 |
Antigua and Barbuda: NEGL; pleasant climate fosters tourism
Arctic Ocean: sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales)
Argentina: fertile plains of the Pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese, petroleum, uranium
Armenia: small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, alumina
Aruba: NEGL; white sandy beaches
Ashmore and Cartier Islands: fish
Atlantic Ocean: oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, precious stones
Australia: bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleum
Austria: iron ore, oil, timber, magnesite, lead, coal, lignite, copper, hydropower
Azerbaijan: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, nonferrous metals, alumina
Bahamas, The: salt, aragonite, timber, arable land
Bahrain: oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish, pearls
Baker Island: guano (deposits worked until 1891), terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Bangladesh: natural gas, arable land, timber, coal
Barbados: petroleum, fish, natural gas
Bassas da India: none
Belarus: forests, peat deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas
Belgium: coal, natural gas
Belize: arable land potential, timber, fish, hydropower
Benin: small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber
Bermuda: limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism
Bhutan: timber, hydropower, gypsum, calcium carbide
Bolivia: tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron, lead, gold, timber, hydropower
Bosnia and Herzegovina: coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, forests, copper, chromium, lead, zinc, hydropower
Botswana: diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver
Bouvet Island: none
Brazil: bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum, tin, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber
British Indian Ocean Territory: coconuts, fish, sugarcane
British Virgin Islands: NEGL
Brunei: petroleum, natural gas, timber
Bulgaria: bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land
Burkina Faso: manganese, limestone, marble; small deposits of gold, antimony, copper, nickel, bauxite, lead, phosphates, zinc, silver
Burma: petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas, hydropower
Burundi: nickel, uranium, rare earth oxides, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet exploited), vanadium, arable land, hydropower
Cambodia: timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential
Cameroon: petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower
Canada: iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower
Cape Verde: salt, basalt rock, pozzuolana (a siliceous volcanic ash used to produce hydraulic cement), limestone, kaolin, fish
Cayman Islands: fish, climate and beaches that foster tourism
Central African Republic: diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil, hydropower
Chad: petroleum (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad)
Chile: copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum, hydropower
China: coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest)
Christmas Island: phosphate
Clipperton Island: fish
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: fish
Colombia: petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds, hydropower
Comoros: NEGL
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: cobalt, copper, cadmium, petroleum, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, coal, hydropower, timber
Congo, Republic of the: petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, natural gas, hydropower
Cook Islands: NEGL
Coral Sea Islands: NEGL
Costa Rica: hydropower
Cote d'Ivoire: petroleum, natural gas, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, bauxite, copper, hydropower
Croatia: oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt, hydropower
Cuba: cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica, petroleum, arable land
Cyprus: copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment
Czech Republic: hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite, timber
Denmark: petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone, stone, gravel and sand
Djibouti: geothermal areas
Dominica: timber, hydropower, arable land
Dominican Republic: nickel, bauxite, gold, silver
Ecuador: petroleum, fish, timber, hydropower
Egypt: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc
El Salvador: hydropower, geothermal power, petroleum, arable land
Equatorial Guinea: oil, petroleum, timber, small unexploited deposits of gold, manganese, uranium
Eritrea: gold, potash, zinc, copper, salt, possibly oil and natural gas, fish
Estonia: shale oil (kukersite), peat, phosphorite, amber, cambrian blue clay, limestone, dolomite, arable land
Ethiopia: small reserves of gold, platinum, copper, potash, natural gas, hydropower
Europa Island: NEGL
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): fish, wildlife
Faroe Islands: fish, whales, hydropower
Fiji: timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potential, hydropower
Finland: timber, copper, zinc, iron ore, silver
France: coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, potash, timber, fish
French Guiana: bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered), cinnabar, kaolin, fish
French Polynesia: timber, fish, cobalt, hydropower
French Southern and Antarctic Lands: fish, crayfish
Gabon: petroleum, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore, hydropower
Gambia, The: fish
Gaza Strip: arable land, natural gas
Georgia: forests, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ore, copper, minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and citrus growth
Germany: iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, nickel, arable land
Ghana: gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber, hydropower
Gibraltar: NEGL
Glorioso Islands: guano, coconuts
Greece: bauxite, lignite, magnesite, petroleum, marble, hydropower potential
Greenland: zinc, lead, iron ore, coal, molybdenum, gold, platinum, uranium, fish, seals, whales, hydropower, possible oil and gas
Grenada: timber, tropical fruit, deepwater harbors
Guadeloupe: cultivable land, beaches and climate that foster tourism
Guam: fishing (largely undeveloped), tourism (especially from Japan)
Guatemala: petroleum, nickel, rare woods, fish, chicle, hydropower
Guernsey: cropland
Guinea: bauxite, iron ore, diamonds, gold, uranium, hydropower, fish
Guinea-Bissau: fish, timber, phosphates, bauxite, unexploited deposits of petroleum
Guyana: bauxite, gold, diamonds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish
Haiti: bauxite, copper, calcium carbonate, gold, marble, hydropower
Heard Island and McDonald Islands: none
Holy See (Vatican City): none
Honduras: timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish, hydropower
Hong Kong: outstanding deepwater harbor, feldspar
Howland Island: guano (deposits worked until late 1800s), terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Hungary: bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land
Iceland: fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite
India: coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land
Indian Ocean: oil and gas fields, fish, shrimp, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules
Indonesia: petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
Iran: petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur
Iraq: petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur
Ireland: zinc, lead, natural gas, barite, copper, gypsum, limestone, dolomite, peat, silver
Israel: timber, potash, copper ore, natural gas, phosphate rock, magnesium bromide, clays, sand, oil
Italy: mercury, potash, marble, sulfur, natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, coal, arable land
Jamaica: bauxite, gypsum, limestone
Jan Mayen: none
Japan: negligible mineral resources, fish
Jarvis Island: guano (deposits worked until late 1800s), terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Jersey: arable land
Johnston Atoll: guano deposits worked until depletion about 1890, terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Jordan: phosphates, potash, shale oil
Juan de Nova Island: guano deposits and other fertilizers
Kazakhstan: major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium
Kenya: gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barites, rubies, fluorspar, garnets, wildlife, hydropower
Kingman Reef: terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Kiribati: phosphate (production discontinued in 1979)
Korea, North: coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold, pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower
Korea, South: coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower potential
Kuwait: petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas
Kyrgyzstan: abundant hydropower; significant deposits of gold and rare earth metals; locally exploitable coal, oil, and natural gas; other deposits of nepheline, mercury, bismuth, lead, and zinc
Laos: timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones
Latvia: minimal; amber, peat, limestone, dolomite, hydropower, arable land
Lebanon: limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus state in a water-deficit region, arable land
Lesotho: water, agricultural and grazing land, some diamonds and other minerals
Liberia: iron ore, timber, diamonds, gold, hydropower
Libya: petroleum, natural gas, gypsum
Liechtenstein: hydroelectric potential, arable land
Lithuania: peat, arable land
Luxembourg: iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land
Macau: NEGL
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-grade iron ore, asbestos, sulfur, timber, arable land
Madagascar: graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish, hydropower
Malawi: limestone, arable land, hydropower, unexploited deposits of uranium, coal, and bauxite
Malaysia: tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite
Maldives: fish
Mali: gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, hydropower
note: bauxite, iron ore, manganese, tin, and copper deposits are known but not exploited
Malta: limestone, salt, arable land
Man, Isle of: none
Marshall Islands: phosphate deposits, marine products, deep seabed minerals
Martinique: coastal scenery and beaches, cultivable land
Mauritania: iron ore, gypsum, fish, copper, phosphate, diamonds, gold
Mauritius: arable land, fish
Mayotte: NEGL
Mexico: petroleum, silver, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber
Micronesia, Federated States of: forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals
Midway Islands: wildlife, terrestrial and aquatic
Moldova: lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, arable land
Monaco: none
Mongolia: oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron, phosphate
Montserrat: NEGL
Morocco: phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt
Mozambique: coal, titanium, natural gas, hydropower, tantalum, graphite
Namibia: diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt, vanadium, natural gas, hydropower, fish
note: suspected deposits of oil, coal, and iron ore
Nauru: phosphates
Navassa Island: guano
Nepal: quartz, water, timber, hydropower, scenic beauty, small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore
Netherlands: natural gas, petroleum, arable land
Netherlands Antilles: phosphates (Curacao only), salt (Bonaire only)
New Caledonia: nickel, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold, lead, copper
New Zealand: natural gas, iron ore, sand, coal, timber, hydropower, gold, limestone
Nicaragua: gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish
Niger: uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates, gold, petroleum
Nigeria: natural gas, petroleum, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc, arable land
Niue: fish, arable land
Norfolk Island: fish
Northern Mariana Islands: arable land, fish
Norway: petroleum, copper, natural gas, pyrites, nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead, fish, timber, hydropower
Oman: petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum, natural gas
Pacific Ocean: oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, fish
Pakistan: land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone
Palau: forests, minerals (especially gold), marine products, deep-seabed minerals
Palmyra Atoll: terrestrial and aquatic wildlife
Panama: copper, mahogany forests, shrimp, hydropower
Papua New Guinea: gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil, fisheries
Paracel Islands: none
Paraguay: hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestone
Peru: copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower
Philippines: timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper
Pitcairn Islands: miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish
note: manganese, iron, copper, gold, silver, and zinc have been discovered offshore
Poland: coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt, arable land
Portugal: fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marble, arable land, hydro power
Puerto Rico: some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore oil
Qatar: petroleum, natural gas, fish
Reunion: fish, arable land, hydropower
Romania: petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower
Russia: wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, timber
note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources
Rwanda: gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), methane, hydropower, arable land
Saint Helena: fish
Saint Kitts and Nevis: arable land
Saint Lucia: forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal potential
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: fish, deepwater ports
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: hydropower, cropland
Samoa: hardwood forests, fish, hydropower
San Marino: building stone
Sao Tome and Principe: fish, hydropower
Saudi Arabia: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper
Senegal: fish, phosphates, iron ore
Seychelles: fish, copra, cinnamon trees
Sierra Leone: diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite
Singapore: fish, deepwater ports
Slovakia: brown coal and lignite; small amounts of iron ore, copper and manganese ore; salt; arable land
Slovenia: lignite coal, lead, zinc, mercury, uranium, silver, hydropower
Solomon Islands: fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates, lead, zinc, nickel
Somalia: uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt
South Africa: gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: fish
Southern Ocean: probable large and possible giant oil and gas fields on the continental margin, manganese nodules, possible placer deposits, sand and gravel, fresh water as icebergs, squid, whales, and seals - none exploited; krill, fishes
Spain: coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, potash, hydropower, arable land
Spratly Islands: fish, guano, undetermined oil and natural gas potential
Sri Lanka: limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay, hydropower
Sudan: petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, hydropower
Suriname: timber, hydropower, fish, kaolin, shrimp, bauxite, gold, and small amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, iron ore
Svalbard: coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife, fish
Swaziland: asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests, small gold and diamond deposits, quarry stone, and talc
Sweden: zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber, uranium, hydropower
Switzerland: hydropower potential, timber, salt
Syria: petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum, hydropower
Tajikistan: hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold
Tanzania: hydropower, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel
Thailand: tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite, arable land
Togo: phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land
Tokelau: NEGL
Tonga: fish, fertile soil
Trinidad and Tobago: petroleum, natural gas, asphalt
Tromelin Island: fish
Tunisia: petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt
Turkey: antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulfur, iron ore, arable land, hydropower
Turkmenistan: petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulfur, salt
Turks and Caicos Islands: spiny lobster, conch
Tuvalu: fish
Uganda: copper, cobalt, hydropower, limestone, salt, arable land
Ukraine: iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber, arable land
United Arab Emirates: petroleum, natural gas
United Kingdom: coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, lead, silica, arable land
United States: coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas, timber
Uruguay: arable land, hydropower, minor minerals, fisheries
Uzbekistan: natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum
Vanuatu: manganese, hardwood forests, fish
Venezuela: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamonds
Vietnam: phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil and gas deposits, forests, hydropower
Virgin Islands: sun, sand, sea, surf
Wake Island: none
Wallis and Futuna: NEGL
West Bank: arable land
Western Sahara: phosphates, iron ore
World: the rapid using up of nonrenewable mineral resources, the depletion of forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal and plant species, and the deterioration in air and water quality (especially in Eastern Europe, the former USSR, and China) pose serious long-term problems that governments and peoples are only beginning to address
Yemen: petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble, small deposits of coal, gold, lead, nickel, and copper, fertile soil in west
Yugoslavia: oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome, hydropower, arable land
Zambia: copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, hydropower
Zimbabwe: coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals
Taiwan: small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos
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@Net migration rate
Afghanistan: 11.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Albania: -3.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Algeria: -0.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
American Samoa: 3.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Andorra: 6.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Angola: -0.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Anguilla: 17.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda: -6.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Argentina: 0.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Armenia: -3.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Aruba: NEGL
Australia: 4.19 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Austria: 2.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Azerbaijan: -5.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bahamas, The: -2.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bahrain: 1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bangladesh: -0.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Barbados: -0.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Belarus: 2.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Belgium: 0.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Belize: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Benin: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bermuda: 2.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bhutan: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bolivia: -1.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 8.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Botswana: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Brazil: -0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
British Virgin Islands: 11.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Brunei: 4.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Bulgaria: -4.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Burkina Faso: -0.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Burma: -1.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Burundi: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cambodia: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cameroon: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Canada: 6.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cape Verde: -12.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cayman Islands: 12.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: major destination for Cubans trying to migrate to the US
Central African Republic: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Chad: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Chile: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
China: -0.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Christmas Island: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Colombia: -0.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Comoros: NEGL migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 0.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: one million refugees fled into Zaire (now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo or DROC) in 1994 to escape the fighting between the Hutus and the Tutsis; fighting in the DROC between rebels and government forces in October 1996 caused 875,000 refugees to return to Rwanda in late 1996 and early 1997; an additional 173,000 Rwandan refugees disappeared in early 1997 and are assumed to have been killed by Zairian forces; fighting between the Congolese government and Uganda- and Rwanda-backed Congolese rebels spawned a regional war in DROC in August 1998, which left 1.8 million Congolese displaced in DROC and caused 300,000 Congolese refugees to flee to surrounding countries
Congo, Republic of the: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Costa Rica: 0.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire: 1.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: after Liberia's civil war started in 1990, more than 350,000 refugees fled to Cote d'Ivoire; by the end of 1999 most Liberian refugees were assumed to have returned
Croatia: 13.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cuba: -1.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Cyprus: 0.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Czech Republic: 0.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Denmark: 1.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Djibouti: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Dominica: -20.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Dominican Republic: -3.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ecuador: -0.55 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Egypt: -0.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
El Salvador: -3.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Equatorial Guinea: NEGL migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Eritrea: 7.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: according to the UNHCR, about 150,000 Eritrean refugees in Sudan have registered for voluntary repatriation, following the restoration of diplomatic relations between Eritrea and Sudan in January 2000
Estonia: -0.76 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ethiopia: 0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: repatriation of Ethiopians who fled to Sudan for refuge from war and famine in earlier years is expected to continue for several years; small numbers of Sudanese and Somali refugees, who fled to Ethiopia from the fighting or famine in their own countries, continue to return to their homes
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Faroe Islands: 2.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Fiji: -3.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Finland: 0.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
France: 0.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
French Guiana: 10.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
French Polynesia: 3.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gabon: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gambia, The: 2.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gaza Strip: 1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Georgia: -2.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Germany: 4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ghana: -0.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Gibraltar: NEGL migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Greece: 1.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Greenland: -8.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Grenada: -15.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guadeloupe: -0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guam: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guatemala: -1.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guernsey: 3.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guinea: -2.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: as a result of civil war in neighboring countries, Guinea is host to almost half a million Liberian and Sierra Leonean refugees
Guinea-Bissau: -1.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Guyana: -8.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Haiti: -2.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Honduras: -2.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Hong Kong: 7.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Hungary: 0.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Iceland: -2.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
India: -0.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Indonesia: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Iran: -4.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Iraq: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Ireland: 4.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Israel: 2.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Italy: 1.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Jamaica: -7.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Japan: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Jersey: 2.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Jordan: 7.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kazakhstan: -6.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kenya: -1.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: according to UNHCR, by the end of 1999 Kenya was host to 223,700 refugees from neighboring countries, including: Somalia 141,000 and Sudan 64,250
Kiribati: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Korea, North: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Korea, South: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kuwait: 14.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Kyrgyzstan: -2.66 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Laos: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Latvia: -1.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Lebanon: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Lesotho: -0.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Liberia: -11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: by the end of 1999, all Liberian refugees, who had fled the domestic strife, were assumed to have returned
Libya: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Liechtenstein: 4.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Lithuania: 0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Luxembourg: 9.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Macau: 9.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: -1.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Madagascar: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Malawi: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Malaysia: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: does not reflect net flow of an unknown number of illegal immigrants from other countries in the region
Maldives: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mali: -0.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Malta: 2.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Man, Isle of: 5.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Marshall Islands: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Martinique: -0.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mauritania: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mauritius: -0.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mayotte: 10.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mexico: -2.77 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Moldova: -0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Monaco: 7.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mongolia: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Montserrat: 123.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Morocco: -1.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Mozambique: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Namibia: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nauru: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nepal: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Netherlands: 2.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Netherlands Antilles: -0.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
New Caledonia: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
New Zealand: 4.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nicaragua: -1.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Niger: -0.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Nigeria: 0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Niue: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Norfolk Island: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Northern Mariana Islands: 18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Norway: 2.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Oman: 0.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pakistan: -0.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Palau: 4.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Panama: -1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Papua New Guinea: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Paraguay: -0.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Peru: -1.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Philippines: -1.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pitcairn Islands: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Poland: -0.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Portugal: 0.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Puerto Rico: -2.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Qatar: 20.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Reunion: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Romania: -0.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Russia: 0.98 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Rwanda: -1.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Helena: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis: -10.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Lucia: -4.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: -4.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: -7.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Samoa: -11.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
San Marino: 11.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe: -3.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Saudi Arabia: 1.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Senegal: 0.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Seychelles: -6.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sierra Leone: 10.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: by the end of 1999 refugees from Sierra Leone are assumed to be returning
Singapore: 26.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Slovakia: 0.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Slovenia: 2.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Solomon Islands: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Somalia: 5.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
South Africa: -1.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Spain: 0.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sri Lanka: -1.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sudan: 0.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Suriname: -8.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Svalbard: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Swaziland: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Sweden: 0.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Switzerland: 1.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Syria: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tajikistan: -3.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tanzania: -0.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Thailand: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Togo: 0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tokelau: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Tonga: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago: -9.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tunisia: -0.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Turkey: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Turkmenistan: -1.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands: 13.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Tuvalu: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Uganda: -0.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: according to the UNHCR, by the end of 1999, Uganda was host to 218,000 refugees from a number of neighboring countries, including: Sudan 200,600, Rwanda 8,000, and Democratic Republic of the Congo 8,000
Ukraine: -0.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
United Arab Emirates: 1.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
United Kingdom: 1.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
United States: 3.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Uruguay: -0.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Uzbekistan: -2.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Vanuatu: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Venezuela: -0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Vietnam: -0.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Virgin Islands: 0.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Wallis and Futuna: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
West Bank: 3.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Yemen: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Yugoslavia: -4.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Zambia: -0.16 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Zimbabwe: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
note: there is a small but steady flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa in search of better paid employment
Taiwan: -0.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
======================================================================
@People - note
Cuba: illicit migration is a continuing problem; Cubans attempt to depart the island and enter the US using homemade rafts, alien smugglers, direct flights, or falsified visas; some 3,000 Cubans took to the Straits of Florida in 2000; the US Coast Guard interdicted about 35% of these migrants; Cubans also use non-maritime routes to enter the US; some 2,400 Cubans arrived overland via the southwest border and direct flights to Miami
======================================================================
@Pipelines
Afghanistan: petroleum products - Uzbekistan to Bagram and Turkmenistan to Shindand; natural gas 180 km
Albania: crude oil 145 km; petroleum products 55 km; natural gas 64 km (1991)
Algeria: crude oil 6,612 km; petroleum products 298 km; natural gas 2,948 km
Angola: crude oil 179 km
Argentina: crude oil 4,090 km; petroleum products 2,900 km; natural gas 9,918 km
Armenia: natural gas 900 km (1991)
Australia: crude oil 2,500 km; petroleum products 500 km; natural gas 5,600 km
Austria: crude oil 777 km; natural gas 840 km (1999)
Azerbaijan: crude oil 1,130 km; petroleum products 630 km; natural gas 1,240 km
Bahrain: crude oil 56 km; petroleum products 16 km; natural gas 32 km
Bangladesh: natural gas 1,250 km
Belarus: crude oil 1,470 km; refined products 1,100 km; natural gas 1,980 km (1992)
Belgium: crude oil 161 km; petroleum products 1,167 km; natural gas 3,300 km
Bolivia: crude oil 1,800 km; petroleum products 580 km; natural gas 1,495 km
Bosnia and Herzegovina: crude oil 174 km; natural gas 90 km (1992)
Brazil: crude oil 2,980 km; petroleum products 4,762 km; natural gas 4,246 km (1998)
Brunei: crude oil 135 km; petroleum products 418 km; natural gas 920 km
Bulgaria: petroleum products 525 km; natural gas 1,500 km (1999)
Burma: crude oil 1,343 km; natural gas 330 km
Canada: crude and refined oil 23,564 km; natural gas 74,980 km
Chile: crude oil 755 km; petroleum products 785 km; natural gas 320 km
China: crude oil 9,070 km; petroleum products 560 km; natural gas 9,383 km (1998)
Colombia: crude oil 3,585 km; petroleum products 1,350 km; natural gas 830 km; natural gas liquids 125 km
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: petroleum products 390 km
Congo, Republic of the: crude oil 25 km
Costa Rica: petroleum products 176 km
Croatia: crude oil 670 km; petroleum products 20 km; natural gas 310 km (1992)
Czech Republic: natural gas 3,550 km (2000)
Denmark: crude oil 110 km; petroleum products 578 km; natural gas 700 km
Dominican Republic: crude oil 96 km; petroleum products 8 km
Ecuador: crude oil 800 km; petroleum products 1,358 km
Egypt: crude oil 1,171 km; petroleum products 596 km; natural gas 460 km
Estonia: natural gas 420 km (1992)
Finland: natural gas 580 km
France: crude oil 3,059 km; petroleum products 4,487 km; natural gas 24,746 km
Gabon: crude oil 270 km; petroleum products 14 km
Georgia: crude oil 370 km; refined products 300 km; natural gas 440 km (1992)
Germany: crude oil 2,500 km (1998)
Ghana: 0 km
Gibraltar: 0 km
Greece: crude oil 26 km; petroleum products 547 km
Guatemala: crude oil 275 km
Hungary: crude oil 1,204 km; natural gas 4,387 km (1991)
India: crude oil 3,005 km; petroleum products 2,687 km; natural gas 1,700 km (1995)
Indonesia: crude oil 2,505 km; petroleum products 456 km; natural gas 1,703 km (1989)
Iran: crude oil 5,900 km; petroleum products 3,900 km; natural gas 4,550 km
Iraq: crude oil 4,350 km; petroleum products 725 km; natural gas 1,360 km
Ireland: natural gas 7,592 km (transmission 1,158 km; distribution 6,434 km) (2000)
Israel: crude oil 708 km; petroleum products 290 km; natural gas 89 km
Italy: crude oil 1,703 km; petroleum products 2,148 km; natural gas 19,400 km
Jamaica: petroleum products 10 km
Japan: crude oil 84 km; petroleum products 322 km; natural gas 1,800 km
Jordan: crude oil 209 km; note - may not be in use
Kazakhstan: crude oil 2,850 km; refined products 1,500 km; natural gas 3,480 km (1992)
Kenya: petroleum products 483 km
Korea, North: crude oil 37 km; petroleum product 180 km
Korea, South: petroleum products 455 km; note - additionally, there is a parallel petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) pipeline being completed
Kuwait: crude oil 877 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas 165 km
Kyrgyzstan: natural gas 200 km
Laos: petroleum products 136 km
Latvia: crude oil 750 km; refined products 780 km; natural gas 560 km (1992)
Lebanon: crude oil 72 km (none in operation)
Libya: crude oil 4,383 km; petroleum products 443 km (includes liquefied petroleum gas or LPG 256 km); natural gas 1,947 km
Lithuania: crude oil, 105 km; natural gas 760 km (1992)
Luxembourg: petroleum products 48 km
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: 10 km
Malaysia: crude oil 1,307 km; natural gas 379 km
Mexico: crude oil 28,200 km; petroleum products 10,150 km; natural gas 13,254 km; petrochemical 1,400 km
Midway Islands: 7.8 km
Moldova: natural gas 310 km (1992)
Morocco: crude oil 362 km; petroleum products 491 km (abandoned); natural gas 241 km
Mozambique: crude oil 306 km; petroleum products 289 km
note: not operating
Netherlands: crude oil 418 km; petroleum products 965 km; natural gas 10,230 km
New Zealand: petroleum products 160 km; natural gas 1,000 km; liquefied petroleum gas or LPG 150 km
Nicaragua: crude oil 56 km
Nigeria: crude oil 2,042 km; petroleum products 3,000 km; natural gas 500 km
Norway: refined petroleum products 53 km
Oman: crude oil 1,300 km; natural gas 1,030 km
Pakistan: crude oil 250 km; petroleum products 885 km; natural gas 4,044 km (1987)
Panama: crude oil 130 km (2001)
Peru: crude oil 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km
Philippines: petroleum products 357 km
Poland: crude oil and petroleum products 2,280 km; natural gas 17,000 km (1996)
Portugal: crude oil 22 km; petroleum products 58 km; natural gas 700 km
note: the secondary lines for the natural gas pipeline that will be 300 km long have not yet been built
Qatar: crude oil 235 km; natural gas 400 km
Romania: crude oil 2,800 km; petroleum products 1,429 km; natural gas 6,400 km (1992)
Russia: crude oil 48,000 km; petroleum products 15,000 km; natural gas 140,000 km (June 1993 est.)
Saudi Arabia: crude oil 6,400 km; petroleum products 150 km; natural gas 2,200 km (includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km)
Slovakia: petroleum products NA km; natural gas 2,700 km
Slovenia: crude oil 290 km; natural gas 305 km
Somalia: crude oil 15 km
South Africa: crude oil 931 km; petroleum products 1,748 km; natural gas 322 km
Spain: crude oil 265 km; petroleum products 1,794 km; natural gas 1,666 km
Sri Lanka: crude oil and petroleum products 62 km (1987)
Sudan: refined products 815 km
Sweden: natural gas 84 km
Switzerland: crude oil 314 km; natural gas 1,506 km
Syria: crude oil 1,304 km; petroleum products 515 km
Tajikistan: natural gas 400 km (1992)
Tanzania: crude oil 982 km
Thailand: petroleum products 67 km; natural gas 350 km
Trinidad and Tobago: crude oil 1,032 km; petroleum products 19 km; natural gas 904 km
Tunisia: crude oil 797 km; petroleum products 86 km; natural gas 742 km
Turkey: crude oil 1,738 km; petroleum products 2,321 km; natural gas 708 km
Turkmenistan: crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,400 km
Ukraine: crude oil 4,000 km (1995); petroleum products 4,500 km (1995); natural gas 34,400 km (1998)
United Arab Emirates: crude oil 830 km; natural gas, including natural gas liquids, 870 km
United Kingdom: crude oil (almost all insignificant) 933 km; petroleum products 2,993 km; natural gas 12,800 km
United States: petroleum products 276,000 km; natural gas 331,000 km (1991)
Uzbekistan: crude oil 250 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas 810 km (1992)
Venezuela: crude oil 6,370 km; petroleum products 480 km; natural gas 4,010 km
Vietnam: petroleum products 150 km
Yemen: crude oil 644 km; petroleum products 32 km
Yugoslavia: crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas 2,110 km
Zambia: crude oil 1,724 km
Zimbabwe: petroleum products 212 km
Taiwan: petroleum products 3,400 km; natural gas 1,800 km (1999)
======================================================================
@Political parties and leaders
Afghanistan: Taliban (Religious Students Movement) [Mullah Mohammad OMAR]; United National Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan or UNIFSA [Burhanuddin RABBANI, chairman; Gen. Abdul Rashid DOSTAM, vice chairman; Ahmad Shah MASOOD, military commander; Mohammed Yunis QANUNI, spokesman]; note - made up of 13 parties opposed to the Taliban including Harakat-i-Islami Afghanistan (Islamic Movement of Afghanistan), Hizb-i-Islami (Islamic Party), Hizb-i-Wahdat-i-Islami (Islamic Unity Party), Jumaat-i-Islami Afghanistan (Islamic Afghan Society), Jumbish-i-Milli (National Front), Mahaz-i-Milli-i-Islami (National Islamic Front)
Albania: Albanian National Front (Balli Kombetar) or PBK [Abaz ERMENJI]; Albanian Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU]; Albanian Socialist Party or PS (formerly the Albania Workers Party) [Fatos NANO, chairman]; Christian Democratic Party or PDK [Zef BUSHATI]; Democratic Alliance or PAD [Neritan CEKA]; Democratic Party or PD [Sali BERISHA]; Group of Reformist Democrats [Leonard NDOKA]; Liberal Union Party [Teodor LACO]; note - Teodor LACO of the Liberal Union Party was leader of the Social Democratic Union of Albania or PBSD; Movement of Legality Party or PLL [Nderim KUPI]; OMONIA [Vagjelis DULES]; Party of National Unity or PUK [Idajet BEQUIRI]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Skender GJINUSHI]; Unity for Human Rights Party or PBDNJ [Vasil MELO, chairman]
Algeria: Democratic National Rally or RND [Ahmed OUYAHIA, chairman]; Islamic Salvation Front or FIS (outlawed April 1992) [Ali BELHADJ and Dr. Abassi MADANI (imprisoned), Rabeh KEBIR (self-exile in Germany)]; Movement of a Peaceful Society or MSP [Mahfoud NAHNAH, chairman]; National Liberation Front or FLN [Boualem BENHAMOUDA, secretary general]; Progressive Republican Party [Khadir DRISS]; Rally for Culture and Democracy or RCD [Said SAADI, secretary general]; Renaissance Movement or EnNahda Movement [Lahbib ADAMI]; Social Liberal Party or PSL [Ahmed KHELIL]; Socialist Forces Front or FFS [Hocine Ait AHMED, secretary general (self-exile in Switzerland)]; Union for Democracy and Liberty [Mouley BOUKHALAFA]; Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUN]
note: a party law banning political parties based on religion was enacted in March 1997
American Samoa: Democratic Party [leader NA]; Republican Party [leader NA]
Andorra: Liberal Union or UL [Marc Forne MOLNE] (renamed Liberal Party of Andorra or PLA); National Democratic Group or AND [Ladislau BARO SOLA]; National Democratic Initiative or IDN [Vincenc MATEU Zamora]; New Democracy or ND [Jaume BARTOMEU Cassany]; Union of the People of Ordino (Unio Parroquial d'Ordino) or UPO [Simo DURO Coma]
note: there are two other small parties
Angola: Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Analia de Victoria PEREIRA]; National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA [disputed leadership: Lucas NGONDA, Holden ROBERTO]; National Union for the Total Independence of Angola or UNITA [Jonas SAVIMBI], largest opposition party has engaged in years of armed resistance; Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola or MPLA [Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS] ruling party in power since 1975; Social Renewal Party or PRS [disputed leadership: Eduardo KUANGANA, Antonio MUACHICUNGO]; UNITA-Renovada [Eugenio NGOLO "Manuvakola", leader]
note: about a dozen minor parties participated in the 1992 elections but won few seats and have little influence in the National Assembly
Anguilla: Anguilla United Movement or AUM [Hubert HUGHES]; The United Front or UF [Osbourne FLEMMING, Victor BANKS], a coalition of the Anguilla Democratic Party or ADP and the Anguilla National Alliance or ANA
Antigua and Barbuda: Antigua Labor Party or ALP [Lester Bryant BIRD]; Barbuda People's Movement or BPM [Thomas H. FRANK]; United Progressive Party or UPP [Baldwin SPENCER] (a coalition of three opposition parties - United National Democratic Party or UNDP, Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement or ACLM, and Progressive Labor Movement or PLM)
Argentina: Action for the Republic or AR [Domingo CAVALLO]; Front for a Country in Solidarity or Frepaso (a four-party coalition) [Carlos ALVAREZ]; Justicialist Party or PJ [Carlos Saul MENEM] (Peronist umbrella political organization); Radical Civic Union or UCR [Raul ALFONSIN]; several provincial parties
Armenia: Armenia Party [Myasnik ALKHASYAN]; Armenian Communist Party or ACP [Vladimir DARBINYAN]; Armenian Revolutionary Federation ("Dashnak" Party) or ARF [Hrant MARKARYAN]; Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Azat ARSHAKYN, chairman]; Democratic Liberal Party [Ramkavar AZATAKAN, chairman]; Free Armenian's Mission [Ruben MNATSANIAN, chairman]; Law and Unity Party [Artashes GEGAMIAN, chairman]; Law-Governed Party [Artur BAGDASARIAN, chairman]; Mission Party [Artush PAPOIAN, chairman]; National Democratic Union or NDU [Vazgen MANUKIAN]; National State Party [Samvel SHAGINIAN]; Pan-Armenian National Movement or PANM [Vano SIRADEGHYAN]; People's Party of Armenia [Stepan DEMIRCHYAN]; Republican Party or RPA [Andranik MARKARYAN]; Shamiram Women's Movement or SWM [Gayane SARUKHYAN]; Social Democratic (Hnchakian) Party [Ernst SOGOMONYAN]; Stability Group [Vartan AYVAZIAN, chairman]; Union of National Self-Determination or NSDU [Paruir HAIRIKIAN, chairman]; Unity Bloc [Stepan DEMIRCHIAN and Andranik MARKARYAN] (a coalition of the Republican Party and People's Party of Armenia)
Aruba: Aruba Solidarity Movement or MAS [leader NA]; Aruban Democratic Party or PDA [Leo BERLINSKI]; Aruban Liberal Party or OLA [Glenbert CROES]; Aruban Patriotic Party or PPA [Benny NISBET]; Aruban People's Party or AVP [Tico CROES]; Electoral Movement Party or MEP [Nelson ODUBER]; For a Restructured Aruba Now or PARA [leader NA]; National Democratic Action or ADN [Pedro Charro KELLY]
Australia: Australian Democratic Party [Meg LEES]; Australian Labor Party [Kim BEAZLEY]; Green Party [Bob BROWN]; Liberal Party [John Winston HOWARD]; National Party [John ANDERSON]; One Nation Party [Pauline HANSON]
Austria: Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Wolfgang SCHUESSEL]; Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Susanne RIESS-PASSER]; Social Democratic Party of Austria or SPOe [Alfred GUSENBAUER]; The Greens Alternative or GA [Alexander VAN DER BELLEN]
Azerbaijan: Alliance for Azerbaijan Party [Abutalyb SAMADOV]; Azerbaijani Democratic Party or ADP [Sardar JALAL]; Azerbaijani Independent Democratic Party or AMDP [Leyla YUNUSOVA]; Azerbaijan Popular Front or APF [Ali KERIMOV, leader of "reform faction"; Mirmahmud FATTAYEV, leader of "traditionalist" faction]; Civic Solidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLY]; Civic Union Party [Ayaz MUTALIBOV]; Communist Party of Azerbaijan or CPA [Ramiz AHMADOV]; Communist Party of Azerbaijan or CPA-2 [Firudin HASANOV]; Compatriot Party [Mais SAFARLI]; Democratic Enlightenment Party [Mammadhanifu MUSAYEV]; Democratic Party for Azerbaijan or DPA [Ilyus ISMAILOV and Rasul QULIYEV, co-chairman]; Democratic World Party of Azerbaijan [Mamnad ALIZADE]; Liberal Party of Azerbaijan [Lala Shvkat HAJIYEVA]; Motherland Party [Fazail AGAMALI]; National Congress Party of Azerbaijan [Ihtiyar SHIRIN]; National Movement Party [Samir JAFAROV]; National Statehood Party [Sabir TARIVERDIYEV]; Musavat [Isa GAMBAR, chairman]; New Azerbaijan Party or NAP [Heydar ALIYEV, chairman]; Party for National Independence of Azerbaijan or PNIA [Etibar MAMMADOV, chairman]; People's Democratic Party of Azerbaijan or PDPA [Rafig TURABKHANOGLU]; Social Democratic Party of Azerbaijan or SDP [Zardusht ALIZADE, chairman]
note: opposition parties regularly factionalize and form new parties
Bahamas, The: Free National Movement or FNM [Hubert Alexander INGRAHAM]; Progressive Liberal Party or PLP [Perry CHRISTIE]
Bahrain: political parties prohibited
Bangladesh: Awami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA]; Bangladesh Communist Party or BCP [Saifuddin Ahmed MANIK]; Bangladesh Nationalist Party or BNP [Khaleda ZIAur Rahman]; Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [Azizol HAQ]; Jamaat-E-Islami or JI [Motiur Rahman NIZAMI]; Jatiya Party or JP [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD]
Barbados: Barbados Labor Party or BLP [Owen ARTHUR]; Democratic Labor Party or DLP [David THOMPSON]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Richard HAYNES]
Belarus: Agrarian Party or AP [Semyon SHARETSKY, chairman]; Belarusian Communist Party or KPB [Viktor CHIKIN, chairman]; Belarusian Ecological Green Party (merger of Belarusian Ecological Party and Green Party of Belarus) [leader NA]; Belarusian Patriotic Movement (Belarusian Patriotic Party) or BPR [Anatoliy BARANKEVICH, chairman]; Belarusian Popular Front or BNF [Vintsuk VYACHORKA]; Belarusian Social-Democrat or SDBP [Nikolay STATKEVICH, chairman]; Belarusian Social-Democratic Party Hromada [Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH, chairman]; Belarusian Socialist Party [Vyacheslav KUZNETSOV]; Civic Accord Bloc (United Civic Party) or CAB [Stanislav BOGDANKEVICH, chairman]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDPB [Sergei GAYDUKEVICH, chairman]; Party of Communists Belarusian or PKB [Sergei KALYAKIN, chairman]; Republican Party of Labor and Justice or RPPS [Anatoliy NETYLKIN, chairman]; Social-Democrat Party of Popular Accord or PPA [Leanid SECHKA]; Women's Party Nadezhda [Valentina POLEVIKOVA, chairperson]
Belgium: AGALEV (Flemish Greens) [Dos GEYSELS]; ECOLO (Francophone Greens) [no president]; Flemish Christian Democrats or CVP (Christian People's Party) [Stefaan DE CLERCK, president]; Flemish Liberal Democrats or VLD [Karel DE GUCHT, president]; Flemish Socialist Party or SP [Patrick JANSSENS, president]; Francophone Christian Democrats or PSC (Social Christian Party) [Joelle MILQUET, president]; Francophone Liberal Reformation Party or PRL [Daniel DUCARME, president]; Francophone Socialist Party or PS [Elio DI RUPO, president]; National Front or FN [Daniel FERET]; Vlaams Blok or VB [Frank VANHECKE]; Volksunie or VU [leader vacant]; other minor parties
Belize: People's United Party or PUP [Said MUSA]; United Democratic Party or UDP [Manuel ESQUIVEL, Dean BARROW, Doug SINGH]
Benin: African Movement for Democracy and Progress or MADEP [Sefou FAGBOHOUN]; Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP [Sylvain Adekpedjou AKINDES]; Alliance of the Social Democratic Party or PSD and the National Union for Solidarity and Progress or UNSP [Bruno AMOUSSOU]; Cameleon Alliance or AC [leader NA]; Car-DUNYA [Saka SALEY]; Communist Party of Benin or PCB [Pascal FANTONDJI, first secretary]; Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI]; Front for Renewal and Development or FARD-ALAFIA [Jerome Sakia KINA]; Impulse for Progress and Democracy or IPD [Bertin BORNA]; Liberal Democrats' Rally for National Reconstruction-Vivoten or RDL-Vivoten [Severin ADJOVI]; Movement for Citizens' Commitment and Awakening or MERCI [Severin ADJOVI]; New Generation for the Republic or NGR [Paul DOSSOU]; Our Common Cause or NCC [Francois Odjo TANKPINON]; Party Democratique du Benin or PDB [Col. Soule DANKORO]; Rally for Democracy and Pan-Africanism or RDP [Dominique HOYMINOU, Dr. Giles Auguste MINONTIN]; Renaissance Party du Benin or RB [Nicephore SOGLO]; The Star Alliance (Alliance E'toile) [Sacca LAFIA]; Union for National Democracy and Solidarity or UDS [Adamou N'Diaye MAMA]
note: the Coalition of Democratic Forces is an alliance of parties and organizations supporting President KEREKOU [Gatien HOUNGBEDJI]
Bermuda: National Liberal Party or NLP [Dessaline WALDRON]; Progressive Labor Party or PLP [Jennifer SMITH]; United Bermuda Party or UBP [Pamela GORDON]
Bhutan: no legal parties
Bolivia: Christian Democratic Party or PDC [leader NA]; Civic Solidarity Union or UCS [Johnny FERNANDEZ]; Conscience of the Fatherland or CONDEPA [Remedios LOZA Alvarado]; Free Bolivia Movement or MBL [Antonio ARANIBAR]; Movement of the Revolutionary Left or MIR [Jaime PAZ Zamora]; Nationalist Democratic Action or ADN [Hugo BANZER Suarez]; Nationalist Revolutionary Movement or MNR [Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA]; New Republican Force or NFR [leader NA]; Pachacuti Indigenous Movement [Filipe QUISPE]; United Left or IU [Marcos DOMIC]
note: the ADN, MIR, and UCS comprise the ruling coalition
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnian Party or BOSS [Mirnes AJANOVIC]; Bosnian Patriotic Party or BPS [Sefer HALILOVIC]; Civic Democratic Party of BiH or GDS [Ibrahim SPAHIC]; Croat Christian Democratic Union or HKDU BiH [Ante PASALIC]; Croatian Democratic Union of BiH or HDZ-BiH [leader vacant]; Croatian Party of Rights or HSP [Zdravko HRSTIC]; Croatian Peasants Party of BiH or HSS-BiH [Ilija SIMIC]; Democratic Action Party or SDA [Alija IZETBEGOVIC]; Democratic National Alliance or DNS [Dragan KOSTIC]; Democratic Party of Pensioners or DPS [Alojz KNEZOVIC]; Democratic Party of RS or DSRS [Dragomir DUMIC]; Democratic Peoples Union or DNZ [Fikret ABDIC]; Democratic Socialist Party or DSP [Nebojsa RADMANOVIC]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Rasim KADIC]; New Croatian Initiative or NHI [Kresimir ZUBAK]; Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina or SBH [Haris SILAJDZIC]; Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Mladen IVANIC]; Party of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK]; Pensioners' Party of FBiH [Husein VOJNIKOVIC]; Pensioners' Party of SR [Stojan BOGOSAVAC]; Republican Party of BiH or RP [Stjepan KLJUIC]; Serb Democratic Party or Serb Lands or SDS [Dragan KALINIC]; Serb National Alliance (Serb People's Alliance) or SNS [Biljana PLAVSIC]; Social Democratic Party BIH or SDP-BiH [Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA]; Socialist Party of Republika Srpska or SPRS [Zivko RADISIC]
Botswana: Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Festus MOGAE]; Botswana National Front or BNF [Kenneth KOMA]; Botswana Congress Party or BCP [Michael DINGAKE]; Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]
note: main parties are: BDP, BNF, BCP; other minor parties joined forces in 1999 to form the Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim SETSHWAELO, chairman] but did not capture any parliamentary seats; the BAM parties are: the United Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO], the Botswana Peoples Party, the Independence Freedom Party [Motsamai MPHO], and the Botswana Progressive Union [D. K. KWELE]
Brazil: Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Jader BARBALHO, president]; Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Roberto JEFFERSON]; Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Teotonio VILELA Filno]; Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Miguel ARRAES, president]; Brazilian Progressive Party or PPB [Paulo Salim MALUF]; Communist Party of Brazil or PCdoB [Sergio Roberto Gomes SOUZA, chairman]; Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Leonel BRIZOLA, president]; Liberal Front Party or PFL [Jorge BORNHAUSEN, president]; Liberal Party or PL [Francisco Teixeira de OLIVEIRA]; Popular Socialist Party or PPS [Ciro GOMEZ, president]; Worker's Party or PT [Jose DIRCEU, president]
British Virgin Islands: Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Ethlyn SMITH]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Orlando SMITH]; United Party or UP [Gregory MADURO]; Virgin Islands Party or VIP [Ralph T. O'NEAL]
Brunei: Brunei Solidarity National Party or PPKB in Malay [Haji Mohd HATTA bin Haji Zainal Abidin, president]; the PPKB is the only legal political party in Brunei; it was registered in 1985, but became largely inactive after 1988, it was revived in 1995 and again in 1998; it has less than 200 registered party members; other parties include Brunei People's Party or PRB (banned in 1962) and Brunei National Democratic Party (registered in May 1965, deregistered by the Brunei Government in 1988)
Bulgaria: Alliance for National Salvation or ANS (coalition led mainly by Movement for Rights and Freedoms or MRF) [Ahmed DOGAN]; Bulgarian Business Bloc or BBB [Georgi GANCHEV]; Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [Georgi PURVANOV, chairman]; Democratic Left or DL (bloc led by BSP, includes Ecoglasnost Political Club and Bulgarian Agrarian National Union) [leader NA]; Euro-left [Aleksandur TOMOV]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization or UMRO [Aleksander KARAKACHNOV]; Kingdom of Bulgaria Federation [leader NA]; Movement for Rights and Freedom or DPS [Ahmed DOGAN]; National Movement for Simeon II [Simeon II, former king]; New Civic Party for Bulgaria [Bogomil BONEV]; People's Union or PU (includes Bulgarian Agrarian People's Union and Democratic Party) [Anastasiya MOZER]; St. George's Day [Lyuben DILOV]; Union of Democratic Forces or UDF (an alliance of pro-democratic parties) [Ivan KOSTOV]
Burkina Faso: African Democratic Rally-Alliance for Democracy and Federation or RDA-ADF [Herman YAMEOGO]; Congress for Democracy and Progress or CDP [Roch Marc-Christian KABORE]; Movement for Tolerance and Progress or MTP [Noyabtigungu Congo KABORE]; Party for African Independence or PAI [Philippe OUEDRAOGO]; Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Joseph KI-ZERBO]; Union of Greens for the Development of Burkina Faso or UVDB [Ram OVEDRAGO]
Burma: National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, chairman, AUNG SAN SUU KYI, general secretary]; National Unity Party or NUP (proregime) [THA KYAW]; Shan Nationalities League for Democracy or SNLD [U KHUN TUN OO]; Union Solidarity and Development Association or USDA (proregime, a social and political organization) [THAN AUNG, general secretary]; and other smaller parties
Burundi: Two national, mainstream governing parties are: Unity for National Progress or UPRONA [Luc RUKINGAMA, president]; Burundi Democratic Front or FRODEBU [Jean MINANI, president]
note: A multiparty system was introduced after 1998, included are: Burundi African Alliance for the Salvation or ABASA [Terrence NSANZE]; Rally for Democracy and Economic and Social Development or RADDES [Joseph NZENZIMANA]; Party for National Redress or PARENA [Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]; People's Reconciliation Party or PRP [Mathias HITIMANA]
Cambodia: Buddhist Liberal Party or BLP [IENG MOULY]; Cambodian Pracheachon Party or Cambodian People's Party or CPP [CHEA SIM]; Khmer Citizen Party or KCP [NGUON SOEUR]; National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia or FUNCINPEC [Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH]; Sam Rangsi Party or SRP (formerly Khmer Nation Party or KNP) [SAM RANGSI]
Cameroon: Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou NDAM NJOYA]; Democratic Rally of the Cameroon People or RDCP [Paul BIYA]; Movement for the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA]; Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC [leader NA]; Movement for the Youth of Cameroon or MLJC [Marcel YONDO]; National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Maigari BELLO BOUBA, chairman]; Social Democratic Front or SDF [John FRU NDI]; Union of Cameroonian Populations has two sections UPC-N [Ndeh NTUMAZAH] and UPC-K [Augustin Frederic KODOCK]
Canada: Bloc Quebecois [Gilles DUCEPPE]; Canadian Alliance [Stockwell DAY]; Liberal Party [Jean CHRETIEN]; New Democratic Party [Alexa MCDONOUGH]; Progressive Conservative Party [Joe CLARK]
Cape Verde: African Party for Independence of Cape Verde or PAICV [Jose Maria NEVES, chairman]; Democratic Alliance for Change or ADM [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO] (a coalition of PCD, PTS, and UCID); Democratic Renovation Party or PRD [Jacinto SANTOS, president]; Movement for Democracy or MPD [Antonio Gualberto do ROSARIO, president]; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO, president]; Party of Work and Solidarity or PTS [Dr. Oresimo SILVEIRA, president]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Joao ALEM, president]; Union for an Independent Democratic Cape Verde or UCID [Antonio MONTEIRO, president]
Cayman Islands: there are no formal political parties but the following loose groupings act as political organizations; National Team; Democratic Alliance; Team Cayman
Central African Republic: Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP [Francois PEHOUA]; Central African Democratic Assembly or RDC [Andre KOLINGBA]; Civic Forum or FC [Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA]; Democratic Forum or FODEM [Charles MASSI]; Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Nestor KOMBO-NAGUEMON]; Movement for Democracy and Development or MDD [David DACKO]; Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People or MLPC [the party of the president, Ange-Felix PATASSE]; Patriotic Front for Progress or FPP [Abel GOUMBA]; People's Union for the Republic or UPR [leader NA]; National Unity Party or PUN [Jean-Paul NGOUPANDE]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Enoch LAKOUE]
Chad: National Union for Development and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]; Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT, chairman] (originally in opposition but now the party in power and the party of the president); Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lal Mahamat CHOUA]; Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal Abdelkader KAMOUGUE]
Chile: Center-Center Union Party or UCCP [Francisco Javier ERRAZURIZ]; Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Ricardo HORMAZABAL]; Coalition of Parties for Democracy ("Concertacion") or CPD - including PDC, PS, PPD, PRSD; Independent Democratic Union or UDI [Pablo LONGUEIRA]; National Renewal or RN [Alberto CARDEMIL]; Party for Democracy or PPD [Guido GIRARDI]; Radical Social Democratic Party or PRSD [Anselmo SULE]; Socialist Party or PS [Ricardo NUNEZ]
China: Chinese Communist Party or CCP [JIANG Zemin, General Secretary of the Central Committee]; eight registered small parties controlled by CCP
Christmas Island: none
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: none
Colombia: Conservative Party or PSC [Ciro RAMIREZ Anzon]; Liberal Party or PL [Luis Guillermo VELEZ]; Patriotic Union or UP is a legal political party formed by Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia or FARC and Colombian Communist Party or PCC [Jaime CAICEDO]; 19 of April Movement or M-19 [Antonio NAVARRO Wolff]
Comoros: Front National pour la Justice or FNJ (Islamic party in opposition) [Ahmed Abdallah MOHAMED, Ahmed ABOUBACAR, Soidiki M'BAPANOZA]; Rassemblement National pour le Development or RND (party of the government) [Ali Bazi SELIM]
Congo, Democratic Republic of the: Democratic Social Christian Party or PDSC [Andre BO-BOLIKO]; Popular Movement of the Revolution or MPR [leader NA]; Unified Lumumbast Party or PALU [Antoine GIZENGA]; Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Etienne TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba]; Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans or UFERI [Kouyoumba MUCHULI Mulembe]
Congo, Republic of the: the most important of the many parties are the Democratic and Patriotic Forces or FDP (an alliance of Convention for Alternative Democracy, Congolese Labor Party or PCT, Liberal Republican Party, National Union for Democracy and Progress, Patriotic Union for the National Reconstruction, and Union for the National Renewal) [Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO, president]; Association for Democracy and Social Progress or RDPS [Jean-Pierre Thystere TCHICAYA, president]; Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development or MCDDI [Michel MAMPOUYA]; Pan-African Union for Social Development or UPADS [Martin MBERI]; Union of Democratic Forces or UFD [Sebastian EBAO]
Cook Islands: Cook Islands People's Party or CIP [Tai CARPENTER]; Democratic Alliance Party or DAP [Terepai MAOATE]; New Alliance Party or NAP [Norman GEORGE]
Costa Rica: Agricultural Labor Action or PALA [Carlos Alberto SOLIS Blanco]; Costa Rican Renovation Party or PRC [Justo OROZCO]; Democratic Force Party or PFD [Jose M. NUNEZ]; Libertarian Movement Party or PML [Otto GUEVARA Guth]; National Christian Alliance Party or ANC [Alejandro MADRIGAL]; National Independent Party or PNI [Jorge GONZALEZ Marten]; National Integration Party or PIN [Walter MUNOZ Cespedes]; National Liberation Party or PLN [Sonia PICADO]; Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC [Luis Manuel CHACON]
note: mainly a two-party system - PUSC and PLN; numerous small parties share less than 25% of population's support
Cote d'Ivoire: Democratic Party of Cote d'Ivoire-African Democratic Rally or PDCI-RDA [Aime Henri Konan BEDIE]; Ivorian Popular Front or FPI [Laurent GBAGBO]; Ivorian Worker's Party or PIT [Francis WODIE]; Rally of the Republicans or RDR [Henriette DAGRI-DIABATE]; Union for Democracy and Peace [Gen. Robert GUEI]; over 20 smaller parties
Croatia: Alliance of Croatian Coast and Mountains Department or PGS [Luciano SUSANJ]; Croatian Christian Democratic Union or HKDU [Marko VESELICA]; Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ [Ivo SANADER]; Croatian Party of Rights or HSP [Dobroslav PARAGA]; Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Zlatko TOMCIC]; Croatian People's Party or HNS [Vesna PUSIC]; Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Drazen BUDISA]; Independent Democratic Serb Party or SDSS [Vojislav STANIMIROVIC]; Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS [Ivan JAKOVCIC]; Liberal Party or LP [leader NA]; Social Democratic Party of Croatia or SDP [Ivica RACAN]
note: the Social Democratic Party or SDP and the Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS formed a coalition as did the HSS, HNS, LP, and IDS, which together defeated the Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ in the 2000 lower house parliamentary election
Cuba: only party - Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first secretary]
Cyprus: Greek Cypriot area: Democratic Party or DIKO [Tassos PAPADOPOULOS]; Democratic Rally or DISY [Nikos ANASTASIADHIS]; Restorative Party of the Working People or AKEL (Communist Party) [Dimitrios CHRISTOFIAS]; Social Democrats Movement or KISOS (formerly United Democratic Union of Cyprus or EDEK) [Vassos LYSSARIDIS]; United Democrats Movement or EDE (formerly Free Democrats Movement or KED) [George VASSILIOU]; Turkish Cypriot area: Communal Liberation Party or TKP [Mustafa AKINCI]; Democratic Party or DP [Salih COSAR]; National Birth Party or UDP [Enver EMIN]; National Unity Party or UBP [Dervis EROGLU]; Our Party or BP [Okyay SADIKOGLU]; Patriotic Unity Movement or YBH [Izzet IZCAN]; Republican Turkish Party or CTP [Mehmet ALI TALAT]
Czech Republic: Christian and Democratic Union-Czechoslovak People's Party or KDU-CSL [Jan KASAL, chairman]; Civic Democratic Alliance or ODA [Daniel KROUPA, chairman]; Civic Democratic Party or ODS [Vaclav KLAUS, chairman]; Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia or KSCM [Miroslav GREBENICEK, chairman]; Communist Party of Czechoslovakia or KSC [Miroslav STEPAN, chairman]; Czech National Social Party of CSNS [Jan SULA, chairman]; Czech Social Democratic Party or CSSD [Milos ZEMAN, chairman]; Democratic Union or DEU [Ratibor MAJZLIK, chairman]; Freedom Union or US [Karel KUEHNL, chairman]; Quad Coalition [Cyril SVOBODA, chairman] (includes KDU-CSL, US, ODA, DEU); Republicans of Miroslav SLADEK or RMS [Miroslav SLADEK, chairman]
Denmark: Center Democratic Party [Mimi JAKOBSEN]; Christian People's Party [Jann SJURSEN]; Conservative Party (sometimes known as Conservative People's Party) [Bendt BENDTSEN]; Danish People's Party [Pia KJAERSGAARD]; Liberal Party [Anders Fogh RASMUSSEN]; Progress Party (now named Freedom 2000) [Kim BEHNKE]; Social Democratic Party [Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN]; Social Liberal Party (sometimes called the Radical Left) [Marianne JELVED, leader; Johannes LEBECH, chairman]; Socialist People's Party [Holger K. NIELSEN]; Red-Green Unity List (bloc includes Left Socialist Party, Communist Party of Denmark, Socialist Workers' Party) [collective leadership]
Djibouti: Democratic National Party or PND [ADEN Robleh Awaleh]; Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Abdillahi HAMARITEH]; People's Progress Assembly or RPP (governing party) [Ismail Omar GELLEH]
Dominica: Dominica Freedom Party or DFP [Charles SAVARIN]; Dominica Labor Party or DLP [Pierre CHARLES]; United Workers Party or UWP [Edison JAMES]
Dominican Republic: Dominican Liberation Party or PLD [Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna]; Dominican Revolutionary Party or PRD [Hatuey DE CAMPS]; Social Christian Reformist Party or PRSC [Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo]
Ecuador: Concentration of Popular Forces or CFP [Averroes BUCARAM]; Democratic Left or ID [Rodrigo BORJA Cevallos]; Ecuadorian Conservative Party or PCE [Sixto DURAN Ballen]; Independent National Movement or MIN [leader NA]; Pachakutik-New Country or P-NP [Rafael PANDAM]; Popular Democracy or DP [Ramiro RIVERA]; Popular Democratic Movement or MPD [leader NA]; Radical Alfarista Front or FRA [Fabian ALARCON, director]; Roldosist Party or PRE [Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz, director]; Social Christian Party or PSC [Jaime NEBOT Saadi, president]
Egypt: Nasserist Arab Democratic Party or Nasserists [Dia' al-din DAWUD]; National Democratic Party or NDP [President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK, leader] - governing party; National Progressive Unionist Grouping or Tagammu [Khalid MUHI AL-DIN]; New Wafd Party or NWP [No'man GOMA]; Socialist Liberal Party or LSP [leader NA]
note: formation of political parties must be approved by government
El Salvador: Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Rene AGUILUZ]; Democratic Convergence or CD (includes PSD, MNR, MPSC) [Ruben ZAMORA, secretary general]; Democratic Party or PD [Jorge MELENDEZ]; Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front or FMLN [Fabio CASTILLO]; Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Kirio Waldo SALGADO, president]; National Action Party or PAN [Gustavo Rogelio SALINAS, secretary general]; National Conciliation Party or PCN [Ciro CRUZ Zepeda, president]; National Republican Alliance or ARENA [Walter ARAUJO]; Social Christian Union or USC (formed by the merger of Christian Social Renewal Party or PRSC and Unity Movement or MU) [Abraham RODRIGUEZ, president]
Equatorial Guinea: Convergence Party for Social Democracy or CPDS [Placido Miko ABOGO]; Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea or PDGE (ruling party) [Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO]; Party for Progress of Equatorial Guinea or PPGE [Severo MOTO]; Popular Action of Equatorial Guinea or APGE [Miguel Esono EMAN]; Popular Union or UP [Andres Moises Bda ADA]; Progressive Democratic Alliance or ADP [Victorino Bolekia BONAY, mayor of Malabo]; Union of Independent Democrats of UDI [Daniel OYONO]
Eritrea: People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ, the only party recognized by the government [ISAIAS Afworki, PETROS Solomon]; note - the National Assembly has appointed a committee to draft a law on political parties
Estonia: Center Party or K [Edgar SAVISAAR, chairman]; Christian People's Party [Aldo VINKEL]; Coalition Party and Rural Union or KMU [Andrus OOBEL, chairman]; Estonian Democratic Party (formerly Estonian Blue Party) [Jaan LAAS]; Estonian Independence Party [leader NA]; Estonian National Democratic Party or ENDP [leader NA]; Estonian Pensioners and Families Party [Mai TREIAL]; Estonian Progressive Party [Andra VEIDEMANN]; Estonian Republican Party [leader NA]; Estonian Social-Democratic Labor Party [Tiit TOOMSALU]; Estonian Rural People's Union (1999 merger of Estonian Country People's Party and the Estonian Rural Union) [Arvo SIRENDI]; Party of Consolidation Today [leader NA]; People's Party Moderates (1999 merger of People's Party and Moderates) [Andres TARAND]; Reform Party or RE [Siim KALLAS, chairman]; Russian Party in Estonia [Nikolai MASPANOV]; Russian Unity Party [Igor SEDASHEV]; Union of Pro Patria or Fatherland League (Isamaaliit) [Mart LAAR, chairman]; United People's Party or UPPE [Viktor ANDREJEV, chairman]
Ethiopia: Afar National Democratic Party or ANDP [leader NA]; All-Amhara People's Organization or AAPO [KEGNAZ MATCH Neguea Tibeb]; Amhara National Democratic Movement or ANDM [TEFERA Walwa]; Bench Madji People's Democratic Organization or BMPDO [leader NA]; Benishangul Gumuz People's Democratic Unity Front or BGPDUF [leader NA]; Coalition of Alternative Forces for Peace and Democracy or CAFPD [Kifle TIGNEH Abate and BEYENE Petros]; Ethiopian Democratic Unity Party or EDUP [Lt. Gen. TESFAYE Gebre Kidan]; Ethiopian National Democratic Party or ENDP [FEKADU Gedamu]; Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF [MELES Zenawi] (an alliance of the ANDM, OPDO, and TPLF); Gedeyo People's Revolutionary Democratic Movement or GPRDF [leader NA]; Gurange Nationalities Democratic Movement or GNDM [leader NA]; Kafa Shaka People's Democratic Organization or KSPDO [leader NA]; Kembata, Alabaa, and Tembaro or KAT [leader NA]; Oromo Liberation Front or OLF [DAOUD Ibsa Gudina]; Oromo People's Democratic Organization or OPDO [KUMA Demeksa]; Sidama People's Democratic Organization or SPDO [leader NA]; South Omo People's Democratic Movement or SOPDM [leader NA]; Tigrai People's Liberation Front or TPLF [MELES Zenawi]; Walayta, Gamo, Gofa, Dawro, Konta People's Democratic Organization or WGGPDO [leader NA]; dozens of small parties
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): none; all independents
Faroe Islands: Center Party [Jenis A. RANA]; Home Rule Party [Helena Dam a NEYSTABO]; People's Party [Oli BRECKMANN]; Republican Party [Hogni HOYDAL]; Social Democratic Party [Joannes EIDESGAARD]; Union Party [Edmund JOENSEN]
Fiji: Fiji Labor Party or FLP [Mahendra CHAUDHRY]; Fijian Nationalist Federation Party or NFP [Singh RAKKA]; Fijian Political Party or SVT (primarily Fijian) [Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA]; National Federation Party or NFP (primarily Indian) [Jai Ram REDDY]; United General Party or UGP [David PICKERING]
Finland: Center Party or Kesk [Esko AHO]; Finnish Christian Union or SKL [C. P. Bjarne KALLIS]; Green Union [Satu HASSI]; Leftist Alliance (Communist) composed of People's Democratic League and Democratic Alternative [Suvi-Anne SIIMES]; National Coalition (conservative) Party or Kok [Sauli NIINISTO]; Reform Group [Risto KUISMA]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Paavo LIPPONEN]; Swedish People's Party or SFP [Jan-Erik ENESTAM]; True Finns [Timo SOINI]
France: Citizens Movement or MdC [Jean Pierre CHEVENEMENT]; French Communist Party or PCF [Robert HUE]; Independent Ecological Movement or MEI [Antoine WAECHTER]; Left Radical Party or PRG (previously Radical Socialist Party or PRS and the Left Radical Movement or MRG) [Jean-Michel BAYLET]; Liberal Democracy or DL (originally Republican Party or PR) [Alain MADELIN]; Movement for France or MPF [Philippe DEVILLIERS]; National Front or FN [Jean-Marie LE PEN]; Rally for the Republic or RPR [Michelle ALLIOT-MARIE]; Socialist Party or PS [Francois HOLLANDE]; Union for French Democracy or UDF (coalition of UDC, FD, RRRS, PPDF) [Francois BAYROU]; Union of the Center or UDC [leader NA]
French Guiana: Guianese Socialist Party or PSG [Antoine KARAM]; Guyana Democratic Forces or FDG [Georges OTHILY]; Rally for the Republic or RPR [Roland HO-WEN-SZE]; Socialist Party or PS [Pierre RIBARDIERE] (may be a subset of PSG); Walwari Committee [Christine TAUBIRA-DELANON]
French Polynesia: Centrist Union or UC [leader NA]; Independent Front for the Liberation of Polynesia (Tavini Huiraatira) [Oscar TEMARU]; New Fatherland Party (Ai'a Api) [Emile VERNAUDON]; People's Rally for the Republic (Tahoeraa Huiraatira) [Gaston FLOSSE]
Gabon: African Forum for Reconstruction or FAR [Leon MBOU-YEMBI]; Circle of Liberal Reformers or CLR [General Jean Boniface ASSELE]; Democratic and Republican Alliance or ADERE [Divungui-di-Ndinge DIDJOB]; Gabonese Democratic Party or PDG, former sole party [Simplice Nguedet MANZELA, secretary general]; Gabonese Party for Progress or PGP [Pierre-Louis AGONDJO-OKAWE, president]; Gabonese People's Union or UPG [Pierre MAMBOUNDOU]; Gabonese Socialist Union or USG [Serge MBA BEKALE]; National Rally of Woodcutters (Bucherons) or RNB [Fr. Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE]; People's Unity Party or PUP [Louis Gaston MAYILA]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Pierre EMBONI]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Pierre Claver MAGANGA-MOUSSAVOU]
Gambia, The: Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction or APRC [Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH]; National Reconciliation Party or NRP [Hamat N. K. BAH]; People's Democratic Organization for Independence and Socialism or PDOIS [Sidia JATTA]; United Democratic Party or UDP [Ousainou DARBOE]
note: in August 1996 the government banned the following from participation in the elections of 1996: People's Progressive Party or PPP [former President Dawda K. JAWARA (in exile)], and two opposition parties - the National Convention Party or NCP [former Vice President Sheriff DIBBA] and the Gambian People's Party or GPP [Hassan Musa CAMARA]
Georgia: Citizen's Union of Georgia or CUG [Eduard SHEVARDNADZE]; Georgian United Communist Party or UCPG [Panteleimon GIORGADZE, chairman]; Industry Will Save Georgia or IWSG [Georgi TOPADZE]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Irina SARISHVILI-CHANTURIA]; Socialist Party or SPG [Temur GAMTSEMLIDZE]; Union for "Revival" Party or AGUR [Alsan ABASHIDZE]; United Republican Party or URP [Nodar NATADZE, chairman]
Germany: Alliance '90/Greens [Renate KUENAST and Fritz KUHN]; Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL]; Christian Social Union or CSU [Edmund STOIBER, chairman]; Free Democratic Party or FDP [Wolfgang GERHARDT, chairman]; note - Wolfgang GERHARDT will probably be replaced by Guido WESTERWELLE in May 2001; Party of Democratic Socialism or PDS [Gabi ZIMMER]; Social Democratic Party or SPD [Gerhard SCHROEDER, chairman]
Ghana: Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere or EGLE [Owuraku AMOFA, chairman]; National Convention Party or NCP [Sarpong KUMA-KUMA]; National Democratic Congress or NDC [Dr. Huudu YAHAYA, general secretary]; New Patriotic Party or NPP [Samuel Arthur ODOI-SYKES]; People's Convention Party or PCP [P. K. DONKOH-AYIFI, acting chairman]; People's Heritage Party or PHP [Emmanuel Alexander ERSKINE]; People's National Convention or PNC [Edward MAHAMA]
Gibraltar: Gibraltar Social Democrats or GSD [Peter CARUANA]; Gibraltar Socialist Labor Party or GSLP [Joseph John BOSSANO]
Greece: Coalition of the Left and Progress (Synaspismos) [Nikolaos KONSTANDOPOULOS]; Communist Party of Greece or KKE [Aleka PAPARIGA]; New Democracy or ND (conservative) [Konstandinos KARAMANLIS]; Panhellenic Socialist Movement or PASOK [Konstandinos SIMITIS]
Greenland: Akulliit Party [Bjarne KREUTZMANN]; Atassut Party (Solidarity, a conservative party favoring continuing close relations with Denmark) [Daniel SKIFTE]; Inuit Ataqatigiit or IA (Eskimo Brotherhood, a leftist party favoring complete independence from Denmark rather than home rule) [Josef MOTZFELDT]; Issituup (Polar Party) [Nicolai HEINRICH]; Kattusseqatigiit (Candidate List, an independent right-of-center party with no official platform [leader NA]; Siumut (Forward Party, a social democratic party advocating more distinct Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy from Denmark) [Jonathan MOTZFELDT]
Grenada: Grenada United Labor Party or GULP [Herbert PREUDHOMME]; National Democratic Congress or NDC [leader vacant]; New National Party or NNP [George McGUIRE]
Guadeloupe: Communist Party of Guadeloupe or PCG [Christian CELESTE]; Progressive Democratic Party or PPDG [Henri BANGOU]; Rally for the Republic or RPR [Aldo BLAISE]; Socialist Party or PS [Georges LOUISOR]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [Marcel ESDRAS]
Guam: Democratic Party (party of the Governor) [leader NA]; Republican Party (controls the legislature) [leader NA]
Guatemala: Authentic Integral Development or DIA [Jorge Luis ORTEGA]; Democratic Union or UD [Jose Luis CHEA Urruela]; Green Party or LOV [Jose ASTURIAS Rudecke]; Guatemalan Christian Democracy or DCG [Vinicio CEREZO Arevalo]; Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity or URNG [Pablo MONSANTO, also known as Jorge SOTO]; Guatemalan Republican Front or FRG [Efrain RIOS Montt]; New Nation Alliance or ANN [leader NA], which includes the URNG; National Advancement Party or PAN [Leonel LOPEZ Rodas]; Progressive Liberator Party or PLP [Acisclo VALLADARES Molina]
Guernsey: none; all independents
Guinea: Democratic Party of Guinea or PDG-AST [Marcel CROS]; Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally or PDG-RDA [El Hadj Ismael Mohamed Gassim GUSHEIN]; National Union for Progress or UNP [Paul Louis FABER]; Party for Unity and Progress or PUP [Lansana CONTE] - the governing party; Party for Renewal and Progress or PRP [Siradiou DIALLO]; Rally for the Guinean People or RPG [Alpha CONDE]; Union for Progress of Guinea or UPG [Jean-Marie DORE, secretary-general]; Union for the New Republic or UNR [Mamadou Boye BA]; Union of Republican Forces or UFR [Sidya TOURE] |
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