trinidad and Tobago US 23.9%, Venezuela 11.5%, Germany 11.2%, Brazil 10.7%, Spain 6.4%, Italy 5.1% (2004)
Tunisia France 25.1%, Italy 19%, Germany 8.5%, Spain 5.3% (2004)
Turkey Germany 12.9%, Russia 9.3%, Italy 7.1%, France 6.4%, US 4.8%, China 4.6%, UK 4.4% (2004)
Turkmenistan US 11.8%, Russia 9.7%, UAE 9.2%, Ukraine 9%, Turkey 8.6%, Germany 8%, France 5%, Georgia 4.6%, Iran 4.5% (2004)
Turks and Caicos Islands US, UK
Tuvalu Fiji 50.2%, Japan 18.1%, Australia 9.6%, China 8%, New Zealand 5.5% (2004)
Uganda Kenya 32.3%, UAE 7.3%, South Africa 6.5%, India 5.8%, China 5.6%, UK 5.1%, US 4.8%, Japan 4.8% (2004)
Ukraine Russia 41.8%, Germany 9.6%, Turkmenistan 6.7% (2004)
United Arab Emirates China 10%, India 9.8%, Japan 6.8%, Germany 6.5%, UK 6.2%, France 6.1%, US 6% (2004)
United Kingdom Germany 13%, US 9.3%, France 7.4%, Netherlands 6.6%, Belgium 4.9%, China 4.3%, Italy 4.3% (2004)
United States Canada 17%, China 13.8%, Mexico 10.3%, Japan 8.7%, Germany 5.2% (2004)
Uruguay Argentina 19.5%, Brazil 19%, Paraguay 12.9%, US 9.2%, China 6% (2004)
Uzbekistan Russia 26.8%, South Korea 12.6%, US 8%, Germany 7.7%, Kazakhstan 6.3%, China 5.8%, Turkey 5.1%, Ukraine 4.5% (2004)
Vanuatu Taiwan 24%, Australia 16.5%, Japan 11.4%, Singapore 8.5%, New Zealand 7.2%, Fiji 6.3%, US 4.4% (2004)
Venezuela US 28.8%, Colombia 9.9%, Brazil 7%, Mexico 4.1% (2004)
Vietnam China 13.7%, Taiwan 11.3%, South Korea 10.8%, Japan 10.5%, Singapore 10.5%, Thailand 6.2%, Hong Kong 4% (2004)
Virgin Islands US, Puerto Rico
Wallis and Futuna France 97%, Australia 2%, New Zealand 1%
West Bank Israel, Jordan, Gaza Strip (2000)
Western Sahara Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts
World Germany 9.4%, US 9.3%, China 8.5%, Japan 6.5%, France 4.5% (2004)
Yemen UAE 12.2%, Saudi Arabia 9.7%, China 8.8%, France 7.3%, India 4.4%, US 4.4%, Kuwait 4.2% (2004)
Zambia South Africa 46.2%, UK 14.2%, UAE 7.1%, Zimbabwe 6% (2004)
Zimbabwe South Africa 46.9%, Botswana 3.6%, UK 3.4% (2004)
This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005
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@2062 Economic aid - donor
Australia ODA, $894 million (FY99/00)
Austria ODA, $520 million (2002)
Belgium ODA, $1.072 billion (2002)
Canada ODA, $2 billion (2004)
Denmark ODA, $1.63 billion (1999)
Finland ODA, $379 million (2001)
France ODA, $5.4 billion (2002)
Germany ODA, $5.6 billion (1998)
Iceland $NA
Ireland ODA, $283 million (2001)
Italy ODA, $1 billion (2002 est.)
Japan ODA, $7.9 billion (FY03/04)
Korea, South ODA $334 million (2003)
Lesotho ODA $4.4 million
Luxembourg ODA, $147 million (2002)
Netherlands ODA, $4 billion (2003 est.)
New Zealand ODA, $99.7 million
Norway ODA, $1.4 billion (1998)
Portugal ODA, $271 million (1995)
Saudi Arabia pledged $100 million in 1993 to fund reconstruction of Lebanon; since 2000, Saudi Arabia has committed $307 million for assistance to the Palestinians; pledged $240 million to development in Afghanistan; pledged $1 billion in export guarantees and soft loans to Iraq
Spain ODA, $1.33 billion (1999)
Sweden ODA, $1.7 billion (1997)
Switzerland ODA, $1.1 billion (1995)
United Arab Emirates since its founding in 1971, the Abu Dhabi Fund for Development has given about $5.2 billion in aid to 56 countries (2004)
United Kingdom ODA, $4.2 billion (2004)
United States ODA, $6.9 billion (1997)
This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005
======================================================================
@2063 Constitution
Afghanistan new constitution drafted 14 December 2003 - 4 January 2004; signed 16 January 2004
Albania adopted by popular referendum on 28 November 1998
Algeria 19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised 3 November 1988, 23 February 1989, and 28 November 1996
American Samoa ratified 2 June 1966, effective 1 July 1967
Andorra Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991, approved by referendum 14 March 1993, effective 4 May 1993
Angola 11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, 6 March 1991, and 26 August 1992; note - new constitution has not yet been approved
Anguilla Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982; amended 1990
Antigua and Barbuda 1 November 1981
Argentina 1 May 1853; revised August 1994
Armenia adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995
Aruba 1 January 1986
Australia 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901
Austria 1920; revised 1929 (reinstated 1 May 1945)
Azerbaijan adopted 12 November 1995
Bahamas, The 10 July 1973
Bahrain new constitution 14 February 2002
Bangladesh 4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972; suspended following coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986; amended many times
Barbados 30 November 1966
Belarus 15 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24 November 1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and became effective 27 November 1996; revised again 17 October 2004 removing presidential term limits
Belgium 7 February 1831; amended many times; revised 14 July 1993 to create a federal state
Belize 21 September 1981
Benin December 1990
Bermuda 8 June 1968; amended 1989 and 2003
Bhutan no written constitution or bill of rights; note - in 2001 the King commissioned the drafting of a constitution, and in November 2004 presented a draft to the Council of Ministers; now awaiting referendum
Bolivia 2 February 1967; revised in August 1994
Bosnia and Herzegovina the Dayton Agreement, signed 14 December 1995, included a new constitution now in force; note - each of the entities also has its own constitution
Botswana March 1965, effective 30 September 1966
Brazil 5 October 1988
British Virgin Islands 1 June 1977
Brunei 29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984)
Bulgaria adopted 12 July 1991
Burkina Faso 2 June 1991 approved by referendum, 11 June 1991 formally adopted; amended April 2000
Burma 3 January 1974; suspended since 18 September 1988; national convention convened in 1993 to draft a new constitution but collapsed in 1996; reconvened in 2004 but does not include participation of democratic opposition
Burundi 13 March 1992; provided for establishment of a plural political system; supplanted on 20 October 2004 by a provisional constitution approved by the parliament which extended the transition; a 28 February 2005 popular referendum ratified the new constitution which set ethnic quotas for government positions, and tentatively scheduled general elections for April 2005
Cambodia promulgated 21 September 1993
Cameroon 20 May 1972 approved by referendum, 2 June 1972 formally adopted; revised January 1996
Canada made up of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982, which transferred formal control over the constitution from Britain to Canada, and added a Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms as well as procedures for constitutional amendments
Cape Verde new constitution came into force 25 September 1992; underwent a major revision on 23 November 1995, substantially increasing the powers of the president, and a further revision in 1999, to create the position of national ombudsman (Provedor de Justica)
Cayman Islands 1959; revised 1972 and 1992
Central African Republic passed by referendum 5 December 2004
Chad passed by referendum 31 March 1996
Chile 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 30 July 1989, 1993, and 1997
China most recent promulgation 4 December 1982
Christmas Island Christmas Island Act of 1958-59 (1 October 1958)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955 (23 November 1953)
Colombia 5 July 1991
Comoros 23 December 2001
Congo, Democratic Republic of the new constitution adopted 17 July 2003
Congo, Republic of the approved by referendum 20 January 2002
Cook Islands 4 August 1965
Costa Rica 7 November 1949
Cote d'Ivoire new constitution adopted 4 August 2000
Croatia adopted on 22 December 1990; revised 2000, 2001
Cuba 24 February 1976; amended July 1992 and June 2002
Cyprus 16 August 1960; from December 1963, the Turkish Cypriots no longer participated in the government; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and for better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently since the mid-1960s; in 1975, following the 1974 Turkish intervention, Turkish Cypriots created their own constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus," which became the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" when the Turkish Cypriots declared their independence in 1983; a new constitution for the "TRNC" passed by referendum on 5 May 1985
Czech Republic ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993
Denmark 5 June 1849 adoption of original constitution; a major overhaul of 5 June 1953 allowed for a unicameral legislature and a female chief of state
Djibouti multiparty constitution approved by referendum 4 September 1992
Dominica 3 November 1978
Dominican Republic 28 November 1966; amended 25 July 2002
East Timor 22 March 2002 (based on the Portuguese model)
Ecuador 10 August 1998
Egypt 11 September 1971; amended 22 May 1980
El Salvador 23 December 1983
Equatorial Guinea approved by national referendum 17 November 1991; amended January 1995
Eritrea a transitional constitution, decreed on 19 May 1993, was replaced by a new constitution adopted on 23 May 1997, but not yet implemented
Estonia adopted 28 June 1992
Ethiopia ratified December 1994, effective 22 August 1995
European Union based on a series of treaties: the Treaty of Paris, which set up the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951; the Treaties of Rome, which set up the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in 1957; the Single European Act in 1986; the Treaty on European Union (Maastricht) in 1992; the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997; and the Treaty of Nice in 2001; note - a new draft Constitutional Treaty, signed on 29 October 2004 in Rome, gave member states two years for ratification either by parliamentary vote or national referendum before it was scheduled to take effect on 1 November 2006; defeat in French and Dutch referenda in May-June 2005 caused a suspension of the ratification process
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 3 October 1985; amended 1997 and 1998
Faroe Islands 5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
Fiji promulgated on 25 July 1990; amended on 25 July 1997 to allow nonethnic Fijians greater say in government and to make multiparty government mandatory; effective 28 July 1998
Finland 1 March 2000
France adopted by referendum 28 September 1958, effective 4 October 1958; amended concerning election of president in 1962; amended to comply with provisions of 1992 EC Maastricht Treaty, 1996 Amsterdam Treaty, 2000 Treaty of Nice; amended to tighten immigration laws in 1993; amended in 2000 to change the seven-year presidential term to a five-year term
French Guiana 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
French Polynesia 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Gabon adopted 14 March 1991
Gambia, The 24 April 1970; suspended July 1994; rewritten and approved by national referendum 8 August 1996; reestablished January 1997
Georgia adopted 24 August 1995
Germany 23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of the united German people 3 October 1990
Ghana approved 28 April 1992
Gibraltar 30 May 1969
Greece 11 June 1975; amended March 1986 and April 2001
Greenland 5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
Grenada 19 December 1973
Guadeloupe 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Guam Organic Act of 1 August 1950
Guatemala 31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986; note - suspended 25 May 1993 by former President SERRANO; reinstated 5 June 1993 following ouster of president; amended November 1993
Guernsey unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
Guinea 23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale)
Guinea-Bissau 16 May 1984; amended 4 May 1991, 4 December 1991, 26 February 1993, 9 June 1993, and 1996
Guyana 6 October 1980
Haiti approved March 1987; suspended June 1988 with most articles reinstated March 1989; in October 1991 government claimed to be observing the constitution; returned to constitutional rule in October 1994
Holy See (Vatican City) new Fundamental Law promulgated by Pope JOHN PAUL II on 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (replaces the first Fundamental Law of 1929)
Honduras 11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982; amended 1995
Hong Kong Basic Law, approved in March 1990 by China's National People's Congress, is Hong Kong's "mini-constitution"
Hungary 18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949; revised 19 April 1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of parliamentary oversight; 1997 amendment streamlined the judicial system
Iceland 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944; amended many times
India 26 January 1950; amended many times
Indonesia August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959
Iran 2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency and eliminate the prime ministership
Iraq interim constitution signed 8 March 2004; note - the Transitional Administrative Law (TAL) was enacted 8 March 2004 to govern the country until an elected Iraqi Government can draft and ratify a new constitution in 2005
Ireland adopted 1 July 1937 by plebiscite; effective 29 December 1937
Israel no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the Basic Laws of the parliament (Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship law
Italy passed 11 December 1947, effective 1 January 1948; amended many times
Jamaica 6 August 1962
Japan 3 May 1947
Jersey unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
Jordan 1 January 1952; amended 1974, 1976, 1984
Kazakhstan first post-independence constitution adopted 28 January 1993; new constitution adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995
Kenya 12 December 1963; amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1997, and 2001
Kiribati 12 July 1979
Korea, North adopted 1948; completely revised 27 December 1972, revised again in April 1992, and September 1998
Korea, South 17 July 1948
Kuwait approved and promulgated 11 November 1962
Kyrgyzstan adopted 5 May 1993; note - amendment proposed by President AKAYEV and passed in a national referendum on 2 February 2003 significantly expands the powers of the president at the expense of the legislature
Laos promulgated 14 August 1991
Latvia 15 February 1922; an October 1998 amendment on Fundamental Human Rights replaced the 1991 Constitutional Law, which had supplemented the constitution
Lebanon 23 May 1926; amended a number of times, most recently Charter of Lebanese National Reconciliation (Ta'if Accord) of October 1989
Lesotho 2 April 1993
Liberia 6 January 1986
Libya 11 December 1969; amended 2 March 1977
Liechtenstein 5 October 1921
Lithuania adopted 25 October 1992
Luxembourg 17 October 1868; occasional revisions
Macau Basic Law, approved in March 1993 by China's National People's Congress, is Macau's "mini-constitution"
Macedonia adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991; amended November 2001 by a series of new constitutional amendments strengthening minority rights
Madagascar 19 August 1992 by national referendum
Malawi 18 May 1994
Malaysia 31 August 1957; amended 16 September 1963
Maldives adopted 1 January 1998
Mali adopted 12 January 1992
Malta 1964 constitution; amended many times
Man, Isle of unwritten; note - The Isle of Man Constitution Act of 1961 does not embody the unwritten Manx Constitution
Marshall Islands 1 May 1979
Martinique 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Mauritania 12 July 1991
Mauritius 12 March 1968; amended 12 March 1992
Mayotte 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Mexico 5 February 1917
Micronesia, Federated States of 10 May 1979
Moldova new constitution adopted 29 July 1994, effective 27 August 1994; replaced old Soviet constitution of 1979
Monaco 17 December 1962
Mongolia 12 February 1992
Montserrat effective 19 December 1989
Morocco 10 March 1972; revised 4 September 1992, amended (to create bicameral legislature) September 1996
Mozambique 30 November 1990
Namibia ratified 9 February 1990, effective 12 March 1990
Nauru 29 January 1968; amended 17 May 1968 (Constitution Day)
Nepal 9 November 1990
Netherlands adopted 1815; amended many times, last time 2002
Netherlands Antilles 29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the Netherlands, as amended
New Caledonia 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
New Zealand consists of a series of legal documents, including certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments, as well as The Constitution Act 1986, which is the principal formal charter; adopted 1 January 1987, effective 1 January 1987
Nicaragua 9 January 1987; reforms in 1995 and 2000
Niger new constitution adopted 18 July 1999
Nigeria new constitution adopted May 1999
Niue 19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act)
Norfolk Island Norfolk Island Act of 1979
Northern Mariana Islands Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands effective 1 January 1978; Covenant Agreement effective 4 November 1986
Norway 17 May 1814; amended many times
Oman none; note - on 6 November 1996, Sultan QABOOS issued a royal decree promulgating a basic law considered by the government to be a constitution which, among other things, clarifies the royal succession, provides for a prime minister, bars ministers from holding interests in companies doing business with the government, establishes a bicameral legislature, and guarantees basic civil liberties for Omani citizens
Pakistan 12 April 1973; suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored 31 December 2002; amended 31 December 2003
Palau 1 January 1981
Panama 11 October 1972; major reforms adopted 1978, 1983, 1994, and 2004
Papua New Guinea 16 September 1975
Paraguay promulgated 20 June 1992
Peru 31 December 1993
Philippines 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987
Pitcairn Islands 30 November 1838; reformed 1904 with additional reforms in 1940; further refined by the Local Government Ordinance of 1964
Poland adopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997, passed by national referendum 25 May 1997, effective 17 October 1997
Portugal 25 April 1976; revised many times
Puerto Rico ratified 3 March 1952, approved by US Congress 3 July 1952, effective 25 July 1952
Qatar ratified by public referendum on 29 April 2003, endorsed by the Emir on 8 June 2004, effective on 9 June 2005
Reunion 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Romania 8 December 1991; revision effective 29 October 2003
Russia adopted 12 December 1993
Rwanda new constitution adopted 4 June 2003
Saint Helena 1 January 1989
Saint Kitts and Nevis 19 September 1983
Saint Lucia 22 February 1979
Saint Pierre and Miquelon 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 October 1979
Samoa 1 January 1962
San Marino 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a constitution
Sao Tome and Principe approved March 1990, effective 10 September 1990
Saudi Arabia governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law); the Basic Law that articulates the government's rights and responsibilities was introduced in 1993
Senegal new constitution adopted 7 January 2001
Serbia and Montenegro 4 February 2003
Seychelles 18 June 1993
Sierra Leone 1 October 1991; subsequently amended several times
Singapore 3 June 1959; amended 1965 (based on preindependence State of Singapore Constitution)
Slovakia ratified 1 September 1992, effective 1 January 1993; changed in September 1998 to allow direct election of the president; amended February 2001 to allow Slovakia to apply for NATO and EU membership
Slovenia adopted 23 December 1991, effective 23 December 1991
Solomon Islands 7 July 1978
Somalia 25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979 note: the formation of transitional governing institutions, known as the Transitional Federal Government, is currently ongoing
South Africa 10 December 1996; this new constitution was certified by the Constitutional Court on 4 December 1996, was signed by then President MANDELA on 10 December 1996, and entered into effect on 3 February 1997; it is being implemented in phases
Spain 6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978
Sri Lanka adopted 16 August 1978, certified 31 August 1978; new constitution proposed in 2002
Sudan 12 April 1973; suspended following coup of 6 April 1985; interim constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30 June 1989; new constitution implemented on 30 June 1998 partially suspended 12 December 1999 by President BASHIR
Suriname ratified 30 September 1987
Swaziland a constitution was due to be adopted in November 2003 but was delayed and scheduled for early 2005
Sweden 1 January 1975
Switzerland revision of Constitution of 1874 approved by the Federal Parliament 18 December 1998, adopted by referendum 18 April 1999, officially entered into force 1 January 2000
Syria 13 March 1973
Taiwan 25 December 1946; amended in 1992, 1994, 1997, 1999, and 2000
Tajikistan 6 November 1994
Tanzania 25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984
Thailand new constitution signed by King PHUMIPHON on 11 October 1997
Togo multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the Republic 1 July 1992, adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992
Tokelau administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948; amended in 1970
Tonga 4 November 1875; revised 1 January 1967
Trinidad and Tobago 1 August 1976
Tunisia 1 June 1959; amended 1988, 2002
Turkey 7 November 1982
Turkmenistan adopted 18 May 1992
Turks and Caicos Islands introduced 30 August 1976; suspended in 1986; restored and revised 5 March 1988
Tuvalu 1 October 1978
Uganda 8 October 1995
Ukraine adopted 28 June 1996
United Arab Emirates 2 December 1971 (made permanent in 1996)
United Kingdom unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
United States 17 September 1787, effective 4 March 1789
Uruguay 27 November 1966, effective February 1967; suspended 27 June 1973, new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980; two constitutional reforms approved by plebiscite 26 November 1989 and 7 January 1997
Uzbekistan new constitution adopted 8 December 1992
Vanuatu 30 July 1980
Venezuela 30 December 1999
Vietnam 15 April 1992
Virgin Islands Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954
Wallis and Futuna 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Yemen 16 May 1991; amended 29 September 1994 and February 2001
Zambia 24 August 1991
Zimbabwe 21 December 1979
This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005
======================================================================
@2064 Economic aid - recipient
Afghanistan international pledges made by more than 60 countries and international financial institutions at the Berlin Donors Conference for Afghan reconstruction in March 2004 reached $8.9 billion for 2004-09
Albania ODA: $315 million (top donors were Italy, EU, Germany) (2000 est.)
Algeria $122.8 million (2002 est.)
American Samoa important financial support from the US, more than $40 million in 1994
Andorra none
Angola $383.5 million (1999)
Anguilla $9 million (2004 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda $2.3 million (1995)
Argentina $10 billion (2001 est.)
Armenia ODA $170 million (2000)
Aruba $26 million (1995); note - the Netherlands provided a $127 million aid package to Aruba and Suriname in 1996
Azerbaijan ODA, $140 million (2000 est.)
Bahamas, The $9.8 million (1995)
Bahrain $150 million; note - $50 million annually since 1992 from each of Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Kuwait (2002)
Bangladesh $1.575 billion (2000 est.)
Barbados $9.1 million (1995)
Belarus $194.3 million (1995)
Belize NA
Benin $342.6 million (2000)
Bermuda NA
Bhutan substantial aid from India and other nations
Bolivia $681 million (2002)
Bosnia and Herzegovina $650 million (2001 est.)
Botswana $73 million (1995)
Brazil $30 billion (2002)
British Virgin Islands NA
Brunei NA
Bulgaria $300 million (2000 est.)
Burkina Faso $484.1 million (1995)
Burma $127 million (2001 est.)
Burundi $92.7 million (2000)
Cambodia $504 million pledged in grants and concessional loans for 2005 by international donors
Cameroon on 23 January 2001, the Paris Club agreed to reduce Cameroon's debt of $1.3 billion by $900 million; debt relief now totals $1.26 billion
Cape Verde $136 million (1999)
Cayman Islands NA
Central African Republic ODA $73 million; note - traditional budget subsidies from France (2000 est.)
Chad $238.3 million received; note - $125 million committed by Taiwan (August 1997); $30 million committed by African Development Bank; ODA $150 million (2001 est.)
Chile ODA, $0 (2002)
China NA
Christmas Island NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands NA
Colombia NA
Comoros $10 million (2001 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the $195.3 million (1995)
Congo, Republic of the $159.1 million (1995)
Cook Islands $13.1 million; note - New Zealand continues to furnish the greater part (1995)
Cote d'Ivoire ODA, $1 billion (1996 est.)
Croatia ODA $166.5 million (2002)
Cuba $68.2 million (1997 est.)
Cyprus Republic of Cyprus - $17 million (1998); north Cyprus - $700 million from Turkey in grants and loans, which are usually forgiven (2003)
Czech Republic $2.4 billion in available EU structural adjustment and cohesion funds (2004-06)
Djibouti $36 million (2001)
Dominica $22.8 million (2003 est.)
Dominican Republic $239.6 million (1995)
East Timor $2.2 billion (1999-2002 est.)
Ecuador $216 million (2002)
Egypt ODA, $1.12 billion (2002)
El Salvador $125 million of which, $53 million from US (2003)
Equatorial Guinea $33.8 million (1995)
Eritrea $77 million (1999)
Estonia $108 million (2000)
Ethiopia $308 million (FY00/01)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) $0 (1997 est.)
Faroe Islands $135 million (annual subsidy from Denmark) (1998)
Fiji $40.3 million (1995)
French Guiana NA
French Polynesia $367 million (1997)
Gabon $331 million (1995)
Gambia, The $45.4 million (1995)
Gaza Strip $2 billion (includes West Bank) (2004 est.)
Georgia ODA $150 million (2000 est.)
Ghana $6.9 billion (1999)
Gibraltar $NA
Greece $8 billion from EU (2000-06)
Greenland $380 million subsidy from Denmark (1997)
Grenada $8.3 million (1995)
Guadeloupe NA; note - substantial annual French subsidies (2004)
Guam Guam receives large transfer payments from the US Federal Treasury ($143 million in 1997) into which Guamanians pay no income or excise taxes; under the provisions of a special law of Congress, the Guam Treasury, rather than the US Treasury, receives federal income taxes paid by military and civilian Federal employees stationed in Guam (2001 est.)
Guatemala $250 million (2000 est.)
Guernsey NA
Guinea $359.2 million (1998)
Guinea-Bissau $115.4 million (1995)
Guyana $84 million (1995), Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) $253 million (1997)
Haiti $150 million (FY04 est.)
Holy See (Vatican City) none
Honduras $557.8 million (1999)
Hungary $4.2 billion in available EU structural adjustment and cohesion funds (2004-06)
India $2.9 billion (FY98/99)
Indonesia $43 billion note: Indonesia finished its IMF program in December 2003 but still receives bilateral aid through the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI), which pledged $2.8 billion in grants and loans for 2004 and again in 2005; nearly $4 billion in aid money pledged by a variety of foreign governments and other groups following the 2004 tsunami; money is slated for use in relief and rebuilding efforts in Aceh.
Iran $408 million (2002 est.)
Iraq more than $33 billion in foreign aid pledged for 2004-07 (2004)
Israel $662 million from US (2003 est.)
Jamaica $16 million (2003)
Jersey none
Jordan ODA, $500 million (2004 est.)
Kazakhstan $74.2 million in US assistance programs, 1992-2000 (FY2004)
Kenya $453 million (1997)
Kiribati $15.5 million largely from UK and Japan (2001 est.)
Korea, North NA; note - over $117 million in food aid through the World Food Program in 2003 plus additional aid from bilateral donors and non-governmental organizations
Kuwait NA (2001)
Kyrgyzstan $50 million from the US (2001)
Laos $243 million (2001 est.)
Latvia $96.2 million (1995)
Lebanon $2.2 billion received (2003), out of the $4.2 billion in soft loans pledged at the November 2002 Paris II Aid Conference
Lesotho $41.5 million (2000)
Liberia $94 million (1999)
Libya $4.4 million ODA (2002)
Liechtenstein none
Lithuania $228.5 million (1995)
Macau NA
Macedonia $250 million (2003 est.) |
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